ENUM Working Group J. Livingood
Internet-Draft Comcast Cable Communications
Expires: May 12, 2007 P. Pfautz
AT&T
R. Stastny
Oefeg
November 2006
The E.164 to Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI)
Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS) Application for
Infrastructure ENUM
draft-ietf-enum-infrastructure-03
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Abstract
This document defines a use case as well as a proposal for a parallel
namespace to “e164.arpa” as defined in RFC3761, to be used for
Infrastructure ENUM purposes.
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Table of Contents
1. Terminology....................................................2
2. Introduction...................................................2
3. IANA Considerations............................................3
4. DNS Root for Infrastructure ENUM...............................3
5. Security and Privacy Considerations............................3
6. Acknowledgements...............................................4
7. References.....................................................4
7.1 Normative References.......................................4
7.2 Informative References.....................................4
Authors' Addresses................................................5
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements....................5
1. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC-2119.
2. Introduction
ENUM (E.164 Number Mapping, RFC 3761 [1]) is a system that transforms
E.164 numbers [2] into domain names and then uses the DNS (Domain
Name Service) [3] to discover NAPTR records that specify what
services are available for a specific domain name.
ENUM as originally defined was based on the end-user opt-in
principle. While this has great potential to foster new services and
end-user choice in the long-term, the current requirements for IP-
based interconnection of Voice over IP (VoIP) domains require the
provisioning of all allocated or served (hosted) numbers of a
participating service provider, without the need for individual users
to opt-in or not. This is particularly important if Infrastructure
ENUM is used for number portability applications, for example.
In addition, while it is possible that service providers could
mandate that their users opt-in into e164.arpa through end-user
contract terms and conditions, there are substantial downsides to
such an approach. Thus, for all these reasons and many others, ENUM
for end-user provisioning is ill-suited for use by service providers
for the interconnection of VoIP domains.
As VoIP evolves and becomes pervasive, E.164-addressed telephone
calls need not necessarily traverse the Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN). Therefore, VoIP service providers have an interest
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in using ENUM, on a so-called "Infrastructure" basis, to keep VoIP
traffic on IP networks on an end-to-end basis, both within and
between service provider domains.
The requirements for Infrastructure ENUM are provided in an ENUM
Working Group document, Infrastructure ENUM Requirements [4]. This
document defines that Infrastructure ENUM be implemented by means of
a parallel namespace to e164.arpa dedicated to Infrastructure ENUM,
in a domain which is to be determined.
Infrastructure ENUM Tier 2 resource records in the Infrastructure
ENUM tree would be controlled by the service provider that is
providing services to a given E.164 number, generally referred to in
various nations as the "carrier of record". The definition of who
controls a given E.164 number is a national matter or is defined by
the entity controlling the numbering space.
3. IANA Considerations
IANA has created a registry for Enumservices as originally specified
in RFC 2916 and revised in RFC 3761. Enumservices registered with
IANA are valid for Infrastructure ENUM as well as end-user ENUM.
4. Zone Apex for Infrastructure ENUM
The domain name chosen for infrastructure ENUM and any parent domains
must be hosted on name servers that have performance characteristics
and supporting infrastructure which is comparable to those deployed
for the Internet root name servers. Those name servers for
Infrastructure ENUM should be configured and operated according to
the guidelines described in RFC 2870.
5. Security and Privacy Considerations
Since Infrastructure ENUM is also implemented on the public Internet,
the same security considerations apply as noted in RFC 3761.
In addition, since there is no opt-in for end-users, personally-
identifiable information (PII) must not be disclosed for any end-
user.
Thus, the information provided in the NAPTR records must not disclose
any PII about the end-user such as a name in user-info. This can be
achieved, for example, by entering the information in the format
sip:<e164_phone_number>@provider.example,
mailto:<e164_phone_number>@provider.example or sip:<opaque
string>@provider.example.
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6. Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Lawrence Conroy, Patrik Faltstrom, Michael
Haberler, Otmar Lendl, Steve Lind, Alexander Mayrhofer, Jim Reid, and
Richard Shockey for their helpful discussion of this draft and the
concept of Infrastructure ENUM.
7. References
7.1 Normative References
[1] Faltstrom, P. and M. Mealling, "The E.164 to Uniform Resource
Identifiers (URI) Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS)
Application (ENUM)", RFC 3761, April 2004.
[2] ITU-T, "The International Public Telecommunication Number Plan",
Recommendation E.164, May 1997.
[3] Mockapetris, P., "DOMAIN NAMES - CONCEPTS AND FACILITIES", RFC
1034, November 1987.
[4] Lind, S., Pfautz, P., "Infrastructure ENUM Requirements", draft-
enum-infrastructure-requirements-01, March 2006. (work-in-progress)
[5] Mealling, M., "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS) Part
Three: The Domain Name System (DNS) Database", RFC 3403, October
2002.
[6] Mealling, M., "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS) Part
One: The Comprehensive DDDS", RFC 3401, October 2002.
[7] Mealling, M., "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS) Part
Two: The Algorithm", RFC 3402, October 2002.
[8] Mealling, M., "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS) Part
Four: The Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI)", RFC 3404, October
2002.
[9] Mealling, M., "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS) Part
Five: URI.ARPA Assignment Procedures", RFC 3405, October 2002.
[10] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", RFC 2119, March 1997.
[11] Faltstrom, P., "E.164 number and DNS", RFC 2916, September 2000.
7.2 Informative References
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Authors' Addresses
Jason Livingood
Comcast Cable Communications
1500 Market Street
Philadelphia, PA 19102
USA
Phone: +1-215-981-7813
Email: jason_livingood@cable.comcast.com
Penn Pfautz
AT&T
200 S. Laurel Ave
Middletown, NJ 07748
USA
Phone: +1-732-420-4962
Email: ppfautz@att.com
Richard Stastny
Oefeg
Postbox 147
1103 Vienna
Austria
Phone: +43-664-420-4100
Email: Richard.stastny@oefeg.at
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