EMU Working Group T. Clancy Internet-Draft LTS Intended status: Standards Track H. Tschofenig Expires: July 9, 2007 Siemens Networks GmbH & Co KG January 5, 2007 EAP Generalized Pre-Shared Key (EAP-GPSK) draft-ietf-emu-eap-gpsk-02 Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on July 9, 2007. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007). Abstract This Internet Draft defines an Extensible Authentication Protocol method called EAP Generalized Pre-Shared Key (EAP-GPSK). This method is a lightweight shared-key authentication protocol supporting mutual authentication and key derivation. Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 1] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4. Key Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5. Ciphersuites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6. Ciphersuites Processing Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.1. Ciphersuite #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.1.1. Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.1.2. Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.1.3. Key Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6.2. Ciphersuite #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6.2.1. Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6.2.2. Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6.2.3. Key Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7. Packet Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7.1. Header Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7.2. Ciphersuite Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 7.3. Payload Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 7.4. Protected Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 8. Packet Processing Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 9.1. Mutual Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 9.2. Protected Result Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 9.3. Integrity Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 9.4. Replay Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 9.5. Reflection attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 9.6. Dictionary Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 9.7. Key Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 9.8. Denial of Service Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 9.9. Session Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 9.10. Exposition of the PSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 9.11. Fragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 9.12. Channel Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 9.13. Fast Reconnect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 9.14. Identity Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 9.15. Protected Ciphersuite Negotiation . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 9.16. Confidentiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 9.17. Cryptographic Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 2] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 11. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 12. Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 13. Open Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 14. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 14.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 14.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 30 Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 3] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 1. Introduction EAP Generalized Pre-Shared Key (EAP-GPSK) is an EAP method defining a generalized pre-shared key authentication technique. Mutual authentication is achieved through a nonce-based exchange that is secured by a pre-shared key. At present, several pre-shared key EAP methods are specified, most notably o EAP-PAX [I-D.clancy-eap-pax] o EAP-PSK [I-D.bersani-eap-psk] o EAP-TLS-PSK [I-D.otto-emu-eap-tls-psk] and o EAP-SAKE [I-D.vanderveen-eap-sake]. Each method has its particular benefits but also its particular deficiencies. EAP-GPSK is a new EAP method that tries to combine the most valuable characteristics of each of these methods and therefore attempts to address a broad range of usage scenarios. The main design goals of EAP-GPSK are Simplicity: EAP-GPSK should be easy to implement and therefore quickly available. Wide applicability: EAP-GPSK has been designed in a threat model where the attacker has full control over the communication channel. This is the EAP threat model that is presented in Section 7.1 of [RFC3748]. Efficiency: EAP-GPSK does not make use of public key cryptography and fully relies of symmetric cryptography. The restriction on symmetric cryptographic computations allows for low computational overhead. Hence, EAP-GPSK is lightweight and well suited for any type of device, especially those with processing power, memory and battery constraints. Flexibility: EAP-GPSK offers cryptographic flexibility. At the beginning, the EAP server selects a set of cryptographic algorithms and key sizes, a so called ciphersuite. The current version of EAP-GPSK comprises two ciphersuites, but additional ones can be easily Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 4] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 added. Extensibility: The design of EAP-GPSK allows to securely exchange information between the EAP peer and the EAP server using protected data fields. These fields might, for example, be used to exchange channel binding information or to provide support for identity confidentiality. 2. Terminology In this document, several words are used to signify the requirements of the specification. These words are often capitalized. The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. This section describes the various variables and functions used in the EAP-GPSK method. Variables: PD_Payload_X: Data carried within the X-th protected data payload CSuite_List: An octet array listing available ciphersuites (variable length) CSuite_Sel: Ciphersuite selected by the client (6 octets) ID_Client: Client NAI [RFC2486bis] ID_Server: Server identity as an opaque blob. KS: Integer representing the key size in octets of the selected ciphersuite CSuite_Sel. The key size is one of the ciphersuite parameters. PL: Integer representing the length of the PSK in octets (2 octets) RAND_Client: Random integer generated by the client (16 octets) Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 5] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 RAND_Server: Random integer generated by the server (16 octets) Operations: A || B: Concatenation of octet strings A and B ENC_X(Y): Encryption of message Y with a symmetric key X, using a defined block cipher KDF_X(Y): Key Derivation Function that generates an arbitrary number of octets of output using secret X and seed Y length(X): Function that returns the length of input X in octets, encoded as a 2-octet integer in network byte order MAC_X(Y): Keyed message authentication code computed over Y with symmetric key X SEC_X(Y): SEC is a function that provides integrity protection based on the chosen ciphersuite. The function SEC uses the algorithm defined by the selected ciphersuite and applies it to the message content Y with key X. In short, SEC_X(Y) = Y|MAC_X(Y). X[A..B]: Notation representing octets A through B of octet array X The following abbreviations are used for the keying material: PK: Session key generated from the MK and used during protocol exchange to encrypt protected data (size defined by ciphersuite) SK: Session key generated from the MK and used during protocol exchange to demonstrate knowledge of the PSK (size defined by ciphersuite) EMSK: Extended Master Session Key is exported by the EAP method (32 octets) MK: Master Key between the client and EAP server from which all other EAP method session keys are derived (KS octets) MSK: Master Session Key exported by the EAP method (32 octets) Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 6] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 MID: Method ID exported by the EAP method according to the EAP keying framework [I-D.ietf-eap-keying] (16 octets). The EAP Session-Id uniquely identifies an EAP authentication exchange between an EAP peer and an EAP server. PSK: Long-term key shared between the client and the server (PL octets) 3. Overview The EAP framework (see Section 1.3 of [RFC3748]) defines three basic steps that occur during the execution of an EAP conversation between the EAP peer, the Authenticator and the EAP server. 1. The first phase, discovery, is handled by the underlying protocol. 2. The EAP authentication phase with EAP-GPSK is defined in this document. 3. The secure association distribution and secure association phases are handled differently depending on the underlying protocol. +--------+ +--------+ | | EAP-Request/Identity | | | EAP |<------------------------------------| EAP | | peer | | server | | | EAP-Response/Identity | | | |------------------------------------>| | | | | | | | EAP-Request/GPSK-1 | | | |<------------------------------------| | | | | | | | EAP-Response/GPSK-2 | | | |------------------------------------>| | | | | | | | EAP-Request/GPSK-3 | | | |<------------------------------------| | | | | | | | EAP-Response/GPSK-4 | | | |------------------------------------>| | | | | | | | EAP-Success or EAP-Failure | | | |<------------------------------------| | +--------+ +--------+ EAP-GPSK performs mutual authentication between EAP peer ("Client") Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 7] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 and EAP server ("Server") based on a pre-shared key (PSK). The protocol consists of four message exchanges (GPSK-1, ... GPSK-4), in which both sides exchange nonces and their identities, compute and exchange a Message Authentication Code (MAC) over the previously exchanged values, keyed with the pre-shared key. This MAC is considered as proof of possession of the pre-shared key. The full EAP-GPSK protocol is as follows: GPSK-1: ID_Server, RAND_Server, CSuite_List GPSK-2: SEC_SK(ID_Client, ID_Server, RAND_Client, RAND_Server, CSuite_Sel, CSuite_List, [, ENC_PK(PD_Payload_1), ... ] ) GPSK-3 SEC_SK(RAND_Client, RAND_Server, CSuite_Sel [, ENC_PK(PD_Payload_2), ... ] ) GPSK-4: [ SEC_SK(ENC_PK(PD_Payload_3)), ... ] The EAP server begins EAP-GPSK by selecting a random number RAND_Server and by encoding the supported ciphersuites into CSuite_List. A ciphersuite consists of an encryption algorithm, a key derivation function and a message authentication code. In GPSK-1, the EAP server sends its identity ID_Server, a random number RAND_Server and a list of supported ciphersuites CSuite_List. The decision which ciphersuite to offer and which ciphersuite to pick is policy- and implementation-dependent and therefore outside the scope of this document. In GPSK-2, the peer sends its identity ID_Client, a random number RAND_Client. Furthermore, it repeats the received parameters of the GPSK-1 message (ID_Server, RAND_Server, CSuite_List), the selected ciphersuite and computes a Message Authentication Code over all these parameters. The EAP server verifies the received Message Authentication Code. In case of successful verification, the EAP server computes a Message Authentication Code over the session parameter and returns it to the client (within GPSK-3). Within GPSK-2 and GPSK-3, peer and EAP Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 8] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 server have the possibility to exchange encrypted protected data parameters. The peer verifies the received Message Authentication Code. If the verification is successful, GPSK-4 is prepared. This message can optionally contain the client's protected data parameters. Upon receipt of GPSK-4, the server assures that the peer has derived session keys SK and PK properly. Then, the EAP server sends an EAP Success message to indicate the successful outcome of the authentication. 4. Key Derivation EAP-GPSK provides key derivation in compliance to the requirements of [RFC3748] and [I-D.ietf-eap-keying]. The long-term credential shared between EAP peer and EAP server SHOULD be a strong pre-shared key PSK of at least 16 octets, though its length and entropy is variable. While it is possible to use a password or passphrase, doing so is NOT RECOMMENDED as it would make EAP-GPSK vulnerable to dictionary attacks. During an EAP-GPSK authentication, a Master Key MK, a Session Key SK and a Protected Data Encryption Key PK are derived using the ciphersuite-specified KDF and data exchanged during the execution of the protocol, namely 'RAND_Client || ID_Client || RAND_Server || ID_Server' referred as inputString as its short-hand form. In case of successful completion, EAP-GPSK derives and exports an MSK and EMSK both in length of 64 octets. This keying material is derived using the ciphersuite-specified KDF as follows: o inputString = RAND_Client || ID_Client || RAND_Server || ID_Server o MK = KDF_Zero-String (PL || PSK || CSuite_Sel || inputString)[0..KS-1] o MSK = KDF_MK (inputString)[0..63] o EMSK = KDF_MK (inputString)[64..127] o SK = KDF_MK (inputString)[128..127+KS] o PK = KDF_MK (inputString)[128+KS..127+2*KS] o MID = KDF_Zero-String ("Method ID" || EAP_Method_Type || CSuite_Sel || inputString)[0..15] Note that the term 'Zero-String' refers to a sequence of 0x00 values, KS octets in length. EAP_Method_Type refers to the integer value of the IANA allocated EAP Type code. Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 9] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 Figure 2 depicts the key derivation procedure of EAP-GPSK. +-------------+ +-------------------------------+ | PL-octet | | RAND_Client || ID_Client || | | PSK | | RAND_Server || ID_Server | +-------------+ +-------------------------------+ | | | | +------------+ | | | | CSuite_Sel | | | | +------------+ | | | | | | v v v | +--------------------------------------------+ | | KDF | | +--------------------------------------------+ | | | v | +-------------+ | | KS-octet | | | MK | | +-------------+ | | | v v +---------------------------------------------------+ | KDF | +---------------------------------------------------+ | | | | v v v v +---------+ +---------+ +----------+ +----------+ | 32-octet| | 32-octet| | KS-octet | | KS-octet | | MSK | | EMSK | | SK | | PK | +---------+ +---------+ +----------+ +----------+ Figure 2: EAP-GPSK Key Derivation 5. Ciphersuites The design of EAP-GPSK allows cryptographic algorithms and key sizes, called ciphersuites, to be negotiated during the protocol run. The ability to specify block-based and hash-based ciphersuites is offered. Extensibility is provided with the introduction of new ciphersuites; this document specifies an initial set. The CSuite/ Specifier column in Figure 3 uniquely identifies a ciphersuite. For a vendor-specific ciphersuite the first three octets are the vendor-specific OID, and the last three octets are vendor assigned Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 10] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 for the specific ciphersuite. The following ciphersuites are specified in this document: +-----------+----+-------------+---------------+--------------------+ | CSuite/ | KS | Encryption | Integrity | Key Derivation | | Specifier | | | | Function | +-----------+----+-------------+---------------+--------------------+ | 0x000001 | 16 | AES-CBC-128 | AES_CMAC_128 | GKDF-128 | +-----------+----+-------------+---------------+--------------------+ | 0x000002 | 32 | NULL | HMAC-SHA256 | GKDF-256 | +-----------+----+-------------+---------------+--------------------+ Figure 3: Ciphersuites Ciphersuite 1, which is based on AES as a cryptographic primitive, is mandatory to implement. This document specifies also a second ciphersuite, but its support is optional. Each ciphersuite needs to specify a key derivation function. The ciphersuites defined in this document make use of the Generalized Key Distribution Function (GKDF). Future ciphersuites can use any other formally specified KDF that takes as arguments a key and a seed value, and produces at least 128+2*KS octets of output. If GKDF is invoked by a MAC-based ciphersuite, then the variable "size" contains the MAC output size in octets. In case of a block cipher-based ciphersuite, "size" contains the block size in octets. GKDF has the following structure: GKDF-X(Y, Z) X length, in octets, of the desired output Y secret key Z inputstring hashlen: is the size of hash function output in octets. Hash-Function: SHA-1 is required, SHAs are recommended. Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 11] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 GKDF-X (Y, Z) { n = ceiling integer of ( X / hashlen ); /* determine number of output blocks */ M_0 = ""; result = ""; for i = 1 to n { M_i = Hash-Function (i || y || Z); result = result || M_i; } return truncate (result; X) } Note that the variables 'i' and 'X' in M_i are represented as 2-octet values in network byte order. 6. Ciphersuites Processing Rules 6.1. Ciphersuite #1 6.1.1. Encryption With this ciphersuite all cryptography is built around a single cryptographic primitive, AES-128. Within the protected data frames, AES-128 is used in CBC mode of operation (see [CBC]). This mode requires an Initialization Vector (IV) that has the same size as the block size. For security reasons, the IV should be randomly generated. In a nutshell, the CBC mode proceeds as follows. The IV is XORed with the first plaintext block before it is encrypted. Then for successive blocks, the previous ciphertext block is XORed with the current plaintext, before it is encrypted. 6.1.2. Integrity Ciphersuite 1 uses CMAC as Message Authentication Code. CMAC is recommended by NIST. Among its advantages, CMAC is capable to work with messages of arbitrary length. A detailed description of CMAC can be found in [CMAC]. The following instantiation is used: AES-128-CMAC(SK, Input) denotes the MAC of Input under the key SK. Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 12] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 where Input refers to the following content: o Value of SEC_SK(Value) in message GPSK-2 o Value of SEC_SK(Value) in message GPSK-3 o Value of SEC_SK(Value) in message GPSK-4 6.1.3. Key Derivation This ciphersuite instantiates the KDF in the following way: inputString = RAND_Client || ID_Client || RAND_Server || ID_Server MK = GKDF-16 (Zero-String, PL || PSK || CSuite_SEL || inputString) MSK = GKDF-160 (MK, inputString)[0..63] EMSK = GKDF-160 (MK, inputString)[64..127] SK = GKDF-160 (MK, inputString)[128..143] PK = GKDF-160 (MK, inputString)[144..159] MID = GKDF-16 (Zero-String, "Method ID" || EAP_Method_Type || CSuite_Sel || inputString) 6.2. Ciphersuite #2 6.2.1. Encryption Ciphersuite 2 does not include an algorithm for encryption. With a NULL encryption algorithm, encryption is defined as: E_X(Y) = Y When using this ciphersuite, the data exchanged inside the protected data blocks is not encrypted. Therefore this mode MUST NOT be used if confidential information appears inside the protected data blocks. 6.2.2. Integrity Ciphersuite 2 uses the keyed MAC function HMAC, with the SHA256 hash algorithm. For integrity protection the following instantiation is used: HMAC-SHA256(SK, Input) denotes the MAC of Input under the key SK where Input refers to the following content: Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 13] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 o Value of SEC_SK(Value) in message GPSK-2 o Value of SEC_SK(Value) in message GPSK-3 o Value of SEC_SK(Value) in message GPSK-4 6.2.3. Key Derivation This ciphersuite instantiates the KDF in the following way: inputString = RAND_Client || ID_Client || RAND_Server || ID_Server MK = GKDF-32 (Zero-String, PL || PSK || CSuite_SEL || inputString) MSK = GKDF-192 (MK, inputString)[0..63] EMSK = GKDF-192 (MK, inputString)[64..127] SK = GKDF-192 (MK, inputString)[128..159] PK = GKDF-192 (MK, inputString)[160..191] MID = GKDF-16 (Zero-String, "Method ID" || EAP_Method_Type || CSuite_Sel || inputString) 7. Packet Formats This section defines the packet format of the EAP-GPSK messages. 7.1. Header Format The EAP-GPSK header has the following structure: --- bit offset ---> 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Code | Identifier | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | OP-Code | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | ... Payload ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 5 The Code, Identifier, Length, and Type fields are all part of the EAP Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 14] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 header, and defined in [RFC3748]. IANA has allocated EAP Method Type XX for EAP-GPSK, thus the Type field in the EAP header MUST be XX. The OP-Code field is one of four values: o 0x01 : GPSK-1 o 0x02 : GPSK-2 o 0x03 : GPSK-3 o 0x04 : GPSK-4 o 0x05 : GPSK-Fail o 0x06 : GPSK-Protected-Fail 7.2. Ciphersuite Formatting Ciphersuites are encoded as 6-octet arrays. The first three octets indicate the CSuite/Vendor field. For vendor-specific ciphersuites, this represents the vendor OID. The last three octets indicate the CSuite/Specifier field, which identifies the particular ciphersuite. The 3-octet CSuite/Vendor value 0x000000 indicates ciphersuites allocated by the IETF. Graphically, they are represented as --- bit offset ---> 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | CSuite/Vendor = 0x000000 or OID | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ CSuite / Specifier | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 6 CSuite_Sel is encoded as a 6-octet ciphersuite CSuite/Vendor and CSuite/Specifier pair. CSuite_List is a variable-length octet array of ciphersuites. It is encoded by concatenating encoded ciphersuite values. Its length in octets MUST be a multiple of 6. 7.3. Payload Formatting Payload formatting is based on the protocol exchange description in Section 3. The GPSK-1 payload format is defined as follows: Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 15] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 --- bit offset ---> 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | length(ID_Server) | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | ... ID_Server ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | ... 32-octet RAND_Server ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | length(CSuite_List) | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | ... CSuite_List ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 7: GPSK-1 Payload The GPSK-2 payload format is defined as follows: Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 16] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 --- bit offset ---> 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | length(ID_Client) | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | ... ID_Client ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | length(ID_Server) | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | ... ID_Server ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | ... 32-octet RAND_Client ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | ... 32-octet RAND_Server ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | length(CSuite_List) | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | ... CSuite_List ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | CSuite_Sel | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | length(PD_Payload_1) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | ... optional PD_Payload_1 ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | ... KS-octet payload MAC ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 8: GPSK-2 Payload If the optional protected data payload is not included, then length(PD_Payload)=0 and the PD payload is excluded. Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 17] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 The GPSK-3 payload is defined as follows: --- bit offset ---> 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | ... 32-octet RAND_Client ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | ... 32-octet RAND_Server ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | CSuite_Sel | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | length(PD_Payload_2) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | ... optional PD_Payload_2 ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | ... KS-octet payload MAC ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 9: GPSK-3 Payload If the optional protected data payload is not included, then length(PD_Payload)=0 and the PD payload is excluded. The GPSK-4 payload format is defined as follows: Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 18] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 --- bit offset ---> 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | length(PD_Payload_3) | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | ... optional PD_Payload_3 ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | ... KS-octet payload MAC ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 10: GPSK-4 Payload If the optional protected data payload is not included, then length(PD_Payload)=0 and the PD payload is excluded. The MAC MUST always be included, regardless of the presence of PD_Payload_3. The GPSK-Fail payload format is defined as follows: --- bit offset ---> 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Failure-Code | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 11: GPSK-Fail Payload The GPSK-Protected-Fail payload format is defined as follows: --- bit offset ---> 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Failure-Code | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | ... KS-octet payload MAC ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 12: GPSK-Protected-Fail Payload Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 19] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 The Failure-Code field is one of three values, but can be extended: o 0x00000001: PSK Not Found o 0x00000002: Authentication Failure o 0x00000003: Authorization Failure o 0x00000004 through 0xFFFFFFFF : Unallocated "PSK Not Found" indicates a key for a particular user could not be located, making authentication impossible. "Authentication Failure" indicates a MAC failure due to a PSK mismatch. "Authorization Failure" indicates that while the PSK being used is correct, the user is not authorized to connect. 7.4. Protected Data The protected data blocks are a generic mechanism for the client and server to securely exchange data. If the specified ciphersuite has a NULL encryption primitive, then this channel only offers authenticity, and not confidentiality. These payloads are encoded as the concatenation of type-length-value (TLV) tripples. Type values are encoded as a 6-octet string and represented by a 3-octet vendor and 3-octet specifier field. The vendor field indicates the type as either standards-specified or vendor-specific. If these three octets are 0x000000, then the value is standards- specified, and any other value represents a vendor-specific OID. The specifier field indicates the actual type. For vendor field 0x000000, the specifier field is maintained by IANA. For any other vendor field, the specifier field is maintained by the vendor. Length fields are specified as 2-octet integers in network byte order, and reflect only the length of the value, and do not include the length of the type and length fields. Graphically, this can be depicted as follows: Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 20] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 --- bit offset ---> 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | PData/Vendor | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ PData/Specifier | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | ... PD_Payload Value ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ For PData/Vendor field 0x000000, the following PData/Specifier fields are defined: o 0x000000 : Reserved o 0x000001 : Protected Results Indication o 0x000002 through 0xFFFFFF : Unallocated 8. Packet Processing Rules This section defines how the EAP client and EAP server MUST behave when received packet is deemed invalid. Any packet that cannot be parsed by the EAP client or the EAP server MUST be silently discarded. An EAP client or EAP server receiving any unexpected packet (i.e. an EAP client receiving GPSK-3 before receving GPSK-1 or before transmitting GPSK-2) MUST silently discard the packet. GPSK-1 contains no MAC protection, so provided it properly parses, it MUST be accepted by the client. If the EAP client decides the ID_Server is that of a AAA server to which it does not wish to authenticate, the EAP client should respond with an EAP-NACK. For GPSK-2, if ID_Client is for an unknown user, the EAP server MUST send either a "PSK Not Found" GPSK-Fail message, or an "Authentication Failure" GPSK-Fail, depending on its policy, and discard the received packet. If the MAC validation fails, the server MUST transmit a GPSK-Fail message specifying "Authentication Failure". and discard the received packet. If the RAND_Server or CSuite_List field in GPSK-2 does not match the values in GPSK-1, the server MUST silently discard the packet. If server policy determines the client is not authorized and the MAC is correct, the server MUST transmit a GPSK-Protected-Fail message indicating "Authorization Failure" and discard the received packet. Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 21] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 A client receiving a GPSK-Fail or GPSK-Protected-Fail message in response to a GPSK-2 message MUST either transmit an EAP-Failure message and end the session, or retry transmission of GPSK-2, attempting to correct whatever failure occured. If MAC validation on a GPSK-Protected-Fail packet fails, then the received packet MUST be silently discarded. For GPSK-3, a client MUST silently discard any packet containing whose RAND_Client, RAND_Server, or CSuite_Sel fields do match those transmitted in GPSK-2. An EAP client MUST silently discard any packet whose MAC fails. For GPSK-4, a server MUST silently discard any packet whose MAC fails validation. If a decryption failure of a protected payload is detected, the recipient MUST silently discard the GPSK packet. 9. Security Considerations [RFC3748] highlights several attacks that are possible against EAP since EAP itself does not provide any security. This section discusses the claimed security properties of EAP-GPSK as well as vulnerabilities and security recommendations in the threat model of [RFC3748]. 9.1. Mutual Authentication EAP-GPSK provides mutual authentication. The server believes that the peer is authentic because it can calculate a valid MAC and the peer believes that the server is authentic because it can calculate another valid MAC. The key used for mutual authentication is computed again based on the long-term secret PSK that has to provide sufficient entropy and therefore sufficient strength. In this way EAP-GPSK is no different than other authentication protocols based on pre-shared keys. 9.2. Protected Result Indications EAP-GPSK offers the capability to exchange protected result indications using the protected data payloads. Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 22] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 9.3. Integrity Protection EAP-GPSK provides integrity protection based on the ciphersuites suggested in this document. 9.4. Replay Protection EAP-GPSK provides replay protection of its mutual authentication part thanks to the use of random numbers RAND_Server and RAND_P. Since RAND_Server is 16 octets long, one expects to have to record 2**64 (i.e., approximately 1.84*10**19) EAP-GPSK successful authentication before an protocol run can be replayed. Hence, EAP-GPSK provides replay protection of its mutual authentication part as long as RAND_Server and RAND_Client are chosen at random, randomness is critical for replay protection. 9.5. Reflection attacks EAP-GPSK provides protection against reflection attacks in case of an extended authentication because the messages are constructed in a different fashion. 9.6. Dictionary Attacks EAP-GPSK relies on a long-term shared secret (PSK) that MUST be based on at least 16 octets of entropy to guarantee security against dictionary attacks. Users who use passwords are not guaranteed security against dictionary attacks. Derivation of the long-term shared secret from a password is strongly discouraged. 9.7. Key Derivation EAP-GPSK supports key derivation as shown in Section 4. 9.8. Denial of Service Resistance Denial of Service (DoS) resistance has not been a design goal for EAP-GPSK. It is however believed that EAP-GPSK does not provide any obvious and avoidable venue for such attacks. It is worth noting that the server has to maintain some state when it engages in an EAP-GPSK conversation, namely to generate and to remember the 16-octet RAND_S. This should however not lead to resource exhaustion as this state and the associated computation are fairly lightweight. Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 23] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 It is recommended that EAP-GPSK does not allow EAP notifications to be interleaved in its dialog to prevent potential DoS attacks. Indeed, since EAP Notifications are not integrity protected, they can easily be spoofed by an attacker. Such an attacker could force a peer that allows EAP Notifications to engage in a discussion which would delay his authentication or result in the peer taking unexpected actions (e.g., in case a notification is used to prompt the peer to do some "bad" action). It is up to the implementation of EAP-GPSK or to the peer and the server to specify the maximum number of failed cryptographic checks that are allowed. 9.9. Session Independence Thanks to its key derivation mechanisms, EAP-GPSK provides session independence: passive attacks (such as capture of the EAP conversation) or active attacks (including compromise of the MSK or EMSK) do not enable compromise of subsequent or prior MSKs or EMSKs. The assumption that RAND_Client and RAND_Server are random is central for the security of EAP-GPSK in general and session independance in particular. 9.10. Exposition of the PSK EAP-GPSK does not provide perfect forward secrecy. Compromise of the PSK leads to compromise of recorded past sessions. Compromise of the PSK enables the attacker to impersonate the peer and the server and it allows the adversary to compromise future sessions. EAP-GPSK provides no protection against a legitimate peer sharing its PSK with a third party. Such protection may be provided by appropriate repositories for the PSK, which choice is outside the scope of this document. The PSK used by EAP-GPSK must only be shared between two parties: the peer and the server. In particular, this PSK must not be shared by a group of peers communicating with the same server. The PSK used by EAP-GPSK must be cryptographically separated from keys used by other protocols, otherwise the security of EAP-GPSK may be compromised. 9.11. Fragmentation EAP-GPSK does not support fragmentation and reassembly since the message size is small. Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 24] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 9.12. Channel Binding This document enables the ability to exchange channel binding information. It does not, however, define the encoding of channel binding information in the document. 9.13. Fast Reconnect EAP-GPSK does not provide the fast reconnect capability since this method is already at (or close to) the lower limit of the number of roundtrips and the cryptographic operations. 9.14. Identity Protection Identity protection is not specified in this document. Extensions can be defined that enhance this protocol to provide this feature. 9.15. Protected Ciphersuite Negotiation EAP-GPSK provides protected ciphersuite negotiation via the indication of available ciphersuites by the server in the first message and a confirmation by the client in the subsequent message. 9.16. Confidentiality Although EAP-GPSK provides confidentiality in its protected data payloads, it cannot claim to do so as per Section 7.2.1 of [RFC3748]. 9.17. Cryptographic Binding Since EAP-GPSK does not tunnel another EAP method, it does not implement cryptographic binding. 10. IANA Considerations This document requires IANA to allocate a new EAP Type for EAP-GPSK. This document requires IANA to create a new registry for ciphersuites, protected data types, and failure codes. IANA is furthermore instructed to add the specified ciphersuites, protected data types, and failure codes to this registry as defined in this document. Values can be added or modified with informational RFCs defining either block-based or hash-based ciphersuites, protected data payloads, or failure codes. Each ciphersuite needs to provide processing rules and needs to specify how the following algorithms are instantiated: Encryption, Integrity and Key Derivation. Additionally, the preferred key size needs to be specified. Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 25] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 The following layout represents the initial ciphersuite CSuite/ Specifier registry setup: o 0x000000 : Reserved o 0x000001 : AES-CBC-128, AES-CMAC-128, GKDF-128 o 0x000002 : NULL, HMAC-SHA256, GKDF-256 o 0x000003 through 0xFFFFFF : Unallocated The following is the initial protected data PData/Specifier registry setup: o 0x000000 : Reserved o 0x000001 : Protected Results Indication o 0x000002 through 0xFFFFFF : Unallocated The following layout represents the initial Failure-Code registry setup: o 0x00000001: PSK Not Found o 0x00000002: Authentication Failure o 0x00000003: Authorization Failure o 0x00000004 through 0xFFFFFFFF : Unallocated 11. Contributors This work is a joint effort of the EAP Method Update (EMU) design team of the EMU Working Group that was created to develop a mechanism based on strong shared secrets that meets RFC 3748 [RFC3748] and RFC 4017 [RFC4017] requirements. The design team members (in alphabetical order) were: o Jari Arkko o Mohamad Badra o Uri Blumenthal o Charles Clancy o Lakshminath Dondeti o David McGrew o Joe Salowey o Sharma Suman o Hannes Tschofenig o Jesse Walker Finally, we would like to thank Thomas Otto for his draft reviews, feedback and text contributions. Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 26] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 12. Acknowledgment We would like to thank o Jouni Malinen and Bernard Aboba for their early draft comments in June 2006. Jouni Malinen developed the first prototype implementation. It can be found at: http://hostap.epitest.fi/releases/snapshots/ o Lakshminath Dondeti, David McGrew, Bernard Aboba, Michaela Vanderveen and Ray Bell for their input to the ciphersuite discussions between July and August 2006. o Lakshminath Dondeti for his detailed draft review (sent to the EMU ML on the 12th July 2006). o Based on a review requested from NIST Quynh Dang suggested changes to the GKDF function (December 2006). 13. Open Issues The list of open issues can be found at: http://www.tschofenig.com:8080/eap-gpsk/ 14. References 14.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", March 1997. [RFC2486bis] Aboba, B., Beadles, M., Arkko, J., and P. Eronen, "The Network Access Identifier", draft-ietf-radext-rfc2486bis-06 (work in progress), July 2005. [RFC3174] Eastlake, D. and P. Jones, "US Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1)", RFC 3174, September 2001. [RFC3748] Aboba, B., Blunk, L., Vollbrecht, J., Carlson, J., and H. Levkowetz, "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)", RFC 3748, June 2004. 14.2. Informative References [I-D.clancy-eap-pax] Clancy, C. and W. Arbaugh, "EAP Password Authenticated Exchange", draft-clancy-eap-pax-11 (work in progress), Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 27] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 September 2006. [I-D.bersani-eap-psk] Tschofenig, H. and F. Bersani, "The EAP-PSK Protocol: a Pre-Shared Key EAP Method", draft-bersani-eap-psk-11 (work in progress), June 2006. [I-D.otto-emu-eap-tls-psk] Otto, T. and H. Tschofenig, "The EAP-TLS-PSK Authentication Protocol", draft-otto-emu-eap-tls-psk-01 (work in progress), October 2006. [I-D.vanderveen-eap-sake] Vanderveen, M. and H. Soliman, "Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for Shared-secret Authentication and Key Establishment (EAP-SAKE)", draft-vanderveen-eap-sake-02 (work in progress), May 2006. [I-D.ietf-eap-keying] Aboba, B., "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Key Management Framework", draft-ietf-eap-keying-16 (work in progress), January 2007. [RFC4017] Stanley, D., Walker, J., and B. Aboba, "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Method Requirements for Wireless LANs", RFC 4017, March 2005. [CMAC] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: The CMAC Mode for Authentication", Special Publication (SP) 800-38B, May 2005. [CBC] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Encryption. Methods and Techniques.", Special Publication (SP) 800- 38A, December 2001. Authors' Addresses T. Charles Clancy DoD Laboratory for Telecommunications Sciences 8080 Greenmead Drive College Park, MD 20740 USA Email: clancy@ltsnet.net Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 28] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 Hannes Tschofenig Siemens Networks GmbH & Co KG Otto-Hahn-Ring 6 Munich, Bavaria 81739 Germany Email: Hannes.Tschofenig@siemens.com URI: http://www.tschofenig.com Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 29] Internet-Draft EAP-GPSK January 2007 Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Intellectual Property The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr. The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org. Acknowledgment Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by the IETF Administrative Support Activity (IASA). Clancy & Tschofenig Expires July 9, 2007 [Page 30]