INTERNET-DRAFT Edward Lewis draft-ietf-dnsext-axfr-clarify-06.txt NeuStar, Inc. DNSEXT WG January 2008 Updates: 1034, 1035 (if approved) Intended status: Standards Track DNS Zone Transfer Protocol (AXFR) Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on August 1, 2008. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008). Abstract The Domain Name System standard facilities for maintaining coherent servers for a zone consist of three elements. The Authoritative Transfer (AXFR) is defined in RFC 1034 and RFC 1035. The Incremental Zone Transfer (IXFR) is defined in RFC 1995. A mechanism for prompt notification of zone changes (NOTIFY) is defined in RFC 1996. The base definition of these facilities, that of the AXFR, has proven insufficient in detail, resulting in no implementation complying with it. Yet today we have a satisfactory set of implementations that do interoperate. This document is a new definition of the AXFR, new in the sense that is it recording an accurate definition of an interoperable AXFR mechanism. 1 Introduction The Domain Name System standard facilities for maintaining coherent servers for a zone consist of three elements. The Authoritative Transfer (AXFR) is defined in RFC 1034 [RFC1034] and RFC 1035 [RFC1035]. The Incremental Zone Transfer (IXFR) is defined in RFC 1995 [RFC1995]. A mechanism for prompt notification of zone changes (NOTIFY) is defined in RFC 1996 [RFC1996]. The goal of these mechanisms is to enable a set of DNS name servers to remain coherently authoritative for a given zone. Comments on this draft should be addresses to the editor or to namedroppers@ops.ietf.org. 1.1 Definition of Terms The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels" [BCP14]. 1.2 Scope In the greater context, there are many ways to achieve coherency among a set of name servers. These mechanisms form just one, the one defined in the RFCs cited. For example, there are DNS implementations that assemble answers from data riding in commercial database instances, and rely on the database's proprietary or otherwise external-to-DNS means to synchronize the database instances. Some of these non-DNS solutions may even interoperate in some fashion. As far as it is known, AXFR, IXFR, and NOTIFY are the only mechanisms that provide an interoperable solution to the desire for coherency within the definition of DNS. This document does not cover incoherent DNS situations. There are applications of the DNS in which servers for a zone are designed to be incoherent. For these configurations, a coherency mechanism as described here would be unsuitable. "General purpose" DNS implementation refers to DNS software developed for wide spread use. This includes resolvers and servers freely accessible as libraries and standalone processes. This also includes proprietary implementations used only in support of DNS service offerings. "Turnkey" DNS implementation refers to custom made, single use implementations of DNS. Such implementations consist of software the use the DNS protocol message format but does not conform to entire range of DNS functionality. A DNS implementation is not required to support AXFR, IXFR, and NOTIFY. A DNS implementation SHOULD have some means for maintaining name server coherency. A general purpose DNS implementation SHOULD include AXFR, IXFR, and NOTIFY, but turnkey DNS implementations MAY operate without it. 1.3 Context Besides describing the mechanisms themselves, there is the context in which they operate to consider. When AXFR, IXFR, and NOTIFY were defined, there was little consideration given to security and privacy issues. Since the original definition of AXFR, new opinions have appeared on the access to an entire zone's contents. In this document, the basic mechanisms will be discussed separately from the permission to use these mechanisms. 1.4 Coverage This document concentrates on just the definition of AXFR. Any effort to update the IXFR or NOTIFY mechanisms would be done in different documents. This is not strictly a clarification of the definition in RFC 1034 and RFC 1035. This document will update those sections, invalidate at least one part of that definition. The goal of this document is define AXFR as it exists, or should exist, currently. 2 AXFR Messages An AXFR message exchange (or session) consists of an AXFR Query message and a set of AXFR Response messages. In this document, AXFR client is the sender of the AXFR Query and the AXFR server is the responder. (Use of terms such as master, slave, primary, secondary are not important to defining the AXFR exchange.) The reason for the imbalance in number of messages derives from large zones whose contents cannot be fit into the limited permissible size of a DNS message. The upper limit on the permissible size of a DNS message is defined in RFC 1035 [RFC1035], section 2.3.4, and supplemented in RFC 2671 [RFC2671], see section 4.5. The basic format of an AXFR message is the DNS message as defined in RFC 1035, Section 4 ("MESSAGES") [RFC 1035], updated by the following documents: RFC3425 [RFC3425], RFC1996 [RFC 1996], RFC2136 [RFC2136], RFC2671 [RFC2671], RFC2845 [RFC2845], RFC2930 [RFC2930], RFC4035 [RFC4035], RFC4635 [RFC4635]. In addition, one change is credited to IANA, the reserving of OPCODE = 3. Field names used in this document will correspond to the names as the appear in the IANA registry for DNS Header Flags [DNS-FLAGS]. 2.1 AXFR Query An AXFR Query is sent by a client whenever there is a reason to ask. This may be because of zone maintenance activities or as a result of a command line request, say for debugging. 2.1.1 Header Values ID See note 2.1.1.a QR MUST be 0 (Query) OPCODE MUST be 0 (Standard Query) AA See note 2.1.1.b TC See note 2.1.1.b RD See note 2.1.1.b RA See note 2.1.1.b Z See note 2.1.1.c AD See note 2.1.1.b CD See note 2.1.1.b RCODE MUST be 0 (No error) QDCOUNT MUST be 1 ANCOUNT MUST be 0 NSCOUNT MUST be 0 ARCOUNT MUST be either 0 or 1, the latter only if EDNS0 [RFC2671] is in use Note 2.1.1.a Set to any value that the client desires. There is no specified means for selecting the value in this field. However, consideration can be given to making it harder for forged messages to be accepted by referencing the work in progress "Measures for making DNS more resilient against forged answers" [D-FORGERY]. Note 2.1.1.b The value in this field has no meaning in the context of AXFR. For the client, RECOMMENDED that the value be zero. For the server, RECOMMENDED ignoring this value. Note 2.1.1.c The Z bit is no longer registered with IANA (no document cited for change). RECOMMENDED client set to 0, server MUST ignore. 2.1.2 Query Section The Query section of the AXFR query MUST conform to section 4.1.2 of RFC 1035 contain the following values: QNAME the name of the zone requested QTYPE AXFR [DNS-VALUES] QCLASS the class of the zone requested 2.1.3 Answer Section MUST be empty. 2.1.4 Authority Section MUST be empty. 2.1.5 Additional Section The client MAY include an EDNS0 section. If the server has indicated that it does not support EDNS0, the client MUST send this section empty if there is a retry. If the client is aware that the server does not support EDNS0, RECOMMENDED that this section be sent empty. A client MAY become aware of a server's abilities via a configuration setting. An implementation of a general purpose client and server is RECOMMENDED to support EDNS0. 2.2 AXFR Response The AXFR Response will consist of 0 or more messages. A server MAY elect to ignore the request altogether. The first response MUST begin with the SOA resource record of the zone, the last response MUST conclude with the same SOA resource record. Intermediate responses MUST not contain the SOA resource record. 2.2.1 Header Values ID See note 2.2.1.a QR MUST be 1 (Response) OPCODE MUST be 0 (Standard Query) AA See note 2.2.1.b TC MUST be 0 (Not truncated) RD RECOMMENDED copy request's value, MAY be set to 0 RA See note 2.2.1.c Z See note 2.2.1.d AD See note 2.2.1.e CD See note 2.2.1.e RCODE See note 2.2.1.f QDCOUNT MUST be 1 in the first message; MUST be 0 or 1 in all following ANCOUNT See note 2.2.1.g NSCOUNT MUST be 0 ARCOUNT MUST be either 0 or 1, the latter only if EDNS0 [RFC2671] is in use Note 2.2.1.a Because of old implementations, the requirement on this section is stated in detail. New DNS servers MUST set this field to the value of the AXFR Query ID in each AXFR Response message for the session. New DNS clients MUST be able to accept sessions in which the responses do not have the same ID field. If a client detects or is aware that the server is new, that is, all of the responses have the same ID value as the query, the client MAY issue other DNS queries (of any type) to the server using the same transport. Unless the client is sure that the server will consistently set the ID field to the query's ID, the client is NOT RECOMMENDED to issue any other queries until the end of the zone transfer. A client MAY become aware of a server's abilities via a configuration setting. Note 2.2.1.b If the RCODE is 0 (no error), then the AA bit MUST be 1. For any other value of RCODE, the AA bit MUST be set according to rules for that error code. If in doubt, RECOMMENDED setting to 1, RECOMMENDED ignoring the value otherwise. Note 2.2.1.c RECOMMENDED server setting value to 0, RECOMMENDED client ignoring this value. The server MAY set this value according to the local policy regarding recursive service, but doing so may confuse the interpretation of the response as AXFR MAY NOT be retrieved recursively. A client MAY note the server's policy regarding recursive from this value, but SHOULD NOT conclude that the AXFR response was obtained recursively even if the RD bit was 1 in the query. Note 2.2.1.d The Z bit is no longer registered with IANA (no document cited for change). RECOMMENDED client set to 0, server MUST ignore. Note 2.2.1.e If the implementation is implementing DNSSEC [RFC4033-5], this value MUST be set according to the rules in RFC 4035 [RFC4035], section 3.1.6, "The AD and CD Bits in an Authoritative Response." If the implementation is not implementing DNSSEC, then this value MUST be set to 0 an MUST be ignored. Note 2.2.1.f In the absence of an error, the server MUST set the value of this field to NoError. If a server is not authoritative for the queried zone, the server SHOULD set the value to NotAuth. (Reminder, consult the appropriate IANA registry [DNS-VALUES].) If a client receives any other value in response, it MUST act according to the error. For example, a malformed AXFR query or the presence of an EDNS0 OPT resource record sent to an old server will garner a FormErr value. This value is not set as part of the AXFR response processing. The same is true for other error-indicating values. Note 2.2.1.g The count of answer records MUST equal the number of resource records in the AXFR Answer Section. When a server is aware that a client will only accept one resource record per response message, then the value MUST be 1. A server MAY be made aware of a client's limitations via configuration data. 2.2.2 Query Section In the first response message, this section MUST be copied from the query. In subsequent messages this section MAY be copied from the query, MAY be empty. The content of this section MAY be used to determine the context of the message, that is, the name of the zone being transfered. 2.2.3 Answer Section MUST be populated with the zone contents. See later section on encoding zone contents. 2.2.4 Authority Section MUST be empty. 2.2.5 Additional Section If the query included an EDNS0 OPT RR this section MAY include an OPT RR in reply. If the query had an empty Additional Section, this MUST be empty. A client MAY ignore the contents of this section. 3 Zone Contents The objective of the AXFR session is to request and transfer the contents of a zone. The objective is to permit the client to reconstruct the zone as it exists at the server for the given zone serial number. Over time the definition of a zone has evolved from a static set of records to a dynamically updated set of records to a continually regenerated set of records. 3.1 Records to Include In the answer section of AXFR response messages the resource records within a zone for the given serial number MUST appear. The definition of what belongs in a zone is described in RFC 1034, Section 4.2, "How the database is divided into zones", and in particular, section 4.2.1., "Technical considerations." The first resource record of the first AXFR response message sent by the AXFR server MUST be the zone's SOA resource record. The last resource record of the final AXFR response message sent by the AXFR server MUST be the zone's SOA resource record. The order and grouping of all other records in the AXFR is arbitrary, but the AXFR server SHOULD group resource record sets together and transmit in the same AXFR message. Unless the AXFR server knows that the AXFR client expects just one resource record per AXFR response message, an AXFR server SHOULD populate an AXFR response message with as many complete resource records as will fit within the limited permissible message size. Zones for which it is impractical to list the entire zones for a serial number (because changes happen too quickly) are not suitable for AXFR retrieval. 3.2 Delegation Records In RFC 1034, section 4.2.1, this text appears (keep in mind that the use of the word "should" in the quotation is exempt from the interpretation in section 1.1) "The RRs that describe cuts ... should be exactly the same as the corresponding RRs in the top node of the subzone." There has been some controversy over this statement and the impact on which NS resource records are included in a zone transfer. The issue is that in operations there are times when the NS resource records for a zone might be different at a cut point in the parent and at the apex of a zone. Sometimes this is the result of an error and sometimes it is part of an ongoing change in name servers. The DNS protocol is robust enough to overcome inconsistencies up to there being no parent indicated NS resource record referencing a server that is able to serve the child zone. This robustness is one quality that has fueld the success of the DNS. Still, the inconsistency is a error state and steps need to be taken to make it apparent (if it is unplanned) and to make it clear once the inconsistency has been removed. Another issue is that the AXFR server could be authoritative for a different set of zones than the AXFR client. It is possible that the AXFR server may be authoritative for both halves of an inconsistent cut point and that the AXFR client is authoritative for just the parent of the cut point. The question that arises is, when facing a situation in which a cut point's NS resource records do not match the authoritative set, whether an AXFR server responds with the NS resource record set that is in the zone or is at the authoritative location. The AXFR response MUST contain the cut point NS resource record set registered with the zone whether it agrees with the authoritative set or not. "Registered with" can interpreted as residing in the zone file of the zone for the particular serial number (in zone file environments) or as any data configured to be in the zone, statically or dynamically. The reasons for this requirement are: 1) The AXFR server might not be able to determine that there is an inconsistency given local data, hence requiring consistency would mean a lot more needed work and even network retrieval of data. An authoritative server ought not be required to perform any queries. 2) By transferring the inconsistent NS resource records from a server that is authoritative for both the cut point and the apex to a client that is not authoritative for both, the error is exposed. For example, an authorized administrator can manually request the AXFR and inspect the results to see the inconsistent records. (A server authoritative for both halves would otherwise always answer from the more authoritative set, concealing the error.) 3) The inconsistent NS resource record set might indicate a problem in a registration database. The DNS shouldn't cover this over. 3.3 Glue Records As in the previous section, RFC 1034, section 4.2.1, provides guidance and rationale for the inclusion of glue records as part of an AXFR transfer. And, as also argued in the previous section of this document, even when there is an inconsistency between the address in a glue record and the authoritative copy of the name server's address, the glue resource record that is registered as part of the zone for that serial number is to be included. This applies for glue records for any address family. 3.4 Name Compression Compression of names in DNS messages is described in RFC 1035, section 4.1.4, "Message compression". The issue highlighted here relates to a comment made in RFC 1034, section 3.1, "Name space specifications and terminology" which says "When you receive a domain name or label, you should preserve its case." Name compression in an AXFR message MUST preserve the case of the original domain name. That is, although when comparing a domain name, "a" equals "A", when comparing for the purposes of message comparison, "a" is not equal to "A". Name compression of RDATA in an AXFR message MAY only be done on resource record types which explicitly permit such compression. 4 Transport AXFR sessions are restricted by RFC 1034, section 4.3.5's "because accuracy is essential, TCP or some other reliable protocol must be used for AXFR requests." With the addition of EDNS0 and applications which require many small zones such in web hosting and some ENUM scenarios, AXFR sessions on UDP are now possible and desirable. In addition, it is conceivable to interleave requests for other data or AXFRs of other zones during one session in TCP if the ID values are consistently maintained. 4.1 TCP In the original definition there is an implicit assumption that a TCP connection is used for one and only one AXFR session. This is evidenced in no requirement to maintain neither the query section nor the message ID in responses and the lack of an explicit bit indicating that a zone transfer continues in the next message. Once an AXFR client opens a connection and sends an AXFR query, the AXFR server MAY close the connection without a reply. Such an action is to be interpreted as refusal to honor the request. This option was not originally defined but has proven to be one way to stop abusive behaviors by clients attempting to use up the server's available resources for TCP activity. Accommodation for implementations assuming this can be maintained, but newer implementations MAY choose to use the open TCP connection for other queries and AXFR sessions of other zones. An AXFR client MAY send a subsequent request to the AXFR server while the AXFR server is responding to a previous query. If this action causes the AXFR server to stop the original AXFR, the AXFR client SHOULD not try this again with that AXFR server. An AXFR server MAY opt to respond to other queries while responding the original AXFR query that opened the connection. An AXFR server MAY ignore or even close the connection if there are two outstanding AXFR queries for the same zone on a connection, as this could be evidence of an abusive AXFR client. 4.2 UDP AXFR sessions over UDP are not included in the base specification of DNS. Given the definition of AXFR, probably for good reason. But there are applications in which AXFR over UDP just might work. With expanded DNS messages made possible by EDNS0, it can be possible to fit an entire zone's contents in to one DNS message. Reasons not to do AXFR over UDP include cases where multiple AXFR messages are needed for a zone, there is no way to guarantee all AXFR messages will arrive at the AXFR client and no way to detect a dropped AXFR message. If an AXFR server cannot place the entire contents of the requested zone in one AXFR response message, the AXFR server MAY silently drop the request or MAY send a response with an return code of SERVFAIL. If an AXFR client does not receive a reply to an AXFR query over UDP or receives a SERVFAIL response code, the client SHOULD retry the request via TCP. 5 Authorization A zone administrator has the option to restrict AXFR access to a zone. This was not envisioned in the original design of the DNS but has emerged as a requirement as the DNS has evolved. Restrictions on AXFR could be for various reasons including a desire to keep the bulk version of the zone concealed or to prevent the servers from handling the load incurred in serving AXFR. All reasons are arguable, but the fact remains that there is a requirement to provide mechanisms to restrict AXFR. A DNS implementation SHOULD provide means to restrict AXFR sessions to specific clients. By default, a DNS implementation SHOULD only allow the designated authoritative servers to have access to the zone. An implementation SHOULD allow access to be granted to Internet Protocol addresses and ranges, regardless of whether a source address could be spoofed. Combining this with techniques such as Virtual Private Networks (VPN) [RFC2764] or Virtual LANs has proven to be effective. An implementation SHOULD allow access to be granted based upon "Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS" [RFC2845] and/or "DNS Request and Transaction Signatures ( SIG(0)s )" [RFC2931]. An implementation SHOULD allow access to be open to all requests. 6 Zone Integrity Ensuring that an AXFR client does not accept a forged copy of a zone is important to the security of a zone. If a zone operator has the opportunity, protection can be afforded via dedicated links, physical or virtual via a VPN among the authoritative servers. But there are instances in which zone operators have no choice but to run AXFR sessions over the global public Internet. Besides best attempts at securing TCP sessions, DNS implementations SHOULD provide means to make use of "Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS" [RFC2845] and/or "DNS Request and Transaction Signatures ( SIG(0)s )" [RFC2931] to allow AXFR clients to verify the contents. These techniques MAY also be used for authorization. 7 Backwards Compatibility Describing backwards compatibility is difficult because of a lack of specifics in the original definition. In this section some hints at building in backwards compatibility are given, mostly repeated from the earlier sections. Backwards compatibility is not necessary, but the greater extent of an implementation's compatibility increases it's interoperability. For turnkey implementations this is not usually a concern. For general purpose implementations this takes on varying levels of importance depending on the implementers desire to maintain interoperability. It is unfortunate that needs to fall back to older behavior cannot be discovered, hence need to be noted in a configuration file. An implementation SHOULD, in it's documentation, encourage operators to periodically review AXFR clients and servers it has made notes about as old software periodically gets updated. 7.1 Server An AXFR server has the luxury of being able to react to an AXFR client's abilities with the exception of knowing if the client can accept multiple resource records per AXFR response message. The knowledge that a client is so restricted apparently cannot be discovered, hence it has to set by configuration. An implementation of an AXFR server SHOULD permit configuring on a per AXFR client basis a need to revert to single resource record per message. The default SHOULD be to use multiple records per message. 7.2 Client An AXFR client has the opportunity to try extensions when querying an AXFR server. The use of EDNS0 to increase the DNS message size, offer authorizing proof, or to invoke message integrity can be tried and rejected by the AXFR server via the methods already described as part of the EDNS0 mechanism. If an AXFR client attempts to use the UDP transport, non-response from the AXFR server or other error message can indicate not to retry that. Attempting to issue multiple DNS queries over a TCP transport for an AXFR session SHOULD be aborted if it interrupts the original request and SHOULD take into consideration whether the AXFR server intends to close the connection immediately upon completion of the original (connection-causing) zone transfer. 8 Security Considerations Concerns regarding authorization, traffic flooding, and message integrity are mentioned in "Authorization" (section 5), "TCP" (section 4.2) and Zone Integrity (section 6). 9 IANA Considerations No new registries or new registrations are included in this document. 10 Internationalization Considerations It is assumed that supporting of international domain names has been solved via "Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)" [RFC3490]. 11 Acknowledgements Earlier editions of this document have been edited by Andreas Gustafsson. In his latest version, this acknowledgement appeared. "Many people have contributed input and commentary to earlier versions of this document, including but not limited to Bob Halley, Dan Bernstein, Eric A. Hall, Josh Littlefield, Kevin Darcy, Robert Elz, Levon Esibov, Mark Andrews, Michael Patton, Peter Koch, Sam Trenholme, and Brian Wellington." 12 References 12.1 Normative [RFC1034] "Domain names - concepts and facilities.", P.V. Mockapetris. Nov-01-1987. [RFC1035] "Domain names - implementation and specification." P.V. Mockapetris. Nov-01-1987. [RFC1995] "Incremental Zone Transfer in DNS." M. Ohta. August 1996. [RFC1996] "A Mechanism for Prompt Notification of Zone Changes (DNS NOTIFY)." P. Vixie. August 1996. [RFC2136] "Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE)." P. Vixie, Ed., S. Thomson, Y. Rekhter, J. Bound. April 1997. [RFC2671] "Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS0)." P. Vixie. August 1999. [RFC2845] "Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS (TSIG)." P. Vixie, O. Gudmundsson, D. Eastlake, B. Wellington. May 2000. [RFC2930] "Secret Key Establishment for DNS (TKEY RR)." D. Eastlake. September 2000. [RFC3425] "Obsoleting IQUERY." D. Lawrence. November 2002. [RFC4033-5] "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements," "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions," and "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security Extensions." R. Arends, R. Austein, M. Larson, D. Massey, S. Rose. March 2005. [RFC4035] "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security Extensions." R. Arends, R. Austein, M. Larson, D. Massey, S. Rose. March 2005. [RFC4635] "HMAC SHA (Hashed Message Authentication Code, Secure Hash Algorithm) TSIG Algorithm Identifiers." D. Eastlake 3rd. August 2006. [DNS-FLAGS] http://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-header-flags [DNS-VALUES] http://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-parameters 12.2 Informative [BCP14] "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels." S. Bradner. March 1997. [RFC2764] "A Framework for IP Based Virtual Private Networks." B. Gleeson, A. Lin, J. Heinanen, G. Armitage, A. Malis. February 2000. [RFC3490] "Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)." P. Faltstrom, P. Hoffman, A. Costello. March 2003. [D-FORGERY] "Measures for making DNS more resilient against forged answers." A. Hubert, R. van Mook. Work in Progress. http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/ draft-ietf-dnsext-forgery-resilience-01.txt 13 Editor's Address Edward Lewis 46000 Center Oak Plaza Sterling, VA, 22033, US +1-571-434-5468 ed.lewis@neustar.biz Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. 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