Dynamic Host Configuration Working D. Hankins Group Google Internet-Draft T. Mrugalski Updates: 3315 (if approved) M. Siodelski Intended status: Standards Track ISC Expires: June 23, 2013 S. Jiang Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd S. Krishnan Ericsson December 20, 2012 Guidelines for Creating New DHCPv6 Options draft-ietf-dhc-option-guidelines-09 Abstract This document provides guidance to prospective DHCPv6 Option developers to help them creating option formats that are easily adoptable by existing DHCPv6 software. This document updates RFC3315. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on June 23, 2013. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 1] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. When to Use DHCPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. General Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5. Reusing Other Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.1. Option with IPv6 addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.2. Option with a single flag (boolean) . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5.3. Option with IPv6 prefix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.4. Option with 32-bit integer value . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.5. Option with 16-bit integer value . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.6. Option with 8-bit integer value . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.7. Option with variable length data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.8. Option with DNS Wire Format Domain Name List . . . . . . . 10 5.9. Option with IPv6 Prefix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6. Avoid Conditional Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 7. Avoid Aliasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8. Choosing between FQDN and address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 9. Suboptions in DHCPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 10. Additional States Considered Harmful . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 11. Is DHCPv6 dynamic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 12. Multiple provisioning domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 13. Considerations for Creating New Formats . . . . . . . . . . . 16 14. Option Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 15. Clients Request their Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 16. Transition Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 17. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 18. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 19. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 20. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 2] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 1. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. 2. Introduction Most protocol developers ask themselves if a protocol will work, or work efficiently. These are important questions, but another less frequently considered question is whether the proposed protocol presents itself needless barriers to adoption by deployed software. DHCPv6 [RFC3315] software implementors are not merely faced with the task of handling a given option's format on the wire. The option must fit into every stage of the system's process, starting with the user interface used to enter the configuration up to the machine interfaces where configuration is ultimately consumed. Another frequently overlooked aspect of rapid adoption is whether the option requires operators to be intimately familiar with the option's internal format in order to use it? Most DHCPv6 software provides a facility for handling unknown options at the time of publication. The handling of such options usually needs to be manually configured by the operator. But if doing so requires extensive reading (more than can be covered in a simple FAQ for example), it inhibits adoption. So although a given solution would work, and might even be space, time, or aesthetically optimal, a given option is presented with a series of ever-worsening challenges to be adopted; o If it doesn't fit neatly into existing config files. o If it requries new source code changes to be adopted, and hence upgrades of deployed software. o If it does not share its deployment fate in a general manner with other options, standing alone in requiring code changes or reworking configuration file syntaxes. There are many things DHCPv6 option creators can do to avoid the pitfalls in this list entirely, or failing that, to make software implementors lives easier and improve its chances for widespread adoption. Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 3] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 3. When to Use DHCPv6 Principally, DHCPv6 carries configuration parameters for its clients. Any knob, dial, slider, or checkbox on the client system, such as "my domain name servers", "my hostname", or even "my shutdown temperature" are candidates for being configured by DHCPv6. The presence of such a knob isn't enough, because DHCPv6 also presents the extension of an administrative domain - the operator of the network to which the client is currently attached. Someone runs not only the local switching network infrastructure that the client is directly (or wirelessly) attached to, but the various methods of accessing the external Internet via local assist services that network must also provide (such as domain name servers, or routers). This means that in addition to the existence of a configuration parameter, one must also ask themselves if it is reasonable for this parameter to be set by the directly attached network's administrators. Note that the client still reserves the right to ignore values received via DHCPv6 (for example, due to having a value manually configured by its own operator). Bear in mind that doing so might cause the client to be rejected network attachment privileges, and this is one main reason for the use of DHCPv6 in corporate enterprises. 4. General Principles The primary guiding principle to follow in order to enhance an option's adoptability is simplification. More specifically, the option should be created in such a way that does not require any new or special case software to support. If old software currently deployed and in the field can adopt the option through supplied configuration facilities then it's fairly certain that new software can easily formally adopt it. There are at least two classes of DHCPv6 options: A bulk class of options which are provided explicitly to carry data from one side of the DHCPv6 exchange to the other (such as nameservers, domain names, or time servers), and a protocol class of options which require special processing on the part of the DHCPv6 software or are used during special processing (such as the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) option [RFC4704]), and so forth; these options carry data that is the result of a routine in some DHCPv6 software. The guidelines laid out here should be applied in a relaxed manner for the protocol class of options. Wherever special case code is Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 4] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 already required to adopt the DHCPv6 option, it is substantially more reasonable to format the option in a less generic fashion, if there are measurable benefits to doing so. 5. Reusing Other Options The easiest approach to manufacturing trivially deployable DHCPv6 Options is to assemble the option out of whatever common fragments fit - possibly allowing a group of fragments to repeat to fill the remaining space (if present) and so provide multiple values. Place all fixed size values at the start of the option, and any variable/ indeterminate sized value at the tail end of the option. This estimates that implementations will be able to reuse code paths designed to support the other options. There is a tradeoff between the adoptability of previously defined option formats, and the advantages that new or specialized formats can provide. In general, it is usually preferrable to reuse previously used option formats. However, it isn't very practical to consider the bulk of DHCPv6 options already allocated, and consider which of those solve a similar problem. So, the following list of common option format fragments is provided as a shorthand. Please note that it is not complete in terms of exampling every option format ever devised...it is only a list of option format fragments which are used in two or more options. 5.1. Option with IPv6 addresses This option format is used to carry one or many IPv6 addresses. In some cases the number of allowed address is limited (e.g. to one): Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 5] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | option-code | option-len | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | | ipv6-address | | | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | | ipv6-address | | | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | ... | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 1: Option with IPv6 address Examples of use: o DHCPv6 server unicast address [RFC3315] o SIP Servers IPv6 Address List [RFC3319] o DNS Recursive Name Server [RFC3646] o NIS Servers [RFC3898] o SNTP Servers [RFC4075] o Broadcast and Multicast Service Controller IPv6 Address Option for DHCPv6 [RFC4280] o MIPv6 Home Agent Address [RFC6610] (a single address only) o NTP server [RFC5908] (a single address only) o NTP Multicast address [RFC5908] (a single address only) 5.2. Option with a single flag (boolean) Sometimes it is useful to convey a single flag that can either take on or off values. Instead of specifying an option with one bit of usable data and 7 bits of padding, it is better to define an option without any content. It is the presence or absence of the option that conveys the value. This approach has the additional benefit of Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 6] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 absent option designating the default, i.e. administrator has to take explicit actions to deploy the oposite of the default value. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | option-code | option-len | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 2: Option for conveying boolean Examples of use: o DHCPv6 rapid-commit [RFC3315] 5.3. Option with IPv6 prefix Sometimes there is a need to convey IPv6 prefix. The information that should be delivered to the user is a 128-bit IPv6 prefix together with a prefix length that takes values from 0 to 128. Using the simplest approach, the option would convey that information as is. However, in many cases /64 or shorter prefixes are used. That means that remaining 128 - prefix length bits are zeros. That means that in typical case case of /64 prefixes the option would contains at least 8 bytes of useless zeros. That should be avoided. For that reason the recommended format for storing prefixes is as follows: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | OPTION_MAP_DMR | option-length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | prefix6-len | ipv6-prefix | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ (variable length) | . . +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 3: Option with IPv6 Prefix Option-length is set to 1 + length of the IPv6 prefix. Prefix6-len it one octet long and specifies prefix length of the IPv6 prefix expressed in bits. Typically allowed values are 0 to 128. ipv6-prefix field is a variable length field that specifies the IPv6 prefix. This field is padded with zeros up to the nearest octet boundary when prefix6-len is not divisible by 8. Examples of use: Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 7] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 o Default Mapping Rule [I-D.ietf-softwire-map-dhcp] It should be noted that Prefix Delegation mechanism used in [RFC3633] uses constant length prefixes. The concern about option length was not well understood at the time of its publication. 5.4. Option with 32-bit integer value This option format can be used to carry 32 bit-signed or unsigned integer value: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | option-code | option-len | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | 32-bit-integer | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 4: Option with 32-bit-integer value Examples of use: o Information Refresh Time [RFC4242] 5.5. Option with 16-bit integer value This option format can be used to carry 16-bit signed or unsigned integer values: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | option-code | option-len | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | 16-bit-integer | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 5: Option with 16-bit integer value Examples of use: o Elapsed Time [RFC3315] 5.6. Option with 8-bit integer value This option format can be used to carry 8-bit integer values: Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 8] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | option-code | option-len | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | 8-bit-integer | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 6: Option with 8-bit integer value Examples of use: o DHCPv6 Preference [RFC3315] 5.7. Option with variable length data This option can be used to carry variable length data of any kind. Internal representation of carried data is option specific. Some of the existing DHCPv6 options use NVT-ASCII strings to encode: filenames, host or domain names, protocol features or textual messages such as verbose error indicators. This option format provides a lot of flexibility to pass data of almost any kind. Though, whenever possible it is highly recommended to use more specialized options, with field types better matching carried data types. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | option-code | option-len | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ . . . variable length data . . . +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 7: Option with variale length data Examples of use: o Client Identifier [RFC3315] o Server Identifier [RFC3315] o Boot File URL [RFC5970] Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 9] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 5.8. Option with DNS Wire Format Domain Name List This option is used to carry 'domain search' lists or any host or domain name: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | option-code | option-length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | DNS Wire Format Domain Name List | | ... | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 8: Option with DNS Wire Format Domain Name List Examples of use: o SIP Servers Domain Name List [RFC3319] (many domains) o NIS Domain Name (many domains) [RFC3898] (many domains) o DS-Lite AFTR location [RFC6334] (a single FQDN) o Home Network Identifier [RFC6610] (a single FQDN) o Home Agent FQDN [RFC6610] (a single FQDN) 5.9. Option with IPv6 Prefix Some options need to convey IPv6 prefix. Such a prefix includes the prefix itself and a prefix length. The simple approach would be to define a 128 bit field denoting a prefix, followed by a 8 bit field that specifies prefix length. This approach was used in OPTION_IAPREFIX, defined in [RFC3633]. That approach is no longer recommended and should not be used anymore. In many cases configured prefix lengths are /64 or even shorter. That means that every option conveys many zeroes bits that are useless. For example for /48 there are 10 bytes of useless data. This waste is mulitpled by the number of option instances in a message. Therefore a different approach should be used. Prefixes should be conveyed as 8 bit prefix length field that is followed by variable length prefix. Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 10] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | option-code | option-length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | prefix6-len | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ipv6-prefix | | (variable length) | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 9: Option with IPv6 Prefix The following description of the fields can be included in the draft: o prefix6-len: 8 bits long field expressing the bit mask length of the IPv6 prefix specified in the ipv6-prefix field. o ipv6-prefix: a variable length field that specifies the IPv6 prefix for (explain purpose of the prefix). The field is padded with zeros up to the nearest octet boundary when prefix6-len is not divisible by 8. It should be pointed out that similar optimization does not provide useful savings in case of IPv4 prefixes. IPv4 prefixes should be sent as a 32 bits fields. 6. Avoid Conditional Formatting Placing a octet at the start of the option which informs the software how to process the remaining octets of the option may appear simple to the casual observer. But the only conditional formatting methods that are in widespread use today are 'protocol' class options. So conditional formatting requires new code to be written, as well as introduces an implementation problem; as it requires that all speakers implement all current and future conditional formats. Conditional formatting is not recommended, except in cases where the DHCPv6 option has already been deployed experimentally, and all but one conditional format is deprecated. 7. Avoid Aliasing Options are said to be aliases of each other if they provide input to the same configuration parameter. A commonly proposed example is to configure the location of some new service ("my foo server") using a Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 11] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 binary IP address, a domain name field, and a URL. This kind of aliasing is undesirable, and is not recommended. In this case, where three different formats are supposed, it more than triples the work of the software involved, requiring support for not merely one format, but support to produce and digest all three. Furthermore, code development and testing must cover all possible combinations of defined formats. Since clients cannot predict what values the server will provide, they must request all formats... so in the case where the server is configured with all formats, DHCPv6 option space is wasted on option contents that are redundant. It also becomes unclear which types of values are mandatory, and how configuring some of the options may influence the others. For example, if an operator configures the URL only, should the server synthesize a domain name and IP address? A single configuration value on a host is probably presented to the operator (or other software on the machine) in a single field or channel. If that channel has a natural format, then any alternative formats merely make more work for intervening software in providing conversions. So the best advice is to choose the one method that best fulfills the requirements, be that for simplicity (such as with an IP address and port pair), late binding (such as with DNS), or completeness (such as with a URL). 8. Choosing between FQDN and address Some parameters may be specified as FQDN or an address. It is not allowed to define both option types at the same time (see section Section 7), so one of them must be chosen. This section is intended as a help to make an informed decision in that regard. On the specific subject of desiring to configure a value using a FQDN instead of a binary IP address, note that most DHCPv6 server implementations will happily accept a Domain Name entered by the administrator, and use DNS resolution to render binary IP addresses in DHCPv6 replies to clients. Consequently, consider the extra packet overhead incurred on the client's end to perform DNS resolution itself. The client may be operating on a battery and packet transmission is a non-trivial use of power, and the extra RTT delays the client must endure before the service is configured are at least two factors to consider in making a decision on format. Unless there are specific reasons to do otherwise, address should be Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 12] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 used. It is simpler to use, its validation is trivial (length of 16 constitutes a valid option), is explicit and does not allow any ambiguity. It is faster (does not require extra resolution efforts), so it is more efficient, which can be especially important for energy restricted devices. FQDN does require a resolution into an actual address. This implies number of questions that should be answered. First is when should the resolution be taken. There are couple possible answers: a) by the server, when it is started, b) by the server, when it is about to send an option, c) by the client, immediately after receiving an option, d) by the client, when the content of the option is actually consumed. For a), b) and possibly c), the option should really convey an address, not FQDN. The only real incentive to use FQDN is case d). It is the only case that allows possible changes in the DNS to be picked up by clients. FQDN imposes number of additional failure modes and issues that should be dealt with: The client must have a knowledge about available DNS servers. That typically means that option DNS_SERVERS is mandatory. This should be mentioned in the draft that defines new option. It is possible that the server will return FQDN option, but not the DNS Servers option. There should be a brief discussion about it; The DNS may not be reachable; DNS may be available, but may not have appropriate information (e.g. no AAAA records for specified FQDN) Address family must be specified (A, AAAA or any); What should the client do if there are multiple records available (use only the first one, use all, use one and switch to the second if the first fails for whatever reason, etc.); Multi-homed devices may be connected to different administrative domains with each domain providing a different information in DNS (e.g. an enterprise network exposing private domains). Client may send DNS queries to a different DNS server; It should be mentioned if Internationalized Domain Names are allowed. If they are, what kind of DNS option encoding should be specified. Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 13] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 9. Suboptions in DHCPv6 Most options are conveyed in a DHCPv6 message directly. Although there is no codified normative language for such options, they are often referred to as top-level options. Many options may include other options. Such inner options are often referred to as sub- options. It should be noted that, contrary to DHCPv4, there is no shortage of option numbers. Therefore all options share a common option space. For example option type 1 meant different things in DHCPv4, depending if it was located in top-level or inside of Relay Agent Information option. There is no such ambiguity in DHCPv6 (with the exception of [RFC5908]). Such encapsulation mechanism is not limited to one level. There is at least one defined option that is encapsulated twice: Identity Association for Prefix Delegation (IA_PD, defined in [RFC3633], section 9) conveys IA Prefix (IAPREFIX, defined in [RFC3633], section 10). Such delegated prefix may contain an excluded prefix range that is represented by PD_EXCLUDE option that is conveyed as sub-option inside IAPREFIX (PD_EXCLUDE, defined in [RFC6603]). It seems awkward to refer to such options as sub-sub-option, therefore "sub-option" term is typically used, regardless of the nesting level. When defining configuration means for more complex mechanisms, it may be tempting to simply use sub-options. That should usually be avoided, as it increases complexity of the parser. It is much easier, faster and less error prone to parse larger number of options on a single (top-level) scope, than parse options on several scopes. The use of sub-options should be avoided as much as possible but it is better to use sub-options rather than conditional formatting. It should be noted that currently there is no clear way defined for requesting sub-options. Most known implementations are simply using top-level ORO for requesting both top-level options and sub-options. 10. Additional States Considered Harmful DHCP is a protocol designed for provisioning nodes. Less experienced protocol designers often assume that it is easy to define an option that will convey a different parameter for each node in a network. Such problems arose during designs of MAP [I-D.ietf-softwire-map-dhcp] and 4rd [I-D.ietf-softwire-4rd]. While it would be easier for provisioned nodes to get ready to use per node option values, such requirement puts exceedingly large loads on the server side. Alternatives should be considered, if possible. As an example, [I-D.ietf-softwire-map-dhcp] was designed in a way that all nodes are provisioned with the same set of MAP options and each Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 14] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 provisioned node uses its unique address and delegated prefix to generate node-specific information. Such solution does not introduce any additional state for the server and therefore scales better. It also should be noted that contrary to DHCPv4, DHCPv6 keeps several timers for renewals. Each IA_NA (addresses) and IA_PD (prefixes) contains T1 and T2 timers that designate time after which client will initiate renewal. Those timers apply only to its own IA containers. For renewing other parameters, please use Information Refresh Time Option (defined in [RFC4242]). Introducing additional timers make deployment unnecessarily complex. Please try to avoid it. 11. Is DHCPv6 dynamic? DHCPv6 stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6. Contrary to its name, is many contexts it is not dynamic. While designing DHCPv6 options, it is worth noting that there is no reliable way to instantly notify clients that something has happened, e.g. parameter value has changed. There is a RECONFIGURE mechanism, but it has several serious drawbacks that makes its use difficult. First, its support is optional and many client implementations do not support it. To use reconfigure mechanism, server must use its secret nonce. That means that provisioning server is the only one that can initiate reconfiguration. Other servers do not know it and cannot trigger reconfiguration. Therefore the only reliable way for clients to refresh their configuration is to wait till T1 expires. 12. Multiple provisioning domains In some cases there could be more than one DHCPv6 server on a link, with each provisioning a different set of parameters. One notable example of such case is a home network with a connection to two independent ISPs. DHCPv6 was not initially designed with multiple provisioning domains. Although [RFC3315] states that a client that receives more than one ADVERTISE message, may respond to one or more, such capability was never observed in any known implementations. Existing clients will pick one server and will continue configuration process with that server, ignoring all other servers. This is a generic DHCP protocol issue and should not be dealt within each option separately. This issue is better dealt with using a protocol-level solution and fixing this problem should not be attempted on a per option basis. Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 15] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 13. Considerations for Creating New Formats If the option simply will not fit into any existing work by using fragments, the last recourse is to create a new format to fit. When doing so, it is not enough to gauge whether or not the option format will work in the context of the option presently being considered. It is equally important to consider if the new format's fragments might reasonably have any other uses, and if so, to create the option with the foreknowledge that its parts may later become a common fragment. One specific consideration to evaluate is whether or not options of a similar format would need to have multiple or single values encoded (whatever differs from the current option), and how that might be accomplished in a similar format. 14. Option Size DHCPv6 [RFC3315] allows for packet sizes up to 64KB. First, through its use of link-local addresses, it steps aside many of the deployment problems that plague DHCPv4, and is actually an UDP over IPv6 based protocol (compared to DHCPv4, which is mostly UDP over IPv4 protocol, but with layer 2 hacks). Second, RFC 3315 explicitly refers readers to RFC 2460 Section 5, which describes an MTU of 1280 octets and a minimum fragment reassembly of 1500 octets. It's feasible to suggest that DHCPv6 is capable of having larger options deployed over it, and at least no common upper limit is yet known to have been encoded by its implementors. It is impossible to describe any fixed limit that cleanly divides those too big from the workable. It is advantageous to prefer option formats which contain the desired information in the smallest form factor that satisfies the requirements. DHCPv6 does allow for multiple instances of a given option, and they are treated as distinct values following the defined format, however this feature is generally preferred to be restricted to protocol class features (such as the IA_* series of options). In such cases, it is better to define an option as an array if it is possible. It is recommended to clarify (with normative language) whether a given DHCPv6 option may appear once or multiple times. 15. Clients Request their Options The DHCPv6 Option Request Option (OPTION_ORO) [RFC3315], is an option Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 16] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 that serves two purposes - to inform the server what options the client supports and is willing to consume. It doesn't make sense for some options to appear on this Option Request Option, such as those formed by elements of the protocol's internal workings, or are formed on either end by DHCPv6-level software engaged in some exchange of information. When in doubt, it is prudent to assume that any new option must be present on the relevant option request list if the client desires to receive it. It is a frequent mistake of option draft authors, then, to create text that implies that a server will simply provide the new option, and clients will digest it. Generally, it's best to also specify that clients MUST place the new option code on the Option Request Option list, clients MAY include the new option in their packets to servers with hints as values they desire, and server MAY include the option when the client requested it (and the server has been so configured). Example: Clients MUST place the foo option code on the Option Request Option list, clients MAY include option foo in their packets as hints for the server as values the desire, and servers MAY include option foo when the client requested it (and the server has been so configured). Creators of DHCPv6 options MUST NOT require special ordering of options either in the relevant request option, or in the order of options within the packet. Although it is reasonable to expect that options will be processed in the order they appear in ORO, server software is not required to sort DHCPv6 options into the same order in reply messages. It should be noted that any requirement regarding option ordering will break down most existing implementations, as "order is not important" was one of the design priciples of DHCPv6 and many implementations follow it. For example, there are existing implementations that use hash maps for storing options, so forcing any particular order is not feasible without great deal of work. If options must be processed in any specific order (e.g. due to inter- dependency), use of option encapsulation should be considered. 16. Transition Technologies Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is progressing, albeit at somewhat disappointing pace. Many transition technologies are proposed to speed it up. As a natural consequence there are also DHCP options proposed to provision those proposals. The inevitable question is that whether the required parameters should be delivered over DHCPv4 or DHCPv6. Authors often don't give much thought about it and simply Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 17] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 pick DHCPv6 without realizing the consequences. IPv6 is expected to stay with us for many decades, and so is DHCPv6. There is no mechanism available to deprecate an option in DHCPv6, so any options defined will stay with us as long as DHCPv6 protocol itself. It seems likely that such options defined to transition from IPv4 will outlive IPv4 by many decades. From that perspective it is better to implement provisioning of the transition technologies in DHCPv4, which will be obsoleted together with IPv4. 17. Security Considerations DHCPv6 does have an Authentication mechanism ([RFC3315]) that makes it possible for DHCPv6 software to discriminate between authentic endpoints and men in the middle. Other authentication mechanisms may optionally be deployed. For example, the Secure DHCPv6 [I-D.ietf-dhc-secure-dhcpv6], based on Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA) [RFC3972], can provide source address ownership validation, message origin authentication and message integrity without requiring symmetric key pairs or supporting from any key management system. However, as of now, the mechanism is not widely deployed. It also does not provide end-to-end encryption. So, while creating a new option, it is prudent to assume that the DHCPv6 packet contents are always transmitted in the clear, and actual production use of the software will probably be vulnerable at least to man-in-the-middle attacks from within the network, even where the network itself is protected from external attacks by firewalls. In particular, some DHCPv6 message exchanges are transmitted to multicast addresses that are likely broadcast anyway. If an option is of a specific fixed length, it is useful to remind the implementer of the option data's full length. This is easily done by declaring the specific value of the 'length' tag of the option. This helps to gently remind implementers to validate option length before digesting them into likewise fixed length regions of memory or stack. If an option may be of variable size (such as having indeterminate length fields, such as domain names or text strings), it is advisable to explicitly remind the implementor to be aware of the potential for long options. Either define a reasonable upper limit (and suggest validating it), or explicitly remind the implementor that an option may be exceptionally long (to be prepared to handle errors rather than truncate values). For some option contents, out of bound values may be used to breach security. An IP address field might be made to carry a loopback Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 18] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 address, or local broadcast address, and depending on the protocol this may lead to undesirable results. A domain name field may be filled with contrived contents that exceed the limitations placed upon domain name formatting... as this value is possibly delivered to "internal configuration" records of the system, it may be implicitly trusted without being validated. So it behooves an option's definition to contain any validation measures as can reasonably be made. 18. IANA Considerations This document has no actions for IANA. 19. Acknowledgements Authors would like to thank Simon Perreault, Bernie Volz and Ted Lemon for their comments. 20. Informative References [I-D.ietf-dhc-secure-dhcpv6] Jiang, S. and S. Shen, "Secure DHCPv6 Using CGAs", draft-ietf-dhc-secure-dhcpv6-07 (work in progress), September 2012. [I-D.ietf-softwire-4rd] Jiang, S., Despres, R., Penno, R., Lee, Y., Chen, G., and M. Chen, "IPv4 Residual Deployment via IPv6 - a Stateless Solution (4rd)", draft-ietf-softwire-4rd-04 (work in progress), October 2012. [I-D.ietf-softwire-map-dhcp] Mrugalski, T., Troan, O., Bao, C., Dec, W., and L. Yeh, "DHCPv6 Options for Mapping of Address and Port", draft-ietf-softwire-map-dhcp-01 (work in progress), August 2012. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC3315] Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C., and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003. Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 19] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 [RFC3319] Schulzrinne, H. and B. Volz, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCPv6) Options for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Servers", RFC 3319, July 2003. [RFC3633] Troan, O. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6", RFC 3633, December 2003. [RFC3646] Droms, R., "DNS Configuration options for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3646, December 2003. [RFC3898] Kalusivalingam, V., "Network Information Service (NIS) Configuration Options for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3898, October 2004. [RFC3972] Aura, T., "Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)", RFC 3972, March 2005. [RFC4075] Kalusivalingam, V., "Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) Configuration Option for DHCPv6", RFC 4075, May 2005. [RFC4242] Venaas, S., Chown, T., and B. Volz, "Information Refresh Time Option for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 4242, November 2005. [RFC4280] Chowdhury, K., Yegani, P., and L. Madour, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Options for Broadcast and Multicast Control Servers", RFC 4280, November 2005. [RFC4704] Volz, B., "The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) Client Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) Option", RFC 4704, October 2006. [RFC5908] Gayraud, R. and B. Lourdelet, "Network Time Protocol (NTP) Server Option for DHCPv6", RFC 5908, June 2010. [RFC5970] Huth, T., Freimann, J., Zimmer, V., and D. Thaler, "DHCPv6 Options for Network Boot", RFC 5970, September 2010. [RFC6334] Hankins, D. and T. Mrugalski, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) Option for Dual-Stack Lite", RFC 6334, August 2011. [RFC6603] Korhonen, J., Savolainen, T., Krishnan, S., and O. Troan, "Prefix Exclude Option for DHCPv6-based Prefix Delegation", RFC 6603, May 2012. Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 20] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 [RFC6610] Jang, H., Yegin, A., Chowdhury, K., Choi, J., and T. Lemon, "DHCP Options for Home Information Discovery in Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)", RFC 6610, May 2012. Authors' Addresses David W. Hankins Google, Inc. 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway Mountain View, CA 94043 USA Email: dhankins@google.com Tomasz Mrugalski Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. 950 Charter Street Redwood City, CA 94063 USA Phone: +1 650 423 1345 Email: tomasz.mrugalski@gmail.com Marcin Siodelski Phone: Email: msiodelski@gmail.com Sheng Jiang Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd Q14, Huawei Campus, No.156 Beiqing Road Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100095 P.R. China Email: jiangsheng@huawei.com Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 21] Internet-Draft DHCPv6 Option Guidelines December 2012 Suresh Krishnan Ericsson 8400 Blvd Decarie Town of Mount Royal, Quebec Canada Email: suresh.krishnan@ericsson.com Hankins, et al. Expires June 23, 2013 [Page 22]