Network Working Group J. Levine Internet-Draft Taughannock Networks Updates: 6376 (if approved) June 6, 2018 Intended status: Standards Track Expires: December 8, 2018 A new cryptographic signature method for DKIM draft-ietf-dcrup-dkim-crypto-12 Abstract This document adds a new signing algorithm to DKIM, ed25519-sha256. DKIM verifiers are required to implement this algorithm. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on December 8, 2018. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Levine Expires December 8, 2018 [Page 1] Internet-Draft DKIM Crypto Update June 2018 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3. Ed25519-SHA256 Signing Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4. Signature and key syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4.1. Signature syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4.2. Key syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5. Key and algorithm choice and strength . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6. Transition Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8.1. DKIM Key Type registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9.3. URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Appendix A. Example of a signed message . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 A.1. Secret keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 A.2. Public key DNS records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 A.3. Signed Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Appendix B. Change log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1. Introduction Discussion Venue: Discussion about this draft is directed to the dcrup@ietf.org [1] mailing list. DKIM [RFC6376] signs e-mail messages, by creating hashes of the message headers and body and signing the header hash with a digital signature. Message recipients fetch the signature verification key from the DNS. The defining documents specify a single signing algorithm, RSA [RFC3447]. This document adds a new stronger signing algorithm, Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm using the Curve25519 curve (ed25519), which has much shorter keys than RSA for similar levels of security. 2. Conventions Used in This Document The capitalized key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. Syntax descriptions use Augmented BNF (ABNF) [RFC5234]. The ABNF tokens sig-a-tag-k and key-k-tag-type are imported from [RFC6376]. Levine Expires December 8, 2018 [Page 2] Internet-Draft DKIM Crypto Update June 2018 3. Ed25519-SHA256 Signing Algorithm The ed25519-sha256 signing algorithm computes a message hash as defined in section 3 of [RFC6376] using SHA-256 [FIPS-180-4-2015] as the hash-alg, and signs it with the PureEdDSA variant Ed25519, as defined in in RFC 8032 section 5.1 [RFC8032]. Example keys and signatures in Appendix A below are based on the test vectors in RFC 8032 section 7.1 [RFC8032]. The DNS record for the verification public key has a "k=ed25519" tag to indicate that the key is an Ed25519 rather than RSA key. This is an additional DKIM signature algorithm added to Section 3.3 of [RFC6376] as envisioned in Section 3.3.4 of [RFC6376]. Note: since Ed25519 keys are 256 bits long, the base64 encoded key is only 44 octets, so DNS key record data will generally fit in a single 255 byte TXT string, and will work even with DNS provisioning software that doesn't handle multi-string TXT records. 4. Signature and key syntax The syntax of DKIM signatures and DKIM keys are updated as follows. 4.1. Signature syntax The syntax of DKIM algorithm tags in section 3.5 of [RFC6376] is updated by adding this rule to the existing rule for sig-a-tag-k: ABNF: sig-a-tag-k =/ "ed25519" 4.2. Key syntax The syntax of DKIM key tags in section 3.6.1 of [RFC6376] is updated by adding this rule to the existing rule for key-k-tag-type: ABNF: key-k-tag-type =/ "ed25519" The p= value in the key record is the ed25519 public key encoded in base64. Since the key is 256 bits long, the base64 text is 44 octets long. For example, a key record using the public key in [RFC8032] Section 7.1, Test 1, mignt be: Levine Expires December 8, 2018 [Page 3] Internet-Draft DKIM Crypto Update June 2018 s._domainkey.example TXT ( "v=DKIM1; k=ed25519; p=11qYAYKxCrfVS/7TyWQHOg7hcvPapiMlrwIaaPcHURo=" ) 5. Key and algorithm choice and strength Section 3.3 of [RFC6376] describes DKIM's hash and signature algorithms. It is updated as follows: Signers SHOULD implement and verifiers MUST implement the ed25519-sha256 algorithm. 6. Transition Considerations For backward compatibility, signers can add multiple signatures that use old and new signing algorithms. Since there can only be a single key record in the DNS for each selector, the signatures have to use different selectors, although they can use the same d= and i= identifiers. 7. Security Considerations Ed25519 is a widely used cryptographic technique, so the security of DKIM signatures using new signing algorithms should be at least as good as those using old algorithms. All of the security advice in [RFC6376] continues to apply except that the advice in Section 8 of [RFC8032] supplants the advice about RSA threats. 8. IANA Considerations IANA is requested to update registries as follows. 8.1. DKIM Key Type registry The following value is added to the DKIM Key Type Registry +---------+-----------+--------+ | TYPE | REFERENCE | STATUS | +---------+-----------+--------+ | ed25519 | [RFC8032] | active | +---------+-----------+--------+ Table 1: DKIM Key Type Registry Added Values Levine Expires December 8, 2018 [Page 4] Internet-Draft DKIM Crypto Update June 2018 9. References 9.1. Normative References [FIPS-180-4-2015] U.S. Department of Commerce, "Secure Hash Standard", FIPS PUB 180-4, August 2015, . [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC5234] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, DOI 10.17487/RFC5234, January 2008, . [RFC6376] Crocker, D., Ed., Hansen, T., Ed., and M. Kucherawy, Ed., "DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Signatures", STD 76, RFC 6376, DOI 10.17487/RFC6376, September 2011, . [RFC8032] Josefsson, S. and I. Liusvaara, "Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)", RFC 8032, DOI 10.17487/RFC8032, January 2017, . 9.2. Informative References [RFC3447] Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, "Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.1", RFC 3447, DOI 10.17487/RFC3447, February 2003, . 9.3. URIs [1] mailto:dcrup@ietf.org Appendix A. Example of a signed message This is a small message with both rsa-sha256 and ed25519-sha256 DKIM signatures. The signatures are independent of each other, so either signature would be valid if the other were not present. Levine Expires December 8, 2018 [Page 5] Internet-Draft DKIM Crypto Update June 2018 A.1. Secret keys Ed25519 secret key in base64. fL+5V9EquCZAovKik3pA6Lk9zwCzoEtjIuIqK9ZXHHA= RSA secret key in PEM format. -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- MIICXQIBAAKBgQDkHlOQoBTzWRiGs5V6NpP3idY6Wk08a5qhdR6wy5bdOKb2jLQi Y/J16JYi0Qvx/byYzCNb3W91y3FutACDfzwQ/BC/e/8uBsCR+yz1Lxj+PL6lHvqM KrM3rG4hstT5QjvHO9PzoxZyVYLzBfO2EeC3Ip3G+2kryOTIKT+l/K4w3QIDAQAB AoGAH0cxOhFZDgzXWhDhnAJDw5s4roOXN4OhjiXa8W7Y3rhX3FJqmJSPuC8N9vQm 6SVbaLAE4SG5mLMueHlh4KXffEpuLEiNp9Ss3O4YfLiQpbRqE7Tm5SxKjvvQoZZe zHorimOaChRL2it47iuWxzxSiRMv4c+j70GiWdxXnxe4UoECQQDzJB/0U58W7RZy 6enGVj2kWF732CoWFZWzi1FicudrBFoy63QwcowpoCazKtvZGMNlPWnC7x/6o8Gc uSe0ga2xAkEA8C7PipPm1/1fTRQvj1o/dDmZp243044ZNyxjg+/OPN0oWCbXIGxy WvmZbXriOWoSALJTjExEgraHEgnXssuk7QJBALl5ICsYMu6hMxO73gnfNayNgPxd WFV6Z7ULnKyV7HSVYF0hgYOHjeYe9gaMtiJYoo0zGN+L3AAtNP9huqkWlzECQE1a licIeVlo1e+qJ6Mgqr0Q7Aa7falZ448ccbSFYEPD6oFxiOl9Y9se9iYHZKKfIcst o7DUw1/hz2Ck4N5JrgUCQQCyKveNvjzkkd8HjYs0SwM0fPjK16//5qDZ2UiDGnOe uEzxBDAr518Z8VFbR41in3W4Y3yCDgQlLlcETrS+zYcL -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY----- A.2. Public key DNS records brisbane._domainkey.football.example.com. IN TXT ( "v=DKIM1; k=ed25519; p=yi50DjK5O9pqbFpNHklsv9lqaS0ArSYu02qp1S0DW1Y=") test._domainkey.football.example.com. IN TXT ( "v=DKIM1; k=rsa; p=MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQDkHlOQoBTzWR" "iGs5V6NpP3idY6Wk08a5qhdR6wy5bdOKb2jLQiY/J16JYi0Qvx/byYzCNb3W91y3FutAC" "DfzwQ/BC/e/8uBsCR+yz1Lxj+PL6lHvqMKrM3rG4hstT5QjvHO9PzoxZyVYLzBfO2EeC3" "Ip3G+2kryOTIKT+l/K4w3QIDAQAB") A.3. Signed Message The text in each line of the message starts at the first position except for the continuation lines on the DKIM-Signature headers which start with a single space. Levine Expires December 8, 2018 [Page 6] Internet-Draft DKIM Crypto Update June 2018 DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=ed25519-sha256; c=simple/simple; d=football.example.com; i=@football.example.com; q=dns/txt; s=brisbane; t=1518460054; h=from : to : subject : date : message-id : from : subject : date; bh=4bLNXImK9drULnmePzZNEBleUanJCX5PIsDIFoH4KTQ=; b=9/dsDChY0YMTtD5Eyw3wx7x22BlSJP7M5ECbJ7GWrR45nXlTCGb8l0YB o0wBLR++X5LqmsxXaOYLLJe46l10AQ== DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=simple/simple; d=football.example.com; i=@football.example.com; q=dns/txt; s=test; t=1527915362; h=from : to : subject : date : message-id : from : subject : date; bh=4bLNXImK9drULnmePzZNEBleUanJCX5PIsDIFoH4KTQ=; b=icKcLSEZYXJ95flvWE8FT6hl5iqd8MC/LEKYH0QjsqYy6MO/4pgVNCZH l/RAXAuADxE/40Fg7uTlxwwD1hjN2Ple6J//cJfslBdDOq6zTVbne1dqtl NOat7iamJ1AfRqyG+ja7a2AZsrpUuJ7VA6O+0zRYPqpwMEkEFIzI9i/Xk= From: Joe SixPack To: Suzie Q Subject: Is dinner ready? Date: Fri, 11 Jul 2003 21:00:37 -0700 (PDT) Message-ID: <20030712040037.46341.5F8J@football.example.com> Hi. We lost the game. Are you hungry yet? Joe. Appendix B. Change log 11 to 12 Made example less wrong. 10 to 11 New example with both signatures, minor nits. 09 to 10 Improve abstract, minor nits. 08 to 09 Specify sha-256 for the extremely literal minded. Take out the prehash stuff. Add example. 07 to 08 Specify base64 key records. Style edits per Dave C. 06 to 07: Remove RSA fingerprints. Change Pure to hashed eddsa. 05 to 06: Editorial changes only. 04 to 05: Remove deprecation cruft and inconsistent key advice. Fix p= and k= text. Levine Expires December 8, 2018 [Page 7] Internet-Draft DKIM Crypto Update June 2018 03 to 04: Change eddsa to ed25519. Add Martin's key regeneration issue. Remove hashed ed25519 keys. Fix typos and clarify text. Move syntax updates to separate section. Take out SHA-1 stuff. 01 to 02: Clarify EdDSA algorithm is ed25519 with Pure version of the signing. Make references to tags and fields consistent. Author's Address John Levine Taughannock Networks PO Box 727 Trumansburg, NY 14886 Phone: +883.5100.01196712 Email: standards@taugh.com Levine Expires December 8, 2018 [Page 8]