Internet Engineering Task Force G. Bertrand, Ed. Internet-Draft E. Stephan Intended status: Informational France Telecom - Orange Expires: November 24, 2012 T. Burbridge P. Eardley BT K. Ma Azuki Systems, Inc. G. Watson Alcatel-Lucent (Velocix) May 23, 2012 Use Cases for Content Delivery Network Interconnection draft-ietf-cdni-use-cases-05 Abstract Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) are commonly used for improving the End User experience of a content delivery service, at a reasonable cost. This document focuses on use cases that correspond to identified industry needs and that are expected to be realized once open interfaces and protocols supporting interconnection of CDNs are specified and implemented. The document can be used to guide the definition of the requirements to be supported by CDN Interconnection (CDNI) interfaces. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on November 24, 2012. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. Bertrand, et al. Expires November 24, 2012 [Page 1] Internet-Draft CDNI Use Cases May 2012 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2. Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3. Rationale for Multi-CDN Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Footprint Extension Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1. Geographic Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2. Inter-Affiliates Interconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3. ISP Handling of Third-Party Content . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.4. Nomadic Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. Offload Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1. Overload Handling and Dimensioning . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2. Resiliency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2.1. Failure of Content Delivery Resources . . . . . . . . 9 3.2.2. Content Acquisition Resiliency . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4. CDN Capability Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.1. Device and Network Technology Extension . . . . . . . . . 10 4.2. Technology and Vendor Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.3. QoE and QoS Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5. Enforcement of Content Delivery Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Appendix A. Content Service Providers' Delivery Policies . . . . 13 A.1. Content Delivery Policy Enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . 13 A.2. Secure Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 A.3. Branding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Bertrand, et al. Expires November 24, 2012 [Page 2] Internet-Draft CDNI Use Cases May 2012 1. Introduction Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) are commonly used for improving the End User experience of a content delivery service, at a reasonable cost. This document focuses on use cases that correspond to identified industry needs and that are expected to be realized once open interfaces and protocols supporting interconnection of CDNs are specified and implemented. The document can be used to guide the definition of the requirements (as documented in [I-D.ietf-cdni-requirements]) to be supported by the set of CDN Interconnection (CDNI) interfaces defined in [I-D.ietf-cdni-problem-statement]. This document identifies the main motivations for a CDN Provider to interconnect its CDN: o CDN Footprint Extension Use Cases (Section 2) o CDN Offload Use Cases (Section 3) o CDN Capability Use Cases (Section 4) Then, the document highlights the need for interoperability in order to exchange and enforce content delivery policies (Section 5). 1.1. Terminology We adopt the terminology described in [I-D.ietf-cdni-problem-statement], [I-D.davie-cdni-framework], [RFC3466], and [RFC3568]. We extend this terminology with the following terms. Access CDN: A CDN that includes Surrogates in the same administrative network as the end-user. Such CDN can use accurate information on the End User's network context to provide valued-added Content Delivery Services to Content Service Providers. 1.2. Abbreviations o CDN: Content Delivery Network also known as Content Distribution Network o CSP: Content Service Provider Bertrand, et al. Expires November 24, 2012 [Page 3] Internet-Draft CDNI Use Cases May 2012 o dCDN: downstream CDN o DNS: Domain Name System o DRM: Digital Rights Management o EU: End User o ISP: Internet Service Provider o NSP: Network Service Provider o QoE: Quality of Experience o QoS: Quality of Service o uCDN: upstream CDN o URL: Uniform Resource Locator o WiFi: Wireless Fidelity 1.3. Rationale for Multi-CDN Systems Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) are used to deliver content because they can: o improve the experience for the End User; for instance delivery has lower latency (decreased round-trip-time and higher throughput between the user and the delivery server) and better robustness (ability to use multiple delivery servers), o reduce the network operator's costs; for instance, lower delivery cost (reduced bandwidth usage) for cacheable content, o reduce the Content Service Provider's (CSP) internal costs, such as datacenter capacity, space, and electricity consumption, as popular content is delivered externally through the CDN rather than through the CSP's own servers. Indeed, many Network Service Providers (NSPs) and enterprise service providers are deploying or have deployed their own CDNs. Despite the potential benefits of interconnecting CDNs, today each CDN is a standalone network. The objective of CDN Interconnection is to overcome this restriction: the interconnected CDNs should be able to collectively behave as a single delivery infrastructure. An example is depicted in Figure 1, where two CDN Providers establish Bertrand, et al. Expires November 24, 2012 [Page 4] Internet-Draft CDNI Use Cases May 2012 a CDN Interconnection. The Content Service Provider CSP-1 reaches an agreement with CDN Provider 'A' for the delivery of its content. Independently, CDN Provider 'A' and CDN Provider 'B' agree to interconnect their CDNs. When a given User Agent requests content from CSP-1, CDN-A may consider that delivery by CDN-B is appropriate, for instance, because CDN-B is an Access CDN and the user is directly attached to it. Through the CDN Interconnection arrangements put in place between CDN-A and CDN-B (as a result of the CDN Interconnection agreement established between CDN Provider 'A' and CDN Provider 'B'), CDN-A can redirect the request to CDN-B and the content is actually delivered to the User Agent by CDN-B. The End User benefits from this arrangement through a better Quality of Experience (QoE), because the content is delivered from a nearby Surrogate. CDN Provider 'A' benefits because it does not need to deploy such an extensive CDN, whilst CDN Provider 'B' may receive some compensation for the delivery. CSP-1 benefits because it only needs to make one business agreement and one technical arrangement with CDN Provider 'A', but its End Users get a service quality as though CSP-1 had also gone to the trouble of making a business agreement and technical arrangement with CDN Provider 'B'. +-------+ +-------+ | CSP-1 | | CSP-2 | +-------+ +-------+ | | ,--,--,--./ ,--,--,--. ,-' `-. ,-' `-. (CDN Provider 'A')=====(CDN Provider 'B') `-. (CDN-A) ,-' `-. (CDN-B) ,-' `--'--'--' `--'--'--' | +------------+ | User Agent | +------------+ === CDN Interconnection Figure 1 To extend the example, another Content Service Provider, CSP-2, may also reach an agreement with CDN Provider 'A'. However, CSP-2 may not want its content to be distributed by CDN Provider B; for example, CSP-2 may not have distribution rights in the country where CDN Provider 'B' operates. This example illustrates that policy Bertrand, et al. Expires November 24, 2012 [Page 5] Internet-Draft CDNI Use Cases May 2012 considerations are an important part of CDNI. 2. Footprint Extension Use Cases Footprint extension is expected to be a major use case for CDN Interconnection. 2.1. Geographic Extension In this use case, the CDN Provider wants to extend the geographic distribution that it can offer to its CSPs: o without compromising the quality of delivery, o without incurring additional transit and other network costs that would result from serving content from geographically or topologically remote Surrogates, o without incurring the cost of deploying and operating Surrogates and the associated CDN infrastructure that may not be justified in the corresponding geographic region (e.g., because of relatively low delivery volume, or conversely because of the high investments that would be needed to satisfy the high volume). If there are several CDN Providers that have a geographically limited footprint (e.g., restricted to one country), or do not serve all End Users in a geographic area, then interconnecting their CDNs enables these CDN Providers to provide their services beyond their own footprint. As an example, suppose a French CSP wants to distribute its TV programs to End Users located in France and various countries in North Africa. It asks a French CDN Provider to deliver the content. The French CDN Provider's network only covers France, so it makes an agreement with another CDN Provider that covers North Africa. Overall, from the CSP's perspective the French CDN Provider provides a CDN service for both France and North Africa. In addition to video, this use case applies to other types of content such as automatic software updates (browser updates, operating system patches, virus database update, etc). 2.2. Inter-Affiliates Interconnection The previous section describes the case of geographic extension between CDNs operated by different entities. A large CDN Provider may have several subsidiaries that also each operate their own CDN Bertrand, et al. Expires November 24, 2012 [Page 6] Internet-Draft CDNI Use Cases May 2012 (which may rely on different CDN technologies, see Section 4.2). In certain circumstances, the CDN Provider needs to make these CDNs interoperate to provide a consistent service to its customers on the whole collective footprint. 2.3. ISP Handling of Third-Party Content Consider an ISP carrying to its subscribers a lot of content that comes from a third party CSP and that is injected into the ISP's network by an Authoritative CDN Provider. There are mutual benefits to the ISP (acting as an Access CDN), the Authoritative CDN, and the CSP that would make a case for establishing a CDNI agreement. For example: o Allow the CSP to offer improved QoE and QoE services to subscribers, for example, reduced content startup time or increased video quality and resolution of adaptive streaming content. o Allow the Authoritative CDN to reduce hardware capacity and footprint, by using the ISP caching and delivery capacity. o Allow the ISP to reduce traffic load on some segments of the network by caching inside of the ISP network. o Allow the ISP to influence and/or control the traffic ingestion points. o Allow the ISP to derive some incremental revenue for transport of the traffic and to monetize QoE services. 2.4. Nomadic Users In this scenario, a CSP wishes to allow End Users who move between access networks to continue to access their content. The motivation of this case is to allow nomadic End Users to maintain access to content with a consistent QoE, across a range of devices and/or geographic regions. This use case covers situations like: o End Users moving between different access networks, which may be located within the same geographic region or different geographic regions, o End Users switching between different devices or delivery technologies, as discussed in Section 4. Bertrand, et al. Expires November 24, 2012 [Page 7] Internet-Draft CDNI Use Cases May 2012 Consider the following example, illustrated in Figure 2: End User A has subscription to a broadband service from NSP A, her "home NSP". NSP A hosts CDN-A. Ordinarily, when End User A accesses content via NSP A (her "home NSP") the content is delivered from CDN-A, which in this example is within NSP A's network. However, while End User A is not connected to NSP A's network, for example, because it is connected to a WiFi provider or mobile network, End User A can also access the same content. In this case, End User A may benefit from accessing the same content but delivered by an alternate CDN (CDN-B), in this case, hosted in the network of the WiFi or mobile provider (NSP B), rather than from CDN-A in NSP A's network. +-------+ |Content| +-------+ | ,--,--,--. ,--,--,--. ,-' NSP A `-. ,-' NSP B `-. ( (CDN-A) )=====( (CDN-B) ) `-. ,-' `-. ,-' `--'--'--' `--'--'--' | | +------------+ +---------------+ + EU A (home)| | EU A (nomadic)| +------------+ +---------------+ === CDN Interconnection Figure 2 The alternate CDN (CDN-B) is allowed to distribute the content of CSP A to End User A; however, no other End Users in the region of CDN-B are allowed to retrieve the content unless they too have such an agreement for nomadic access to content. Depending on CSP's content delivery policies (see Appendix A.1), a user moving to a different geographic region may be subject to geo- blocking content delivery restrictions. In this case, he/she may not be allowed to access some pieces of content. 3. Offload Use Cases Bertrand, et al. Expires November 24, 2012 [Page 8] Internet-Draft CDNI Use Cases May 2012 3.1. Overload Handling and Dimensioning A CDN is likely to be dimensioned to support an expected maximum traffic load. However, unexpected spikes in content popularity (flash crowd) may drive load beyond the expected peak. The prime recurrent time peaks of content distribution may differ between two CDNs. Taking advantage of the different traffic peak times, a CDN may interconnect with another CDN to increase its effective capacity during the peak of traffic. This brings dimensioning savings to the CDNs as they can use the resources of each other during their respective peaks of activity. Offload also applies to planned situations where a CDN Provider needs CDN capacity in a particular region during a short period of time. For example, a CDN can offload traffic to another CDN during a specific maintenance operation or for covering the distribution of a special event. For instance, consider a TV-channel which has exclusive distribution rights on a major event, such as a celebrities' wedding, or a major sport competition. The CDNs that the TV-channel uses for delivering the content related to this event are likely to experience a flash crowd during the event and to need offloading traffic, while other CDNs will support a more usual traffic load and be able to handle the offloaded traffic. In this use case, the Delivering CDN on which requests are offloaded should be able to handle the offloaded requests. Therefore, the uCDN might require information on the dCDNs to be aware of the amount of traffic it can offload to every dCDN. 3.2. Resiliency 3.2.1. Failure of Content Delivery Resources It is important for CDNs to be able to guarantee service continuity during partial failures (e.g., failure of some Surrogates). In partial failure scenarios, a CDN Provider has at least three options: 1. if possible, use internal mechanisms to redirect traffic on surviving equipment, 2. depending on traffic management policies, forward some requests to the CSP's origin servers, and 3. redirect some requests toward another CDN, which must be able to serve the redirected requests. The last option is a use case for CDNI. Bertrand, et al. Expires November 24, 2012 [Page 9] Internet-Draft CDNI Use Cases May 2012 3.2.2. Content Acquisition Resiliency Source content acquisition may be handled in one of two ways: o CSP origin, where a CDN acquires content directly from the CSP's origin server, or o CDN origin, where a downstream CDN acquires content from a Surrogate within an upstream CDN. The ability to support content acquisition resiliency, is an important use case for interconnected CDNs. When the content acquisition source fails, the CDN might switch to another content acquisition source. Similarly, when several content acquisition sources are available, a CDN might balance the load between these multiple sources. Though other server and/or DNS load balancing techniques may be employed in the network, interconnected CDNs may have a better understanding of origin server availability and be better equipped to both distribute load between origin servers and attempt content acquisition from alternate content sources when acquisition failures occur. When normal content acquisition fails, a CDN may need to try other content source options, e.g.: o an upstream CDN may acquire content from an alternate CSP origin server, o a downstream CDN may acquire content from an alternate Surrogate within an upstream CDN, o a downstream CDN may acquire content from an alternate upstream CDN, or o a downstream CDN may acquire content directly from the CSP's origin server. Though content acquisition protocols are beyond the scope of CDNI, the selection of content acquisition sources should be considered and facilitated. 4. CDN Capability Use Cases 4.1. Device and Network Technology Extension In this use case, the CDN Provider may have the right geographic footprint, but may wish to extend the supported range of devices and Bertrand, et al. Expires November 24, 2012 [Page 10] Internet-Draft CDNI Use Cases May 2012 User Agents or the supported range of delivery technologies. In this case, a CDN Provider may interconnect with a CDN that offers services: o that the CDN Provider is not willing to provide or, o that its own CDN is not able to support. The following examples illustrate this use case: 1. CDN-A cannot support a specific delivery protocol. For instance, CDN-A may interconnect with CDN-B to serve a proportion of its traffic that requires HTTPS [RFC2818]. CDN-A may use CDN-B's footprint (which may overlap with its own) to deliver HTTPS without needing to deploy its own infrastructure. This case could also be true of other formats, delivery protocols (RTMP, RTSP, etc.) and features (specific forms of authorization such as tokens, per session encryption, etc.). 2. CDN-A has footprint covering traditional fixed line broadband and wants to extend coverage to mobile devices. In this case, CDN-A may contract and interconnect with CDN-B who has both: * physical footprint inside the mobile network, * the ability to deliver content over a protocol that is required by specific mobile devices. These cases can apply to many CDN features that a given CDN Provider may not be able to support or not be willing to invest in, and thus, that the CDN Provider would delegate to another CDN. 4.2. Technology and Vendor Interoperability A CDN Provider may deploy a new CDN to run alongside its existing CDN, as a simple way of migrating its CDN service to a new technology. In addition, a CDN Provider may have a multi-vendor strategy for its CDN deployment. Finally, a CDN Provider may want to deploy a separate CDN for a particular CSP or a specific network. In all these circumstances, CDNI benefits the CDN Provider, as it simplifies or automates some inter-CDN operations (e.g., migrating the request routing function progressively). 4.3. QoE and QoS Improvement Some CSPs are willing to pay a premium for enhanced delivery of content to their End Users. In some cases, even if the CDN Provider could deliver the content to the End Users, it cannot meet the CSP's Bertrand, et al. Expires November 24, 2012 [Page 11] Internet-Draft CDNI Use Cases May 2012 service level requirements. As a result, the CDN Provider may establish a CDN Interconnection agreement with another CDN Provider that can provide the expected QoE to the End User, e.g., via an Access CDN able to deliver content from Surrogates located closer to the End User and with the required service level. 5. Enforcement of Content Delivery Policy An important aspect common to all the above use cases is that CSPs typically want to enforce content delivery policies. A CSP may want to define content delivery policies that specify when, how, and/or to whom the CDN delivers content. These policies apply to all interconnected CDNs (uCDNs and dCDNs) in the same or similar way that a CSP can define content delivery policies for content delivered by a single, non-interconnected CDN. Appendix A provides examples of CSP defined policies. 6. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Kent Leung, Francois Le Faucheur, Ben Niven-Jenkins, and Scott Wainner for lively discussions, as well as for their reviews and comments on the mailing list. They also thank the contributors of the EU FP7 OCEAN and ETICS projects for valuable inputs. 7. IANA Considerations This memo includes no request to IANA. 8. Security Considerations This document focuses on the motivational use cases for CDN Interconnection, and does not analyze the associated threats. Those are discussed in [I-D.ietf-cdni-problem-statement]. 9. References 9.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. Bertrand, et al. Expires November 24, 2012 [Page 12] Internet-Draft CDNI Use Cases May 2012 9.2. Informative References [I-D.davie-cdni-framework] Davie, B. and L. Peterson, "Framework for CDN Interconnection", draft-davie-cdni-framework-01 (work in progress), October 2011. [I-D.ietf-cdni-problem-statement] Niven-Jenkins, B., Faucheur, F., and N. Bitar, "Content Distribution Network Interconnection (CDNI) Problem Statement", draft-ietf-cdni-problem-statement-06 (work in progress), May 2012. [I-D.ietf-cdni-requirements] Leung, K. and Y. Lee, "Content Distribution Network Interconnection (CDNI) Requirements", draft-ietf-cdni-requirements-02 (work in progress), December 2011. [RFC2818] Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000. [RFC3466] Day, M., Cain, B., Tomlinson, G., and P. Rzewski, "A Model for Content Internetworking (CDI)", RFC 3466, February 2003. [RFC3568] Barbir, A., Cain, B., Nair, R., and O. Spatscheck, "Known Content Network (CN) Request-Routing Mechanisms", RFC 3568, July 2003. Appendix A. Content Service Providers' Delivery Policies CSPs commonly apply different delivery policies to given sets of content assets delivered through CDNs. Interconnected CDNs need to support these policies. This annex presents examples of CSPs' delivery policies and their consequences on CDNI operations. A.1. Content Delivery Policy Enforcement The content distribution policies that a CSP attaches to a content asset may depend on many criteria. For instance, distribution policies for audiovisual content often combine constraints of varying levels of complexity and sophistication, e.g.: o temporal constraints (e.g., available for 24 hours, available 28 days after DVD release, etc.), Bertrand, et al. Expires November 24, 2012 [Page 13] Internet-Draft CDNI Use Cases May 2012 o user agent platform constraints (e.g., mobile device platforms, desktop computer platforms, set-top-box platforms, etc.), o resolution-based constraints (e.g., high definition vs. standard definition encodings), o user agent identification or authorization, o access network constraints (e.g., per NSP), and o geolocation-based constraints (e.g., per country). CSPs may use sophisticated policies in accordance to their business model. However, the enforcement of those policies does not necessarily require that the delivery network understand the policy rationales or how policies apply to specific content assets. Content delivery policies may indeed be distilled into simple rules which can be commonly enforced across all dCDNs. These rules may influence dCDN delegation and Surrogate selection decisions, for instance, to ensure that the specific rules (e.g. time-window, geo-blocking, pre- authorization validation) can indeed be enforced by the delivering CDN. In turn, this can guarantee to the CSP that content license violations can be prevented, including prevention of premature access to pre-positioned content or enforcement of geo-blocking policies. +-----+ | CSP | Policies driven by business (e.g., available +-----+ only in UK and only from July 1st to September 1st) \ \ Translate policies into \simple rules (e.g., provide an authorization token) \ V +-----+ | CDN | Apply simple rules (e.g., check an +-----+ authorization token and enforce geoblocking) \ \ Distribute simple rules V +-----+ | CDN | Apply simple rules +-----+ Figure 3 Bertrand, et al. Expires November 24, 2012 [Page 14] Internet-Draft CDNI Use Cases May 2012 A.2. Secure Access Many protocols exist for delivering content to End Users. CSPs may dictate a specific protocol or set of protocols which are acceptable for delivery of their content, especially in the case where content protection or user authentication is required (e.g., must use HTTPS). CSPs may also perform per-request authentication/authorization decision and then have the CDNs enforce that decision (e.g., must validate URL signing, etc.). A.3. Branding Preserving the branding of the CSP throughout delivery is often important to the CSP. CSPs may desire to offer content services under their own name, even when the associated CDN service involves other CDN Providers. For instance, a CSP may desire to ensure that content is delivered with URIs appearing to the End Users under the CSP's own domain name, even when the content delivery involves separate CDN Providers. The CSP may wish to prevent the delivery of its content by specific dCDNs that lack support for such branding preservation features. Analogous cases exist when the uCDN wants to offer CDN services under its own branding even if dCDNs are involved. Similarly, a CDN Provider might wish to restrict the delivery delegation to a chain that preserves its brand visibility. Authors' Addresses Gilles Bertrand (editor) France Telecom - Orange 38-40 rue du General Leclerc Issy les Moulineaux, 92130 FR Phone: +33 1 45 29 89 46 Email: gilles.bertrand@orange.com Stephan Emile France Telecom - Orange 2 avenue Pierre Marzin Lannion F-22307 France Email: emile.stephan@orange.com Bertrand, et al. Expires November 24, 2012 [Page 15] Internet-Draft CDNI Use Cases May 2012 Trevor Burbridge BT B54 Room 70, Adastral Park, Martlesham Ipswich, IP5 3RE UK Email: trevor.burbridge@bt.com Philip Eardley BT B54 Room 77, Adastral Park, Martlesham Ipswich, IP5 3RE UK Email: philip.eardley@bt.com Kevin J. Ma Azuki Systems, Inc. 43 Nagog Park Acton, MA 01720 USA Phone: +1 978-844-5100 Email: kevin.ma@azukisystems.com Grant Watson Alcatel-Lucent (Velocix) 3 Ely Road Milton, Cambridge CB24 6AA UK Email: gwatson@velocix.com Bertrand, et al. Expires November 24, 2012 [Page 16]