Network Working Group B. Niven-Jenkins Internet-Draft R. Murray Intended status: Standards Track Velocix (Alcatel-Lucent) Expires: April 30, 2015 M. Caulfield Cisco Systems K. Ma Ericsson October 27, 2014 CDN Interconnection Metadata draft-ietf-cdni-metadata-08 Abstract The CDNI Metadata interface enables interconnected CDNs to exchange content distribution metadata in order to enable content acquisition and delivery. The CDNI metadata associated with a piece of content provides a downstream CDN with sufficient information for the downstream CDN to service content requests on behalf of an upstream CDN. This document describes both a base set of CDNI metadata and the protocol for exchanging that metadata. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on April 30, 2015. Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 1] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2. Supported Metadata Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. CDNI Metadata Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.1. HostIndex, HostMetadata and PathMetadata objects . . . . 7 3.2. Generic CDNI Metadata Object Properties . . . . . . . . . 11 3.3. Metadata Inheritance and Override . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4. Encoding-Independent CDNI Metadata Object Descriptions . . . 14 4.1. Descriptions of the CDNI Structural Metadata Objects . . 15 4.1.1. HostIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.1.2. HostMatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.1.3. HostMetadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.1.4. PathMatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.1.5. PathMetadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.1.6. PatternMatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.1.7. GenericMetadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.2. Description of the CDNI Generic Metadata Objects . . . . 19 4.2.1. Source Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.2.1.1. Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.2.2. LocationACL Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.2.2.1. LocationRule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.2.2.2. Footprint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.2.3. TimeWindowACL Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.2.3.1. TimeWindowRule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.2.3.2. TimeWindow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.2.4. ProtocolACL Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.2.4.1. ProtocolRule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.2.5. DeliveryAuthorization Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.2.6. Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.2.7. Grouping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 2] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 4.3. CDNI Metadata Simple Data Type Descriptions . . . . . . . 26 4.3.1. Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4.3.2. Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.3.3. Endpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.3.4. URI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.3.5. Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.4. Auth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.4.1. CredentialAuth Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 5. CDNI Metadata Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 6. CDNI Metadata interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 6.1. Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 6.2. Retrieval of CDNI Metadata resources . . . . . . . . . . 30 6.3. Bootstrapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.4. Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 6.4.1. MIME Media Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 6.4.2. JSON Encoding of Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 6.4.2.1. Encoded CDNI Metadata Example . . . . . . . . . . 33 6.5. Extensibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 6.5.1. Metadata Enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 6.5.2. Metadata Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 6.6. Versioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.1. GenericMetadata Type Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 7.1.1. GenericMetadata Sub-Registries . . . . . . . . . . . 41 7.1.1.1. Footprint Sub-Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 7.1.1.2. Protocol Sub-Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 7.1.1.3. Authentication Type Sub-Registry . . . . . . . . 43 8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 8.1. Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 8.2. Confidentiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 8.3. Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 8.4. Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 10. Contributing Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 1. Introduction Content Delivery Networks Interconnection (CDNI) ([RFC6707]) enables a downstream CDN to service content requests on behalf of an upstream CDN. The CDNI Metadata interface is discussed in [I-D.ietf-cdni-framework] along with four other interfaces that may be used to compose a CDNI solution (CDNI Control interface, CDNI Request Routing Redirection Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 3] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 interface, CDNI Footprint & Capabilities Advertisement interface and CDNI Logging interface). [I-D.ietf-cdni-framework] describes each interface, and the relationships between them. The requirements for the CDNI metadata interface are specified in [I-D.ietf-cdni-requirements]. The CDNI metadata associated with a piece of content (or with a set of content) provides a downstream CDN with sufficient information for servicing content requests on behalf of an upstream CDN in accordance with the policies defined by the upstream CDN. This document focuses on the CDNI Metadata interface which enables a downstream CDN to obtain CDNI Metadata from an upstream CDN so that the downstream CDN can properly process and respond to: o Redirection requests received over the CDNI Request Routing Redirection interface. o Content requests received directly from User Agents. Specifically, this document specifies: o A data structure for mapping content requests and redirection requests to CDNI Metadata objects (Section 3 and Section 4.1). o An initial set of CDNI Generic Metadata objects (Section 4.2). o A RESTful web service for the transfer of CDNI Metadata (Section 6). 1.1. Terminology This document reuses the terminology defined in [RFC6707]. Additionally, the following terms are used throughout this document and are defined as follows: o Object - a collection of properties o Property - a key and value pair where the key is a property name and the value is the property value or an object. 1.2. Supported Metadata Capabilities Only the metadata for a small set of initial capabilities is specified in this document. This set provides the minimum amount of metadata for basic CDN interoperability while still meeting the requirements set forth by [I-D.ietf-cdni-requirements]. Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 4] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 The following high-level functionality is configured via the metadata described in Section 4: o Acquisition Source: Metadata for allowing a dCDN to fetch content from a uCDN. o Delivery Access Control: Metadata for restricting (or permitting) access to content based on any of the following factors: * Location * Time Window * Delivery Protocol o Delivery Authorization: Metadata for authorizing dCDN user agent requests. o Cache Control: Metadata for controlling cache behavior of the dCDN. The metadata encoding described by this document is extensible in order to allow for future additions to this list. This document supports HTTPv1.1 for delivery and both HTTPv1.1 and HTTPv1.1. over TLS for acquisition. All metadata is described in a protocol-agnostic manner. Supporting unencrypted HTTPv2.0 for delivery (or unencrypted HTTPv2.0 or HTTPv2.0 over TLS for acquisition) only requires the registration of these protocol names in the CDNI Metadata Protocol Sub-Registry. Supporting HTTPv1.1 over TLS or HTTPv2.0 over TLS for delivery requires specifying additional metadata objects to carry the properties required to establish a TLS session, for example metadata to describe the certificate to use as part of the TLS handshake. 2. Design Principles The CDNI Metadata interface was designed to achieve the following objectives: 1. Cacheability of CDNI metadata objects. 2. Deterministic mapping from redirection requests and content requests to CDNI metadata properties. Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 5] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 3. Support for DNS redirection as well as application-specific redirection (for example HTTP redirection). 4. Minimal duplication of CDNI metadata. 5. Leveraging of existing protocols. Cacheability improves the latency of acquiring metadata while maintaining its freshness, and therefore improves the latency of serving content requests and redirection requests, without sacrificing accuracy. The CDNI Metadata interface uses HTTP and its existing caching mechanisms to achieve CDNI metadata cacheability. Deterministic mappings from content to metadata properties eliminates ambiguity and ensures that policies are applied consistently by all downstream CDNs. Support for both HTTP and DNS redirection ensures that the CDNI Metadata interface can be used for HTTP and DNS redirection and also meets the same design principles for both HTTP and DNS based redirection schemes. Minimal duplication of CDNI metadata provides space efficiency on storage in the CDNs, on caches in the network, and across the network between CDNs. Leveraging existing protocols avoids reinventing common mechanisms such as data structure encoding (e.g., JSON) and data transport (e.g., HTTP). 3. CDNI Metadata Data Model The CDNI Metadata Model describes a data structure for mapping redirection requests and content requests to metadata properties. Metadata properties describe how to acquire content from an upstream CDN, authorize access to content, and deliver content from a downstream CDN. The data model relies on the assumption that these metadata properties may be aggregated based on the hostname of the content and subsequently on the resource path of the content. The data model associates a set of CDNI Metadata properties with a Hostname to form a default set of metadata properties for content delivered on behalf of that Hostname. That default set of metadata properties can be overridden by properties that apply to specific paths within a URI. Different Hostnames and URI paths will be associated with different sets of CDNI Metadata properties in order to describe the required behaviour when a dCDN surrogate is processing User Agent requests for Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 6] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 content at that Hostname or URI path. As a result of this structure, significant commonality may exist between the CDNI Metadata properties specified for different Hostnames, different URI paths within a Hostname and different URI paths on different Hostnames. For example the definition of which User Agent IP addresses should be treated as being grouped together into a single network or geographic location is likely to be common for a number of different Hostnames. Another example is that although a uCDN is likely to have several different policies configured to express geo-blocking rules, it is likely that a single geo-blocking policy would be applied to multiple Hostnames delivered through the CDN. In order to enable the CDNI Metadata for a given Hostname or URI Path to be decomposed into sets of CDNI Metadata properties that can be reused by multiple Hostnames and URI Paths, the CDNI Metadata interface specified in this document splits the CDNI Metadata into a number of objects. Efficiency is improved by enabling a single CDNI Metadata object (that is shared across Hostname and/or URI paths) to be retrieved and stored by a dCDN once, even if it is referenced by the CDNI Metadata of multiple Hostnames or of multiple URI paths. Section 3.1 introduces a high level description of the HostIndex, HostMetadata and PathMetadata objects and describes the relationships between those objects. Section 3.2 introduces a high level description of the CDNI GenericMetadata object which represents the level at which CDNI Metadata override occurs between HostMetadata and PathMetadata objects. Section 4 describes in detail the specific CDNI Metadata objects and properties which may be contained within a CDNI GenericMetadata object. 3.1. HostIndex, HostMetadata and PathMetadata objects A HostIndex object contains (or references) a list of Hostnames (and/ or IP addresses) for which content requests may be delegated to the downstream CDN. The HostIndex is the starting point for accessing the uCDN CDNI Metadata data store. It enables the dCDN to deterministically discover, on receipt of a User Agent request for content, which other CDNI Metadata objects it requires in order to deliver the requested content. The HostIndex links Hostnames (and/or IP addresses) to HostMetadata objects via HostMatch objects. HostMetadata objects contain (or reference) the default CDNI Metadata required to serve content for that host. When looking up CDNI Metadata, the downstream CDN looks Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 7] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 up the requested Hostname (or IP address) against the HostMatch entries in the HostIndex, from there it can find HostMetadata which describes properties for a host and PathMetadata which may override those properties for given URI paths within the host. HostMetadata and PathMetadata objects may also contain PathMatch objects which in turn contain PathMetadata objects. PathMetadata objects override the CDNI Metadata in the HostMetadata object or one or more preceding PathMetadata objects with more specific CDNI Metadata that applies to content requests matching the pattern defined in that PathMatch object. For the purposes of retrieving CDNI Metadata, all other required CDNI Metadata objects and their properties are discoverable from the appropriate HostMetadata, PathMatch and PathMetadata objects for the requested content. The relationships between the HostIndex, HostMatch, HostMetadata, PathMatch and PathMetadata objects are described in Figure 1. +---------+ +---------+ +------------+ |HostIndex+-(*)->|HostMatch+-(1)->|HostMetadata+-------(*)------+ +---------+ +---------+ +------+-----+ | | | (*) | | V --> Contains or References V ****************** (1) One and only one +---------+ *Generic Metadata* (*) Zero or more +--->|PathMatch| * Objects * | +----+---++ ****************** | | | ^ (*) (1) (1) +------------+ | | | +->|PatternMatch| | | V +------------+ | | +------------+ | +--+PathMetadata+-------(*)------+ +------------+ Figure 1: Relationships between CDNI Metadata Objects (Diagram Representation) The relationships in Figure 1 are also represented in tabular format in Table 1 below. Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 8] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+ | Data Object | Objects it contains or references | +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+ | HostIndex | 0 or more HostMatch objects. | | HostMatch | 1 HostMetadata object. | | HostMetadata | 0 or more PathMatch objects. 0 or more | | | GenericMetadata objects. | | PathMatch | 1 PatternMatch object. 1 PathMetadata object. | | PatternMatch | Does not contain or reference any other objects. | | PathMetadata | 0 or more PathMatch objects. 0 or more | | | GenericMetadata objects. | +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+ Table 1: Relationships between CDNI Metadata Objects (Table Representation) The table below describes the HostIndex, HostMetadata and PathMetadata objects in more detail. +-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+ | Data Object | Description | +-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+ | HostIndex | A HostIndex object lists HostMatch objects | | HostMatch | A HostMatch object defines a hostname (or IP | | | address) to match against a requested host, and | | | contains (or references) a HostMetadata object | | | which contains (or references) CDNI Metadata | | | objects to be applied when a request matches | | | against the hostname. For example, if | | | "example.com" is a content provider, a | | | HostMatch object may include an entry for | | | "example.com" with the URI of the associated | | | HostMetadata object. | | HostMetadata | A HostMetadata object contains (or references) | | | the default CDNI Metadata objects for content | | | served from that host, i.e., the CDNI Metadata | | | objects for content requests that do not match | | | any of the PathMatch objects contained (or | | | referenced) by that HostMetadata object. For | | | example, a HostMetadata object may describe the | | | metadata properties which apply to | | | "example.com" and may contain PathMatches for | | | "example.com/movies/*" and | | | "example.com/music/*" which reference | | | corresponding PathMetadata objects that contain | | | the CDNI Metadata objects for those more | | | specific URI paths. | | PathMatch | A PathMatch object defines a pattern (inside a | Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 9] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 | | PatternMatch object which PathMatch object | | | contains or references) to match against the | | | requested URI path, and contains (or | | | references) a PathMetadata object which | | | contains (or references) the CDNI Metadata | | | objects to be applied when a content request | | | matches against the defined URI path pattern. | | | For example, a PathMatch object may include a | | | PatternMatch object containing a pattern for | | | the path "/movies/*" and may reference a | | | PathMetadata object which contains (or | | | references) the CDNI Metadata for content with | | | that path. | | PatternMatch | A PatternMatch object contains the pattern | | | string and flags that describe the URI path | | | that a PathMatch applies to. | | PathMetadata | A PathMetadata object contains (or references) | | | the CDNI GenericMetadata objects for content | | | served with the associated URI path (defined in | | | a PathMatch object). A PathMetadata object may | | | also contain (or reference) PathMatch objects | | | in order to recursively define more specific | | | URI paths that require different (e.g., more | | | specific) CDNI Metadata to this one. For | | | example, the PathMetadata object which applies | | | to "example.com/movies/*" may describe CDNI | | | Metadata which apply to that resource path and | | | may contain a PathMatch object for | | | "example.com/movies/hd/*" which would reference | | | the corresponding PathMetadata object for the | | | "example.com/movies/hd/" path prefix. | | GenericMetadata | A GenericMetadata object contains (or | | | references) individual CDNI Metadata objects | | | which define the specific policies and | | | attributes needed to properly deliver the | | | associated content. For example, a | | | GenericMetadata object may describe the source | | | from which a CDN may acquire a piece of | | | content. The GenericMetadata object is an | | | atomic unit that may be referenced by | | | HostMetadata and/or PathMetadata objects, but | | | SHOULD NOT contain references to other CDNI | | | Metadata objects. The member objects of a | | | specific CDNI Metadata object MAY be referenced | | | by the GenericMetadata object. | +-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+ Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 10] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 Table 2: HostIndex, HostMetadata and PathMetadata CDNI Metadata Objects 3.2. Generic CDNI Metadata Object Properties The HostMetadata and PathMetadata objects contain or can reference other CDNI Metadata objects that contain properties which describe how User Agent requests for content should be processed, for example where to acquire the content, authorization rules that should be applied, delivery location restrictions and so on. Each such CDNI Metadata object is a specialization of a CDNI GenericMetadata object. The GenericMetadata object abstracts the basic information required for Metadata override and Metadata distribution, from the specifics of any given property (e.g., property semantics, enforcement options, etc.). The GenericMetadata object defines the type of properties contained within it as well as whether or not the properties are "mandatory-to- enforce". If the dCDN does not understand or support the property type and the property type is "mandatory-to-enforce", the dCDN MUST NOT serve the content to the User Agent. If the dCDN does not understand or support the property type and the property type is not "mandatory-to-enforce", then that GenericMetadata object may be safely ignored and the dCDN MUST process the content request in accordance with the rest of the CDNI metadata. Although a CDN MUST NOT serve content to a User Agent if a "mandatory-to-enforce" property cannot be enforced, it may be "safe- to-redistribute" that metadata to another CDN without modification. For example, in the cascaded CDN case, a transit CDN may pass through "mandatory-to-enforce" metadata to a downstream CDN. For Metadata which does not require customization or translation (i.e., metadata that is "safe-to-redistribute"), the data representation received off the wire MAY be stored and redistributed without being natively understood or supported by the transit CDN. However, for Metadata which requires translation, transparent redistribution of the uCDN Metadata values may not be appropriate. Certain Metadata may be safely, though possibly not optimally, redistributed unmodified. For example, source acquisition address may not be optimal if transparently redistributed, but may still work. Redistribution safety MUST be specified for each GenericMetadata. If a CDN does not understand or support a given GenericMetadata property type and the property type is not "safe-to-redistribute", before redistributing the metadata, the CDN MUST set the "incomprehensible" flag for the GenericMetadata property that it did not understand and was marked as not "safe-to-redistribute". The "incomprehensible" flag signals to a dCDN that the metadata was not properly transformed Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 11] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 by the transit CDN. A CDN MUST NOT attempt to use metadata that has been marked as "incomprehensible" by a uCDN. Transit CDNs MUST NOT change the value of "mandatory-to-enforce" or "safe-to-redistribute" when propagating metadata to a dCDN. Although a transit CDN may set the value of "incomprehensible" to true, a transit CDN MUST NOT change the value of "incomprehensible" from true to false. The following table describes the action to be taken by a transit CDN (tCDN) for the different "mandatory-to-enforce" (MtE) and "safe-to- redistribute" (StR) cases, when the tCDN either does or does not understand the metadata in question: +-------+-------+------------+--------------------------------------+ | MtE | StR | Metadata | Actions | | | | Understood | | +-------+-------+------------+--------------------------------------+ | False | True | True | Can serve and redistribute. | | False | True | False | Can serve and redistribute. | | False | False | False | Can serve. MUST set | | | | | "incomprehensible" to True when | | | | | redistributing. | | False | False | True | Can serve. Can redistribute either | | | | | by transforming not StR metadata (if | | | | | the CDN know how to do so safely), | | | | | otherwise MUST set | | | | | "incomprehensible" to True when | | | | | redistributing. | | True | True | True | Can serve and redistribute. | | True | True | False | MUST NOT serve but can redistribute. | | True | False | True | Can serve and redistribute. | | True | False | False | MUST NOT serve. MUST set | | | | | "incomprehensible" to True when | | | | | redistributing. | +-------+-------+------------+--------------------------------------+ The following table describes the action to be taken by a dCDN for the different "mandatory-to-enforce" (MtE) and "incomprehensible" (Incomp) cases, when the dCDN either does or does not understand the metadata in question: Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 12] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 +-------+------------+--------+-------------------------------------+ | MtE | Metadata | Incomp | Actions | | | Understood | | | +-------+------------+--------+-------------------------------------+ | False | True | False | Can serve. | | False | True | True | Can serve but MUST NOT | | | | | interpret/apply any metadata marked | | | | | incomprehensible. | | False | False | False | Can serve. | | False | False | True | Can serve but MUST NOT | | | | | interpret/apply any metadata marked | | | | | incomprehensible. | | True | True | False | Can serve. | | True | True | True | Can serve but MUST NOT | | | | | interpret/apply any metadata marked | | | | | incomprehensible. | | True | False | False | MUST NOT serve. | | True | False | True | MUST NOT serve. | +-------+------------+--------+-------------------------------------+ 3.3. Metadata Inheritance and Override In the data model, a HostMetadata object may contain (or reference) multiple PathMetadata objects (via PathMatch objects). Each PathMetadata object may in turn contain (or reference) other PathMetadata objects. HostMetadata and PathMetadata objects form an inheritance tree where each node in the tree inherits or overrides the property values set by its parent. GenericMetadata objects of a given type override all GenericMetadata objects of the same type previously defined by any parent object in the tree. GenericMetadata objects of a given type previously defined by a parent object in the tree are inherited when no object of the same type is defined by the child object. For example, if HostMetadata for the host "example.com" contains GenericMetadata objects of type LocationACL and TimeWindowACL, while a PathMetadata object which applies to "example.com/movies/*" defines an alternate GenericMetadata object of type TimeWindowACL, then: o the TimeWindowACL defined in the PathMetadata would override the TimeWindowACL defined in the HostMetadata for all User Agent requests for content under "example.com/movies", and o the LocationACL defined in the HostMetadata would be inherited for all User Agent requests for content under "example.com/movies". o A single HostMetadata or PathMetadata object SHOULD NOT contain multiple GenericMetadata objects of the same type. If a list of Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 13] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 GenericMetadata contains objects of duplicate types, the receiver MUST ignore all but the first object of each type. 4. Encoding-Independent CDNI Metadata Object Descriptions Section 4.1 provides the definitions of each object type declared in Section 3. These objects are described as structural objects as they provide the structure for the inheritance tree and identify which specific properties apply to a given User Agent content request. Section 4.2 provides the definitions for a base set of core metadata objects which may be contained within a GenericMetadata object. These objects are described as property objects, as they define the structure, semantics, and enforcement options for specific properties of the metadata being described. Property objects govern how User Agent requests for content are handled. Property objects may be composed of, or contain references to, other property sub-objects (i.e., property objects contained within or referenced by the property object that refers to that property sub-object). In those cases the value of the property sub-objects can be either a complete serialized representation of the sub-object, or a Link object that contains a URI and relationship that can be dereferenced to retrieve the complete serialized representation of the property sub-object. Section 6.5 discusses the ability to extend the base set of metadata objects specified in this document with additional standards based or vendor specific property objects that may be defined in the future in separate documents. Downstream CDNs MUST support parsing of all CDNI metadata objects specified in this document. A dCDN does not have to implement the underlying functionality represented by the metadata object, though that may restrict the content that a given dCDN can serve. uCDNs as generators of CDNI Metadata only need to support generating the CDNI metadata that they need in order to express the policies and treatment required by the content they are describing. Note: In the following sections, the term "mandatory-to-specify" is used to convey which property sub-objects MUST be specified for a given structural or property object. When mandatory-to-specify is set to true on a sub-object, it implies that if the property object containing that property sub-object is specified, then the mandatory- to-specify property sub-object MUST also be specified, e.g., a HostMatch property object without a host to match against does not make sense, therefore, the host is mandatory-to-specify inside a HostMatch property object. Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 14] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 4.1. Descriptions of the CDNI Structural Metadata Objects Each of the sub-sections below describe the structural objects defined in Table 2. 4.1.1. HostIndex The HostIndex object is the entry point into the CDNI Metadata hierarchy. It contains (or references) a list of HostMatch objects. An incoming content request is checked against the hostname (or IP address) specified by each of the listed HostMatch objects to find the HostMatch object which applies to the request. Property: hosts Description: List of HostMatch objects, in priority order. Type: List of HostMatch objects Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. 4.1.2. HostMatch The HostMatch object contains a hostname or IP address to match against content requests. The HostMatch object also contains or references a HostMetadata object to apply if a match is found. Property: host Description: String (hostname or IP address) to match against the requested host. Type: String Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. Property: host-metadata Description: CDNI Metadata to apply when delivering content that matches this host. Type: HostMetadata Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 15] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 4.1.3. HostMetadata A HostMetadata object contains (or references) the CDNI Metadata properties for content served for a particular host (defined in the HostMatch object) and possibly child PathMatch objects. Property: metadata Description: List of host related metadata. Type: List of GenericMetadata objects Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. Property: paths Description: Path specific rules. Path patterns (PathMatch objects) MUST be evaluated in the order they appear and the first PathMatch object that matches the content request being process is applied. Type: List of PathMatch objects Mandatory-to-Specify: No. 4.1.4. PathMatch The PathMatch object contains (or references) an expression given as a PatternMatch object to match against a resource URI path and contains or references a PathMetadata object to apply if a match is found. Property: path-pattern Description: Pattern to match against the requested path, i.e., against the [RFC3986] path-absolute. Type: PatternMatch Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. Property: path-metadata Description: CDNI Metadata to apply when delivering content that matches this path. Type: PathMetadata Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 16] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. 4.1.5. PathMetadata A PathMetadata object contains (or references) the CDNI Metadata properties for content served with the associated URI path (defined in a PathMatch object) and possibly child PathMatch objects. Note that if DNS-based redirection is employed, then any metadata at the PathMetadata level or below will be inaccessible at request routing time because only the content request hostname is available at request routing time. Property: metadata Description: List of path related metadata. Type: List of GenericMetadata objects Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. Property: paths Description: Path specific rules. First match applies. Type: List of PathMatch objects Mandatory-to-Specify: No. 4.1.6. PatternMatch A PatternMatch object contains the pattern string and flags that describe the PathMatch expression. Property: pattern Description: A pattern for string matching. The pattern may contain the wildcards * and ?, where * matches any sequence of characters (including the empty string) and ? matches exactly one character. The three literals \ , * and ? should be escaped as \\, \* and \?. All other characters are treated as literals. Type: String Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. Property: case-sensitive Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 17] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 Description: Flag indicating whether or not case-sensitive matching should be used. Type: Boolean Mandatory-to-Specify: No. Default is case-insensitive match. Property: ignore-query-string Description: List of query parameters which should be ignored when searching for a pattern match. If all query parameters should be ignored then the list MUST be empty. Type: List of String Mandatory-to-Specify: No. Default is to include query strings when matching. 4.1.7. GenericMetadata A GenericMetadata object is an abstraction for managing individual CDNI Metadata properties in an opaque manner. Property: generic-metadata-type Description: CDNI Metadata property object type. Type: MIME Type String (from Section 7.1) Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. Property: generic-metadata-value Description: CDNI Metadata property object. Type: Format/Type is defined by the value of generic-metadata- type property above. Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. Property: mandatory-to-enforce Description: Flag identifying whether or not the enforcement of the property Metadata is required. Type: Boolean Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 18] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 Mandatory-to-Specify: No. Default is to treat metadata as mandatory to enforce (i.e., true). Property: safe-to-redistribute Description: Flag identifying whether or not the property Metadata may be safely redistributed without modification. Type: Boolean Mandatory-to-Specify: No. Default is allow transparent redistribution (i.e., true). Property: incomprehensible Description: Flag identifying whether or not any CDN in the chain of delegation has failed to understand and/or failed to properly transform the Metadata. Type: Boolean Mandatory-to-Specify: No. Default is comprehensible (i.e., false). 4.2. Description of the CDNI Generic Metadata Objects The property objects defined below are intended to be used in the GenericMetadata object generic-metadata-value field as defined in Section 4.1.7 and their generic-metadata-type property MUST be set to the appropriate Media Type as defined in Section 7.1. 4.2.1. Source Metadata Source Metadata provides the dCDN information about content acquisition, i.e., how to contact an uCDN Surrogate or an Origin Server to obtain the content to be served. The sources are not necessarily the actual Origin Servers operated by the CSP but might be a set of Surrogates in the uCDN. Endpoints within a source should be treated as equivalent/equal so one can specify a list of sources in preference order and for each source/preference rank one can specify a list of endpoints that are equivalent, e.g., a pool of servers that are not behind a load balancer. Property: sources Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 19] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 Description: Sources from which the dCDN can acquire content, listed in order of preference. Type: List of Source objects Mandatory-to-Specify: No. Default is to use static configuration, out-of-band from the metadata interface. 4.2.1.1. Source A Source object describes the Source which should be used by the dCDN for content acquisition, e.g., a Surrogate within the uCDN or an alternate Origin Server, the protocol to be used and any authentication method. Property: acquisition-auth Description: Authentication method to use when requesting content from this source. Type: Auth Mandatory-to-Specify: No. Default is no authentication required. Property: endpoints Description: Origins from which the dCDN can acquire content. If multiple endpoints are specified they are all equal, i.e., the list is not in preference order, for example a pool of servers behind a load balancer. Type: List of EndPoint objects Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. Property: protocol Description: Network retrieval protocol to use when requesting content from this source. Type: Protocol Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 20] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 4.2.2. LocationACL Metadata LocationACL Metadata defines location-based restrictions. A LocationACL which does not include a locations property results in an action of allow, meaning that delivery can be performed regardless of the User Agent's location. The action from the first footprint to match against the User Agent's location is the action a CDN MUST take. If two or more footprints overlap, the first footprint that matches against the User Agent's location determines the action a CDN MUST take. If the locations property is included but is empty, or if none of the listed footprints matches the User Agent's location, then the result is an action of deny. Although the LocationACL, TimeWindowACL, and ProtocolACL are independent GenericMetadata objects, they may provide conflicting information to a dCDN, e.g., a content request which is simultaneously allowed based on the LocationACL and denied based on the TimeWindowACL. The dCDN MUST use the logical AND of all ACLs (where 'allow' is true and 'deny' is false) to determine whether or not a request should be allowed. Thus, in the example given, the request should be denied. Property: locations Description: Access control list which allows or blocks delivery based on client location. Type: List of LocationRule objects Mandatory-to-Specify: No. Default is allow all locations. 4.2.2.1. LocationRule A LocationRule contains or references a list of Footprint objects and the corresponding action. Property: footprints Description: List of footprints to which the rule applies. Type: List of Footprint objects Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. Property: action Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 21] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 Description: Defines whether the rule specifies locations to allow or deny. Type: Enumeration [allow|deny] Mandatory-to-Specify: No. Default is deny. 4.2.2.2. Footprint A Footprint object describes the footprint to which a LocationRule may be applied by, e.g., an IPv4 address range or a geographic location. Property: footprint-type Description: Registered footprint type (see Section 7.1.1.1). Type: String Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. Property: footprint-value Description: Footprint object conforming to the specification associated with the registered footprint type. Type: String Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. 4.2.3. TimeWindowACL Metadata TimeWindowACL Metadata defines time-based restrictions. A TimeWindowACL which does not include a times property results in an action of allow, meaning that delivery can be performed regardless of the time of the User Agent's request. The action from the first window to match against the current time is the action a CDN MUST take. If two or more windows overlap, the first window that matches against the current time determines the action a CDN MUST take. If the times property is included but is empty, or if none of the listed windows matches the current time, then the result is an action of deny. Although the LocationACL, TimeWindowACL, and ProtocolACL are independent GenericMetadata objects, they may provide conflicting information to a dCDN, e.g., a content request which is simultaneously allowed based on the LocationACL and denied based on Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 22] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 the TimeWindowACL. The dCDN MUST use the logical AND of all ACLs (where 'allow' is true and 'deny' is false) to determine whether or not a request should be allowed. Thus, in the example given, the request should be denied. Property: times Description: Description: Access control list which allows or blocks delivery based on request time. Type: List of TimeWindowRule objects Mandatory-to-Specify: No. Default is allow all time windows. 4.2.3.1. TimeWindowRule A TimeWindowRule contains or references a list of TimeWindow objects and the corresponding action. Property: windows Description: List of time windows to which the rule applies. Type: List of TimeWindow objects Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. Property: action Description: Defines whether the rule specifies time windows to allow or deny. Type: Enumeration [allow|deny] Mandatory-to-Specify: No. Default is deny. 4.2.3.2. TimeWindow A TimeWindow object describes a time range which may be applied by an TimeWindowACL, e.g., start 946717200 (i.e., 09:00AM 01/01/2000 UTC), end: 946746000 (i.e., 17:00AM 01/01/2000 UTC). Property: start Description: The start time of the window. Type: Time Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 23] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. Property: end Description: The end time of the window. Type: Time Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. 4.2.4. ProtocolACL Metadata ProtocolACL Metadata defines delivery protocol restrictions. A ProtocolACL which does not include a protocol-acl property results in an action of allow, meaning that delivery can be performed regardless of the protocol of the User Agent's request. The action from the first protocol to match against the request protocol is the action a CDN MUST take. If two or more request protocols overlap, the first protocol that matches thre request protocol determines the action a CDN MUST take. If the protocol-acl property is included but is empty, or if none of the listed protocol matches the request protocol, then the result is an action of deny. Although the LocationACL, TimeWindowACL, and ProtocolACL are independent GenericMetadata objects, they may provide conflicting information to a dCDN, e.g., a content request which is simultaneously allowed based on the LocationACL and denied based on the TimeWindowACL. The dCDN MUST use the logical AND of all ACLs (where 'allow' is true and 'deny' is false) to determine whether or not a request should be allowed. Thus, in the example given, the request should be denied. Property: protocol-acl Description: Description: Access control list which allows or blocks delivery based on delivery protocol. Type: List of ProtocolRule objects Mandatory-to-Specify: No. Default is allow all protocols. 4.2.4.1. ProtocolRule A ProtocolRule contains or references a list of Protocol objects. ProtocolRule objects are used to construct a ProtocolACL to apply restrictions to content acquisition or delivery. Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 24] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 Property: protocols Description: List of protocols to which the rule applies. Type: List of protocol objects Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. Property: action Description: Defines whether the rule specifies protocols to allow or deny. Type: Enumeration [allow|deny] Mandatory-to-Specify: No. Default is deny. 4.2.5. DeliveryAuthorization Metadata Delivery Authorization defines authorization methods for the delivery of content to User Agents. Property: delivery-auth-methods Description: Options for authorizing content requests. Delivery for a content request is authorized if any of the authorization method in the list is satisfied for that request. Type: List of Auth objects Mandatory-to-Specify: No. Default is no authorization required. 4.2.6. Cache A Cache object describes the cache control parameters to be applied to the content by intermediate caches. Property: ignore-query-string Description: Allows a cache to ignore URI query string parameters while comparing URIs for equivalence. Each query parameter to ignore is specified in the list. If all query parameters should be ignored, then the list MUST be specified and MUST be empty. Type: List of String Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 25] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 Mandatory-to-Specify: No. Default is to consider query string parameters when comparing URIs. 4.2.7. Grouping A Grouping object identifies a large group of content to which a given asset belongs. Property: ccid Description: Content Collection identifier for an application- specific purpose such as logging. Type: String Mandatory-to-Specify: No. Default is an empty string. Property: sid Description: Session identifier for an application-specific purpose such as logging. Type: String Mandatory-to-Specify: No. Default is an empty string. 4.3. CDNI Metadata Simple Data Type Descriptions This section describes the simple data types that are used for properties of CDNI Metadata objects. 4.3.1. Link A link object may be used in place of any of the objects or properties described above. Links can be used to avoid duplication if the same metadata information is repeated within the metadata tree. When a link replaces an object, its href property is set to the URI of the resource and its type property is set to the type of the object it is replacing. Property: href Description: The URI of the addressable object being referenced. Type: URI Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 26] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 Property: type Description: The type of the object being referenced. Type: String Mandatory-to-Specify: No 4.3.2. Protocol Protocol objects are used to specify registered protocols for content acquisition or delivery (see Section 7.1.1.2). Type: String 4.3.3. Endpoint A hostname (with optional port) or an IP address (with optional port). Note: All implementations MUST support IPv4 addresses encoded as specified by the 'IPv4address' rule in Section 3.2.2 of [RFC3986] and MUST support all IPv6 address formats specified in [RFC4291]. Server implementations SHOULD use IPv6 address formats specified in [RFC5952]. Type: String 4.3.4. URI A URI as specified in [RFC3986]. Type: String 4.3.5. Time A time value expressed in seconds since Unix epoch in the UTC timezone. Type: Integer 4.4. Auth An Auth object defines authentication and authorization methods to be used during content acquisition and content delivery, respectively. Property: auth-type Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 27] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 Description: Registered Auth type (see Section 7.1.1.3). Type: String Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. Property: auth-value Description: An object conforming to the specification associated with the Registered Auth type. Type: String Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. 4.4.1. CredentialAuth Type CredentialAuth is a Registered Auth type defining an object for encapsulating user credentials (i.e., username and password) (see Section 7.1.1.3). The CredentialAuth object contains the following properties: Property: username Description: Identification of user. Type: String Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. Property: password Description: Password for user identified by username property. Type: String Mandatory-to-Specify: Yes. 5. CDNI Metadata Capabilities CDNI Metadata is used to convey information pertaining to content delivery from uCDN to dCDN. For optional metadata, it may be useful for the uCDN to know if the dCDN supports the metadata, prior to delegating any content requests to the dCDN. If optional-to- implement metadata is "mandatory-to-enforce", and the dCDN does not support it, any delegated requests for that content will fail. The uCDN will likely want to avoid delegating those requests to that dCDN. Likewise, for any metadata which may be assigned optional Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 28] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 values, it may be useful for the uCDN to know which values a dCDN supports, prior to delegating any content requests to that dCDN. If the optional value assigned to a given piece of content's metadata is not supported by the dCDN, any delegated requests for that content may fail, so again the uCDN is likely to want to avoid delegating those requests to that dCDN. The CDNI Footprint and Capabilities Interface (FCI) [I-D.ietf-cdni-framework] provides a means of advertising capabilities from dCDN to uCDN. Support for optional metadata and support for optional metadata values may be advertised using the FCI. 6. CDNI Metadata interface This section specifies an interface to enable a Downstream CDN to retrieve CDNI Metadata objects from an Upstream CDN. The interface can be used by a Downstream CDN to retrieve CDNI Metadata objects either o Dynamically as required by the Downstream CDN to process received requests. For example in response to a query from an Upstream CDN over the CDNI Request Routing Redirection interface (RI) [I-D.ietf-cdni-redirection] or in response to receiving a request for content from a User Agent. Or; o In advance of being required. For example in the case of Pre- positioned CDNI Metadata acquisition. The CDNI Metadata interface is built on the principles of RESTful web services. In particular, this means that requests and responses over the interface are built around the transfer of representations of hyperlinked resources. A resource in the context of the CDNI Metadata interface is any object in the Data Model (as described in Section 3 through Section 4). To retrieve CDNI metadata, a CDNI Metadata client (i.e., a client in the dCDN) first makes a HTTP GET request for the URI of the HostIndex which provides the CDNI Metadata client with a list of Hostnames for which the upstream CDN may delegate content delivery to the downstream CDN. The CDNI Metadata client can then obtain any other CDNI Metadata objects by making a HTTP GET requests for any linked Metadata objects it requires. CDNI Metadata servers (i.e., servers in the uCDN) are free to assign whatever structure they desire to the URIs for CDNI Metadata objects and CDNI Metadata clients MUST NOT make any assumptions regarding the structure of CDNI Metadata URIs or the mapping between CDNI Metadata Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 29] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 objects and their associated URIs. Therefore any URIs present in the examples below are purely illustrative and are not intended to impose a definitive structure on CDNI Metadata interface implementations. 6.1. Transport The CDNI Metadata interface uses HTTP as the underlying protocol transport. The HTTP Method in the request defines the operation the request would like to perform. A server implementation of the CDNI Metadata interface MUST support the HTTP GET and HEAD methods. The corresponding HTTP Response returns the status of the operation in the HTTP Status Code and returns the current representation of the resource (if appropriate) in the Response Body. HTTP Responses from servers implementing the CDNI Metadata interface that contain a response body SHOULD include an ETag to enable validation of cached versions of returned resources. The CDNI Metadata interface specified in this document is a read-only interface. Therefore support for other HTTP methods such as PUT, POST and DELETE etc. is not specified. A server implementation of the CDNI Metadata interface SHOULD reject all methods other than GET and HEAD. As the CDNI Metadata interface builds on top of HTTP, CDNI Metadata server implementations MAY make use of any HTTP feature when implementing the CDNI Metadata interface, for example a CDNI Metadata server MAY make use of HTTP's caching mechanisms to indicate that the returned response/representation can be reused without re-contacting the CDNI Metadata server. 6.2. Retrieval of CDNI Metadata resources In the general case a CDNI Metadata server makes each instance of an addressable CDNI Metadata object available via a unique URI and therefore in order to retrieve CDNI Metadata, a CDNI Metadata client first makes a HTTP GET request for the URI of the HostIndex which provides the CDNI Metadata client with a list of Hostnames for which the upstream CDN may delegate content delivery to the downstream CDN. In order to retrieve the CDNI Metadata for a particular request the CDNI Metadata client processes the received HostIndex object and finds the corresponding HostMetadata entry (by matching the hostname in the request against the hostnames in the HostMatch). If the HostMetadata is linked (rather than embedded), the CDNI metadata client then makes a GET request for the URI specified in the href Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 30] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 property of the Link object which points to the HostMetadata object itself. In order to retrieve the most specific metadata for a particular request, the CDNI metadata client inspects the HostMetadata for references to more specific PathMetadata objects. If any PathMetadata match the request (and are linked rather than embedded), the CDNI metadata client makes another GET request for the PathMetadata. Each PathMetadata object may also include references to yet more specific metadata. If this is the case, the CDNI metadata client continues requesting PathMetadata recursively. Where a downstream CDN is interconnected with multiple upstream CDNs, the downstream CDN needs to determine which upstream CDN's CDNI metadata should be used to handle a particular User Agent request. When application level redirection (e.g., HTTP 302 redirects) is being used between CDNs, it is expected that the downstream CDN will be able to determine the upstream CDN that redirected a particular request from information contained in the received request (e.g., via the URI). With knowledge of which upstream CDN routed the request, the downstream CDN can choose the correct metadata server from which to obtain the HostIndex. Note that the HostIndex served by each uCDN may be unique. In the case of DNS redirection there is not always sufficient information carried in the DNS request from User Agents to determine the upstream CDN that redirected a particular request (e.g., when content from a given host is redirected to a given downstream CDN by more than one upstream CDN) and therefore downstream CDNs may have to apply local policy when deciding which upstream CDN's metadata to apply. 6.3. Bootstrapping The URI for the HostIndex object of a given upstream CDN needs to be either configured in, or discovered by, the downstream CDN. All other objects/resources are then discoverable from the HostIndex object by following the links in the HostIndex object and the referenced HostMetadata and PathMetadata objects. If the URI for the HostIndex object is not manually configured in the downstream CDN then the HostIndex URI could be discovered. A mechanism allowing the downstream CDN to discover the URI of the HostIndex is outside the scope of this document. Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 31] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 6.4. Encoding Objects are resources that may be: o Addressable, where the object is a resource that may be retrieved or referenced via its own URI. o Embedded, where the object is contained within a property of an addressable object. The descriptions of objects use the phrase "X contains Y" to mean that Y is either directly embedded in X or is linked to by X. It is generally a deployment choice for the uCDN implementation to decide when and which CDNI Metadata objects to embed and which are made separately addressable. 6.4.1. MIME Media Types All MIME types for CDNI Metadata objects are prefixed with "application/cdni.". The MIME type for each object then contains the object name of that object as defined by this document. The object type name is followed by ".v" and the version number of the object type (e.g., ".v1"). Finally, the encoding type "+json" is appended. Table 3 3 lists a few examples of the MIME Media Type for some object (resource) that are retrievable through the CDNI Metadata interface. +--------------+---------------------------------------+ | Data Object | MIME Media Type | +--------------+---------------------------------------+ | HostIndex | application/cdni.HostIndex.v1+json | | HostMatch | application/cdni.HostMatch.v1+json | | HostMetadata | application/cdni.HostMetadata.v1+json | | PathMatch | application/cdni.PathMatch.v1+json | | PathMetadata | application/cdni.PathMetadata.v1+json | | Source | application/cdni.Source.v1+json | | LocationACL | application/cdni.LocationACL.v1+json | | LocationRule | application/cdni.LocationRule.v1+json | +--------------+---------------------------------------+ Table 3: Example MIME Media Types for CDNI Metadata objects 6.4.2. JSON Encoding of Objects A CDNI Metadata object is encoded as a JSON object containing a dictionary of (key,value) pairs where the keys are the property names and the values are the associated property values. Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 32] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 The keys of the dictionary are the names of the properties associated with the object and are therefore dependent on the specific object being encoded (i.e., dependent on the MIME Media Type of the returned resource). Likewise, the values associated with each key are dependent on the specific object being encoded (i.e., dependent on the MIME Media Type of the returned resource). Dictionary keys in JSON are case sensitive. By convention any dictionary key defined by this document (for example the names of CDNI Metadata object properties) MUST be represented in lowercase. In addition to the properties specified for each object type, the keys defined below may be present in any object. Key: base Description: Provides a prefix for any relative URLs in the object. This is similar to the XML base tag [XML-BASE]. If absent, all URLs in the remainder of the response MUST be absolute URLs. Type: URI Mandatory: No Key: _links Description: The links from this object to other addressable objects. Any property whose value is an object may be replaced by a link to an object with the same type as the property it replaces. The keys of the _links dictionary are the names of the properties being replaced. The values of the dictionary are Link objects with href set to the URI of the object and type set to the MIME type of the object being replaced. Type: Dictionary object of Link objects Mandatory: Yes 6.4.2.1. Encoded CDNI Metadata Example A downstream CDN may request the HostIndex and receive the following object of type "application/cdni.HostIndex.v1+json": Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 33] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 { "hosts": [ { "host": "video.example.com", "_links": { "host-metadata" : { "type": "application/cdni.HostMetadata.v1+json", "href": "http://metadata.ucdn.example/host1234" } } }, { "host": "images.example.com", "_links": { "host-metadata" : { "type": "application/cdni.HostMetadata.v1+json", "href": "http://metadata.ucdn.example/host5678" } } } ] } If the incoming request has a Host header with "video.example.com" then the downstream CDN would fetch the next metadata object from "http://metadata.ucdn.example/host1234" expecting a MIME type of "application/cdni.HostMetadata.v1+json": { "metadata": [ { "generic-metadata-type": "application/cdni.SourceMetadata.v1+json", "generic-metadata-value": { "sources": [ { "_links": { "acquisition-auth": { "auth-type": "application/cdni.Auth.v1+json", "href": "http://metadata.ucdn.example/auth1234" } }, "endpoint": "acq1.ucdn.example", "protocol": "ftp" }, { "_links": { "acquisition-auth": { "auth-type": "application/cdni.Auth.v1+json", Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 34] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 "href": "http://metadata.ucdn.example/auth1234" } }, "endpoint": "acq2.ucdn.example", "protocol": "http" } ] } }, { "generic-metadata-type": "application/cdni.LocationACL.v1+json", "generic-metadata-value": { "locations": [ { "footprints": [ { "footprint-type": "IPv4CIDR", "footprint-value": "192.168.0.0/16" } ], "action": "deny" } ] } }, { "generic-metadata-type": "application/cdni.ProtocolACL.v1+json", "generic-metadata-value": { "protocol-acl": [ { "protocols": [ "ftp" ], "action": "deny" } ] } } ], "paths": [ { "path-pattern": { "pattern": "/video/trailers/*" }, "_links": { "path-metadata": { "type": "application/cdni.PathMetadata.v1+json", "href": "http://metadata.ucdn.example/host1234/pathABC" Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 35] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 } } }, { "path-pattern": { "pattern": "/video/movies/*" }, "_links": { "path-metadata": { "type": "application/cdni.PathMetadata.v1+json", "href": "http://metadata.ucdn.example/host1234/pathDCE" } } } ] } Suppose the path of the requested resource matches the "/video/ movies/*" pattern, the next metadata requested would be for "http://metadata.ucdn.example/host1234/pathDCE" with an expected type of "application/cdni.PathMetadata.v1+json": { "metadata": [], "paths": [ { "path-pattern": { "pattern": "/videos/movies/hd/*" }, "_links": { "pathmetadata": { "type": "application/cdni.PathMetadata.v1+json", "href": "http://metadata.ucdn.example/host1234/pathABC/path123" } } } ] } Finally, if the path of the requested resource also matches the "/videos/movies/hd/*" pattern, the downstream CDN would also fetch the following object from "http://metadata.ucdn.example/host1234/movies/hd" with MIME type "application/cdni.PathMetadata.v1+json": Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 36] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 { "metadata": [ { "generic-metadata-type": "application/cdni.TimeWindowACL.v1+json", "generic-metadata-value": { "times": [ "windows": [ { "start": "1213948800", "end": "1327393200" } ], "action": "allow" ] } } ] } 6.5. Extensibility The set of property Metadata may be extended with additional (standards based or vendor specific) property Metadata. The GenericMetadata object defined in Section 4.1.7 allows any Metadata property to be included in either the HostMetadata or PathMetadata lists. It is expected that additional property Metadata will be defined in the future and that the documents defining those property Metadata will be registered in the CDNI GenericMetadata Types registry Section 7.1. Note: Identification, within the type name defined for a property Metadata object, of the organization that defined the extension property Metadata decreases the possibility of property Metadata type collisions. 6.5.1. Metadata Enforcement At any given time, the set of GenericMetadata types supported by the uCDN may not match the set of GenericMetadata types supported by the dCDN. In the cases where a uCDN sends Metadata containing a GenericMetadata type that a dCDN does not support, the dCDN MUST enforce the semantics of the "mandatory-to-enforce" property. If a dCDN does not understand or is unable to perform the functions associated with any "mandatory-to-enforce" Metadata, the dCDN MUST NOT service any requests for the corresponding content. Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 37] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 Note: Ideally, uCDNs would not delegate content requests to a dCDN which does not support the "mandatory-to-enforce" Metadata associated with the content being requested. However, even if the uCDN has a priori knowledge of the Metadata supported by the dCDN (e.g., via the CDNI capabilities interface or through out-of-band negotiation between CDN operators) Metadata support may fluctuate or be inconsistent (e.g., due to mis-communication, mis-configuration, or temporary outage). Thus, the dCDN MUST always evaluate all Metadata associated with content requests and reject any requests where "mandatory-to-enforce" Metadata associated with the content cannot be enforced. 6.5.2. Metadata Conflicts It is possible that new Metadata definitions may obsolete or conflict with existing property Metadata (e.g., a future revision of the CDNI Metadata interface may redefine the Auth Metadata or a custom vendor extension may implement an alternate Auth Metadata option). If multiple Metadata (e.g., cdni.Auth.v2, vendor1.Auth, and vendor2.Auth) all conflict with an existing Metadata (e.g., cdni.Auth) and all are marked as "mandatory-to-enforce", it may be ambiguous which Metadata should be applied, especially if the functionality of the Metadata overlap. As described in Section 3.3, Metadata override only applies to Metadata objects of the same exact type, found in HostMetadata and nested PathMetadata structures. The CDNI Metadata interface does not support enforcement of dependencies between different Metadata types. It is the responsibility of the CSP and the CDN operators to ensure that Metadata assigned to a given content do not conflict. Note: Because Metadata is inherently ordered in GenericMetadata lists, as well as in the PathMetadata hierarchy and PathMatch lists, multiple conflicting Metadata types MAY be used, however, Metadata hierarchies MUST ensure that independent PathMatch root objects are used to prevent ambiguous or conflicting Metadata definitions. 6.6. Versioning The version of CDNI Metadata Structural objects is conveyed inside the MIME-Type that is included in the HTTP Content-Type header. Upon responding to a request for an object, a metadata server MUST include a Content-Type header with the MIME-type containing the version number of the object. HTTP requests sent to a metadata server SHOULD include an Accept header with the MIME-type (which includes the version) of the expected object. Metadata clients can specify multiple MIME-types in the Accept header, for example if a metadata client is capable of processing two different versions of the same Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 38] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 type of object (defined by different MIME-types) it may decide to include both in the Accept header. The version of each object defined by this document is version 1. For example: "Content-Type: application/cdni.HostIndex.v1+json". GenericMetadata objects include a "type" property which specifies the MIME-type of the GenericMetadata value. This MIME-type should also include a version. Any document which defines a new type of GenericMetadata MUST specify the version number which it describes. For example: "application/cdni.Location.v1+json". 7. IANA Considerations This document requests the registration of the following MIME Media Type under the IANA MIME Media Type registry (http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/index.html). application/cdni.HostIndex.v1 application/cdni.HostMetadata.v1 application/cdni.PathMatch.v1 application/cdni.PathMetadata.v1 application/cdni.PatternMatch.v1 application/cdni.GenericMetadata.v1 application/cdni.SourceMetadata.v1 application/cdni.Source.v1 application/cdni.LocationACL.v1 application/cdni.LocationRule.v1 application/cdni.Footprint.v1 application/cdni.TimeWindowACL.v1 application/cdni.TimeWindowRule.v1 application/cdni.TimeWindow.v1 application/cdni.ProtocolACL.v1 application/cdni.ProtocolRule.v1 Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 39] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 application/cdni.Authorization.v1 application/cdni.Auth.v1 application/cdni.CredentialsAuth.v1 application/cdni.Cache.v1 application/cdni.Grouping.v1 7.1. GenericMetadata Type Registry CDNI Metadata is distributed as a list of GenericMetadata objects which specify a type field and a type-specific value field, as described in Section 4.1.7. In order to prevent namespace collisions for GenericMetadata object types a new IANA registry is requested for the "CDNI GenericMetadata Types" namespace. The namespace shall be split into two partitions: standard and optional. The standard namespace partition is intended to contain mandatory-to- implement capabilities and conforms to the "IETF Review" policy as defined in [RFC5226]. The registry contains the generic metadata type name, the RFC number of the specification defining the metadata type, the version number of the GenericMetadata set to which the standard capability applies, and boolean values indicating whether or not the new type is considered "mandatory-to-enforce" or "safe-to- redistribute" (as defined in Section 4.1.7). The following table defines the initial values for the standard partition: +------------------------------+-------------+--------+------+------+ | Type name | Specificati | Versio | MTE | STR | | | on | n | | | +------------------------------+-------------+--------+------+------+ | application/cdni.SourceMetad | RFCthis | 1 | true | true | | ata.v1 | | | | | | application/cdni.LocationACL | RFCthis | 1 | true | true | | .v1 | | | | | | application/cdni.TimeWindowA | RFCthis | 1 | true | true | | CL.v1 | | | | | | application/cdni.ProtocolACL | RFCthis | 1 | true | true | | .v1 | | | | | | application/cdni.Auth.v1 | RFCthis | 1 | true | true | | application/cdni.Cache.v1 | RFCthis | 1 | true | true | | application/cdni.Grouping.v1 | RFCthis | 1 | true | true | +------------------------------+-------------+--------+------+------+ Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 40] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 The initial MI version number is set to 1. All of the initial GenericMetadata types are considered mandatory-to-implement for version 1. The version field should be incremented when new GenericMetadata type sets are added to the registry. The "optional" namespace partition conforms to the "Expert Review" policy as defined in [RFC5226]. The expert review is intended to prevent namespace hoarding and to prevent the definition of redundant GenericMetadata types. Vendors defining new GenericMetadata types which conflict with existing GenericMetadata types follow the guidelines for the "Specification Required" policy as defined in [RFC5226]. The Version field in the registry is set to "-1" (negative one) for non-standard GenericMetadata types. As with the initial GenericMetadata types defined in Section 4.2, future GenericMetadata type registrations will specify the information necessary for constructing and decoding the GenericMetadata object. This information includes the list of properties contained within the GenericMetadata object, and for each property, the specification should include a description, a type, and whether or not the given property is mandatory-to-specify. Any document which defines a new GenericMetadata has to: 1. Allocate a new type in the GenericMetadata Type Registry (Section 7). Generic Metadata types should be descriptive and may be hierarchnical to support aggregating groups of properties for the purpose of readability and for avoiding conflicts between vendor defined extensions. A dotted alpha-numeric notation is suggested for human readability. 2. Define the set of properties associated with the new type. 3. For each property, define a name, description, type, and whether or not the property is mandatory-to-specify. 4. Specify whether or not the new type is "mandatory-to-enforce" (vs optional-to-enforce). 5. Describe the semantics of the new type including its purpose and example of a use case to which it applies. 7.1.1. GenericMetadata Sub-Registries Some of the initial standard GenericMetadata objects contain enumerated types which require registration (i.e., LocationACL footprint types, ProtocolACL protocols, and Auth protocols). The Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 41] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 following sections define the initial values for these GenericMetadata type sub-registries. 7.1.1.1. Footprint Sub-Registry The IANA is requested to create a new "CDNI Metadata Footprint Types" sub-registry under the "CDNI GenericMetadata Types" registry. The "CDNI Metadata Footprint Types" namespace defines the valid Footprint object type values used by the Footprint object in Section 4.2.2.2. Additions to the Footprint type namespace conform to the "Expert Review" policy as defined in [RFC5226]. The expert review should verify that new type definitions do not duplicate existing type definitions and prevent gratuitous additions to the namespace. The following table defines the initial Footprint type values: +-------------+-------------------------------------+---------------+ | Type name | Description | Specification | +-------------+-------------------------------------+---------------+ | IPv4CIDR | IPv4 address block using slash | RFCthis | | | prefix length notation (e.g., | | | | 192.168.0.16/28). Single IP | | | | addresses can be expressed as /32. | | | IPv6CIDR | IPv6 address block using slash | RFCthis | | | prefix length notation (e.g., | | | | fc80::0010/124). Single IP | | | | addresses can be expressed as /128. | | | ASN | Autonomous System (AS) Number | RFCthis | | CountryCode | ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code | RFCthis | +-------------+-------------------------------------+---------------+ 7.1.1.2. Protocol Sub-Registry The IANA is requested to create a new "CDNI Metadata Protocols" sub- registry under the "CDNI GenericMetadata Types" registry. The "CDNI Metadata Protocols" namespace defines the valid Protocol object values in Section 4.3.2, used by the SourceMetadata and ProtocolACL objects. Additions to the Protocol namespace conform to the "Expert Review" policy as defined in [RFC5226]. The expert review should verify that new protocol definitions do not duplicate existing protocol definitions and prevent gratuitous additions to the namespace. The following table defines the initial Protocol values: Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 42] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 +----------+----------------+---------------------------------------+ | Protocol | Description | Specification | +----------+----------------+---------------------------------------+ | HTTP | Hypertext | RFC2616 | | | Transfer | | | | Protocol -- | | | | HTTP/1.1 | | | HTTPS | HTTP Over TLS | RFC2818 | | RTSP | Real Time | RFC2326 | | | Streaming | | | | Protocol | | | RTMP | Real-Time | http://www.adobe.com/devnet/rtmp.html | | | Messaging | | | | Protocol | | | FTP | FILE TRANSFER | RFC959 | | | PROTOCOL | | | SFTP | SSH File | N/A | | | Transfer | | | | Protocol | | | SCP | Secure Copy | N/A | | fasp | Aspera fast, | N/A | | | adaptive, | | | | secure | | | | protocol | | +----------+----------------+---------------------------------------+ 7.1.1.3. Authentication Type Sub-Registry The IANA is requested to create a new "CDNI Metadata Auth Types" sub- registry under the "CDNI GenericMetadata Types" registry. The "CDNI Metadata Auth Type" namespace defines the valid Auth object types used by the Auth object in Section 4.4. Additions to the Auth Type namespace conform to the "Expert Review" policy as defined in [RFC5226]. The expert review should verify that new type definitions do not duplicate existing type definitions and prevent gratuitous additions to the namespace. The following table defines the initial Auth type values: +----------------+----------------------------------+---------------+ | Type | Description | Specification | +----------------+----------------------------------+---------------+ | CredentialAuth | Simple username and password | RFCthis | | | authentication as defined by | | | | Section 4.4.1. | | +----------------+----------------------------------+---------------+ Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 43] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 8. Security Considerations An implementation of the CDNI Metadata interface MUST support TLS transport as per [RFC2818] for message confidentiality and mutual authentication. An implementation of the CDNI Metadata interface MUST support the TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 cipher suite ([RFC2818]). An implementation of the CDNI Metadata interface SHOULD prefer cipher suites which suppport perfect forward secrecy over cipher suites that do not. 8.1. Authentication Unauthorized access to metadata could result in denial of service. A malicious metadata server could provide metadata to a dCDN that denies service for one or more pieces of content to one or more user agents. A malicious metadata server could also provide metadata directing dCDNs to malicious origin servers instead of the actual origin servers. A malicious client could continuously issue large metadata requests to overload the uCDN metadata server. Unauthorized access to metadata could result in leakage of private information. A malicious metadata client could request metadata in order to gain access to origin servers, as well as information pertaining to content restrictions. An implementation of the CDNI Metadata interface SHOULD use mutual authentication to prevent unauthorized access to metadata. 8.2. Confidentiality Unauthorized viewing of metadata could result in leakage of private information. A third party could intercept metadata transactions in order to gain access to origin servers, as well as information pertaining to content restrictions. An implementation of the CDNI Metadata interface SHOULD use strong encryption to prevent unauthorized viewing of metadata. 8.3. Integrity Unauthorized modification of metadata could result in denial of service. A malicious proxy server could modify metadata destined to a dCDN in order to deny service for one or more pieces of content to one or more user agents. A malicious proxy server could also modify metadata directing dCDNs to malicious origin servers instead of the actual origin servers. Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 44] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 An implementation of the CDNI Metadata interface SHOULD use strong encryption and mutual authentication to prevent unauthorized modification of metadata. 8.4. Privacy Content provider origin and policy information is conveyed through the CDNI Metadata interface. The distribution of this information to another CDN introduces potential content provider privacy protection concerns. The use of TLS for transport of the CDNI Metadata as discussed above protects the confidentiality of content metadata by preventing any party other than the authorized dCDN from gaining access to content metadata. 9. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank David Ferguson and Francois Le Faucheur for their valuable comments and input to this document. 10. Contributing Authors [RFC Editor Note: Please move the contents of this section to the Authors' Addresses section prior to publication as an RFC.] Grant Watson Velocix (Alcatel-Lucent) 3 Ely Road Milton, Cambridge CB24 6AA UK Email: gwatson@velocix.com Kent Leung Cisco Systems 3625 Cisco Way San Jose, 95134 USA Email: kleung@cisco.com 11. References Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 45] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 11.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2617] Franks, J., Hallam-Baker, P., Hostetler, J., Lawrence, S., Leach, P., Luotonen, A., and L. Stewart, "HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication", RFC 2617, June 1999. [RFC2818] Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000. [RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture", RFC 4291, February 2006. [RFC5226] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226, May 2008. [RFC5952] Kawamura, S. and M. Kawashima, "A Recommendation for IPv6 Address Text Representation", RFC 5952, August 2010. 11.2. Informative References [I-D.ietf-cdni-framework] Peterson, L., Davie, B., and R. Brandenburg, "Framework for CDN Interconnection", draft-ietf-cdni-framework-14 (work in progress), June 2014. [I-D.ietf-cdni-redirection] Niven-Jenkins, B. and R. Brandenburg, "Request Routing Redirection Interface for CDN Interconnection", draft- ietf-cdni-redirection-04 (work in progress), October 2014. [I-D.ietf-cdni-requirements] Leung, K. and Y. Lee, "Content Distribution Network Interconnection (CDNI) Requirements", draft-ietf-cdni- requirements-17 (work in progress), January 2014. [RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986, January 2005. [RFC6707] Niven-Jenkins, B., Le Faucheur, F., and N. Bitar, "Content Distribution Network Interconnection (CDNI) Problem Statement", RFC 6707, September 2012. Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 46] Internet-Draft CDN Interconnection Metadata October 2014 [XML-BASE] Marsh, J., Ed. and R. Tobin, Ed., "XML Base (Second Edition) - http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlbase/", January 2009. Authors' Addresses Ben Niven-Jenkins Velocix (Alcatel-Lucent) 3 Ely Road Milton, Cambridge CB24 6AA UK Email: ben@velocix.com Rob Murray Velocix (Alcatel-Lucent) 3 Ely Road Milton, Cambridge CB24 6AA UK Email: rmurray@velocix.com Matt Caulfield Cisco Systems 1414 Massachusetts Avenue Boxborough, MA 01719 USA Phone: +1 978 936 9307 Email: mcaulfie@cisco.com Kevin J. Ma Ericsson 43 Nagog Park Acton, MA 01720 USA Phone: +1 978-844-5100 Email: kevin.j.ma@ericsson.com Niven-Jenkins, et al. Expires April 30, 2015 [Page 47]