Network Working Group
Internet Draft
Expires: April 2007
S. Poretsky
Reef Point Systems
R. Papneja
Isocore
J. Karthik
Cisco Systems
October 2006
Benchmarking Terminology for Protection Performance
<draft-ietf-bmwg-protection-term-00.txt >
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Protection Performance
Abstract
This document provides common terminology and metrics for
benchmarking the performance of sub-IP layer protection
mechanisms. The performance benchmarks are measured at the
IP-Layer, so avoid dependence on specific sub-IP protections
mechanisms. The benchmarks and terminology can be applied in
methodology documents for different sub-IP layer protection
mechanisms such as Automatic Protection Switching (APS),
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP), and Multi-Protocol
Label Switching Fast Reroute (MPLS-FRR).
Table of Contents
1. Introduction..............................................3
2. Existing definitions......................................4
3. Test Considerations.......................................5
3.1. Path.................................................6
3.1.1. Path............................................6
3.1.2. Tunnel..........................................7
3.1.3. Working Path....................................7
3.1.4. Primary Path....................................8
3.1.5. Protected Primary Path..........................8
3.1.6. Backup Path.....................................9
3.1.7. Standby Backup Path.............................9
3.1.8. Dynamic Backup Path.............................10
3.1.9. Disjoint Paths..................................10
3.1.10. Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG)..................11
3.2. Protection...........................................11
3.2.1. Protection Switching System.....................11
3.2.2. Link Protection.................................12
3.2.3. Node Protection.................................12
3.2.4. Path Protection.................................13
3.2.5. Backup Span.....................................13
3.3. Failure..............................................14
3.3.1. Failure Detection...............................14
3.3.2. Failover Event..................................14
3.3.3. Failover........................................15
3.3.4. Restoration (Failover recovery).................16
3.3.5. Reversion.......................................16
3.4. Nodes................................................17
3.4.1. Protection-Switching Node.......................17
3.4.2. Non-Protection Switching Node...................17
3.4.3. Failover Node...................................18
3.4.4. Merge Node......................................19
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3.4.5. Point of Local repair (PLR).....................19
3.4.6. Head-end Failover Node..........................20
3.5. Metrics..............................................20
3.5.1. Failover Packet Loss............................20
3.5.2. Reversion Packet Loss...........................21
3.5.3. Primary Path Latency............................22
3.5.4. Backup Path Latency.............................22
3.5.5. Metrics.........................................22
3.6. Benchmarks...........................................20
3.6.1. Failover Time...................................20
3.6.2. Additive Backup Latency.........................21
3.6.3. Reversion Time..................................21
4. Acknowledgments...........................................22
5. IANA Considerations.......................................22
6. Security Considerations...................................22
7. References................................................23
7.1. Normative References.................................23
7.2. Informative References...............................24
8. Author's Address..........................................24
1. Introduction
The IP network layer provides route convergence to protect data
traffic against planned and unplanned failures in the internet.
Fast convergence times are critical to maintain reliable network
connectivity and performance. Technologies that function at sub-IP
layers can be enabled to provide further protection of IP
traffic by providing the failure recovery at the sub-IP layers so
that the outage is not observed at the IP-layer. Such technologies
include High Availability (HA) stateful failover. Virtual Router
Redundancy Protocol (VRRP), Automatic Link Protection (APS) for
SONET/SDH, Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) for Ethernet, and Fast
Reroute for Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS).
Benchmarking terminology and methodology have been defined for
IP-layer route convergence [7,8,9]. New terminology and
methodologies specific to benchmarking sub-IP layer protection
mechanisms are required. This will enable different implementations
of the same protection mechanisms to be benchmarked and evaluated.
In addition, different protection mechanisms can be benchmarked and
evaluated. The metrics for benchmarking the performance of sub-IP
protection mechanisms are measured at the IP layer, so that the
results are always measured in reference to IP and independent of
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the specific protection mechanism being used. The purpose of this
document is to provide a single terminology for benchmarking sub-IP
protection mechanisms. It is intended that there can exist unique
methodology documents for each sub-IP protection mechanism.
Figure 1 shows the fundamental model that is to be used in
benchmarking sub-IP protection mechanisms. Protection Switching
consists of a minimum of two Protection-Switching Nodes with a
Primary Path and a Backup Path. A Failover Event occurs along the
Primary Path. A tester is set outside the two nodes as it sends
and receives IP traffic along the Working Path. The Working Path
is the Primary Path prior to the Failover Event and the Backup Path
following the Failover Event. If Reversion is supported then the
+-----------+
+--------------------| Tester |<-------------------+
| +-----------+ |
| IP Traffic | Failover IP Traffic |
| | Event |
| Primary | |
| +--------+ Path v +--------+ |
| | |------------------------>| | |
+--->| Node 1 | | Node 2 |----+
| |- - - - - - - - - - - - >| |
+--------+ Backup Path +--------+
| |
| IP-Layer Forwarding |
+-------------------------------------------+
Figure 1. System Under Test (SUT) for Sub-IP Protection Mechanisms
Working Path is the Primary Path after Failure Recovery. The
tester MUST record the IP packet sequence numbers, departure time,
and arrival time so that the metrics of Failover Time, Additive
Latency, and Reversion Time can be measured. The Tester may be a
single device or a test system.
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2. Existing definitions
This document draws on existing terminology defined in other BMWG
work. Examples include, but are not limited to:
Latency [RFC 1242, section 3.8]
Frame Loss Rate [RFC 1242, section 3.6]
Throughput [RFC 1242, section 3.17]
Device Under Test (DUT) [RFC 2285, section 3.1.1]
System Under Test (SUT) [RFC 2285, section 3.1.2]
Out-of-order Packet [Ref.[4], section 3.3.2]
Duplicate Packet [Ref.[4], section 3.3.3]
This document adopts the definition format in Section 2 of RFC 1242.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119.
RFC 2119 defines the use of these key words to help make the
intent of standards track documents as clear as possible. While this
document uses these keywords, this document is not a standards track
document.
3. Test Considerations
3.1. Path
3.1.1 Path
Definition:
A sequence of nodes, <R1, ..., Rn>, with the following
properties:
- R1 is the ingress node and forwards IP packets, which input
into DUT/SUT, to R2 as sub-IP frames.
- Ri is a node which forwards data frames to R[i+1] for all i,
1<i<n, based on information in the sub-IP layer.
- Rn is the egress node and it outputs sub-IP frames from
DUT/SUT as IP packets.
Discussion:
The path is defined in the sub-IP layer in this document, unlike
an IP path in RFC 2026. For example, the SONET/SDH path, the
label switched path for MPLS, and optical path. One path may be
regarded as being equivalent to one IP link between two IP
nodes, i.e., R1 and Rn. The two IP nodes may have multiple
paths for protection. A packet will travel on only one path
between the nodes. Packets belonging to a micro flow (RFC 2474)
will transverse one or more paths. The path is unidirectional.
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Measurement units:
n/a
Issues:
"A bidirectional path", which transmits traffic in both
directions along the same nodes, consists of two unidirectional
paths. Therefore, the two unidirectional paths belonging to
"one bidirectional path" will be treated independently when
benchmarking for "a bidirectional path".
See Also:
This section discusses the fundamentals of MPLS Protection testing:
-The types of network events that causes failover
-Indications for failover
-the use of data traffic
-Traffic generation
-LSP Scaling
-Reversion of LSP
-IGP Selection
3.1. Path
3.1.1. Path
Definition:
A sequence of nodes, <R1, ..., Rn>, with the following
properties:
- R1 is the ingress node and forwards IP packets, which input
into DUT/SUT, to R2 as sub-IP frames.
- Ri is a node which forwards data frames to R[i+1] for all i,
1<i<n, based on information in the sub-IP layer.
- Rn is the egress node and it outputs sub-IP frames from
DUT/SUT as IP packets.
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Discussion:
The path is defined in the sub-IP layer in this document, unlike
an IP path in RFC 2026. For example, the SONET/SDH path, the
label switched path for MPLS, and optical path. One path may be
regarded as being equivalent to one IP link between two IP
nodes, i.e., R1 and Rn. The two IP nodes may have multiple
paths for protection. A packet will travel on only one path
between the nodes. Packets belonging to a microflow (RFC 2474)
will transverse one or more paths. The path is unidirectional.
Measurement units:
n/a
3.1.2. Tunnel
Definition:
Tunnel is a collection of related Paths.
Discussion:
A tunnel is used to carry a specific flow of traffic which is
generally large aggregation of microflows, but may be any flow
defined by a classifier at the ingress. A Tunnel may include two
primary paths during the MPLS make-before-break reroute.
Measurement units:
n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Path
Primary Path
Backup Path
3.1.3. Working Path
Definition:
The path that the DUT/SUT is currently using to forward packets.
Discussion:
A Primary Path is a Working Path before occurrence of a
Failover Event. A Backup Path becomes the Working Path
after a Failover Event.
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Measurement units:
n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Path
Primary Path
Backup Path
3.1.4. Primary Path
Definition:
The preferred path for forwarding traffic between two or more
nodes.
Discussion:
Measurement units:
n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Path
3.1.5. Protected Primary Path
Definition:
The Primary Path that is protected with a Backup Path.
Discussion:
Measurement units:
n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Path
Primary Path
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3.1.6. Backup Path
Definition:
A path that exists to carry data traffic only if a Failover
Event occurs.
Discussion:
The Backup Path is the Working Path upon a Failover Event.
There are various types of Backup Paths: a dedicated recovery
path (1+1), which has 100% redundancy for a specific ordinary
path, a shared Backup Path (1:N), which is dedicated to the
protection for more than one specific Primary Path, and an
associated shared Backup Path (M:N) for which a specific set
of Backup Paths protects a specific set of more than one
Primary Path. Backup path is always computed before the failover
event. A new path computed after the failover event is simply
reroute of the primary path. A backup may be signaled or
unsignalled.
Measurement units:
n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Path
Working Path
Primary Path
3.1.7. Standby Backup Path
Definition:
A Backup Path that is established prior to a Failover Event
to protect a Primary Path.
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Discussion:
Measurement units:
n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Path
Working Path
Primary Path
Failover Event
3.1.8. Dynamic Backup Path
Definition:
A Backup Path that is established upon occurrence of a
Failover Event.
Discussion:
Measurement units:
n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Path
Working Path
Primary Path
Failover Event
3.1.9. Disjoint Paths
Definition:
A pair of paths are considered disjoint if they do not share a
common link.
Discussions:
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Paths that protect a segment of a path may merge beyond the segment
being protected and are considered disjoint if they do not use a
link from the set of links in the protected segment. A path is node
disjoint if it does not share a common node other than the ingress
and egress.
Measurement units:
n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Path
Primary Path
SRLG
3.1.10. Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG)
Definition:
SRLG is a set of links which are likely to fail concurrently due to
sharing a physical resource.
Discussion:
SRLG are considered the set of links to be avoided when the
primary and secondary paths are considered disjoint.
Measurement units:
n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Path
Primary Path
Disjoint Path
3.2. Protection
3.2.1. Protection Switching System
Definition:
A SUT that is capable of Failover from a Primary to a Backup
Path.
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Discussion:
The Protection Switching System MUST have a Primary Path and a
Backup Path. The Backup Path MAY be a Standby Backup Path or
a dynamic Backup Path. The Protection Switching System includes
the mechanisms for both Failure Detection and Failover.
Measurement units:
Issues:
See Also:
Primary Path
Backup Path
Failure Detection
Failover
3.2.2. Link Protection
Definition:
A Backup Path that provides protection for link failure.
Discussion:
Link Protection may or may not protect the entire Primary Path.
Measurement units: n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Primary Path
Backup Path
3.2.3. Node Protection
Definition:
A Backup Path that provides protection for failure of a single
node and its directly connected links.
Discussion:
Node Protection may or may not protect the entire Primary Path.
Node Protection also provides Link Protection.
Measurement units: n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Primary Path
Backup Path
Link Protection
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3.2.4. Path Protection
Definition:
A Backup Path that provides protection for the entire Primary
Path.
Discussion:
Path Protection provides Node Protection and Link Protection for
every node and link along the Primary Path. A Backup Path
providing Path Protection MUST have the same ingress node as the
Primary Path.
Measurement units:
n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Primary Path
Backup Path
Node Protection
Link protection
3.2.5. Backup Span
Definition:
The number of nodes in the Primary Path that are protected by a
Backup Path.
Discussion:
Measurement units:
number of nodes
Issues:
See Also:
Primary Path
Backup Path
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3.3. Failure
3.3.1. Failure Detection
Definition:
To identify a Primary Path failure at a sub-IP layer.
Discussion:
Failure Detection occurs at the ingress node of the Primary
Path. Failure Detection occurs via a sub-IP mechanism such
as detection of a link down event or timeout for receipt
of a control packet. A failure may be completely isolated. A
failure may affect a set of links which share a single SRLG (e.g.
port with many sub-interfaces). A failure may affect multiple
links that are not part of SRLG.
Measurement units:
n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Primary Path
3.3.2. Failover Event
Definition:
The occurrence of a planned or unplanned action in the network
that results in a change in the Path that data traffic traverses.
Discussion:
Failover Events include, but are not limited to, link failure
and router failure. Routing changes are considered Convergence
Events [7] and are not Failover Events. This restricts
Failover Events to sub-IP layers. Failover may be at the PLR or at
the ingress. If the failover is at the ingress it is generally on a
disjoint path from the ingress to egress.
Measurement units:
n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Path
Failure Detection
Disjoint Path
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3.3.3. Failover
Definition:
To switch data traffic from the Primary Path to the Backup Path
upon a Failover Event.
Discussion:
Failover to a Backup Path provides Link Protection, Node Protection,
or Path Protection. Failover is complete when Lost Packets,
Out-of-Order Packets, and Duplicate Packets are no longer observed.
Measurement units:
n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Primary Path
Backup Path
Failover Event
3.3.4. Restoration
Definition:
The act of Failover Recovery in which the Primary Path is
restored following a Failover Event.
Discussion:
Failure Recovery MUST occur when the Backup Path is the
Working Path. The Backup Path is maintained as the
Working Path during Failure Recovery. This implies that the
service is either restored fully or partially. Usually, FRR
restoration can cause congestion, but primary paths rerouting
avoid restoration. An unavoidable problem in any restoration is
the discontinuity in end to end delay when the primary and
backup path delays differ significantly. If the backup path has
a shorter delay out of order delivery may occur if restoration
is fast. If the backup path is longer then a sudden
increase in delay will occur which can affect real time
applications which use playback buffers to remove limited
jitter.
Measurement units:
Issues:
See Also:
Primary Path
Failover Event
Failure Recovery
Working Path
Backup Path
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3.3.5. Reversion
Definition:
The act of restoring the Primary Path as the Working Path.
Discussion:
Protection Switching Systems may or may not support Reversion.
Reversion, if supported, MUST occur after Failure Recovery.
Measurement units:
n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Protection Switching System
Working Path
Primary Path
3.4. Nodes
3.4.1. Protection-Switching Node
Definition:
A node that is capable to participate in a Protection Switching
System.
Discussion:
The Protection Switching Node MAY be an ingress or egress for
a Primary Path or Backup Path.
Measurement units:
n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Protection Switching System
Primary Path
Backup Path
3.4.2. Non-Protection Switching Node
Definition:
A node that not capable of participating in a Protection
Switching System, however it MAY exist along the Primary
Path or Backup Path.
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Discussion:
Measurement units:
n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Protection Switching System
Primary Path
Backup Path
3.4.3. Failover Node
Definition:
A node along the Primary Path that is capable of Failover.
Discussion:
The Failover Node can be any node along the Primary Path
except the egress node of the Primary Path. There can be
multiple Failover Nodes along a Primary Path. The Failover
Node MUST be the ingress to the Backup Path. The Failover
Node MAY also be the ingress of the Primary Path.
Measurement units:
n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Primary Path
Backup Path
Failover
3.4.4. Merge Node
Definition:
A node along the Primary Path that is also the egress node
of the Backup Path.
Discussion:
The Merge Node can be any node along the Primary Path
except the ingress node of the Primary Path. There can be
multiple Merge Nodes along a Primary Path. A Merge Node
can be the egress node for a single or multiple Backup
Paths. The Merge Node MUST be the egress to the Backup
Path. The Merge Node MAY also be the egress of the
Primary Path or point of local repair (PLR).
Measurement units:
n/a
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Issues:
See Also:
Primary Path
Backup Path
PLR
Failover
3.4.5. Point of Local repair (PLR)
Definition:
The head-end LSR of a backup tunnel or a detour LSP.
Discussion:
Based on the functionality of the PLR, its role is defined based
on the type of method used. If it is one-to-one backup method,
the PLR is responsible for computing a separate backup LSP,
called a detour LSP for each LSP that PLR is protecting. And in
case if facility backup method is used, the PLR creates a single
bypass tunnel that can be used to protect multiple LSPs.
Measurement units: n/a
Issues:
See Also:
Primary Path
Backup Path
Failover
3.4.6. Head-end Failover Node
Definition:
A node that is ingress to the Primary Path that is capable of
Failover.
Discussion:
Based on the functionality of the Head-end, its role is defined to
be as the ingress of the signaled LSP. It could also occur, that
this node happens to be a PLR. In this scenario the term head-end
failover node is defined.
Measurement units: n/a
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Issues:
See Also:
Primary Path
Backup Path
Failover
3.5. Metrics
3.5.1. Failover Packet Loss
Definition:
The amount of packet loss produced by a Failover Event
until Failover completes.
Discussion:
Packet loss can be observed as a reduction of forwarded traffic
from the maximum forwarding rate. Failover Packet Loss includes
packets that were lost and packets that were delayed due to
buffering. Failover Packet Loss MAY reach 100% of the offered
load.
Measurement units: Number of Packets
Issues:
See Also:
Failover Event
Failover
3.5.2. Reversion Packet Loss
Definition:
The amount of packet loss produced by Reversion.
Discussion:
Packet loss can be observed as a reduction of forwarded traffic
from the maximum forwarding rate. Reversion Packet Loss includes
packets that were lost and packets that were delayed due to
buffering. Reversion Packet Loss MAY reach 100% of the offered
load.
Measurement units: Number of Packets
Issues:
See Also:
Reversion
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3.5.3. Primary Path Latency
Definition:
Latency [2] measured along the Primary Path.
Discussion:
Measurement units:
seconds
Issues:
See Also:
Primary Path
3.5.4. Backup Path Latency
Definition:
Latency [2] measured along the Backup Path.
Discussion:
Measurement units:
seconds
Issues:
See Also:
Backup Path
3.6. Benchmarks
3.6.1. Failover Time
Definition:
The amount of time it takes for Failover to complete so that
the Backup Path is the Working Path.
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Discussion:
Failover Time can be calculated from Failover Packet Loss
that occurs due to a Failover Event and Failover as shown
below in Equation 1:
(eq 1) Failover Time =
Failover Packets Loss / Offered Load
NOTE: Units for this measurement are
packets / packets/second = seconds
Failover Time includes failure detection time and time for
data traffic to begin traversing the Backup Path.
Measurement units:
Seconds
Issues:
See Also:
Failover
Failover Packet loss
Working Path
Backup Path
3.6.2. Additive Backup Latency
Definition:
The amount of increased latency resulting from data traffic
traversing the Backup Path instead of the Primary Path.
Discussion:
Additive Backup Latency is calculated using Equation 2 as
shown below:
(eq 2) Additive Backup Latency =
Backup Path Latency - Primary Path Latency.
Measurement units:
Seconds
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Issues:
Additive Backup Latency MAY be a negative result. This is
theoretically possible, but could be indicative of a
sub-optimum network configuration .
See Also:
Primary Path
Backup Path
Primary Path Latency
Backup Path Latency
3.6.3. Reversion Time
Definition:
The amount of time it takes for Reversion to complete so
that the Primary Path is restored as the Working Path.
Discussion:
Reversion Time can be calculated from Reversion Packet
Loss that occurs due to a Failure Recovery as shown
below in Equation 3:
(eq 3) Reversion Time =
Reversion Packets Loss / Offered Load
NOTE: Units for this measurement are
packets / packets/second = seconds
Reversion Time starts upon completion of Failure Recovery
and includes the time for data traffic to begin traversing
the Primary Path.
Measurement units:
Seconds
Issues:
See Also:
Reversion
Primary Path
Working Path
Reversion Packet Loss
Failure Recovery
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4. Acknowledgements
We would like thank Curtis Villamizar for providing input to the
existing definitions, and proposing text for the new definitions on
the BMWG mailing list.
5. IANA Considerations
This document requires no IANA considerations.
6. Security Considerations
This document only addresses terminology for the performance
benchmarking of protection systems, and the information contained in
this document has no effect on the security of the Internet.
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[1] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3",
RFC 2026, October 1996.
[2] Bradner, S., Editor, "Benchmarking Terminology for
Network Interconnection Devices", RFC 1242, July 1991.
[3] Mandeville, R., "Benchmarking Terminology for LAN
Switching Devices", RFC 2285, February 1998.
[4] Perser, J., et al., "Terminology for Benchmarking Network-layer
Traffic Control Mechanisms", Internet Draft, Work in Progress,
draft-ietf-bmwg-dsmterm-13.txt, July 2006.
[5] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", RFC 2119, March 1997.
[6] Paxson, V., et al., "Framework for IP Performance Metrics",
RFC 2026, May 1998.
[7] Poretsky, S., Imhoff, B., "Benchmarking Terminology for IGP
Convergence", draft-ietf-bmwg-igp-dataplane-conv-term-09, work
in progress, January 2006.
[8] P. Pan., et al., "Fast Reroute Extensions to RSVP-TE for LSP
Tunnels", RFC 4090, May 2005.
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Protection Performance
7.2. Informative References
None.
8. Author's Address
Scott Poretsky
Reef Point Systems
8 New England Executive Park
Burlington, MA 01803
USA
Phone: + 1 508 439 9008
EMail: sporetsky@reefpoint.com
Rajiv Papneja
Isocore
12359 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 22102
USA
Phone: 1 703 860 9273
Email: rpapneja@isocore.com
Jay Karthik
Cisco Systems
300 Beaver Brook Road
Boxborough, MA 01719
USA
Phone: +1 978 936 0533
Email: jkarthik@cisco.com
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Protection Performance
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