6tisch Working Group M. Richardson Internet-Draft Sandelman Software Works Intended status: Informational February 25, 2017 Expires: August 29, 2017 6tisch Secure Join protocol draft-ietf-6tisch-dtsecurity-secure-join-01 Abstract This document describes a zero-touch mechanism to enroll a new device (the "pledge") into a IEEE802.15.4 TSCH network using the 6tisch signaling mechanisms. The resulting device will obtain a domain specific credential that can be used with either 802.15.9 per-host pair keying protocols, or to obtain the network-wide key from a coordinator. The mechanism describe her is an augmentation to the one-touch mechanism described in [I-D.ietf-6tisch-minimal-security]. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on August 29, 2017. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of Richardson Expires August 29, 2017 [Page 1] Internet-Draft 6tisch-secure-join February 2017 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2. Credentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.1. One-Touch Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.2. Factory provided credentials (if any) . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.3. Credentials to be introduced . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3. Network Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3.1. Security above and below IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3.2. Join network assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3.3. Number and cost of round trips . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3.4. Size of packets, number of fragments . . . . . . . . 7 1.4. Target end-state for join process . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2. Join Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1. Key Agreement process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2. Provisional Enrollment process . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3. Key Distribution Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3. YANG model for BRSKI objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.1. Description of Pledge States in Join Process . . . . . . 10 4. Definition of managed objects for zero-touch bootstrap . . . 10 5. Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.1. Privacy Considerations for Production network . . . . . . 11 5.2. Privacy Considerations for New Pledges . . . . . . . . . 11 5.2.1. EUI-64 derived address for join time IID . . . . . . 12 5.3. Privacy Considerations for Join Assistant . . . . . . . . 12 6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8. Protocol Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 9. Acknwoledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 10.3. URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Appendix A. appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1. Introduction Enrollment of new nodes into LLNs present unique challenges. The constrained nodes has no user interfaces, and even if they did, configuring thousands of such nodes manually is undesireable from a human resources issue, as well as the difficulty in getting consistent results. Richardson Expires August 29, 2017 [Page 2] Internet-Draft 6tisch-secure-join February 2017 This document is about a standard way to introduce new nodes into a 6tisch network that does not involve any direct manipulation of the nodes themselves. This act has been called "zero-touch" provisioning, and it does not occur by chance, but requires coordination between the manufacturer of the node, the service operator running the LLN, and the installers actually taking the devices out of the shipping boxes. The act of doing "one-touch" provisioning, where a node undergoes a site-specific indoctrination process is described in [I-D.ietf-6tisch-minimal-security]. The mechanism described here and in [I-D.ietf-6tisch-minimal-security] can be discovered by a new node in a running network, so a device which has received a network-specific "one-touch" setup, but which is located in another network, and is capable of "zero-touch" operation could discovery this fact and operate in other mode. Many of the components of the zero-touch mechanisms described here are in common with [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra] and [I-D.ietf-netconf-zerotouch]. The on-the-wire pledge to join registrar protocols are different in this protocol from those described in ANIMA, but conceptually operate identically. The vouchers are identical. It is expected that the back-end network operator infrastructure would be able to bootstrap ANIMA-type devices over ethernet, while also being able bootstrap 6tisch devices over 802.15.4 with few changes. 1.1. Terminology In this document, the key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 [RFC2119] and indicate requirement levels for compliant STuPiD implementations. The reader is expected to be familiar with the terms and concepts defined in [I-D.ietf-6tisch-terminology], [RFC7252], [I-D.ietf-core-object-security], and [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra]. The following terms are imported: drop ship, imprint, enrollment, pledge, join proxy, ownership voucher, join registrar/coordinator. The following terms are repeated here for readability, but this document is not authoritative for their definition: Richardson Expires August 29, 2017 [Page 3] Internet-Draft 6tisch-secure-join February 2017 pledge the prospective device, which has the identity provided to at the factory. Neither the device nor the network knows if the device yet knows if this device belongs with this network. Joined Node the prospective device, after having completing the join process, often just called a Node. Join Proxy (JP): a stateless relay that provides connectivity between the pledge and the join registrar/coordinator. Join Registrar/Coordinator (JRC): central entity responsible for authentication and authorization of joining nodes. Audit Token A signed token from the manufacturer authorized signing authority indicating that the bootstrapping event has been successfully logged. This has been referred to as an "authorization token" indicating that it authorizes bootstrapping to proceed. Ownership Voucher A signed voucher from the vendor vouching that a specific domain "owns" the new entity as defined in [I-D.ietf-netconf-zerotouch]. MIC manufacturer installed certificate. An [ieee802-1AR] identity. 1.2. Credentials In the zero-touch scenario, every device expected to be drop shipped would have an [ieee802-1AR] manufacturer installed certificate (MIC). The private key part of the certificate would either be generated in the device, or installed securely (and privately) as part of the manufacturing process. [cullenCiscoPhoneDeploy] provides an example of process which has been active for a good part of a decade. The MIC would be signed by the manufacturer's CA, the public key component of that would be included in the firmware. 1.2.1. One-Touch Assumptions This document interacts with the one-touch solution described in [I-D.ietf-6tisch-minimal-security]. 1.2.2. Factory provided credentials (if any) When a manufacturer installed certificate is provided as the IDevID, it SHOULD contain a number of fields. [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra] provides a detailed set of requirements. Richardson Expires August 29, 2017 [Page 4] Internet-Draft 6tisch-secure-join February 2017 A manufacturer unique serial number MUST be provided in the serialNumber SubjectAltName extension, and MAY be repeated in the Common Name. There are no sequential or numeric requirements on the serialNumber, it may be any unique value that the manufacturer wants to use. The serialNumber SHOULD be printed on the packaging and/or on the device in a discrete way so that failures can be physically traced to the relevant device. 1.2.3. Credentials to be introduced The goal of the bootstrap process is to introduce one or more new locally relevant credentials: 1. a certificate signed by a local certificate authority/registrar. This is the LDevID of [ieee802-1AR]. 2. alternatively, a network-wide key to be used to secure L2 traffic. 3. alternatively, a network-wide key to be used to authenticate per- peer keying of L2 traffic using a mechanism such as provided by [ieee802159]. 1.3. Network Assumptions This document is about enrollment of constrained devices [RFC7228] to a constrained network. Constrained networks is such as [ieee802154], and in particular the time-slotted, channel hopping (tsch) mode, feature low bandwidths, and limited opportunities to transmit. A key feature of these networks is that receivers are only listening at certain times. 1.3.1. Security above and below IP 802.15.4 networks have three kinds of layer-2 security: o a network key that is shared with all nodes and is used for unicast and multicast. The key may be used for privacy, and it may be used in some cases for authentication only (in the case of enhanced beacons). o a series of network keys that are shared (agreed to) between pairs of nodes (the per-peer key) o a network key that is shared with all nodes (through a group key management system), and is used for multicast traffic only, while a per-pair key is used for unicast traffic Richardson Expires August 29, 2017 [Page 5] Internet-Draft 6tisch-secure-join February 2017 Setting up the credentials to bootstrap one of these kinds of security, (or directly configuring the key itself for the first case) is required. This is the security below the IP layer. Security is required above the IP layer: there are three aspects which the credentials in the previous section are to be used. o to provide for secure connection with a Path Computation Element [RFC4655], or other LLC (see ({RFC7554}} section 3). o to initiate a connection between a Resource Server (RS) and an application layer Authorization Server (AS and CAS from [I-D.ietf-ace-actors]). 1.3.1.1. Perfect Forward Secrecy Perfert Forward Secrecy (PFS) is the property of a protocol such that complete knowledge of the crypto state (for instance, via a memory dump) at time X does not imply that data from a disjoint time Y can also be recovered. ([PFS]). PFS is important for two reasons: one is that it offers protection against the compromise of a node. It does this by changing the keys in a non-deterministic way. This second property also makes it much easier to remove a node from the network, as any node which has not participated in the key changing process will find itself no longer connected. 1.3.2. Join network assumptions The network which the new pledge will connect to will have to have the following properties: o a known PANID. The PANID 0xXXXX where XXXX is the assigned RFC# for this document is suggested. o a minimal schedule with some Aloha time. This is usually in the same slotframe as the Enhanced Beacon, but a pledge MUST listen for an unencrypted Enhanced Beacon to so that it can synchronize. 1.3.3. Number and cost of round trips TBD. Richardson Expires August 29, 2017 [Page 6] Internet-Draft 6tisch-secure-join February 2017 1.3.4. Size of packets, number of fragments 1.4. Target end-state for join process At the end of the zero-touch join process there will be a symmetric key protected channel between the Join Registrar/Coordinator and the pledge, now known as a Joined Node. This channel may be rekeyed via new exchange of asymmetric exponents (ECDH for instance), authenticated using the domain specific credentials created during the join process. This channel is in the form of an OSCOAP protected connection with [I-D.ietf-core-comi] encoded objects. This document includes definition of a [I-D.ietf-netconf-keystore] compatible objects for encoding of the relevant [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra] objects. 2. Join Protocol The pledge join protocol state machine is described in [I-D.ietf-6tisch-minimal-security], in section XYZ. The pledge recognizes that it is in zero-touch configuration by the following situation: o no PSK has been configured for the network in which it has joined. o the pledge has no locally defined certificate (no LDevID), only an IDevID. o the network asserts an identity that the pledge does not recognize. All of these conditions MUST be true. If any of these are not true, then the pledge has either been connected to the wrong network, or it has already been bootstrapped into a different network, and it should wait until it finds that network. The zero-touch process consists of three stages: 1. the key agreement process 2. the provisional enrollment process 3. the key distribution process Richardson Expires August 29, 2017 [Page 7] Internet-Draft 6tisch-secure-join February 2017 2.1. Key Agreement process The key agreement process is identical to [I-D.ietf-6tisch-minimal-security]. The process uses EDHOC with certificates. The pledge will have to trust the JRC provisionally, as described in [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra], section 3.1.2, and in section 4.1.1 of [RFC7030]. The JRC will be able to validate the IDevID of the pledge using the manufacturer's CA. The pledge may not know if it is in a zero-touch or one-touch situation: the pledge may be able to verify the JRC based upon trust anchors that were installed at manufacturing time. In that case, the pledge runs the simplified one-touch process. The pledge signals in the EDHOC message_2 if it has accepted the JRC certificate. The JRC will in general, not trust the pledge with the network keys until it has provided the pledge with a voucher. The pledge will notice the absence of the provisioning keys. XXX - there could be some disconnect here. May need additional signals here. 2.2. Provisional Enrollment process When the pledge determines that it can not verify the certificate of the JRC using built-in trust anchors, then it enters a provisional state. In this state, it keeps the channel created by EDHOC open. A new EDHOC key derivation is done by the JRC and pledge using a new label, "6tisch-provisional". The pledge runs as a passive CoMI server, leaving the JRC to drive the enrollment process. The JRC can interrogate the pledge in a variety of fashions as shown below: the process terminates when the JRC provides the pledge with an ownership voucher and the pledge leaves the provisional state. A typical interaction involves the following requests: Richardson Expires August 29, 2017 [Page 8] Internet-Draft 6tisch-secure-join February 2017 +-----------+ +----------+ +-----------+ +----------+ | | | | | Circuit | | New | | Vendor | | Registrar| | Proxy | | Entity | | (MASA) | | | | | | | ++----------+ +--+-------+ +-----------+ +----------+ | | GET request voucher | | |--------------------------------> | <----------voucher-token---------| |/requestvoucher| | <---------------+ | +---------------> | |/requestlog | | <---------------+ | +---------------> | | | POST voucher | | |--------------------------------> | <------------2.05 OK ------------+ | | | | | POST csr attributes | | |--------------------------------> | <------------2.05 OK ------------+ | | | | | GET cert request | | |--------------------------------> | ???? <------------2.05 OK ------------+ |<--------------| CSR | |-------------->| | | | POST certificate | | |--------------------------------> | <------------2.05 OK ------------+ | | | 2.3. Key Distribution Process The key distribution process utilizes the protocol described [I-D.richardson-6tisch-minimal-rekey]. The process starts with the initial key, rather than an actual rekey. This protocol remains active for subsequent rekey operations. 3. YANG model for BRSKI objects module ietf-6tisch-brski { yang-version 1.1; namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:6tisch-brski"; prefix "ietf6brski"; Richardson Expires August 29, 2017 [Page 9] Internet-Draft 6tisch-secure-join February 2017 //import ietf-yang-types { prefix yang; } //import ietf-inet-types { prefix inet; } organization "IETF 6tisch Working Group"; contact "WG Web: http://tools.ietf.org/wg/6tisch/ WG List: 6tisch@ietf.org [2] Author: Michael Richardson mcr+ietf@sandelman.ca [3]"; description "This module defines an interface to set and retrieve BRSKI objects using CoMI. This interface is used as part of an enrollment process for constrained nodes and networks."; revision "2017-03-01" { description "Initial version"; reference "RFC XXXX: 6tisch zero-touch bootstrap"; } // top-level container container ietf6brski { leaf requestnonce { type binary; length XX; // how big can/should it be? mandatory true; description "Request Nonce."; } leaf voucher { type binary; description "The voucher as a serialized COSE object"; } leaf csrattributes { type binary; description "A list of attributes that MUST be in the CSR"; } leaf certificaterequest { type binary; description "A PKIX format Certificate Request"; } leaf certificate { type binary; description "The LDevID certificate"; } } } 3.1. Description of Pledge States in Join Process TBD 4. Definition of managed objects for zero-touch bootstrap The following is relevant YANG for use in the bootstrap protocol. The objects identified are identical in format to the named objects from [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra]. Richardson Expires August 29, 2017 [Page 10] Internet-Draft 6tisch-secure-join February 2017 5. Privacy Considerations [I-D.ietf-6lo-privacy-considerations] details a number of privacy considerations important in Resource Constrained nodes. There are two networks and three sets of constrained nodes to consider. They are: 1. the production nodes on the production network. 2. the new pledges, which have yet to enroll, and which are on a join network. 3. the production nodes which are also acting as proxy nodes. 5.1. Privacy Considerations for Production network The details of this are out of scope for this document. 5.2. Privacy Considerations for New Pledges New Pledges do not yet receive Router Advertisements with PIO options, and so configure link-local addresses only based upon layer-2 addresses using the normal SLAAC mechanisms described in [RFC4191]. These link-local addresses are visible to any on-link eavesdropper (who is synchronized to the same Join Assistant), so regardless of what is chosen they can be seen. This link-layer traffic is encapsulated by the Join Assistant into IPIP packets and carried to the JCE. The traffic SHOULD never leave the operator's network, and no outside traffic should enter, so it should not be possible to do any ICMP scanning as described in [I-D.ietf-6lo-privacy-considerations]. The join process described herein requires that some identifier meaningful to the network operator be communicated to the JCE via the Neighbor Advertisement's ARO option. This need not be a manufacturer created EUI-64 as assigned by IEEE; it could be another value with higher entropy and less interesting vendor/device information. Regardless of what is chosen, it can be used to track where the device attaches. For most constrained device, network attachment occurs very infrequently, often only once in their lifetime, so tracking opportunities may be rare. Further, during the enrollment process, a DTLS connection connection will be created. Unless TLS1.3 is used, the device identity will be visible to passive observers in the 802.11AR IDevID certificate that is sent. Even when TLS1.3 is used, an active attacker could collect the information by simply connecting to the device; it would not have to successful complete the negotiation either, or even attempt to Man-In-The-Middle the device. Richardson Expires August 29, 2017 [Page 11] Internet-Draft 6tisch-secure-join February 2017 There is, at the same time, significant value in avoiding a link- local DAD process by using an IEEE assigned EUI-64, and there is also significant advantage to the operator being able to see what the vendor of the new device is. 5.2.1. EUI-64 derived address for join time IID It is therefore suggested that the IID used in the link-local address used during the join process be a vendor assigned EUI-64. After the join process has concluded, the device SHOULD be assigned a unique randomly generated long address, and a unique short address (not based upon the vendor EUI-64) for use at link-layer. At that point, all layer-3 content is encrypted by the layer-2 key. 5.3. Privacy Considerations for Join Assistant 6. Security Considerations 7. IANA Considerations This document allocates one value from the subregistry "Address Registration Option Status Values": ND_NS_JOIN_DECLINED Join Assistant, JOIN DECLINED (TBD-AA) 8. Protocol Definition 9. Acknwoledgements Kristofer Pister helped with many non-IETF references. 10. References 10.1. Normative References [cullenCiscoPhoneDeploy] Jennings, C., "Transitive Trust Enrollment for Constrained Devices", 2012, . [I-D.ietf-6lo-privacy-considerations] Thaler, D., "Privacy Considerations for IPv6 Adaptation Layer Mechanisms", draft-ietf-6lo-privacy- considerations-04 (work in progress), October 2016. [I-D.ietf-6tisch-minimal] Vilajosana, X., Pister, K., and T. Watteyne, "Minimal 6TiSCH Configuration", draft-ietf-6tisch-minimal-21 (work in progress), February 2017. Richardson Expires August 29, 2017 [Page 12] Internet-Draft 6tisch-secure-join February 2017 [I-D.ietf-6tisch-minimal-security] Vucinic, M., Simon, J., and K. Pister, "Minimal Security Framework for 6TiSCH", draft-ietf-6tisch-minimal- security-01 (work in progress), February 2017. [I-D.ietf-6tisch-terminology] Palattella, M., Thubert, P., Watteyne, T., and Q. Wang, "Terminology in IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e", draft-ietf-6tisch-terminology-08 (work in progress), December 2016. [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra] Pritikin, M., Richardson, M., Behringer, M., Bjarnason, S., and K. Watsen, "Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructures (BRSKI)", draft-ietf-anima-bootstrapping- keyinfra-04 (work in progress), October 2016. [I-D.ietf-anima-grasp] Bormann, C., Carpenter, B., and B. Liu, "A Generic Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP)", draft-ietf-anima- grasp-09 (work in progress), December 2016. [I-D.ietf-core-comi] Stok, P., Bierman, A., Veillette, M., and A. Pelov, "CoAP Management Interface", draft-ietf-core-comi-00 (work in progress), January 2017. [I-D.ietf-core-object-security] Selander, G., Mattsson, J., Palombini, F., and L. Seitz, "Object Security of CoAP (OSCOAP)", draft-ietf-core- object-security-01 (work in progress), December 2016. [I-D.ietf-netconf-keystore] Watsen, K. and G. Wu, "Keystore Model", draft-ietf- netconf-keystore-00 (work in progress), October 2016. [I-D.ietf-netconf-zerotouch] Watsen, K. and M. Abrahamsson, "Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or RESTCONF based Management", draft-ietf- netconf-zerotouch-12 (work in progress), January 2017. [I-D.richardson-6tisch-join-enhanced-beacon] Richardson, M., "802.15.4 Informational Element encapsulation of 6tisch Join Information", draft- richardson-6tisch-join-enhanced-beacon-00 (work in progress), February 2017. Richardson Expires August 29, 2017 [Page 13] Internet-Draft 6tisch-secure-join February 2017 [I-D.richardson-6tisch-minimal-rekey] Richardson, M., "Minimal Security rekeying mechanism for 6TiSCH", draft-richardson-6tisch-minimal-rekey-00 (work in progress), February 2017. [I-D.richardson-anima-6join-discovery] Richardson, M., "GRASP discovery of Registrar by Join Assistant", draft-richardson-anima-6join-discovery-00 (work in progress), October 2016. [iec62591] IEC, ., "62591:2016 Industrial networks - Wireless communication network and communication profiles - WirelessHART", 2016, . [ieee802-1AR] IEEE Standard, ., "IEEE 802.1AR Secure Device Identifier", 2009, . [ieee802154] IEEE Standard, ., "802.15.4-2015 - IEEE Standard for Low- Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)", 2015, . [ieee802159] IEEE Standard, ., "802.15.9-2016 - IEEE Approved Draft Recommended Practice for Transport of Key Management Protocol (KMP) Datagrams", 2016, . [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC6775] Shelby, Z., Ed., Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., and C. Bormann, "Neighbor Discovery Optimization for IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)", RFC 6775, DOI 10.17487/RFC6775, November 2012, . Richardson Expires August 29, 2017 [Page 14] Internet-Draft 6tisch-secure-join February 2017 [RFC7030] Pritikin, M., Ed., Yee, P., Ed., and D. Harkins, Ed., "Enrollment over Secure Transport", RFC 7030, DOI 10.17487/RFC7030, October 2013, . [RFC7217] Gont, F., "A Method for Generating Semantically Opaque Interface Identifiers with IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)", RFC 7217, DOI 10.17487/RFC7217, April 2014, . [RFC7228] Bormann, C., Ersue, M., and A. Keranen, "Terminology for Constrained-Node Networks", RFC 7228, DOI 10.17487/RFC7228, May 2014, . [RFC7252] Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252, DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014, . 10.2. Informative References [duckling] Stajano, F. and R. Anderson, "The resurrecting duckling: security issues for ad-hoc wireless networks", 1999, . [I-D.ietf-ace-actors] Gerdes, S., Seitz, L., Selander, G., and C. Bormann, "An architecture for authorization in constrained environments", draft-ietf-ace-actors-04 (work in progress), September 2016. [I-D.ietf-roll-useofrplinfo] Robles, I., Richardson, M., and P. Thubert, "When to use RFC 6553, 6554 and IPv6-in-IPv6", draft-ietf-roll- useofrplinfo-10 (work in progress), December 2016. [ISA100] "The Technology Behind the ISA100.11a Standard", June 2010, . [PFS] Wikipedia, ., "Forward Secrecy", August 2016, . Richardson Expires August 29, 2017 [Page 15] Internet-Draft 6tisch-secure-join February 2017 [pledge] Dictionary.com, ., "Dictionary.com Unabridged", 2015, . [RFC4191] Draves, R. and D. Thaler, "Default Router Preferences and More-Specific Routes", RFC 4191, DOI 10.17487/RFC4191, November 2005, . [RFC4655] Farrel, A., Vasseur, J., and J. Ash, "A Path Computation Element (PCE)-Based Architecture", RFC 4655, DOI 10.17487/RFC4655, August 2006, . [RFC7554] Watteyne, T., Ed., Palattella, M., and L. Grieco, "Using IEEE 802.15.4e Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) in the Internet of Things (IoT): Problem Statement", RFC 7554, DOI 10.17487/RFC7554, May 2015, . [RFC7731] Hui, J. and R. Kelsey, "Multicast Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (MPL)", RFC 7731, DOI 10.17487/RFC7731, February 2016, . 10.3. URIs [2] mailto:6tisch@ietf.org [3] mailto:mcr+ietf@sandelman.ca Appendix A. appendix insert appendix here Author's Address Michael Richardson Sandelman Software Works Email: mcr+ietf@sandelman.ca Richardson Expires August 29, 2017 [Page 16]