INTERNET-DRAFT Simon Higgs Expires 1/7/1997 Higgs America June 1996 Top Level Domain Classification and Catagorization Status of this Memo This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as ``work in progress.'' To learn the current status of any Internet-Draft, please check the ``1id-abstracts.txt'' listing contained in the Internet- Drafts Shadow Directories on ftp.is.co.za (Africa), nic.nordu.net (Europe), munnari.oz.au (Pacific Rim), ds.internic.net (US East Coast), or ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast). Abstract This document is being distributed to members of the Internet community in order to solicit their reactions to the proposals contained in it. It is a combination of two previous drafts, one on the uses and classes of the top level domain space, and the other on the introduction of new top level domains as an extension to the existing international commercial namespace (.COM). This document suggests some ideas for the management of the establishment of new top level domains, some procedures for domain name registries, and some constraints on top level domain names. This document does not attempt to provide a direct solution for preventing or resolving the domain name or trademark conflicts we have recently witnessed, but it does create a foundation where domain name conflict solutions can have maximum effect. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Trademarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Domain Name Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Top Level Domain Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Description of TLD Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Registry Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Well-Known Domain Name Registrations . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. Expanding .COM to address domain name conflicts . . . . . . 10. Appeals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. Acknowlegements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Introduction Due to the overwhelming adoption of the internet by the general public, the use and expectations of the internet population have changed in the last few years. Many issues, such as the legal status of the domain name space need to be addressed more clearly. This document sets no legal prcedent and carries no legal weight in its present form. It does provide a strategic outline for addressing the future needs of the top level, and suggests ways in which to do this. Since the Internet's future is going to be driven by commercial market forces (i.e. the use of domain names to identify corporate business units which are known to the public as "brand names"), we should think about how to use those commercial aspects to the net's advantage. This document covers only the framework necessary to define the function, delegation, and use of new top level domains. Several factors need to be addressed such as why the TLD exists in the first place, who accepts registrations for the TLD, and what special purpose (if any) the TLD serves. These questions can be answered by the recognition of TLD "classes". This document also provisions to expand the .COM TLD by the introduction of 41 new commercial international top level domains. Many catagorization schemes have been examined to find a method that would allow similarly named domain names to exist without conflict. The least painful one is to divide the namespace into business areas, and so the International Trademark Schedule of Goods and Services is used as a template. These new top level domains are intended to supplement the existing domain name space, and the existing top level domains will remain in use unchanged. '.COM', in particular, will be absorbed into this map as miscellaneous catagory 42, replacing the need to create all 42 catagories. Additional top level domains may still be created to cover other non-commercial activities. 2. Trademarks In Bruce Lehmans (Commissioner of the US Patent and Trademark Office) own words: A trademark is nothing more than official recognition of something that already exists. It is the consumer's perception that something is in fact a trade name. It is from this perception that names can acquire secondary meaning through their use, and in doing so, come to be understood by the consuming public as the source of a particular good or service. If the name cannot be recognized as the source of a particular good or service, then that name is not a trademark. For example, a person's name is not a trademark. But, if a person goes into business using a particular name, that name might become a trademark. The trademark law, unlike the patent law and the copyright law, exists to serve the consumer, not to serve the interests of the trademark owner. The primary operating principle of it is that the consumer is not supposed to be confused by a plethora of different products all bearing what appear to be similar names. When the consumer thinks of a name, he knows that he's getting something that comes from the source he identifies traditionally as being that name. So if the letters that make up the name have acquired, in the minds of consumers, the reputation that they represent products in a given field (that only come from that one company), then the name has become a trademark. Two points must be kept in mind when understanding trademark issues on the internet: (a) domain names are and must be unique, and (b) trademarked names are not necessarily unique (and there are many examples of non-unique trademarks). There are no international trademarks. There is no official international registry of world wide trademarks. Trademarks may be registered per country (and in the United States (at least) per State). The World Intellectual Property Organization offers an international arbitration service on such matters. 3. Domain Name Space 3.1 The History of Domain Names The history of domain names can be found in [RFC 1034]. Domain name implementation and specification can be found in [RFC 1035]. 3.2 Structure The domain name space is a tree structure: | | --------------------------------------------------------- | | | | | | | | .COM .EDU .NET .ORG .GOV .US .UK [other TLDs] | USPTO | WWW Each top level domain has multiple domains registered under it. The above example describes the internet host .. where GOV is the US government top level domain, USPTO is the domain used by the US Patent and Trademark office, and WWW identifies that organization's host (computer) that functions as their web server. 3.3 Political decisions The political decisions about the top levels of the tree originated in [RFC-920], with current information in [RFC-1591]. The current policy for the top level and second level domains is discussed in [RFC-1032]. [RFC-1178] describes the choices in naming a host. MILNET conversion issues are covered in [RFC-1031]. 3.4 Use and trademark implications This document recognizes that the use of the domain name space has changed since it was first introduced. This change was not brought about by conscious choice or any one person, but the change in the demographics of the internet population as a whole. As the internet population increases, and the demographic changes from an academic to a consumer population, more importance is placed on the identity of the source of goods or services on the internet. Although there is no legal status attached to a domain name when it is issued, through its use, a domain name can aquire secondary meaning in the eyes of the internet consumer (typically this is anyone who operates a client application on the internet). As such, the legal status of a domain name, taken on a domain by domain basis, could include the form of a trademark. The draft does not address the use of names outside the internet. Many of the problems regarding domain names as trademarks arise because they incorporate terms that have already aquired secondary meaning outside the internet. Certain words or phrases already have associations with products or services in the minds of consumers. One of the questions this poses is whether an existing trademark gives any entitlement to a domain name. The answer is not clear, and probably will never be entirely clear. New businesses started on the net with a similar domain name but that do not compete with an existing trademark holder have already faced litigation. Others in the same position have not. It should be noted that certain generic elements, such as the top level domain, should not infer any special status, nor should common prefixes such as www, ftp, gopher, or similarly used common nmemonics. In special circumstances, it may be possible that a combination of domain name elements is allowed, but this can only be decided by a duly appointed trademark examiner at the time of a trademark registration, or by a court decision. In either case, this can only be done on an individual domain by domain basis like names used outside of the internet. The domain name space was never intended to be a directory service, and this document does not describe a method of indexing the name space. It must be acknowledged however, that by identifying the source of goods or services, the domain name space becomes, in the eyes of the consumer, a limited form of directory service that can assist in the location of a particular good or service on the internet. 4. Top Level Domain Creation 4.1. Delegation As with existing top level domain policy, TLD's shall be delegated to organizations for management by the IANA. The application process will be documented by IANA in a future memo. 4.2. TLD Charter Each new TLD must be created with an identifiable purpose. A written charter will identify and explain the function and purpose of each TLD. In the case of the Specialized and Corporate TLD classes (described below), the corporation or organization acting as the registry will be responsible for creating the TLD's charter. This will be part of the TLD application process. Guidelines for charter creation will be made publically available by IANA. The following items must be identified in the charter: 4.2.1 Registration procedure, documenting all steps 4.2.2 Service guarantees 4.2.3 Error resolution policy 4.2.4 Refund policy 4.2.5 Procedure for dealing with domain name and trademark conflicts. Provided these guidelines are followed, the legal liability of each registry will be limited. This prevents any registry from producing a self-serving policy which denies due process to either the infinged or infringing parties. It is recommended (see RFC1591) that the registry invoke a hands off policy, clearly documented in the charter, and act in a similar manner to an address issuer such as a postal service. Until such time as the domain name holder, or a qualified court hearing determines otherwise, the registry has an absolute obligation to ensure that the domain name's primary and secondary DNS information is continually available to the internet via the root name servers, whois, and other applicable databases or their successors. 4.3. Registrys Failure To Enforce Charter In processing registrations, each registry must observe the procedures laid out in the charter for each TLD. Should a delegated registry be unable or unwilling to enforce a TLD charter, then at an appointed review board's discretion, the authority to accept or process registrations for that TLD would be removed, and the TLD would be assigned to another registry. 5. TLD Classes Top level domains can be divided into three groups. There are those which are non-exclusive, and which can be served by multiple registries. There are those that may need to be served by a single, specialized registry that has the necessary expertize to address specific industry issues, and there are a very small number which may be required in the future to serve single large entities, such as multinational corporations. 5.1. Openly Competitive TLD Class The Openly Competitive TLD Class contains TLD's which are represented to the public by multiple registries. Most of the existing TLD's will be included in this category. New TLD's may also be created in this category, such as the 42 TLDs created at the end of this document. These TLD's must be maintained by multiple registries whose services are openly competitive. This TLD class is subject to meeting specific criteria: 5.1.1. the TLD is readily definable and identifiable in the form of a short name 5.1.2. the TLD is EITHER open to international registrations from organizations in any geographical location *OR* it specifically limits registrations to organizations within the geographic boundaries that the TLD identifies The two types of TLD in this class are defined by: 5.1.2.1. Geographical Location (.US, .UK, .CA, etc.) These TLD's will be served by multiple registries within a reasonable geographical boundary (i.e. it would be impractical, even though theoretically possible, for the .UK TLD to be serviced by an Australian registry) 5.1.2.2. Type of Service (.COM, .NET, .ORG, .EDU, etc.) These TLD's will be served by multiple registries located in any geographical area (i.e. these TLD's are international and should be served by international registries) Further explanation can be found in RFC1591. 5.2. Specialized TLD Class The Specialized TLD Class describes TLDs that are industry-specific, or where a high-level of domain name control is needed. These TLD's are operated by a single registry in a monopoly situation. Registration is only open to organizations within the specific areas defined in the TLDs charter. The registry must be able to address any industry-specific issues arising from the use of and delegation of domains. These TLD's could represent specific industries, or other closely defined market niches. Examples of existing TLDs in this class include .MIL and .INT (which are both closely controlled). Creation of a TLD in this class is subject to meeting specific criteria: 5.2.1 the area of specialization is readily definable and identifiable in the form of a short name 5.2.2 the registry displays direct expertise in the chosen area of specialization and is able to constructively address industry issues in the context of running a TLD registry 5.2.3 the TLD namespace is international Existing domains under the other TLD's that are held by organizations qualifying for a specialized TLD may or may not be affected, depending on the TLD's Charter. Using the TLD "*.NEWS" as the example - news organizations would be able to register secondary domains under "*.NEWS" provided they follow the guidelines set by that TLD's registry. Example: *.ap.news Used by Associated Press *.bbc.news Used by BBC *.cnn.news Used by CNN *.reuters.news Used by Reuters Note that each organization under this TLD may be international, national, or regional. The defining criteria is based upon area of business and not geography even though registration is open internationally. This would obviously give an organization a unique presence on the net by immediately identifying their area of business. The cost of using this type of TLD would be reflected within the industry itself by its own market forces. 5.3. Corporate TLD In certain rare instances, it may be possible for a qualifying internationally known corporation to be identified on the Internet by their own exclusive TLD. This is reminiscent of earlier days before the .COM TLD was created. This TLD category is subject to meeting specific criteria: 5.3.1 the company is readily identifiable by a suitable short name. This could be their name, their stock market ticker ID, a word made up from their various holdings 5.3.2 the company is readily identifiable as an internationally trading company with existing international trademarks and has the ability to defend it's trademarks around the world 5.3.3 the company operates at least one root nameserver ensuring they have an international Internet presence 5.3.4 the company makes peering arrangements with NAP's if they run their own backbones between NAP's 5.3.5 payment of a set up fee and annual license fee to operate the TLD (proceeds would go directly to administration, construction and operation of public areas of the Internet infrastructure) Existing domains that the company holds under the other TLD's would be revoked, and, if necessary, placed under permanent reservation in order to prevent trademark disputes arising. It may be plausible to allow the corporation to retain certain domain names under other TLD's if specific circumstances warrant this. This decision should be made by IANA or a committee designated by IANA. Using IBM as the example - the domains IBM.* would go into a state of permanent reservation making them unusable under other TLD's. IBM would be granted exclusive use of the TLD "*.IBM" for all their worldwide corporate needs. They would be able to use the secondary domains under "*.IBM" as they wished provided they follow sensible guidelines. Example: *.us.ibm Used by IBM USA *.ja.ibm Used by IBM Japan *.net.ibm Used by IBM Network/Routers/Backbone *.corp.ibm Used by IBM corporate HQ Note that a user transferring from IBM US to IBM Japan would ideally be able to change his/her email account from "@sales.us.ibm" to "@sales.ja.ibm" to simplify the moving logistics. Obviously, this responsibility would be entirely controlled by the company's management/registration department as defined in the TLD charter. This would give this type of company a unique presense on the net. It is important to realize that the TLD holder would have to guarantee a level of service in its obligation to running root nameservers plus a substantial investment in the creation and operation of the Internet infrastructure in exchange for the TLD. Having a truely international presence, and the ability to run a root-server in Antarctica is a definite plus. 6. Registry Selection The function of the registry is to support and maintain the TLD(s) that it is responsible for, by meeting the TLD's charter. It is important to understand that the registries serve the TLD's, and not the other way around. Therefore registries must be selected to meet the needs of each TLD. Registrations should be as straightforward as possible. Ideally there should be at least three registries to choose from when applying for a domain name. Thus the need for the Openly Competitive Class. The process will be similar to the present day method, and registrations will be accepted on a first come first served basis. The exceptions to this will be the Specialized and Commercial TLDs, however, it is expected that the majority of registrations will fall into the Openly Competitive class. The new registries (INPs) will be selected by the IANA, and given a specific TLD "franchise". [Note the use of the word "franchise" does not in any way convey the legal implications of a franchised operation, either to IANA, or the registry. It is merely a convenient word to describe the scope of the registry. Maybe a better word to use is license.] The following criteria are in addition to those either in existance or proposed in other drafts. 6.1. Openly Competitive TLD Class Each openly competitive TLD MUST be operated by multiple registries. Each registry is responsible for registering secondary domains in a competitive marketplace alongside other registries. It is recommended that a single registry does not provide registration services for all the TLD's due to limitations imposed on the geographical TLD's. Each registry must meet specific criteria: 6.1.1. the registry must qualify in an openly competitive bidding process as defined by IANA 6.1.2. the registry has the ability to operate at least two root nameservers 6.1.3. the registry makes peering arrangements with NAP's if they run their own backbones between NAP locations or commonly used backbone data exchange points 6.1.4 payment of a set up fee and annual license fee to operate the TLD (Proceeds would directly to administration, construction and operation of public areas of the Internet infrastructure) 6.1.5. the registry must observe and enforce the charter of each TLD 6.2. Specialized TLD Class Each Specialized TLD is operated by a single registry who is granted a monopoly status within a specific area of business, and is responsible for registering all secondary domains. The registry must meet specific criteria: 6.2.1. the registry displays direct expertise in the chosen area of business and is able to constructively address industry issues in the context of running a TLD registry for that industry 6.2.2. the registry must have the ability to operate at least two root nameservers 6.2.3. the registry makes peering arrangements with NAP's if they run their own backbones between NAP locations or commonly used backbone data exchange points 6.2.4. payment of a set up fee and annual license fee to operate the TLD (Proceeds would go directly to administration, construction and operation of public areas of the Internet infrastructure) 6.2.5. the registry must observe and enforce the charter of each TLD 6.3. Corporate TLD Class Each Corporate TLD is operated by a single company who has exclusive use of the TLD. It is that company's responsibilty for all registrations under this TLD, including a charter. 7. Well-Known Domain Name Registrations It seems inevitable that a trademark holder will want a domain name that reflects the name of the trademark held. There are "strong" trademarks that are registered in many countries and are vigorously defended. These may come close to being unique. There are many "not so strong" trademarks that may be regional or business sector specific (for example, United Air Lines and United Van Lines, or the Acme Brick Company and the Acme Electric Corporation)). There are two conflicting goals of different trademark holders with respect to domain names: (a) to protect their trademarks against infringement, and (2) to have access to the domain name system to use their trademarks in a domain name. Trademark infringement is the use of a trademarked name in a way that may confuse the consumer about the source or quality of a product or service. For strong trademarks there may also be infringement if the use of a trademarked name dilutes the value of the trademark. Holders of not so strong trademarks want the ability to use their trademarked name in a domain name while some other holder of the same mark for a different purpose also can use their trademarked name in a domain name. These people would say it is essential to create additional top-level domains to permit fair access to domain names by holders of not so strong trademarks. The number of not so strong trademarks far exceeds the number of strong trademarks and that the domain name system should provide for the needs of the many rather than protecting the privileges of the few. It is because of this need that the top level domain space should be expanded beyond the 42 commercial TLD's recommended below. It may be prudent, in the case of the Specialized TLD class, that they implement a very restrictive TLD charter. For example, it may be a requirement that the domain applicant is in possesion of an International call-sign to register a domain in .RADIO. Or be a recognized news source to register in .NEWS. In the case of a few specific TLD's, a new process may be required that binds all potential parties to a pre-determined course of action. This would be clearly stated in the TLD charter. Given that no rights or legal status are provided with a domain name, it may be possible to auction domain names off to the highest bidder in the same way the FCC auctions off block of the radio frequency spectrum. A registry's course of action may work along these lines: 7.1 Announcement The registry(s) responsible for the applicable TLD should announce its intention to register domain names in the TLD, and solicite registration applications from interested parties. The terms and conditions and subsequent course of action should be clearly stated in the announcement. One such term is that the applicant hold the registry and IANA harmless should they be unsuccessful in obtaining the requested name. A deadline is set, and applications after the deadline are refused. 7.2 Compilation of Entries and Announcement of Auction Applications are compiled and published for the public record. Invoices of a predetermined fee are sent out to all applicants who have requested a unique domain name. Their domain name is activated. For those whose application is not unique, i.e. someone else has applied for exactly the same domain name, the auction process will start. The registry(s) announce the time and date of the action. At this point the registry may include other domains for auction as well. 7.3 The Auction The auction itself can be performed online, electronically, or at an auction venue. The physical venue is preferable as it constitutes an open process that can be publically monitored. The legal liability of auctioning the domain names should be investigated and included in the TLD charter when it is created, if at all possible. 8. Fees for TLD Registries The INPs may be charged a fee by the IANA. 8.1. Openly Competitive Class The fee paid by the each registry in this category should be based upon the market value of redistributing multiple TLD's in an open market. The registry will set its prices competitively but will be required to guarantee a minimum level of service. A set-up fee and an annual renewal fee will be required. An annual registry fee will be proportional to the number of domains issued. 8.2. Specialized Class The fee paid by the Specialized TLD registry for its exclusive franchise should be based upon the market value of redistributing domains within the applicable industry. The registry may set its prices accordingly within its area of business by publishing its rates openly. It must not abuse its monopoly power. It is assumed that most Specialized TLD registries will be in start-up mode so a start-up fee will be minimal. An annual registry fee will be proportional to the number of domains issued. 8.3. Corporate Class The fee paid by the international company should be based upon the market value of having an internationally recognized TLD. A set-up fee and an annual renewal fee will be required in order to obtain exclusive use of a top level domain. These fees should be high enough to deter companies from licensing their own TLD. The TLD holder should also carry a guaranteed minimum level of public backbone traffic, in additon to the fee. 9. Expanding .COM to address domain name conflicts [Please read this section twice. Just because a new TLD is created, and it generally describes an business catagory that also co-incides with an existing trademark catagory, does not mean, imply, or create, any guarantee or obligation on behalf of the issuing registry(s), nor does it imply any kind of regional, national, or international trademark status. It is merely a catagory, in the same manner .COM describes commercial domains, and .EDU describes 4-year educational institutions.] A catagory scheme is needed to avoid, or at the very least, limit the number of disputes in the domain name space. By allowing organizations to obtain and use domain names within their specific area of business, two companies with the same business name, can operate domain names on the internet without causing confusion to the consumer in exactly the same way they would outside the internet. By placing each company under a top level domain that describes its business catagory, it will be easier to determine that ., the hamburger company, is not ., the gas station chain. The mapping scheme is primarily designed to protect the consumer from fraud by describing the area of business and to establish an identity of the source of goods and services provided over the internet. It does not provide any trademark recognition or status. Most of the conflicts are occuring under the .COM TLD. Since .COM is an international name space, each business catagory will require its own TLD with international status. This creates new TLDs, but what do we do with .COM? As .COM is a miscellaneous collection of commercial entities, it is appropriate to label it under catagory 42 miscellaneous. Companies that are unhappy under the miscellaneous catagory are encouraged to vacate .COM and be issued with a domain The International Trademark Schedule of Goods and Services is presented here mostly through lack of better alternatives. It is the foundation for classifying the area of business for a given source of goods or services. This catagorization is not perfect and it is still possible for conflicts to occur, as it is still possible for two organizations that do not directly compete in a way to confuse the consumer to be both registered under the same catagory under the same name outside of the internet. This is especially true in the international realm where companies can have identical names and never meet to compete geographically. However, this is an area where, after a year of many folks on the internet asking, the experts continually say there is no solution readily at hand. The International Trademark Schedule of Goods and Services is used here as a TEMPLATE only. No direct mapping of existing trademarks, future trademarks, or other intellectual property is implied or provided. At the very worst, this removes most of the existing legal pressure from the .COM TLD. Currently the International Trademark Schedule of Goods and Services has 42 commercial catagories. There are other catagories, which existing TLDs appear to cover (like .ORG for organizations). Other new TLDs may still need to be created. As it is completely impractical to infer any kind of trademark ownership to an assigned domain name at the time it is issued, the domain names issued still have to aquire that secondary meaning through use, and through its ability to determine the source of the goods and services provided, in order for a trademark to be recognizable or assigned by a trademark authority. Some companies say, "So what? We'll go and register under every TLD." The answer is in the TLD charter described above and the obligation of each registry to enforce that charter. If a TLD's catagory/description is for soap, a company should only be able to register in that catagory if it has a legitimate soap business. If a company has a chemical division, and an oil division, they can legitimately be in two TLD's provided that each presence is distinguishable from the other. If the company is large enough to fill all the catagories, maybe it should think of removing itself from this part of the namespace and apply for it's own TLD. Provisions for this are also described above. The problem this also addresses is the one faced by most companies of how to direct their internet presence. Faced with one home page, those areas fighting for attention include the annual report to shareholders, PR & press releases, assorted company divisions publishing their business-to-business information, as well as the main consumer presence (tech. support, product info, online upgrades, etc.). This mapping scheme could, in theory, allow each business unit to establish its own internet presence without competing against other internal company resources or outside competitors. Given that the current choice is the confusion and litigation currently witnessed in .COM, or the adoption of new TLD's that can catagorize the commercial part of the namespace, it makes sense to extend .COM in this manner. If .COM is assigned into this name space it should be catagory 42 - Miscellaneous. Some companies will want to migrate, but it allows the existing namespace to remain intact. [As this document is still a draft, I welcome suggestions for the naming of the following top level domains. Ideally these should be as short as possible (such as three letters), but this may prove to be impossible. At any rate, names should be no longer than twelve characters. Also, alternative catagorization schemes are also solicited.] 9.1 Goods TLD International Trademark Schedule of Goods and Services --- ------------------------------------------------------ .CHEM 1. Chemicals used in industry, science and photography, as well as in agriculture, horticulture and forestry; unprocessed artificial resins, unprocessed plastics; manures; fire extinguishing compositions; tempering and soldering preparations; chemical substances for preserving foodstuffs; tanning substances; adhesives used in industry. .PAINT 2. Paints, varnishes, lacquers; preservatives against rust and against deterioration of wood; colorants; mordants; raw natural resins; metals in foil and powder form for painters, decorators, printers and artists. .SOAP 3. Bleaching preparations and other substances for laundry use; cleaning polishing, scouring and abrasive preparations; soaps; perfumery, essential oils, cosmetics, hair lotions; dentifrices. .OIL 4. Industrial oils and greases; lubricants; dust absorbing, wetting and binding compositions; fuels (including motor spirit) and illuminants; candles, wicks. .PHARM 5. Pharmaceutical, veterinary and sanitary preparations; dietetic substances adapted for medical use, food for babies; plasters, materials for dressings; material for stopping teeth, dental wax; disinfectants; preparations for destroying vermin; fungicides, herbicides. .METAL 6. Common metals and their alloys; metal building materials; transportable buildings of metal; materials of metal for railway tracks; non-electric cables and wires of common metal; ironmongery, small items of metal hardware; pipes and tubes of metal; safes; goods of common metal not included in other classes; ores. .MECHTOOL 7. Machines and machine tools; motors and engines (except for land vehicles); machine coupling and transmission components (except for land vehicles); agricultural implements; incubators for eggs. .HANDTOOL 8. Hand tools and implements (hand operated); cutlery; side arms; razors. .DATA 9. Scientific, nautical, surveying, electric, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments; apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images; magnetic data carriers, recording discs; automatic vending machines and mechanisms for coin operated apparatus; cash registers, calculating machines, data processing equipment and computers; fire-extinguishing apparatus. .CYBORG 10. Surgical, medical, dental and veterinary apparatus and instruments, artificial limbs, eyes and teeth; orthopedic articles; suture materials. .UTIL 11. Apparatus for lighting, heating, steam generating, cooking, refrigerating, drying, ventilating, water supply and sanitary purposes. .VEHICLE 12. Vehicles; apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water. .WEAPON 13. Firearms; ammunition and projectiles; explosives; fireworks. .JEWEL 14. Precious metals and their alloys and goods in precious metals or coated therewith, not included in other classes; jewelry, precious stones; horological and chronometric instruments. .MUSIC 15. Musical instruments. .PRINT 16. Paper, cardboard and goods made from these materials, not included in other classes; printed matter, bookbinding material; photographs; stationery; adhesives for stationery or household purposes; artists' materials; paint brushes; typewriters and office requisites (except furniture); instructional and teaching material (except apparatus); playing cards; printers' type; printing blocks. .PLASTIC 17. Rubber, gutta-percha, gum asbestos, mica and goods made from these materials and not included in other classes; plastics in extruded form for use in manufacture; packing, stopping and insulating materials; flexible pipes, not of metal. .LEATHER 18. Leather and imitations of leather, and goods made of these materials and not included in other classes; animal skins, hides; trunks and travelling bags; umbrellas, parasols and walking sticks; whips, harness and saddlery. .BUILD 19. Building materials (non-metallic); non-metallic rigid pipes for building; asphalt, pitch and bitumen; non-metallic transportable buildings; monuments, not of metal. .FURN 20. Furniture, mirrors, picture frames; goods (not included in other classes) of wood, cork, reed, cane, wicker, horn, bone, ivory, whalebone, shell, amber, mother-of-pearl, meerschaum and substitutes for all these materials, or of plastics. .HOUSE 21. Household or kitchen utensils and containers (not of precious metal or coated therewith); combs and sponges; brushes (except paint brushes); brush-making materials; articles for cleaning purposes; steel wool; unworked or semi-worked glass (except glass used in building); glassware, porcelain and earthenware not included in other classes. .ROPE 22. Ropes, string, nets, tents, awnings, tarpaulins, sails, sacks and bags (not included in other classes); padding and stuffing materials) except of rubber or plastics); raw fibrous textile materials. .YARN 23. Yarns and threads, for textile use. .TEXTILE 24. Textiles and textile goods, not included in other classes; bed and table covers. .CLOTHES 25. Clothing, footwear, headgear. .CRAFT 26. Lace and embroidery, ribbons and braid; buttons, hooks and eyes, pins and needles; artificial flowers. .FLOOR 27. Carpets, rugs, mates and matting, linoleum and other materials for covering existing floors; wall hangings (non-textile). .GAME 28. Games and playthings; gymnastic and sporting articles not included in other classes; decorations for Christmas trees. .MEAT 29. Meat, fish, poultry and game; meat extracts; preserved, dried and cooked fruits and vegetables; jellies, jams, fruit sauces; eggs, milk and milk products; edible oils and fats. .COND 30. Coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar, rice tapioca, sago, artificial coffee; flour and preparations made from cereals, bread, pastry and confectionery, honey, treacle; yeast, baking-powder; salt, mustard; vinegar, sauces (condiments); spices; ice. .AGRI 31. Agricultural, horticultural and forestry products and grains not included in other classes; live animals; fresh fruits and vegetables; seeds, natural plants and flowers; foodstuffs for animals, malt. .SODA 32. Beers; mineral and aerated waters and other non-alcoholic drinks; fruit drinks and fruit juices; syrups and other preparations for making beverages. .ALCOHOL 33. Alcoholic beverages (except beers). .TOBACCO 34. Tobacco; smokers' articles; matches. 9.2 Services TLD International Trademark Schedule of Goods and Services --- ------------------------------------------------------ .BUS 35. Advertising; business management; business administration; office functions. .FIN 36. Insurance; financial affairs; monetary affairs; real estate affairs. .CONST 37. Building construction; repair; installation services. .TEL 38. Telecommunications. .TRAVEL 39. Transport; packaging and storage of goods; travel arrangement. .TREAT 40. Treatment of materials. .EDUTAIN 41. Education; providing of training; entertainment; sporting and cultural activities. .COM 42. Providing of food and drink; temporary accommodation; medical, hygienic and beauty care; veterinary and agricultural services; legal services; scientific and industrial research; computer programming; services that cannot be placed in other classes. 10. Appeals An appeals process has yet to be defined, and will appear in a later draft. IANA is accepted as the appeals body for the purpose of this draft. 11. Security Considerations There are no known security considerations beyond those already existent in the DNS. 12. Acknowlegements This memo includes material discussed in the , and mailing lists. The International Trademark Schedule for Goods and Services is from documentation provided by the USPTO. Commissioner Bruce Lehman's words in Section 2 are from an interview by me in 1993. Some minor passages are taken from Jon Postel's current internet domain name registry draft. Valuable feedback, review, and inspiration have been provided by: Jon Postel Karl Denniger Michael Dillon Dan Burk Greg Woods Many others have contributed in one way or another. I am grateful to the many people that point out that "it'll never work!" 13. Author's Address Simon Higgs Higgs America P.O. Box 3083 Van Nuys, CA 91407-3083 Phone: 818-899-1875 Fax: 818-890-0677 email: simon@higgs.com Expires 1/7/97