Internet Engineering Task Force Hal Folts
INTERNET DRAFT National Communications System
Expires August 1, 2002 Februaqry 1, 2002
Emergency Telecommunications Service in Evolving Networks
<draft-folts-ieps-white-paper-01.txt>
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Abstract
This white paper presents the functional requirements, features, and
objectives for the Emergency Telecommunications Service (ETS) in newly
emerging telecommunication networks. The ETS is an extension of the
International Emergency Preference Scheme (IEPS) of the ITU-T
Recommendation E.106 [1] and includes additional provisions for
multimedia services through an packet-based telecommunications
environment. The preferential features of the ETS will only apply to
severe congestion conditions due to extremely high traffic loads and
extensive failure of basic infrastructure. ETS is not required under
normal operating conditions and when adequate capacity is available to
support all traffic. Efforts are underway in the national standards
bodies and International organizations to identify, establish, and apply
a comprehensive family of ETS standards for new packet-based networks.
This Internet-Draft supercedes an earlier Internet-Draft, draft-folts-
ohno-ieps-considerations-00.txt> [2]
1. Introduction
The purpose of the Emergency Telecommunications Service (ETS) is to
facilitate emergency recovery operations for restoring the community
1
Emergency Telecom. Service December 2001
infrastructure and for returning the population to normal living
conditions after serious disasters and events, such as floods,
earthquakes, hurricanes, and terrorist attacks. The ETS will be provided
through shared resources from the public telecommunications
infrastructure that is evolving from a basic circuit-switched
configuration of today's conventional telephone networks to an Internet-
based, packet-switched technology providing a richness of communication
capabilities. The timely establishment of an effective ETS has been
given significant urgency as a result of the September 11 terrorist
attacks in the United States.
Many challenges and considerations need to be addressed in defining and
establishing the functional capabilities for the ETS in the emerging
packet-based telecommunications services. This paper presents an
overview of the basic requirements, features, and concepts for ETS that
packet-based telecommunication and third-generation (3G) mobile networks
are capable of providing and that must receive attention during the
process of the convergence of these technologies. Specific solutions are
not offered, but this paper is intended to stimulate innovative thinking
and productive discussion in industry standards bodies leading to
development, establishment, and deployment of appropriate standards for
the evolving telecommunications services.
Disaster situations can occur any time, any place unexpectedly. These
events often significantly damage the community infrastructure and
severely disrupt daily living. Recovery requires rapid response by local
authorities, immediate reaction from utility service providers, and
support from medical, construction, fire, and police resources.
Effective communications are essential to facilitate the myriad
activities for coordinating lifesaving activities concurrent with
reestablishing control in the disaster area. Following a disaster,
immediate response operations focus on saving lives, protecting
property, and meeting basic human needs.
2. ETS Operational Requirements
A US Government working group recently identified fourteen basic
functional requirements for the future ETS. These requirements are
listed in the table below and represent the objectives that need to be
fulfilled for national security and emergency preparedness (NS/EP)
in the ETS.
================================================================
NS/EP
Telecommunication
Services
Functional
Requirements Description
================================================================
a. Enhanced Priority Services supporting NS/EP missions must
Treatment be provided priority treatment over other
traffic.
----------------------------------------------------------------
b. Secure Networks Networks must have protection against
Folts Document, July 2, 2002 2
Emergency Telecom. Service December 2001
corruption of, or unauthorized access to,
traffic and control, including expanded
encryption techniques and user
authentication, as appropriate.
--------------------- -----------------------------------------
c. Non-Traceability Selected users must be able to use NS/EP
services without risk of usage being
traced (i.e., without risk of user or
location being identified).
--------------------- -----------------------------------------
d. Restorability Should a disruption occur, services must
be capable of being reprovisioned,
repaired, or restored to required service
levels on a priority basis.
--------------------- -----------------------------------------
e. International Services must provide access to and
Connectivity egress from international carriers.
----------------------------------------------------------------
f. Interoperability Services must interconnect and
interoperate with other selected
government or private facilities,
systems, and networks.
---------------------------------------------------------------
g. Mobility The communications infrastructure must
support transportable, redeployable, or
fully mobile communications (e.g.,
personal communications service,
cellular, satellite, high frequency
radio).
----------------------------------------------------------------
h. Ubiquitous Coverage Services must be readily accessible to
support the national security leadership
and inter- and intra-agency emergency
operations, wherever they are located.
----------------------------------------------------------------
i. Survivability/ Services must be robust to support
Endurability surviving users under a broad range of
circumstances, from the widespread damage
of a natural or man-made disaster up to
and including nuclear war.
----------------------------------------------------------------
j. Voice Band Service The service must provide voice band
service in support of presidential and
other communications.
----------------------------------------------------------------
k. Broadband Service The service must provide broadband
service in support of NS/EP missions
(e.g., video, imaging, web access,
multimedia).
----------------------------------------------------------------
l. Scaleable Bandwidth NS/EP users must be able to manage the
capacity of the communications services
to support variable bandwidth
requirements.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Folts Document, July 2, 2002 3
Emergency Telecom. Service December 2001
M. Affordability Services must leverage network
capabilities to minimize cost (e.g., use
of existing infrastructure, commercial
off-the-shelf technologies, services).
----------------------------------------------------------------
n. Reliability/ Services must perform consistently and
Availability precisely according to their design
requirements and specifications, and must
be usable with high confidence.
================================================================
These fourteen functional requirements are discussed in this white
paper. Several of these are elaborated upon in more detail in Section 4
providing considerations for the eleven ETS features and objectives. The
other requirements are addressed by text presenting the many concepts
that are involved in the development of a comprehensive and effective
ETS. The /x/ in the text identifies the Functional Requirement in the
above table that is being addressed in this paper.
Public telecommunication services are universally available, deployed by
a massive infrastructure throughout most nations, except in the most
remote and unpopulated regions. These critical telecommunications
resources, therefore, must be depended upon by the emergency responders
for supporting the organization and coordination of initial, as well as
ongoing, recovery activities. It is possible to realize readily these
capabilities by leveraging the resources that are ubiquitous and most
likely to be immediately available any place, any time /h/. This
includes the use of wireless services as mobile networks expand their
coverage /g/. Dedicated or special government telecommunications
resources, on the other hand, do not generally have the immediate global
reach to be responsive initially to disaster events.
Two Recommendations of the International Telecommunication Union,
Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) present the basic
requirements for international emergency telecommunications. ITU-T
Recommendation E.106, Description of an International Emergency
Preference Scheme [1], applies to telephony services provided by the
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), Integrated Services Digital
Network (ISDN), and Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). ITU-T Draft
Recommendation F.706, Service Description for an International Emergency
Multimedia Service (IEMS) [3], applies to all modes of
telecommunications service, including telephony, over the newly emerging
telecommunication networks, including the packet-based Internet Protocol
(IP) technology and 3G mobile networks. The ETS can be used both in
national and international contexts and includes the provisions of the
IEPS and the IEMS.
Conventional circuit-switched telecommunications services are rapidly
evolving to a connectionless packet-switched technology. Wireless
technology is also evolving toward the new 3G capabilities for seamless
provisioning of services over and across the heterogeneous fixed and
mobile networks. A substantial transition period is underway as these
technologies converge. As a result, there will be many critical issues
of transition and interoperability to address /f/. The newly emerging
Folts Document, July 2, 2002 4
Emergency Telecom. Service December 2001
technologies will provide greatly enhanced capabilities that can be
leveraged and can benefit emergency recovery operations during serious
disaster situations. The Packet-based packet technology provides a very
new environment that must be leveraged for providing effective and
economical public telecommunications services for supporting ETS
capabilities.
When a disaster event strikes, the public telecommunications
infrastructure generally sustains damage, experiences excessive traffic
loads, and is subject to external interference that may severely limit
the ability for response and recovery activities to communicate.
Therefore, special provisions to facilitate effective communications for
the emergency activities are necessary. This includes priority
establishment and processing of communications through the
telecommunication resources that remain available /a/. ETS traffic needs
to receive preferential use of the surviving capacity of the impacted
network.
3. ETS Features and Objectives
A fully comprehensive ETS needs to have a richness of capabilities to
support a variety of operational requirements for emergency recovery
forces. The following is a list of specific features that could
potentially facilitate communications for disaster recovery activities:
A. Selection of multimedia and telephony services /j/ /k/
B. Rapid authentication of authorized ETS users /b/
C. Security protection of ETS traffic /b/ /c/
D. Preferential access to telecommunications facilities /a/
E. Preferential establishment of ETS communications /a/
F. Preferential routing of ETS traffic /a/
G. Preferential use of remaining operational resources for ETS
traffic /a/
H. Preferential completion of ETS traffic to destination /a/
I. Optional preemption of nonemergency traffic /a/
J. Allowable degradation of service quality for ETS traffic /l/ /n/
K. Interchange of critical telecommunications service management
information /d/ /n/
Not all of these features may be immediately possible, practical, or
available universally. The above list focuses on the basic capabilities
that need to be addressed and developed. These capabilities could
greatly facilitate effective and timely recovery operations during
emergency events. This paper will discuss these features in detail.
Many nations do not have any emergency capability today except for their
public telecommunications infrastructure in its present state without
any of the special features listed above. In the United States, the
Government Emergency Telecommunications Service (GETS) supports
emergency recovery operations. However, it only provides priority
establishment and routing of telephone calls through the public switched
telephone network (PSTN) for specifically authorized users who expect to
be involved in emergency recovery operations. GETS fulfills the basic
functional requirements of ITU-T Recommendation E.106.
The ETS also has international aspects. Disaster situations are often
Folts Document, July 2, 2002 5
Emergency Telecom. Service December 2001
regional and involve multiple nations /e/. In these cases, disaster
recovery assets from multiple nations may be necessary to respond to one
specific event. Also, in the increasingly "global" world, many nations
often provide support for recovery operations for emergency disasters
contained within the borders of another country. ETS traffic, therefore,
needs to receive favorable treatment at international gateways and
within national networks providing an ETS. /a/
The emergence of new telecommunications technologies and their
application for telecommunication services in the evolving
telecommunication networks provides great promise for the realization of
an enhanced, comprehensive, and effective global ETS. ITU-T Draft
Recommendation F.706 [3] presents requirements for multimedia services
to support emergency operations. Not only will voice telephony services
need to continue, the inclusion of broadband services like video
broadcast and conferencing but also will be beneficial /k/. In addition,
narrowband capabilities such as instant messaging and presence as well
as Email would facilitate short, rapid command and control information
interchange, and would enhance recovery operations. This will be
particularly useful during periods of limited bandwidth availability and
as a last resort to communicate when conditions become most severe.
Currently, prominent international standards bodies are developing a new
telecommunication infrastructure that is expected to be deployed over
the next several years. It is imperative that the specifications of
these networks include support for the functional requirements of a
comprehensive ETS before equipment and systems are designed,
manufactured, and deployed. None of these new specifications shall cause
change or impairment of operation of existing emergency capabilities or
the basic packet-switched infrastructure. With the necessary
capabilities built into the new telecommunications infrastructure, the
ETS can then become readily available with a diversity of services for
emergency response operations through execution of service level
agreements (SLAs) between service customers (SCs) supporting recovery
operations and the telecommunications service providers (SPs). It will
then be possible to offer the service more expediently and to avoid the
expense of deploying special capabilities or retrofitting existing
systems. The SC will then pay the appropriate tariffs for actual
services received. /h/
The availability of the ETS for authorized users could also be specified
in an SLA. The ETS could always be available for use at any time and at
any place in a specific network. This would allow fast-response access
immediately when the disaster strikes. Some networks, on the other hand,
may only activate the ETS upon declaration of an emergency by the
appropriate authority. This could cause a serious delay in the ability
for response and recovery forces to communicate effectively. Some
inbetween capability could also be possible, where a basic preferential
service would always be available and then enhanced features could be
activated upon declaration of an emergency.
The transition to packet-based and 3G mobile services for new
telecommunication services will involve a number of issues, one of which
is to ensure orderly and transparent continuance of the basic E.106
emergency preference capabilities. During the convergence period, the
Folts Document, July 2, 2002 6
Emergency Telecom. Service December 2001
different schemes for interworking between the two technologies must be
considered. For example, voice calls from the telephone or mobile
network may transit voice-over-IP links and then terminate in either the
telephone network or directly in a packet-based network /f/. The
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) describes four
different scenarios of interoperation [4]. Because of the variety in
configurations, it is necessary to establish the interfaces for
interworking between the signalling systems of today's telephone
networks and the new call control and signalling protocols of evolving
telecommunication networks. This needs to be accomplished without
negatively impacting the fundamental operation or infrastructure of
existing and future packet-based networks. As new networks with the
basic emergency service priority capabilities come into being, it will
be important to provide enhanced services by leveraging the new
capabilities of the emerging packet-based networks./k/
As indicated earlier, ubiquitous telecommunications resources that
provide services to the general population provide the basis for readily
available capabilities for an ETS./h/ Since public telecommunication
resources are normally at hand, emergency operations activities do not
have to wait for deployment of special facilities. However, as emergency
operations get underway, supplemental capabilities could also be of
significant benefit, particularly when public telecommunication
resources become seriously stressed and limited. Therefore, it would be
desirable to have a telecommunications infrastructure that can be
readily integrated with transportable, redeployable, and fully mobile
facilities, such as personal communications service, cellular,
satellite, and high frequency radio /f/ /g/. Interoperability and
interfaces among selected government or private facilities, systems, and
networks would be very beneficial /f/. It is also highly desirable that
ETS resources be as robust as possible to support surviving users under
a broad range of circumstances, including widespread damage during
natural or man-made disasters /i/.
4. ETS Considerations
There are a number of important considerations that need to be studied
in order to best use the connectionless packet technology for the ETS in
the new telecommunication capabilities. The advantages and inherent
characteristics of the packet-based technology need to be leveraged and
not impeded. It will be necessary to define and establish the
appropriate quality, availability, and reliability of service guidelines
for the various modes of multimedia communications. There are many
formidable challenges that need to be addressed in the fulfillment of
the functional requirements that have been established in ITU-T
Recommendations E.106 [1] and F.706 [3]. They serve as the principal
objectives to meet in provisioning a truly comprehensive and effective
ETS. More specific considerations in seeking the necessary mechanisms
and solutions for ETS are:
A. Selection of multimedia and telephony services /k/ - The basic
service defined in ITU-T Recommendation E.106 [1] is telephony
as provided by the public switched telephone networks (PSTN),
integrated services digital networks (ISDN), and public land
Folts Document, July 2, 2002 7
Emergency Telecom. Service December 2001
mobile networks (PLMN). The emergence of integrated voice/data
services of evolving telecommunication and 3G mobile networks,
based on packet switching technology, need to not only support
telephony services but also provide a variety of enhanced modes
of communication including instant messaging and presence,
Email, web and database access, video, and teleconferencing.
These additional services can also be used effectively for
emergency communications. This will enable emergency recovery
operations to have a comprehensive menu of supporting
communication capabilities.
B. Rapid authentication of authorized ETS users /b/ - The ETS is
intended for use only by authorized users involved with
emergency recovery operations. The appropriate authority of each
nation or community would authorize these designated users. Upon
initiation of an emergency communication request, an
authentication process needs to verify the user's identity to
protect the telecommunication resources against excessive use
and abuse during an emergency situation. In the United States, a
personal identification number (PIN) similar to the application
of credit card calling in the PSTN currently authenticates
authorized GETS users. For the future ETS, it is desirable to
establish an innovative method for a streamlined and rapid user
authentication in the emerging telecommunication and 3G mobile
networks. The passing of authentication as the ETS communication
travels across networks also needs to be addressed.
C. Security protection of ETS traffic /b/ /c/- Security is a major
concern with the evolution of packet-based networks. In addition
to the many basic security provisions already under
consideration, ETS has additional security provisions that
require special attention. Security protection is necessary to
prevent unauthorized users from accessing scarce resources
needed to support emergency operations. This includes such
threats as spoofing, intrusion, and denial of service. In
addition, the identity and location of certain authorized users
of the ETS need protection.
D. Preferential access to telecommunications facilities /a/ - There
are a number of ways to access telecommunication resources for
obtaining ETS capabilities. These include PSTN wire line,
wireless, satellite, cable, digital subscriber line (DSL), and
optical fiber. There will be a significant advantage for an
emergency operations user to be able to obtain access to these
various telecommunications services on a priority or
preferential basis. This will enable more rapid initiation of
emergency communications.
Today the PSTN service has no general provision for signalling
priority access requests. However, specially marked lines or
specifically provisioned "off-hook" services could provide
preferential access, but that would only be by line and location,
not per ETS request. There is currently no provision for
conveying a priority dial tone or service initiation via general
Folts Document, July 2, 2002 8
Emergency Telecom. Service December 2001
access from a conventional telephone instrument. Dial tone comes
a demand basis from a limited selection of ports and heavy
traffic conditions can delay access if demand consumes the supply
of ports. Therefore, a provision for preferential access to
services in packet-based telecommunication networks is a
capability that requires consideration.
As with the PSTN dial-tone ports, cellular services have a
limited number of channels in each cell to accept call initiation
from an end device. When a disaster event occurs in a particular
local area, floods of call attempts generally occur. This
severely reduces the probability of access. Therefore, a priority
access service for designated users or end devices is also needed
for cellular services.
Appropriate technical mechanisms inherent in the infrastructure
need to be applied to enable preferential access via the various
methods for initiation of ETS communications. It is imperative
that authorized emergency operations have the ability to respond
rapidly to disaster events in a timely and efficient manner.
E. Preferential establishment of ETS communications /a/ - A
communication may consist of a single unit of information
transiting from source to destination or of a flow of
information via a series of packets or stream of data. In
technologies that support connection mode operation, an end-to-
end path for the communication to transit is established upon
entry of the address, or telephone number, of the destination
terminal. In connectionless mode operation, individual packets
may transit the network over different paths. When the total
communication involves a series of packets, they are assembled
and processed together at the destination.
Emergency communications must have a high degree of assurance for
successfully reaching the destination, regardless of the networks
they transit. Therefore, the ETS traffic needs to be uniquely
identified and receive preferential treatment over nonemergency
traffic. This provides a priority service for authorized
communications in the ETS. In a PSTN, once a connection is
established, the call effectively is "hard-wired" in the form of
a circuit-switched connection and does not require continuance of
preferential status. In a connectionless packet network
environment, however, it is necessary to maintain the ETS
identification for all respective packets. ETS identification
also needs to be conveyed to each of the transit networks,
regardless whether they support ETS. Telecommunication service
providers (SP) must be able to identify and prioritize emergency
communications according to their service level agreement with
the service customer (SC) and other SPs.
F. Preferential routing of ETS traffic /a/ - Routing of packets is
a continuing process for an instance of communication until the
session has reached completion. As indicated above, the priority
status and identification of emergency communications must be
Folts Document, July 2, 2002 9
Emergency Telecom. Service December 2001
maintained until session termination. If the path being followed
becomes congested or fails, the network or application layer
mechanisms could be applied to dynamically reroute ETS traffic
through remaining operational resources. While additional delay
may result from the rerouting process, ETS traffic will still
have a higher probability of reaching its destination.
G. Preferential use of remaining operational resources for ETS
traffic /a/ - During disaster events, infrastructure damage and
heavy traffic demand can severely limit public
telecommunications. Therefore, ETS traffic needs to have
preferential use of the appropriate amount of operational
infrastructure required to effectively support recovery
operations without impeding the inherent traffic flow throughout
the connectionless packet network. To this end, a scheme of
preferential treatment needs to be defined that will accommodate
various types of priority services for authorized users as well
as for general public emergency use (i.e. 911/999/112 emergency
calling service). The appropriate balance of traffic flow needs
to be maintained to ensure support of emergency traffic while
the remaining capacity can be used for nonemergency
applications.
H. Preferential completion of ETS traffic to destination /a/ - In
addition to considering the issue of preferential establishment,
routing, and maintaining an ETS communication, it is also
necessary to establish provisions to facilitate completion of
the emergency communication to the destination terminal. When an
end terminal can handle multiple sessions, its inherent packet-
multiplexing feature naturally allows the incoming ETS
communication to be delivered. When the terminal device can only
handle a single session, such as a cell phone, the user needs to
receive an overriding indication of an incoming ETS
communication. The destination could then suspend nonemergency
communications to free bandwidth for the incoming emergency
communication. If preemption were an option, nonemergency
communications to the destination could be terminated. Should
the destination have "call forwarding" initiated, the network
should then continue to reroute and process the emergency
communication with preferential treatment to the new
destination.
I. Optional preemption of nonemergency traffic /a/-ITU-T draft
Recommendation F.706 [3] identifies the process and concept of
preemption of non-emergency traffic by ETS traffic. While the
concept of preemption typically applies to circuit-oriented
communications, its application in connectionless packet network
services, if determined viable, needs to be studied and defined.
The basic ETS provisions do not include the concept of
preemption of nonemergency traffic to free bandwidth and
resources for emergency traffic. The intent is to have ETS
traffic receive basically preferential treatment. If the
communication encounters congestion or a blockage, it should be
rerouted if possible. Any nonemergency communication in progress
Folts Document, July 2, 2002 10
Emergency Telecom. Service December 2001
is normally allowed to continue until completion. However, some
nations or private networks may allow preemption of nonemergency
traffic to enable processing of emergency communications.
Therefore, in these cases preemption may be allowed only as an
option, which could be invoked as specifically prescribed by
that authority.
J. Allowable degradation of service quality for ETS traffic /l/ /n/
-Various levels of quality of service (QoS) are defined for
different applications and modes of operation. Each may have
multiple classes from the very best QoS to lesser levels. The
QoS for different ETS services would typically be designated as
the best available to ensure clear clean communications and
conveyance of important information. However, when the
telecommunication resources are experiencing severe stress, an
allowable degradation of QoS could be acceptable. This would
occur only when resources have become unavailable to the point
that the network cannot support nonemergency traffic and
sufficient bandwidth and resources are not available to support
the normally acceptable QoS level for emergency traffic. Rather
than lose the ability to communicate, emergency operations need
to continue to convey critical information, even if with
difficulty. Any possibility of getting information through is
better than none at all. The ETS needs to continue operation
when only "best effort" service is available. Therefore a
special or supplemental class of QoS for ETS is necessary to
define the conditions and terms for allowable degradation of
service.
K. Interchange of critical telecommunications service
management information /d/ /n/ - During emergency operations
interaction between the SCs and SPs through sharing of critical
information related to availability and status of
telecommunication resources would be beneficial. SCs could
maintain knowledge of service availability and could provide
reports to Ps of service problems and failures. SCs could also
have a view of resource configurations supporting the
operational needs at hand. SPs would be able to provide reports
of status and availability of resources, failure points,
recovery notices, and alerts of lost capabilities. When the ETS
is only activated during a declared emergency, the SC can
directly notify the SP on-line to activate the ETS service for
the area impacted. An effective service management interface
and a simple data interchange mechanism are needed to provide
this important capability.
5. Conclusions
The establishment of meaningful standards to make ETS a reality requires
dedicated cooperation and collaboration among industry and government.
Initial ETS capabilities, as defined by ITU-T Recommendation E.106 [1]
exist in some nations today and can be deployed in the basic telephone
systems that are in place. The evolution of telecommunications
technology to provide more effective, efficient, and economical /m/
Folts Document, July 2, 2002 11
Emergency Telecom. Service December 2001
facilities in emerging packet-based networks provides both a challenge
in transition and an opportunity to apply greatly enhanced capabilities
for a national and an international ETS. Many of the ETS requirements
addressed in this paper may already be satisfied without change or
addition to existing standards. These capabilities need to be identified
and their application to the ETS needs to be defined. Where capabilities
for ETS do not exist, new standards or additions to existing
specifications in the international standardization process needs to be
addressed. It is imperative that any specifications include support for
the functional requirements of a comprehensive ETS before equipment and
systems are designed, manufactured, and deployed. None of these new
specifications shall cause change or impairment of operation of existing
emergency capabilities or to the basic packet-switched infrastructure.
ETS is multidimensional and includes many critical technical issues as
well as policy, legal, regulatory, and operational issues that need to
be addressed. Close cooperation between government and industry will
lead to timely establishment or identification of meaningful standards
and deployment of ETS capabilities in the evolving telecommunication and
3G mobile networks.
This document is intended to serve as a basis for discussions and
development of innovative ideas in standards bodies. The material
presented will be further refined as a result of continuing work toward
identifying, establishing, and applying a family of comprehensive
standards for national and international Emergency Telecommunications
Services. Please visit www.iepscheme.net and subscribe to the IEPS Email
list to track the progress of work.
6. Security Considerations
Ian Brown in another ID presents security considerations for ETS [5].
7. Acknowledgements
Many thanks to Fred Baker, Scott Bradner, Ian Brown, Ken Carlberg, Sean
Donelan, Jack Garrity, Stu Goldman, Kimberly King, Gary Thom, Jean
Trakinat, Greg Bain, and Toby Trygar, for their comments on this draft.
8. Author's Address
Hal Folts, Senior Systems Engineer
Priority Services - Internet Team, Technology and Programs
National Communications System
foltsh@ncs.gov
+1 703 607-6186
8. References
1. ITU-T, "Description of an International Emergency Preference
Scheme", ITU-T Recommendation E.106, March 2000.
2. Folts, H., and Ohno, H, " draft-folts-ohno-IEPS-considerations-
00.txt, June 2000.
3. ITU-T, "Service Definition of an International Emergency Multimedia
Folts Document, July 2, 2002 12
Emergency Telecom. Service December 2001
Service", ITU-T Draft Recommendation F.706, August 2001.
4. ETSI TR 101 300, V2.1.1, "Telecommunications and Internet
Protocol Harmonization Over Networks (TIPHON); Description of
Technical Issues", October 1999
5. Brown, I, "Securing prioritised emergency traffic", Internet
Draft, draft-brown-ieps-sec-00.txt, July 2001.
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Folts Document, July 2, 2002 13