TRILL Working Group D. Bond
Internet-Draft UNH-IOL
Intended status: Standards Track V. Manral
Expires: September 12, 2011 IP Infusion Inc.
March 11, 2011
RBridges: Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) Support
draft-bond-trill-rbridge-oam-01
Abstract
The IETF has standardized RBridges, devices that implement the TRILL
protocol, a solution for transparent shortest-path frame routing in
multi-hop networks with arbitrary topologies, using a link-state
routing protocol technology and encapsulation with a hop-count. As
RBridges are deployed in real-world situations, operators will need
tools for debugging problems that arise. This document specifies a
set of RBridge features for operations, administration, and
maintenance purposes in RBridge campuses. The features specified in
this document include tools for traceroute, ping, and error
reporting.
Status of This Memo
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This Internet-Draft will expire on September 12, 2011.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
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publication of this document. Please review these documents
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. TRILL OAM Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. RBridge Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1. Application RBridge Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.1. Hop Count Traceroute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.1.1. Multi-Destination Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1.1.2. Hop Count Traceroute Example . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1.2. RBridge Ping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.1.2.1. Ping Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2. Error Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2.1. Hop Count Zero Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2.2. MTU Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5. TRILL OAM Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.1. Protocol Code Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.2. Protocol Codes Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.2.1. Protocol Application Codes Formats . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.2.1.1. Echo Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.2.1.2. Echo Reply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.2.2. Error Notification Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.2.2.1. Error Specifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.3. Type, Length, Value (TLV) Encodings . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.3.1. TLV Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.3.1.1. Next Hop Nickname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.3.1.2. Incoming Port ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.3.1.3. Outgoing Port ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.3.1.4. Outgoing Port MTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Appendix A. Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
A.1. Changes from -00 to -01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
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1. Introduction
The IETF has standardized RBridges, devices that implement the TRILL
protocol, a solution for transparent shortest-path frame routing in
multi-hop networks with arbitrary topologies, using a link-state
routing protocol technology and encapsulation with a hop-count
(RFCtrill [I-D.ietf-trill-rbridge-protocol]). As RBridges are
deployed, operators will face problems that require tools for
troubleshooting of connectivity issues in the network. TRILL uses
IS-IS for the control plane. IS-IS has a link-state database which
contains the information of all links in the TRILL domain and IS-IS
has a routing table. This information can be used for trouble
shooting purposes. Simply being able to view the link-state database
and routing table is insufficient for the requirements of operations,
administration, and maintenance (OAM).
In addition, RBridges should support SNMP, as described in RFCtrill
[I-D.ietf-trill-rbridge-protocol] and RBridgeMIB
[I-D.ietf-trill-rbridge-mib]. SNMP, the routing table, and the link-
state database are insufficient as the only OAM tools because while
the control plane within an RBridge campus may be functioning
successfully the data plane may not be. This motivates the need for
OAM tools that allow an operator to test the data plane. Protocols
such as IP, MPLS, and IEEE 802.1 have features enabling an operator
to exercise the data plane (RFC 4443 [RFC4443], RFC 0792 [RFC0792],
IEEE 802.1ag [IEEE.802-1ag]). There is a need for a similar set of
tools in TRILL.
Likewise, there is a need for error reporting capabilities inside an
RBridge campus. For instance, if a TRILL Inner.VLAN tag has an
illegal value there should be a way for devices to report this error.
This would allow administrators of an RBridge campus to quickly
locate a problem device in the network. This document specifies a
set of RBridge features for operations, administration, and
maintenance purposes in RBridge campuses along with a frame format.
The features specified in this document include tools for traceroute,
ping, and error reporting. Section 3 of this document specifies the
general usage of a defined message format. Section 4 specifies some
additional applications of the message format. Section 5 specifies
the format of the messages on the wire.
1.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
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2. Acronyms
o BPDU - Bridge PDU
o CHbH - Critical Hop-by-Hop
o CItE - Critical Ingress-to-Egress
o DA - Destination Address
o DR - Designated Router
o DRB - Designated RBridge
o ES - End Station
o ESa - End Station A
o ESb - End Station B
o ECMP - Equal-Cost Multi-Path
o ESADI - End Station Address Distribution Instance
o FCS - Frame Check Sequence
o ID - Identification
o IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
o IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
o IP - Internet Protocol
o IS-IS - Intermediate System to Intermediate System
o MAC - Media Access Control
o MPLS - Multiprotocol Label Switching
o MTU - Maximum Transmission Unit
o OAM - Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
o P2P - Point-to-point
o PDU - Protocol Data Unit
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o RBridge - Routing Bridge
o SA - Source Address
o SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
o TLV - Type, Length, Value
o TRILL - TRansparent Interconnection of Lots of Links
o VLAN - Virtual Local Area Network
3. TRILL OAM Message
To facilitate message passing as needed by the OAM requirements, the
TRILL OAM Channel ([I-D.eastlake-trill-rbridge-channel]) is utilized.
The TRILL Header extended flag MAY be set if so desired.
There are two types of TRILL OAM messages defined in this document
carried within the TRILL OAM Channel: application and error
notification. Frames with an error notification MUST NOT be
generated in response to frames with an error notification.
Implementations SHOULD rate limit the origination of error
notifications. Whereas unknown unicast frames are sent as multi-
destination messages, sending unknown unicast frames with an error
can lead to an amplification attack. As such special care and rate
limiting are necessary for error notifications.
The specification of rate limiting is beyond the scope of this
document. An RBridge SHOULD maintain counters for each type of error
generated.
Error notification messages contain the error-causing frame or the
initial part thereof after its OAM message. The following are two
figures showing application and error notification message structure.
Section 5 goes into the details of these formats.
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+----------------------------+
| Outer Link Header |
+----------------------------+
| TRILL Header |
+----------------------------+
| Inner Link Header |
+----------------------------+
| TRILL OAM Channel Header |
+----------------------------+
| OAM Protocol Spec. Payload |
+----------------------------+
Application Frame
Figure 1
+---------------------------------------+
| Outer Link Header |
+---------------------------------------+
| TRILL Header |
+---------------------------------------+
| Inner Link Header |
+---------------------------------------+
| TRILL OAM Channel Header |
+---------------------------------------+
| OAM Protocol Specific Payload |
+---------------------------------------+
| Offending Frame TRILL Header |
+---------------------------------------+
| Offending Frame Inner Link Header |
+---------------------------------------+
| Offending Frame Payload |
+---------------------------------------+
Error Notification Frame
Figure 2
Frames with the TRILL OAM message generated in response to another
TRILL data frame MUST have fields set as follows unless otherwise
specified:
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+-------------+----------------+------------------------------------+
| Frame Type | Field | Value |
+-------------+----------------+------------------------------------+
+-------------+----------------+------------------------------------+
| Application | Inner.MacSA | If the Inner.MacDA of the received |
| or Error | | frame is one of the MAC addresses |
| | | of the RBridge generating the |
| | | frame, the value MUST be that MAC |
| | | address. Otherwise, it MUST be |
| | | one of the RBridge's MAC |
| | | addresses. |
+-------------+----------------+------------------------------------+
| Application | Inner.MacDA | The value SHOULD be |
| or Error | | All-OAM-RBridges . The |
| | | Inner.MacDA MAY be other values as |
| | | specified in subsequent sections. |
+-------------+----------------+------------------------------------+
| Application | Inner.VLAN ID | The value MUST be one of the VLANs |
| or Error | | the egress RBridge advertises |
| | | connectivity on. If the frame is |
| | | generated in response to another |
| | | frame it MUST be copied from the |
| | | received frame. |
+-------------+----------------+------------------------------------+
| Application | Ingress | If the egress RBridge nickname of |
| or Error | RBridge | the received frame is a nickname |
| | nickname | of the RBridge generating the |
| | | frame, then the value MUST be that |
| | | nickname. Otherwise, it MUST be |
| | | one of the RBridge's nicknames. |
+-------------+----------------+------------------------------------+
| Application | Egress RBridge | The value MUST be the ingress |
| or Error | nickname | RBridge nickname of the received |
| | | frame. If the ingress RBridge |
| | | nickname received is unknown or |
| | | reserved the frame MUST be |
| | | generated on the port the frame |
| | | was received on with an |
| | | Outer.MacDA and egress RBridge |
| | | nickname of the RBridge that |
| | | transmitted the invalid frame. |
+-------------+----------------+------------------------------------+
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+-------------+----------------+------------------------------------+
| Error | Offending | The value MUST be N bytes of the |
| | Encapsulated | frame which had the error where N |
| | Frame | is the minimum of the frame size |
| | | and the number of bytes that would |
| | | bring the resulting error frame up |
| | | to 1470 bytes. This MUST include |
| | | the TRILL header and MUST NOT |
| | | include the link-layer header. |
+-------------+----------------+------------------------------------+
| Error | M Bit | The value MUST be zero. |
+-------------+----------------+------------------------------------+
| Application | Inner.Priority | The value SHOULD be one less than |
| or Error | | the priority of the received |
| | | frame, but not less than the |
| | | lowest priority. Defaults to zero |
| | | for sent frames. |
+-------------+----------------+------------------------------------+
Table 1: Frame Field Values
RBridge campuses do not, in general, guarantee lossless transport of
frames so a frame containing a TRILL OAM Message, possibly generated
in response to some other frame, might be lost.
4. RBridge Tools
This section specifies a number of RBridge OAM tools. For
classification purposes they are divided into two sections,
applications and error tools.
4.1. Application RBridge Tools
4.1.1. Hop Count Traceroute
The ability to trace the path the data takes through the network is
an invaluable debugging tool. RBridge traceroute provides this
functionality through use of the TRILL OAM message (See Section 3).
In a hop-count traceroute, the originating RBridge starts by
transmitting one TRILL data frame with a TRILL OAM message. This
message contains a protocol code of an echo request. (See
Section 5.2.1.1) The ingress RBridge MUST be the RBridge originating
the frame.
When a traceroute is initiated, it is either targeting a known
unicast target or a multi-destination target as specified by the
operator. If the hop-count traceroute is for a known unicast target,
the egress RBridge is the destination RBridge to which connectivity
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will be checked and the M bit MUST be zero. Otherwise, if the hop-
count traceroute is for a multi-destination target, the egress
RBridge is the distribution tree nickname for the traceroute. Multi-
destination targets are handled the same as known unicast targets but
require a small amount of additional logic as specified in
Section 4.1.1.1.
The first echo request frame transmitted MUST have a hop-count of
one. The RBridge will continue transmitting these echo requests,
incrementing the hop-count by one each time until a hop-count error
notification is received from the destination. Each of these
requests in turn will generate a hop-count error notification until
the egress RBridge is reached. If a transit RBridge decrements the
hop-count by more than one it may transmit multiple hop-count error
notifications.
The purpose of the traceroute is to confirm connectivity of the data
plane, and therefore options such as a flow ID or a security option
MAY be included. If an RBridge supports equal-cost multi-pathing
(ECMP) or load balancing, the RBridge SHOULD allow operators to
specify which flow the traceroute is assigned to. There is no need
for all RBridges to use the same assignment method. Being able to
specify the flow allows operators to test the path taken by data
through the data plane. The purpose of the frame is to mimic a data
frame that follows the same path through the data plane that a 'real'
data frame would.
The echo request MAY have an arbitrary 32-bit unsigned integer
sequence number to assist in matching reply messages to the request.
This is important for the hop-count traceroute since replies may
return to the ingress RBridge in a different order then their
matching requests were sent.
The Inner.VLAN, Inner.MacSA, and Inner.MacDA SHOULD default to the
values specified in Table 1. RBridges SHOULD provide an option to
change these values to assign the TRILL data frame to a flow.
The replying RBridge MUST include its 16-bit port ID from the port on
which the hop-count error generating frame was received in the
incoming port field of the reply. It MUST also include its 16-bit
port ID from the port on which the frame would be forwarded if the
frame did not have a hop-count error. A port ID of 0xFFFF indicates
the frame was consumed by the RBridge itself. Finally the reply MUST
include the 16-bit nickname of the next hop RBridge the frame would
have been sent to if there were no error. If the request is a multi-
destination frame, this field MUST be set to the nickname of the
RBridge the frame was received from. This is the previous hop
RBridge. This is to facilitate knowledge of a more precise path
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through the campus as seen in RFC 5837 [RFC5837].
The advantage of this traceroute method is the transit RBridges do
not have to do any special processing of the frames until a hop-count
error is detected, a condition they are required to detect by the
TRILL base protocol. The disadvantage is the request-orginating
RBridge needs to transmit as many frames as there are hops between
itself and the destination RBridge.
The end stations are not involved in this process. RBridge
traceroutes are from RBridge to RBridge. While the frames sent may
emulate data sent from ESa to ESb, the end stations are not, in fact,
involved.
4.1.1.1. Multi-Destination Targets
For multi-destination targets at each branch in the tree the tagged
frame will be replicated causing each RBridge in the tree, possibly
pruned by VLAN and/or multicast group, to send a response to the echo
request. If all RBridges in the possibly pruned distribution tree
support the echo request message, then the ingressing RBridge will
receive an echo reply from each of them. This is in contrast to a
known unicast tagged frame where only the RBridges along the path
from ingress to egress transmit the error notification. The
ingressing RBridge can compile all of these replies, using the parent
pointers located in the nexthop nickname field, into an output of the
tree the traffic traversed. In the case that a non-valid
distribution tree nickname is specified the traceroute frames SHOULD
still be generated. The traceroute application MUST report any
errors received, such as an invalid distribution tree nickname,
caused by the hop-count traceroute frames. RBridges receiving a
multicast destination echo request MUST NOT transmit an echo reply if
the multi-destination bit is set. Echo requests that are not used
with the hop-count traceroute come from the ping tool, and pings are
not valid to multi-destination traffic. In a hop-count traceroute
devices will already be transmitting a hop-count error notification
and so there is no reason to transmit a double set of replies. A
multi-destination hop-count traceroute does not stop when an echo
reply is received. It stops when the transmitted hopcount reaches
0x3F.
4.1.1.2. Hop Count Traceroute Example
Figure 3 contains a campus with three RBridges. Consider a hop-count
traceroute from RB0 to RB2.
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+-----+ +-------+ +-------+ +-------+ +-----+
| ESa +--+ RB0 +---+ RB1 +---+ RB2 +--+ ESb |
+-----+ |ingress| |transit| |egress | +-----+
+-------+ +-------+ +-------+
Time RB0 RB1 RB2
. (1)-------> | |
. | <------- (2) |
. (3)-------> (3) -------> |
. | <------- (4) <-------(4)
Hop Count Traceroute Example Topology
Figure 3
In this diagram RB0 transmits frame (1) destined to RB2. This frame
contains the echo request message and a hop-count of 0. When RB1
receives this frame it drops it and transmits a hop-count-exceeded
message, (2), to RB0. RB0 then transmits a frame, (3), with a hop-
count of 1. RB1 decrements this hop-count by 1 to 0 and forwards it
to RB2. RB2 drops frame (3) and transmits a hop-count-exceeded
message, (4), to RB0. The traceroute is now complete.
Below are some select fields for the frames:
+--------+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+--------+
| Frame | Ingress | Egress | TRILL OAM | Sequence | Hop |
| # | RBridge | RBridge | Protocol | Number | Count |
+--------+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+--------+
+--------+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+--------+
| (1) | RB0 | RB2 | Echo | 1 | 1 |
| | | | Request | | |
+--------+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+--------+
| (2) | RB1 | RB0 | Hop Count | 1 | N/A |
| | | | Error | | |
+--------+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+--------+
| (3) @ | RB0 | RB2 | Echo | 2 | 2 |
| RB1 | | | Request | | |
+--------+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+--------+
| (3) @ | RB0 | RB2 | Echo | 2 | 1 |
| RB2 | | | Request | | |
+--------+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+--------+
| (4) @ | RB2 | RB0 | Hop Count | 2 | N/A |
| RB1 | | | Error | | |
+--------+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+--------+
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+--------+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+--------+
| (4) @ | RB2 | RB0 | Hop Count | 2 | N/A |
| RB0 | | | Error | | |
+--------+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+--------+
Table 2: Hop Count Traceroute Example Frames
For example, if the nicknames for RB0, RB1, and RB2 are 0x0001,
0x0002, and 0x0003 respectively, the console output from such a trace
might be:
Hop Count Tracing
RBridge Incoming Port Id Outgoing Port Id RBridge Nexthop Nickname
------- ---------------- ---------------- ------------------------
0x0001 0xFFFF 0x0001 0x0002
0x0002 0x0000 0x0001 0x0003
0x0003 0x0000 0xFFFF 0x0000
Table 3: Hop Count Traceroute Example Output
In this example, the first line of output is generated from local
information, no hop-count frames are sent to generate it.
4.1.2. RBridge Ping
Ping is a tool for verifying RBridge connectivity. As with an
RBridge traceroute, the ping-originating RBridge transmits one or
more TRILL data frames with a TRILL OAM message. This message
contains the code of an echo request (See Section 5.2.1.1). The
ingress RBridge MUST be the RBridge-originating frame. The egress
RBridge is the destination RBridge to which connectivity will be
checked. The M bit MUST be zero.
As with RBridge traceroute, options such as a flow ID or a security
option MAY be included. If an RBridge supports equal-cost multi-
pathing (ECMP) or load balancing, the RBridge SHOULD allow operators
to specify which flow the ping is assigned to. There is no need for
all RBridges to use the same assignment method. This ping traffic,
once again, will mimic real traffic through the network, like
traceroute traffic as previously specified in Section 4.1.1.
The echo request MAY have an arbitrary 32-bit unsigned integer
sequence number to assist in matching reply messages to the request.
In most circumstances, a single echo request is needed to complete
the ping but it might be desirable for a single RBridge to ping
multiple egress RBridges, or trace differing flows simultaneously.
Assigning differing sequence numbers to each frame aids in matching
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which trace the reply belongs to.
The Inner.VLAN, Inner.MacSA, and Inner.MacDA SHOULD default to the
values specified in Table 1. RBridges SHOULD provide the ability to
change these values as to assign the TRILL data frame to a flow. The
payload of the frame is arbitrary and MAY contain any value. This
value can have an influence on which flow the frame is assigned to.
RBridges implementing ping MAY issue a reply in response to this
request. See Section 8 for reasons on some RBridges are allowed to
choose not to respond to a request. If an RBridge chooses to respond
to the request, the reply MUST consist of one TRILL data frame per
request with an OAM message containing the protocol code of an echo
reply. The echo reply MUST have the same sequence number as the
request being matched.
For the echo reply the ingress RBridge field MUST be the reply-
originating RBridge's nickname. The egress RBridge MUST be the
request-originating RBridge's nickname. The Inner.VLAN, Inner.MacSA,
and Inner.MacDA SHOULD default to the values specified in Table 1.
The Outer.VLAN ID MUST be preserved. The M bit MUST be zero.
The reply-originating RBridge MUST include its 16-bit port ID from
the port on which the request was received in the incoming port field
of the reply. It MUST also include its 16-bit port ID from the port
on which the frame is forwarded. A port ID of 0xFFFF indicates the
frame was consumed by the RBridge itself. The nickname field in the
generated frame MUST be set to all zeros on transmission and ignored
on reception.
The Internal Hop Count field of the reply MUST be set to zero. The
ping functionality does not use the Internal Hop Count field of the
reply. (See Section 5.2.1.2)
The reply frame need not follow the same path though the campus. The
reply messages are not meant to test the data plane.
End stations are not involved in this the ping process. RBridge
pings are from RBridge to RBridge. While the frames sent may emulate
data sent from ESa to ESb, the end stations are not, in fact,
involved.
The transmitting RBridge MUST wait for a reply frame until a time-out
occurs. At that time, the RBridge MUST assume the frame was lost,
and this MUST be indicated to the operator. The length of this time-
out is not specified in this document.
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4.1.2.1. Ping Example
Figure 4 contains a campus with three RBridges. Consider a ping from
RB0 to RB2.
+-----+ +-------+ +-------+ +-------+ +-----+
| ESa +--+ RB0 +---+ RB1 +---+ RB2 +--+ ESb |
+-----+ |ingress| |transit| |egress | +-----+
+-------+ +-------+ +-------+
Time RB0 RB1 RB2
. (1)-------> (1) -------> |
. | <------- (2) <-------(2)
Ping Example Topology
Figure 4
In this diagram RB0 transmits frame (1) destined to RB2. This frame
contains the echo request message. When RB1 receives this frame it
forwards it to RB2. When RB2 receives this frame it transmits and
echo reply frame (2) destined to RB0. RB1 receives this frame and
forwards it to RB0.
Below are some select fields for the frames:
+--------+-------------+-------------+---------------+--------------+
| Frame | Ingress | Egress | TRILL OAM | Sequence |
| # | RBridge | RBridge | Protocol | Number |
+--------+-------------+-------------+---------------+--------------+
+--------+-------------+-------------+---------------+--------------+
| (1) | RB0 | RB2 | Echo Request | 1 |
+--------+-------------+-------------+---------------+--------------+
| (2) | RB2 | RB0 | Echo Reply | 1 |
+--------+-------------+-------------+---------------+--------------+
Table 4: Ping Example Frames
For example, if the nicknames for RB0, RB1, and RB2 are 0x0001,
0x0002, and 0x0003 respectively, the console output from such a ping
might be:
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Pinging
--------------------------------------------
... from 0x0001 to 0x0003... 0x0003 is alive
... from 0x0001 to 0x0003... 0x0003 is alive
... from 0x0001 to 0x0003... 0x0003 is alive
Table 5: Ping Example Output
In this example, the ping was repeated three times with the sequence
number being changed each time.
4.2. Error Reporting
Errors can occur through the reception of TRILL data frames. For
this purpose, the error notification format is specified. These are
generated due to various events as specified subsequently. When a
TRILL data frame is received with an error, an error notification
frame MAY be generated. See Section 8 for reasons on some RBridges
are allowed to choose not to respond to a request. The generated
reply MUST contain the error notification. The sub-code MUST contain
a code specifying the error encountered. The valid values are
specified in Section 5.2.2.1. Two of these sub-codes contain TLVs
with additional information. The error notification also contains a
3 bit error type field which describes the error.
This frame has a TRILL header and it contains, as its payload, the
frame received with the error. If the size of the received frame
would cause the generated frame to exceed 1470 bytes, the payload
MUST be truncated to the 1470 bytes. The payload MUST include the
TRILL header of the received frame and MUST NOT include the link-
layer header. The generated reply MUST contain the error
notification message specific to the error.
When the original ingress RBridge receives the error frame, at a
minimum, the RBridge SHOULD update a counter specifying the number of
error frames received for the causing error. The encapsulated frame
MUST NOT be decapsulated and transmitted. The RBridge SHOULD also
keep a set of counters for errors reported by other RBridges.
The two sub-codes that contain TLVs with additional information are
described below. All other sub-codes specified in this document do
not contain TLVs.
4.2.1. Hop Count Zero Error
When a TRILL data frame is received with a hop-count of zero, an
error notification frame MAY be generated. The generated reply MUST
contain the hop-count zero error sub-code. If the received frame has
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the echo request message, the hop-count zero error notification MUST
have a sequence number matching the echo request. Otherwise, the
sequence number MUST be set to zero. The incoming port ID MUST be
the port ID the received frame arrived on. The outgoing port ID MUST
be the port ID of the port the received frame would have been
forwarded onto if the hop-count was not zero. Finally, the error
notification MUST include the 16-bit nickname of the next hop RBridge
the frame would have been sent to. If the request is a multi-
destination frame, this field MUST be set to all zeros on
transmission and ignored on reception. If the RBridge transmitting
the request is the egress RBridge, this field MUST be set to 0x0000.
4.2.2. MTU Error
When a TRILL data frame is received with a payload that would exceed
the MTU of the port the frame would otherwise be forwarded to, an
error notification frame MAY be generated. The generated reply MUST
contain the MTU error sub-code. The outgoing port MTU field MUST
have the MTU of the port the frame would have otherwise been
transmitted on. The incoming port ID MUST be the port ID the
received frame arrived on. The outgoing port ID MUST be the port ID
of the port the received frame would have been forwarded onto if the
frame size was not too large. Finally, the error notification
message MUST include the 16-bit nickname of the next hop RBridge the
frame would have been sent to. If this is a multi-destination frame
this field MUST be set to all zeros on transmission and ignored on
reception. If the RBridge transmitting the request is the egress
RBridge, this field MUST be set to 0x0000.
5. TRILL OAM Message Format
This section specifies the format of the TRILL OAM message on the
wire beyond the ethertype as encoded in the OAM Channel
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7| 8| 9| 10-15 |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Version | TRILL OAM Protocol |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
|SL|MH| Flags | ERR |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Sequence |
| Number |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
TRILL OAM Message Common Initial Part
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Figure 5
The message fields and flags are as follows:
o Version, TRILL OAM Protocol, SL, MH, Flags, and ERR: The usage is
specified in [I-D.eastlake-trill-rbridge-channel]. The SL bit
SHOULD be 0. The MH bit MUST be 1. The version must be 0. ERR
MUST be all zeros. The TRILL OAM Protocol is further specified by
the tool type.
o Sequence Number: This field is used to sequence frames for certain
tools. Not all tools utilize the sequence number field.
5.1. Protocol Code Values
The protocol code values which specify the tool type are:
o 0x004 (Suggested): Echo Request, See Section 5.2.1.1
o 0x005 (Suggested): Echo Reply, See Section 5.2.1.2
o 0x006 (Suggested): Error Notification, See Section 5.2.2
5.2. Protocol Codes Formats
5.2.1. Protocol Application Codes Formats
5.2.1.1. Echo Request
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7| 8| 9| 10-15 |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Version | TRILL OAM Protocol |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
|SL|MH| Flags | ERR |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Sequence |
| Number |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
Echo Request
Figure 6
This message is used by ingress RBridges to request an echo reply
from the egress RBridge. Further uses are specified in Section 4.1.1
and Section 4.1.2
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o Version, TRILL OAM Protocol, SL, MH, Flags, and ERR: The usage is
specified in [I-D.eastlake-trill-rbridge-channel]. The SL bit
SHOULD be 0. The MH bit MUST be 1. The version must be 0. ERR
MUST be all zeros. TRILL OAM Protocol MUST be 0x004 (Suggested).
o Sequence Number: An arbitrary 32-bit unsigned integer used to aid
in matching reply messages to echo requests. MAY be zero.
5.2.1.2. Echo Reply
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7| 8| 9| 10-15 |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Version | TRILL OAM Protocol |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
|SL|MH| Flags | ERR |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Sequence |
| Number |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Reserved | I. Hop Count |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
. .
. TLVs .
. .
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
Echo Reply Format
Figure 7
This message is used by egress RBridges to reply to an echo request
from the ingress RBridge. Further uses are specified in
Section 4.1.1 and Section 4.1.2.
o Version, TRILL OAM Protocol, SL, MH, Flags, and ERR: The usage is
specified in [I-D.eastlake-trill-rbridge-channel]. The SL bit
SHOULD be 0. The MH bit MUST be 1. The version must be 0. ERR
MUST be all zeros. TRILL OAM Protocol MUST be 0x005 (Suggested).
o Reserved: A reserved field. Set to zero on transmission and
ignored on reception.
o Internal Hop Count: If the request being replied to was an echo
request, this value MUST be zero on transmission and ignored on
reception. If the request being replied to was a respond request,
this value is a copy of the TRILL Hop Count value in the request.
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The reserved and internal hop-count fields combined occupy the
subcode field of the TRILL OAM message.
o Sequence Number: A 32-bit unsigned integer used to aid in matching
reply messages to echo requests. This MUST match the request
being replied to.
o TLVs: A set of type, length, value encoded fields as specified in
Section 5.3. The next hop nickname, outgoing port ID, and
incoming port ID TLVs are required.
5.2.2. Error Notification Format
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7| 8| 9| 10-15 |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Version | TRILL OAM Protocol |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
|SL|MH| Flags | ERR |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Sequence |
| Number |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Err. T.| Subcode |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
. .
. TLVs .
. .
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
Error Format
Figure 8
This message is used by RBridges to signal that an error has occured.
o Version, TRILL OAM Protocol, SL, MH, Flags, and ERR: The usage is
specified in [I-D.eastlake-trill-rbridge-channel]. The SL bit
SHOULD be 0. The MH bit MUST be 1. The version must be 0. ERR
MUST be all zeros. TRILL OAM Protocol MUST be 0x006 (Suggested).
o Sequence Number: For all sub-codes except for the hop count error
this field is unused. It is set to zero on transmission and
ignored on reception. For the hop count error this is a 32-bit
unsigned integer used to aid in matching reply messages to echo
requests requests. If the frame whose hop-count dropped to zero
contains the echo request message (See Section 5.2.1.1), this MUST
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match the sequence number echo request found in that message. If
this is not in reply to a request, then the sequence number MUST
be set to zero.
o Error Type: MUST be a specifier of the error type describing the
error. The values are: 0 (Permanent Error), 1 (Transient Error),
2 (Warning), 3 (Comment). Values 4 through 7 are available for
allocation by IETF Review.
o Subcode: MUST be a specifier of the error discovered in the frame.
The valid values are specified in Section 5.2.2.1
o TLVs: A set of type, length, value encoded fields as specified in
Section 5.3. For next hop errors the next hop nickname, outgoing
port ID, and incoming port ID TLVs MUST be present. For MTU
errors the outgoing port MTU, next hop nickname, outgoing port ID,
and incoming port ID TLVs MUST be present. For all other errors
the TLVs are not used and the length of this section is set to
zero.
5.2.2.1. Error Specifiers
The sub-code values fall into three categories: errors, warnings, and
comments. All sub-codes represent something out of the ordinary that
has gone wrong, but certain ones are more important than others.
Sub-codes that are classified as errors are the most severe with
warning sub-codes being slightly less severe. These are enabled by
default. Sub-codes classified as comments are minor and are disabled
by default. They may be useful for operators debugging a network.
All error generations are optional and therefore MAY be generated or
not generated depending on security and implementation constraints.
The error specifiers sub-code values are:
Sub-codes
o 0: Unknown Error: Indicates an error has occurred.
o 1: Corrupt Frame: Frame received with invalid FCS or that was not
an 8-bit multiple in length. It could be impossible for a device
to signal this if the low-level port hardware hides this from the
software.
o 2: Invalid Outer.MacDA: Indicates the MAC Address is a multicast
address and the M bit is zero, the MAC Address is not a multicast
address and the M bit is one, or the M bit is zero and the frame
carried is an ESADI frame.
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o 3: Illegal Outer.VLAN: Indicates the Outer.VLAN ID is 0xFFF.
o 4: Invalid Outer.VLAN: Indicates the Outer.VLAN ID was not the
designated VLAN ID.
o 5: Unknown TRILL Version: Indicates the TRILL Version is unknown.
o 6: Op-Length Exceeds Frame Length: Indicates the Op-Length says
the options field extends beyond the end of the received frame
length.
o 8: Unknown Egress RBridge: Indicates the Egress RBridge in a
received frame is unknown.
o 9: Unknown Ingress RBridge: Indicates the Ingress RBridge in a
received frame is unknown.
o 10: Unsupported Critical Hop-by-hop Option: Indicates an
unsupported critical hop-by-hop option was received.
o 11: Unsupported Critical Ingress-to-Egress Option: Indicates an
unsupported critical ingress-to-egress option was received.
o 12-84: Available for allocation by IETF Review
o 85: Reserved for Private Experimentation
Warning Sub-codes
o 86: Illegal Inner.VLAN: Indicates the Inner.VLAN ID is 0xFFF.
o 87: Inner/Outer VLAN Priority Mismatch: Indicates the priority
values in the inner and outer VLANs do not match.
o 88: P2P Hello on TRILL Hello Link: Indicates a P2P Hello was
received on a TRILL Hello Link.
o 89: TRILL Hello on P2P Hello Link: Indicates a TRILL Hello was
received on a P2P Hello Link.
o 90: No Adjacency: Indicates a TRILL data frame was sent from an
RBridge the receiving RBridge is not adjacent to.
o 91: Encapsulated BPDU/VRP Frame: A TRILL Frame containing a BPDU
or VRP frame was received.
o 92: Invalid Mutability Flag: Indicates the mutability flag was set
on a received CHbH Option.
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o 93: Invalid TLV Option Length: Indicates the option length field
of a TLV option was between 121 and 127.
o 94: Options Ordering Error: Indicates the TLV options are ordered
incorrectly.
o 95: Additional Flag TLV Zero: Indicates a problem in the
additional Flag TLV.
o 96: Configured Nickname Collision: Indicates an RBridge was
detected in the campus with the same nickname (Configured or not).
o 97: Multiple DRBs detected.
o 98: Multiple appointed forwarders detected.
o 99-169: Available for allocation by IETF Review
o 170: Reserved for Private Experimentation
Comment Sub-codes
o 171: Inner.VLAN C-Bit Set: Indicates the C-Bit in the Inner.VLAN
is set.
o 172: Unknown Inner.MacDA: Indicates the Inner.MacDA is unknown.
This may occur if devices are configured to explicitly register
end stations and an unknown Inner.MacDA occurs in a unicast TRILL
data frame. This also only applies at egress and could indicate
that the Inner.MacDA was a learned address that has timed out.
o 173: Unknown Inner.MacSA: Indicates the Inner.MacSA is unknown.
This may occur if devices are configured to explicitly register
end stations and an unknown Inner.MacSA occurs in a TRILL data
frame.
o 174: Outer.VLAN C-Bit Set: Indicates the C-Bit in the Outer.VLAN
is set for an Ethernet frame.
o 175: Invalid Reserved Bits: Indicates the reserved bits are non-
zero in a received frame.
o 176: Invalid Nickname: Indicates a nickname in the reserved space
of 0xFFC0 to 0xFFFF was received that is not implemented at the
receiving RBridge.
o 177: Unsupported Non-Critical Hop-by-hop Option: Indicates an
unsupported non-critical hop-by-hop option was received. While
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sending a non-critical option to an unsupported device is not an
error, this could be used to support identification of devices
needing an upgrade.
o 178: Unsupported Non-Critical Ingress-to-Egress Option: Indicates
an unsupported non-critical ingress-to-egress option was received.
While sending a non-critical option to an unsupported device is
not an error, this could be used to support identification of
devices needing an upgrade.
o 179: Performance Exceeded: Indicates a frame was discarded due to
performance problems such as a buffer overflow.
o 180: Insufficient Hop Count: Indicates a frame was received with a
hop-count that was insufficient to reach the destination.
o 181-254: Available for allocation by IETF Review
o 255: Reserved for Private Experimentation
5.3. Type, Length, Value (TLV) Encodings
To facilitate future interoperable expansion of the data carried in
OAM sub-messages some sub-messages use a TLV encoding. These TLV
sections consist of a list of type, length, value encoded data where
the type signals to the RBridge how to interpret the value, and the
length tells the RBridge the length of the value in bytes. The type
and length are both 8 bit fields. A length of zero indicates the
value is a UTF-8 string with a NULL ('\0') terminating byte.
Preceeding the list of TLVs is a 16 bit total length field which
specifies the total length of all the length fields in octet units.
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7| 8| 9| 10-15 |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Total Length |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
. .
. TLV List .
. .
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
TLVs Format
Figure 9
Each TLV in the TLV List appears on the wire as such:
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| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7| 8| 9| 10-15 |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Type | Length |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
. .
. Value .
. .
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
TLV Format
Figure 10
The type values are:
o 0: Next Hop Nickname, See Section 5.3.1.1
o 1: Outgoing Port ID, See Section 5.3.1.3
o 2: Incoming Port ID, See Section 5.3.1.2
o 3: Outgoing Port MTU, See Section 5.3.1.4
o 4-253: Available for allocation by IETF Review
o 254: Reserved for Private Use
o 255: Reserved
5.3.1. TLV Types
5.3.1.1. Next Hop Nickname
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7| 8| 9| 10-15 |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Type = 0x01 | Length = 0x02 |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Next Hop Nickname |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
Next Hop Nickname Format
Figure 11
For traceroutes targeting known unicast destinations, hop-count
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errors, and MTU errors, this TLV MUST be the 16-bit nickname of the
next hop RBridge the frame is being or would have been sent to. If
the RBridge transmitting the TLV is the egress RBridge this field
MUST be set to 0x0000. For traceroutes targeting multi-destination
destinations, e.g. with the TRILL M bit high, this field contains the
nickname of the RBridge the frame being responded to is from. For
pings, this field MUST be set to all zeros on transmission and
ignored on reception. For multi-destination hop-count errors this
field contains the nickname of the RBridge the frame with the
exceeded hop-count was sent from. For multi-destination MTU error
traffic, this field MUST be set to all zeros on transmission and
ignored on reception.
5.3.1.2. Incoming Port ID
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7| 8| 9| 10-15 |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Type = 0x02 | Length = 0x02 |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Incoming Port ID |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
Incoming Port ID Format
Figure 12
This TLV MUST be set to the Port ID found in 'The Special VLANs and
Flags sub-TLV' for the port the request being replied to was received
on. ( [I-D.ietf-isis-trill])
5.3.1.3. Outgoing Port ID
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7| 8| 9| 10-15 |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Type = 0x03 | Length = 0x02 |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Outgoing Port ID |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
Outgoing Port ID Format
Figure 13
This TLV MUST be set to the Port ID found in 'The Special VLANs and
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Flags sub-TLV' for the port the frame is being forwarded on to (or
would have been for an echo request/hop-count error). (
[I-D.ietf-isis-trill]) If the request was consumed by the replying
RBridge, the port ID MUST be 0xFFFF.
5.3.1.4. Outgoing Port MTU
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7| 8| 9| 10-15 |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Type = 0x04 | Length = 0x02 |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Outgoing Port MTU |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
Outgoing Port MTU Format
Figure 14
This TLV MUST be the MTU of the outgoing port specified in the
outgoing port ID TLV.
6. Acknowledgments
Many people have contributed to this work, including the following,
in alphabetic order: Sam Aldrin, Dinesh Dutt, Donald E. Eastlake 3rd,
Anoop Ghanwani, Jeff Laird, and Marc Sklar
7. IANA Considerations
IANA is request to create a new subregistry within the TRILL
Parameter registry for "TRILL OAM Message Error Sub-Message Error
Specifiers". This subregistry that is initially populated as
specified in Section 5.2.2.1. Additional values are allocated by
IETF Review [RFC5226].
IANA is requested to create a new subregistry within the TRILL
Parameter registry for "TRILL Error Reporting Protocol TLV Types"
with initial values as listed in Section 5.3. Additional values are
allocated by IETF Review [RFC5226].
This draft also requires action to reserve the TRILL OAM Control
Channel protocol codes.IANA is requested to allocate the TRILL OAM
Channel protocol codes for as listed in Section 5.1.
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8. Security Considerations
The nature of the TRILL OAM Message lends itself to security
concerns. By providing information about the topology of a network,
attackers can gain greater knowledge of a network in order to exploit
the network. Passive attacks such as reading frames with an OAM
message could be used to gain such knowledge or active attacks where
an attacker mimics an RBridge can be used to probe the network.
Authentication, data integrity, protection against replay attacks,
and confidentiality for TRILL OAM frames may be provided using a to-
be-specified TRILL Security Option. Using such a security option
would mitigate both the passive and active attacks.
For instance, data origin authentication could be provided in the
future using a security options in the TRILL Header by verifying a
hash using shared keys or a mechanism like SEND with CGA. To prevent
replay attacks rate limiting, sequence numbers as well as some nonce
based mechanism could be provided. Confidentiality for TRILL OAM
frames could be provided based on some future security option
extension which encypts TRILL frames.
In a network where one does not wish to configure a security option,
the threat of attackers is still present. For this reason,
generation of any TRILL OAM Message frames is optional and SHOULD be
configurable by an operator on a per RBridge basis. An RBridge MAY
have this configurable on a per port basis. For instance, an
operator SHOULD be able to disable hop-count traceroute reply
messages or error notification message generation per port.
Another security threat is denial of service through use of OAM
messages. For this reason, RBridges MUST rate limit the generation
of OAM message frames. For multi-destination frames, the frames MAY
be discarded silently to prevent any denial of service atacks in case
of an errored packet such as an 'options not recognized' error
notification.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[I-D.eastlake-trill-rbridge-channel] 3rd, D., Manral, V., Ward, D.,
Yizhou, L., and S. Aldrin,
"RBridges: OAM Channel Support
in TRILL", draft-eastlake-
trill-rbridge-channel-00 (work
in progress), March 2011.
[I-D.ietf-isis-trill] 3rd, D., Banerjee, A., Dutt,
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D., Perlman, R., and A.
Ghanwani, "TRILL Use of IS-IS",
draft-ietf-isis-trill-05 (work
in progress), February 2011.
[I-D.ietf-trill-rbridge-protocol] 3rd, D., Dutt, D., Gai, S.,
Ghanwani, A., and R. Perlman,
"Rbridges: Base Protocol
Specification", draft-ietf-
trill-rbridge-protocol-16 (work
in progress), March 2010.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use
in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
March 1997.
9.2. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-trill-rbridge-mib] Rijhsinghani, A. and K.
Zebrose, "Definitions of
Managed Objects for RBridges",
draft-ietf-trill-rbridge-mib-02
(work in progress), March 2011.
[IEEE.802-1ag] Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, "IEEE
Stadard for Local and
metropolitian area networks /
Virtual Bridged Local Area
Networks / Connectivity Fault
Management", IEEE Standard
802.1Q, December 2007.
[RFC0792] Postel, J., "Internet Control
Message Protocol", STD 5,
RFC 792, September 1981.
[RFC4443] Conta, A., Deering, S., and M.
Gupta, "Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for
the Internet Protocol Version 6
(IPv6) Specification",
RFC 4443, March 2006.
[RFC5226] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand,
"Guidelines for Writing an IANA
Considerations Section in
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RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
May 2008.
[RFC5837] Atlas, A., Bonica, R.,
Pignataro, C., Shen, N., and
JR. Rivers, "Extending ICMP for
Interface and Next-Hop
Identification", RFC 5837,
April 2010.
Appendix A. Revision History
RFC Editor: Please delete this appendix before publication.
A.1. Changes from -00 to -01
Reworked the document to use the OAM Channel rather than an OAM
option.
Changed the frame formats to work within the OAM Channel.
Numerous minor typo corrections and wording clarifications.
Removed the route-respond traceroute.
Combined all the error notifications into one OAM Channel.
Authors' Addresses
David Michael Bond
University of New Hampshire InterOperability Laboratory
121 Technology Drive Suite #2
Durham, New Hampshire 03824
US
Phone: +1-603-339-7575
EMail: david.bond@iol.unh.edu
URI: http://mokon.net
Vishwas Manral
IP Infusion Inc.
1188 E. Arques Ave.
Sunnyvale, CA 94089
US
EMail: vishwas@ipinfusion.com
Bond & Manral Expires September 12, 2011 [Page 29]