Network Working Group T. Alexander
Internet-Draft VeriWave, Inc.
S. Bradner
Harvard University
Expires April 2005 October 2004
Benchmarking Methodology for Wireless LAN Devices
<draft-alexander-wlan-meth-00.txt>
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).
Abstract
This document provides a framework and methodology for performing
stress testing and benchmarking of wireless LAN (WLAN) devices,
including clients (i.e., host interfaces) and Access Points. The
document defines and discusses a number of tests and associated test
conditions that may be used to characterize the performance of such
devices, and also supplies the methods used to calculate the results
of these tests. This document also describes specific formats for
reporting the results of the tests. It extends the methodology
defined for benchmarking network interconnecting devices in RFC 2544
and LAN switches in RFC 2889 to WLAN devices.
Table of Contents
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1. Introduction .................................................. 3
2. Existing definitions and requirements ......................... 3
3. Tester description and test setups ............................ 4
3.1. Functional model of the tester .............................. 4
3.2. Test setup .................................................. 5
3.2.1. Test setup for Access Points ............................. 5
3.2.2. Test setup for clients ................................... 5
3.3. DUT setup ................................................... 6
3.3.1. Access Point setup ....................................... 6
3.3.2. Client setup ............................................. 7
3.4. Wireless configuration parameters ........................... 8
3.4.1. Channel assignment ....................................... 8
3.4.2. Transmit power level ..................................... 8
3.4.3. RTS threshold ............................................ 8
3.4.4. Fragmentation threshold .................................. 9
3.4.5. Power management mode .................................... 9
3.4.6. Service priority ........................................ 10
3.5. Test conditions ............................................ 10
3.5.1. Test environment ........................................ 10
3.5.2. Frame sizes ............................................. 11
3.5.3. Frame formats and verification .......................... 12
3.5.4. Half-duplex effects on calculating offered load ......... 13
3.5.5. Retry of unacknowledged frames .......................... 14
3.5.6. Physical layer (PHY) data rates ......................... 15
3.5.7. Management and control frames ........................... 15
3.5.8. Authentication and association .......................... 16
3.5.9. Signal level and signal-to-noise ratios ................. 16
3.5.10. Beacons and PCF access method settings ................. 17
3.5.11. Multiple clients ....................................... 18
3.5.12. Trial duration ......................................... 18
3.5.13. Configuration combinations ............................. 19
3.5.14. Basic test parameters .................................. 19
4. Interpreting and reporting test results ...................... 21
5. Benchmarking tests ........................................... 21
5.1. Throughput related tests ................................... 22
5.1.1. Unicast intra-BSS throughput, forwarding rate
and frame loss .......................................... 22
5.1.2. Unicast ESS throughput, forwarding rate and frame loss .. 24
5.1.3. Multicast forwarding rate ............................... 26
5.1.4. Forward pressure ........................................ 27
5.1.5. Authentication and association rate ..................... 29
5.1.6. Power management mode throughput, forwarding rate
and frame loss .......................................... 32
5.2. Latency and timing tests ................................... 33
5.2.1. Intra-BSS latency and latency variation ................. 34
5.2.2. ESS latency and latency variation ....................... 35
5.2.3. Roaming and reassociation time .......................... 37
5.2.4. Rate adaptation time .................................... 39
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5.2.5. Beacon interval and timing .............................. 41
5.2.6. Reset recovery time ..................................... 42
5.3. Capacity tests ............................................. 43
5.3.1. Burst capacity .......................................... 44
5.3.2. Authentication and association database capacity ........ 45
5.3.3. Power-save buffer capacity .............................. 48
4. Security Considerations ....................................... 49
5. IANA Considerations ........................................... 49
6. References .................................................... 50
6.1. Normative References ....................................... 50
6.2. Informative References ..................................... 50
7. Author's Addresses ........................................... 50
Appendix A. Intended load computations .......................... 51
A.1. Calculating theoretical maximum media capacity ............. 51
A.2. Calculating constant intended load ......................... 52
A.3. Calculating burst intended load ............................ 53
Full Copyright Statement ......................................... 54
Intellectual Property ............................................ 54
1. Introduction
This document defines and describes a specific set of tests that may
be used by vendors and users of IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN (WLAN)
[802.11] devices to measure and report the performance
characteristics of the WLAN devices. It extends the methodology that
were originally defined for benchmarking network interconnecting
devices in RFC 2544 [RFC2544], and then subsequently extended to
other types of devices (such as LAN switching devices in RFC 2889
[RFC2889]), to cover WLAN devices.
Wireless LANs may be characterized as using a complex, rate-adaptive
protocol designed for shared media access and subject to numerous
environmental influences, many of which are outside the control of
the end-user. The tests in this document are therefore intended to
provide a means of comparison and evaluation, rather than absolute
measures of performance in an arbitrary end-user environment.
2. Existing definitions and requirements
RFC 1242, "Benchmarking Terminology for Network Interconnect Devices"
[RFC1242] is relied upon for much of the terminology used in this
document, and MUST be consulted before attempting to make use of this
document. In addition, RFC 2285, "Benchmarking Terminology for LAN
Switching Devices" [RFC2285] SHOULD be reviewed as well. RFC 2544,
"Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Devices" [RFC2544]
and RFC 2889, "Benchmarking Methodology for LAN Switching Devices"
[RFC2889], also provide useful background information and context.
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The WLAN-specific terms and definitions in this document are
described in Clauses 3 and 4 of the IEEE 802.11 standard [802.11].
For the sake of clarity and continuity this RFC adopts the general
template for benchmarking tests set out in Section 26 of RFC 2544.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
3. Tester description and test setups
A common set of test setup and measurement conditions is used across
all of the tests described in this document. Exceptions to these
conditions are noted, if necessary, in the descriptions of the
individual tests.
3.1. Functional model of the tester
For the purposes of this document, the tester is defined as a
separate device that is used to transmit controlled test traffic to
the physical ports of the device under test (DUT) as well as to
receive and measure test traffic from the physical ports of the DUT.
The tester MUST NOT be a part of the DUT, nor can the DUT provide any
portion of the reported test results. An exception is the case of
client devices, which MAY be required to host test software in order
to support the requirements of one or more tests.
The tester MUST transmit 802.11-conformant traffic to the DUT during
the tests described herein, and MUST follow the rules of the 802.11
protocol with respect to media access and frame exchanges. It MAY be
configured to transmit non-conformant traffic for special purposes
(e.g., for debug), but this is outside the scope of this document.
The tester MUST support some means of distinguishing test traffic
(either injected into or emitted by the DUT) from normal data,
control and management frames that are generated by the DUT itself.
The tester SHOULD further support means of unambiguously determining
frame loss and frame duplication (e.g., by the use of sequence
numbers), as well as time-stamping transmitted and received frames.
No constraints are placed by this document on the specific
implementation of the tester or test system, provided that it is
capable of measuring DUT responses to the required degree of
accuracy, establishing the required test conditions at the physical
interfaces of the DUT, and generating test traffic with the relevant
parameters. These parameters include frame sizes, offered load, burst
sizes and inter-burst gap, signal output level, etc.
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3.2. Test setup
3.2.1. Test setup for Access Points
Many of the tests performed on Access Points require that test
traffic be injected into and/or received from both the wired and the
wireless ports of these devices. The ideal means of implementing
tests on Access Points is therefore to use a tester or test system
that can interface to both types of ports on the DUT, as shown in
Figure 1.
+------------+
Wireless | Access | Wired
+----------->| Point |<-------------+
| Media | DUT | Media |
| Interface +------------+ Interface |
| |
| +------------+ |
| | | |
+----------->| tester |<-------------+
| |
+------------+
Figure 1
The tests in this document are also generally applicable to DUTs that
provide multiple media interfaces, such as an Access Point that
supports multiple wireless interfaces that are aggregated into a
single wired interface. Section 6 of RFC 2544 [RFC2544], as well as
Section 5.2.3 of RFC 2889 [RFC2889], may be consulted for information
on extending the tests to multi-port devices. Test results MUST be
reported separately for each physical port of the DUT.
3.2.2. Test setup for clients
Due to the variety of physical configurations of client devices, a
test setup for a client is dependent on the nature of the DUT. If the
client is multi-homed, and can be set up to transfer traffic between
the wireless interface being tested and some other physically
accessible interface, then a test setup similar to Figure 1 can be
used, as shown in Figure 2.
+------------+
Wireless | client | Secondary
+----------->| DUT |<-------------+
| Media | | Wired or |
| Interface +------------+ Wireless |
| Under Test Interface |
| +------------+ |
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| | | |
+----------->| tester |<-------------+
| |
+------------+
Figure 2
The DUT is set up to route traffic injected into the wireless
interface under test to a secondary interface, which may be either
wired or wireless. Also, traffic injected into this secondary
interface by the tester is transferred to the wireless interface
under test. The secondary interface MUST have bandwidth and delay
characteristics that are known to be much better than that of the
wireless media interface of the DUT that is actually being tested.
If the DUT is not multi-homed (or lacks a suitable secondary
interface), then some test software MAY be supported on the client
itself in order to enable it to be tested, as shown in Figure 3.
+--------+ Wireless +------------+ +----------+
| | Media | Client | | Test |
| tester |<---------->| Interface |<-->| Software |
| | Interface | DUT | | On DUT |
+--------+ Under Test +------------+ +----------+
Figure 3
If the approach of Figure 3 is adopted, then it is understood that
the DUT comprises only the physical media interface and any device
driver and protocol stack software that is actually interposed
between the physical interface and the test software. The entire
device of which the physical media interface is a part MUST NOT be
considered to be tested by this method, as the test software may have
an impact on the remainder of the client device that is not
characterized by the tests presented in this document.
If a software program is executed on the DUT in order to enable
testing, the description and version of this software MUST be
included along with the test results.
3.3 DUT setup
The general DUT setup MUST follow the requirements described in
Section 7 of RFC 2544 [RFC2544].
The specific software or firmware version being used in the DUT, as
well as the exact DUT configuration (including any functions that
have been disabled) MUST be reported together with the results.
3.3.1. Access Point setup
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Access Points MUST be configured with both their wired and their
wireless interfaces active following the instructions for normal use
from the manufacturer. The wired interface MAY be disconnected from
the tester for tests that do not involve traffic exchanged between
the wired and wireless interfaces.
A System under Test (SUT) comprising one or more Access Points
interfaced to a dedicated management and switching device MAY be
treated as a single complex DUT and tested as a unit. In this case,
the wired interface(s) of the tester MUST be connected to wired
interface(s) on the management and switching device, instead of to
the wired interfaces of the Access Point(s) directly.
Access Points generally operate in one or more of the following
modes:
Intra BSS (Basic Service Set) mode. Here, an Access Point receives
data packets from a wireless client and forwards these packets to
another wireless client directly, i.e., without traversing the
wired media. Both clients must be associated with the same Access
Point.
ESS (Extended Service Set) mode. In this case an Access Point
receives data packets from a wireless client and forwards these to
a wired client (residing on its wired interface) or to another
wireless client by means of a second Access Point and the wired
network.
WDS (Wireless Distribution System) mode. This is a variant of the
ESS mode. Here an Access Point receives data packets from a
wireless client associated with it, and forwards these packets to
a second Access Point over the wireless medium. The second Access
Point then transfers these packets to their final destination. The
effect is similar to a wireless repeater network.
A single Access Point is normally capable of performing data
transfers using more than one of the above modes simultaneously.
3.3.2. Client setup
Devices containing client DUTs SHOULD be set up using the
manufacturer's normal instructions to match an normal user
configuration; however, user applications and processes that are not
part of a vendor-supplied device configuration MAY be removed or
suspended during the tests. Vendor-supplied configuration utilities
SHOULD be used to configure the various parameters of the wireless
interface (e.g., fragmentation thresholds) according to the
requirements of the test.
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Many client devices offer one or more power-saving modes that can
materially impact the test results. Tests SHOULD be run at different
power-save settings, but a full suite of tests MUST be run at least
one specific setting and the results reported. The power-save mode
setting MUST be reported along with the test results. (See Section
3.4.5.)
Clients operate in one of the following modes:
Associated with an Access Point. In this case, the client sends
all data traffic to the Access Point, for forwarding to the
ultimate destination.
In Independent BSS (IBSS) mode. This is a peer-to-peer mode of
operation, where two or more clients form an "ad hoc network" and
forward packets amongst each other without the services of an
Access Point.
Clients cannot operate in both of the above modes simultaneously.
3.4. Wireless configuration parameters
DUT setup considerations specific to WLAN devices are given below.
3.4.1. Channel assignment
The DUT MUST be configured to use a wireless channel that a normal
user would use at the location where the test was run. For example,
if the test is run in the U.S. then a standard U.S. wireless channel
is used. The channel used MUST be reported with the test results.
3.4.2. Transmit power level
For DUTs with adjustable transmit power levels, tests MAY be run at
different transmit power settings, although a full suite of tests
MUST be run at each power setting tested. The power setting used in
each test MUST be reported with the test results.
3.4.3. RTS threshold
The 802.11 protocol supports the use of a Request To Send (RTS) /
Clear To Send (CTS) handshake prior to data transfer, as a means for
interfaces to seize and reserve the medium before actually
transferring data. This is normally expected to be used for larger
frame sizes, where contention-based medium access may result in high
retransmission overheads. Determination of whether to use an RTS/CTS
handshake is based on the size of the frame to be transmitted, and is
statically configured as a threshold on the frame size.
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For DUTs with adjustable RTS thresholds, tests MAY be run at
different RTS thresholds, although a full suite of tests MUST be run
at each RTS threshold tested. The RTS threshold used in each test
MUST be reported with the test results.
3.4.4. Fragmentation threshold
The 802.11 protocol supports fragmentation and reassembly at the link
layer, in order to decrease retransmission overhead under high error
rates that may prevail in a radio frequency (RF) environment. If a
fragment of a frame is lost due to a bit error or a collision, only
that fragment is retransmitted. Determination of whether to fragment
a frame before transmission is based on the size of the frame, and is
statically configured as a threshold on the frame size.
For DUTs with adjustable fragmentation thresholds, tests MAY be run
at different fragmentation thresholds, although a full suite of tests
MUST be run at each fragmentation threshold tested. The fragmentation
threshold used in each test MUST be reported with the test results.
The tests in this document are performed at different fixed frame
sizes. The number of fragments produced with a given fragmentation
threshold will be known a priori for any given frame size. The tester
SHOULD therefore verify that the number of fragments generated by the
DUT during a test is correct.
3.4.5. Power management mode
The 802.11 protocol supports several power management functions, in
order to allow client devices to reduce power by placing their
wireless interfaces in a low-power mode during known periods of
inactivity. (Access Points do not enter a power-saving mode, but
support power-save by clients associated with them.) Transmission to
a client in power-save mode is typically bursty; the Access Point
accumulates packets destined for the client in internal buffers,
notifies the client of these packets by means of special fields in
its beacons, and then transfers them when the client and requests its
outstanding data. Good time synchronization between Access Points and
clients is essential for efficient and low-latency data transfers, as
clients need to be awake and listening when Access Points issue
notifications via beacons.
Throughput and latency measurements on a client are significantly
affected by the power management mode of the client. Therefore,
throughput and latency tests SHOULD be run with power management
disabled or minimized. If the DUT and tester are capable of
supporting multiple power management modes, then tests MAY be run in
different modes. The power management mode of the client MUST be
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reported with the test results.
3.4.6. Service priority
For DUTs with adjustable service priorities (QoS levels), tests MAY
be run at different service priorities, although a full suite of
tests SHOULD be run at least one service priority. For such DUTs, the
service priority used in each test MUST be reported with the test
results.
Throughput and latency tests on Access Points involving traffic
traversing wired interfaces can be affected by QoS settings on these
wired interfaces. In such situations, the QoS settings assigned to
the wired interfaces of Access Points MUST be reported with the test
results.
3.5. Test conditions
Test conditions for measurements on WLAN devices are covered in this
section. The complexity of the wireless LAN media and protocol
necessitate special attention to specifying and setting up these
conditions in order to obtain repeatable results.
3.5.1. Test environment
Wireless LAN test environments may be divided into two general
categories: shielded environments and open-air environments.
Shielded environments use cabling and/or RF shielding techniques to
significantly attenuate signals and noise unrelated to the test.
Typically, the DUT is enclosed within an RF-tight chamber and cabled
to the tester (which is also placed in an RF-tight chamber);
alternatively, both the DUT and the tester may be placed in the same
chamber, such as a Faraday cage. Unless the chamber is fairly large,
coupling between the DUT and tester is conducted (i.e., via cables)
and not radiated (via antennas).
Open-air environments mimic the actual use model of a WLAN DUT. In
this case, the DUT is placed at a specific location within some
moderately controlled (or at least characterized) indoor or outdoor
environment. The tester is also placed within the same environment at
a specific position relative to the DUT and other known signal
sources (if any). Antennas are used on both the DUT and the tester to
enable signal transfer; coupling is hence radiated.
The tests described in this document can be carried out in either of
the above environments, provided that the remainder of the test
conditions specified in this section (particularly the signal-to-
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noise and signal-to-interference ratios, described in Section 3.5.9)
are met. The test environment used in the tests MUST be described
along with the results.
3.5.2. Frame sizes
All of the described tests SHOULD be performed using several fixed
sizes of test data frames. Frame sizes are calculated from the first
byte of the MAC DA to the last byte of the FCS (i.e., all of the
802.11 MAC header and trailer fields are included, but the PLCP
header is not included). The various mode-specific encapsulations
supported by the 802.11 protocol makes frame size calculations
somewhat challenging. The test results MUST list the frame sizes used
for test data frames.
When using test data encoded using the 3-address 802.11 frame format
without encryption, the data frame sizes that SHOULD be used during
the tests are:
28, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 1528, 2048, 2332
The payload length may be obtained by subtracting 28 from the frame
size. A frame size of 28 bytes corresponds to a null frame (i.e., an
802.11 data frame with a zero-length payload). A frame size of 1528
bytes results in a payload length of exactly 1500 bytes, which is the
maximum sized frame that can be bridged on to an Ethernet LAN. A
frame size of 2332 bytes corresponds to the maximum defined 802.11
MAC Service Data Unit (upper-layer payload) of 2304 bytes.
Test data that uses a 3-address 802.11 frame format with Wired
Equivalent Priority (WEP) encryption SHOULD use the following frame
sizes:
28, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 1536, 2048, 2340
With the exception of null frames, the payload length may be obtained
by subtracting 36 from the frame size. Null frames contain no WEP
header and thus remain at 28 bytes.
When using a 4-address 802.11 frame format without encryption, the
802.11 header/trailer overhead increases to 34 bytes, and the test
data frame sizes that SHOULD be used are:
34, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 1534, 2048, 2346
In this case, a frame size of 34 bytes corresponds to a null frame,
1534 bytes to a payload length of 1500 bytes, and 2346 bytes to the
maximum defined 802.11 payload length of 2312 bytes. Note that the
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usable 802.11 payload sizes for the other frame size values are
smaller by 6 bytes over the 3-address case.
Finally, when using a 4-address 802.11 test data frame format with
WEP, the 802.11 header/trailer overhead increases to 42 bytes, and
the frame sizes that SHOULD be used are:
34, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 1542, 2048, 2354
As before, null frames do not contain a WEP header.
Inclusion of additional 802.11-specific header and trailer fields for
extended capabilities (e.g., advanced encryption, QoS support) can
cause the frame size to change. Test data traffic that includes such
additional header and trailer fields SHOULD use frame sizes
consistent with those given above.
In some cases, such as tests on clients, or ESS testing on APs (see
Subclause 3.25 of the IEEE 802.11 standard [802.11] for a description
of ESS), not all of the above frame sizes are practicable. For
example, a null frame will not be processed by clients. Test
procedures for these specific situations detail exceptions to the
frame sizes to be used.
Frame sizes of 802.11 management and control frames generated during
the test MUST conform to those required by the 802.11 standard
[802.11].
3.5.3. Frame formats and verification
The frame formats used for test data frames (with the exception of
null 802.11 frames) SHOULD follow the recommendations in Appendix C
of RFC 2544 [RFC2544]. LLC/SNAP encapsulation as per RFC 1042
[RFC1042] MUST be used to contain higher-layer payloads. Note that
when the added overhead of the 8-byte LLC/SNAP header is taken into
account, 64 byte WLAN frame sizes can only support link layer
payloads ranging from 28 bytes to as little as 14 bytes, and hence
may not be able to contain an IP header.
With the exception of null frames, the test frame format MUST contain
some means (such as a unique signature field, as described in Section
4 of RFC 2544 [RFC2544]) that will enable the tester to filter out
frames that are not part of the offered load, or are duplicated by
the DUT. In tests on Access Points involving multiple virtual or
physical test clients, the test frame format MAY also support means
for distinguishing between frames originating from different clients.
The provisions for verifying received frames in Section 10 of RFC
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2544 [RFC2544] SHOULD be followed as well. This is particularly
significant for 802.11, which implements retransmission at the link
layer. The verification of received frames SHOULD be independent of
the facilities provided by the 802.11 protocol.
3.5.4. Half-duplex effects on calculating offered load
WLAN Access Points and clients perform medium access in half-duplex
mode, implementing deference and backoff to minimize the probability
of collisions. Further, packet transmission is bidirectional, in
that data transmission from source to destination is immediately
followed by an acknowledgement from destination to source. This leads
to a number of issues when attempting to impose or calculate an
offered load during testing.
The relevant characteristics of 802.11 media access are:
Carrier sensing before access. Stations are required to defer to
all ongoing transmissions before attempting to transmit. Small
changes in relative access timing between stations may result in
large variations in the actual access pattern.
Random backoff after all transmission attempts. The 802.11
protocol attempts to avoid collisions by forcing all stations to
delay for a random interval after both successful or unsuccessful
transmission attempts. The random backoff must be implemented even
if only one station is attempting to transmit.
Suspension of backoff timers when the medium is busy. To preserve
station priority in a busy environment, the 802.11 protocol
requires backoff timers for stations contending for the medium to
be suspended (rather than reset) during deference periods. Hence
stations contending for media access over more than one deference
period will have a higher probability of access than a station
that is contending for the first time.
The last two characteristics above are peculiar to 802.11, and not
usually found in other half-duplex media access methods such as
Ethernet. Further, 802.11 media access uses an acknowledged transfer
(thus leading to inherently bidirectional packet flow, even though
the intended test data traffic is unidirectional); imposes further
delays when acknowledgement frames are lost; and cause stations to
emit a much higher proportion of management and control packets
during data transfer. All of these conspire to render data traffic in
a WLAN inherently bursty, as interfaces are forced to insert gaps in
otherwise steady flows when packets are being received or when
backoffs occur. Care must therefore be taken when measuring
throughput or computing offered load, especially for bidirectional
data transfers.
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In particular, as noted in RFC 2285 [RFC2285], special attention must
be paid towards ensuring that the actual offered load on the DUT is
measured, instead of (or as well as) the intended load. The offered
load may be less than the intended load due to contention effects for
the wireless medium. The tester MUST adjust the inter-frame spacing
according to the target intended load (i.e., to achieve the desired
rate of frame transmission), and then MUST measure and report the
actual offered load at the end of the trial.
See Appendix A of this document for notes about generating the
intended load for these tests. Either the frame-based or the time-
based method described in Appendix B of RFC 2889 [RFC2889] MAY be
used for these tests but, in either case, the method used MUST be
reported with the results. Most of the tests in this document use a
constant (non-bursty) load, and the Iload calculations in Section A.2
apply. Burst loads use the calculations in Section A.3.
The tester MUST follow the normal 802.11 protocol requirements when
transferring test data frames to the DUT, unless the DUT is to be
oversubscribed, or the burst capacity of the DUT is to be measured.
The tester SHOULD also note attempts by the DUT to violate the timing
requirements of the 802.11 protocol by not conforming to the backoff
rules, or by reducing its inter-frame spacing to less than the legal
minimum.
For bidirectional test data traffic, any offered load beyond 50% of
the theoretical maximum (computed as per Appendix A) MUST be
considered to oversubscribe the DUT. Oversubscription of the DUT MUST
be recorded as part of the test results.
3.5.5. Retry of unacknowledged frames
Recovery from frame errors and collisions is performed by 802.11
stations using a simple stop-and-wait acknowledgement handshake. If a
sending station does not receive a valid acknowledgement frame within
a short time delay after it transmits a unicast data or management
frame, it is required to perform a backoff and retry. Sequence
numbers and flag bits are used to distinguish between retries and new
frames.
The tester MUST follow the backoff and retry rules of the 802.11
protocol. When performing tests involving multiple virtual stations
sending to a single DUT, the tester SHOULD maintain a separate
backoff timer for each individual virtual station. In the case of
throughput tests, however, the tester MAY perform retransmissions
with a reduced or zero backoff period, in order to maintain a
reasonably high offered load in spite of the high error rates found
in WLAN media. If this is done, the actual backoff period used MUST
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be reported with the test results.
The number of retries performed by the tester when conducting
throughput and forwarding rate tests SHOULD be at least 7.
Note that tests involving reduced (non-standard) backoff periods -
and the consequently high offered loads - could expose catastrophic
behavior on the part of the DUT, which in turn could be indicative of
mysterious field failures. Also, an aggregate of stations sending
packets to a single DUT, such as an Access Point in a LAN, could
result in the DUT receiving bursts of packets at the minimum
interframe gap, even though each client individually conforms to the
prescribed backoff rules.
3.5.6. Physical layer (PHY) data rates
The physical layer of the 802.11 WLAN protocol supports data transfer
at a number of different data rates, such as 1, 2, 5.5, 6, 9, 11, 12,
etc. Mb/s. Further, the receiver and transmitter in a data exchange
may use different PHY data rates. These data rates are achieved with
different modulation formats, generally resulting in different packet
error ratios and/or signal-to-noise ratios at the receiver. Tests
performed at one data rate may not correlate with tests performed at
another rate. The test results MUST therefore record the data rate
used by both the DUT and the tester.
Rate adaptation is supported by 802.11 devices in order to maintain
data transfer under changing noise and interference environments
(although at different throughputs). Devices may automatically fall
back to lower PHY data rates in order to cope with decreasing signal
strength or increasing noise levels, as the lower PHY data rates
provide better signal-to-noise ratios. This can make test results
impossible to reproduce or interpret in the case of measurements
needing constant PHY data rates. A given trial MUST maintain a
constant PHY data rate for all test data packets, unless otherwise
specified.
3.5.7. Management and control frames
Unlike most other LAN link layer protocols, 802.11 involves the
exchange of a substantial number of management and control frames
during and in between data transfers. Control frames are typically
used for acknowledgement, medium reservation, and polling. Management
frames are required for discovery, connection setup and teardown, and
other signaling. Note that every unicast data frame that is
successfully transferred requires an acknowledgement control frame to
be transmitted by the receiver.
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To emulate the conditions occurring in a real 802.11 WLAN, therefore,
tests SHOULD include some (small) amount of management and control
frames in addition to acknowledgement frames. The proportion of
management and control frames, including beacons, MAY be kept under
5% of all frames transferred.
3.5.8. Authentication and association
Transfer of data between stations on an 802.11 WLAN is permitted to
begin only after a successful connection setup, as indicated by an
authentication handshake followed by an association handshake. (See
Clause 8 and Subclause 11.3, respectively, of the 802.11 standard
[802.11].) Also, it is illegal to transfer data after a connection
has been terminated.
The tester MUST be authenticated and associated with the DUT prior to
the start of a trial. It SHOULD perform an authentication and
association handshake with the DUT at the start of each trial, and a
deauthentication handshake at the conclusion; however, it MAY elect
to remain authenticated with the DUT across multiple trials. In the
case of throughput, forwarding rate, latency and burst capacity
tests, disassociation by the DUT during the test data transfer
portion of a trial MUST be reported and SHOULD cause the trial to be
terminated.
The tester MUST NOT accept any unicast data frames from the DUT until
after the successful completion of the authentication and association
handshake, and MUST NOT accept any data frames, whether valid or not,
after receiving an acknowledgement for a disassociation or
deauthentication frame transmitted to the DUT.
3.5.9. Signal level and signal-to-noise ratios
The 802.11 WLAN protocol is fundamentally based on a shared-medium RF
physical layer, and is therefore significantly affected by:
The absolute signal level received by the PHY;
The signal-to-noise ratio, as measured at the input of the PHY;
and
The carrier-to-interference (C/I) or signal-to-interference ratio,
also as measured at the input of the PHY. This parameter includes
both co-channel interference (CCI) and adjacent-channel
interference (ACI).
The above parameters impact key attributes of the link between two
stations, such as packet error rate, retries and backoffs, deference
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to ongoing transmissions, etc. These parameters MUST be measured and
maintained within known limits during every trial. Measurements are
usually performed in one of three ways:
Directly from the DUT, assuming that the DUT is capable of
accurately measuring these parameters and providing them to the
tester upon request.
Directly from the tester, assuming that the tester is provided
with the requisite measurement capabilities and the path between
the DUT and tester is controlled and well characterized.
Using a passive listening device (which MAY be part of the tester
or test system) that is co-located with the DUT.
Unless otherwise specified, the tester MUST ensure that the signal-
to-noise and carrier-to-interference ratios are at least 10 dB above
the minimum and 10 dB below the maximum specified levels for a 10%
Packet Error Ratio (PER) as measured at the DUT. Further, the tester
MUST ensure that the absolute signal level received by the DUT is
held constant to within +/- 5 dB over the duration of the trial. The
signal level MUST be reported with the test results.
In order to evaluate the performance of the DUT at various signal
levels, the tests described in this document MAY be run with various
values of power output by the tester. If this is done, the power
output SHOULD be varied in steps of 10 dB.
Note that the specific method used to control the received signal and
the signal-to-interference ratios is implementation-specific and is
outside the scope of this document.
3.5.10. Beacons and PCF access method settings
IEEE 802.11 networks use special management frames, referred to as
beacons, to enable discovery of Access Points by clients and
synchronize protocol timers within a group of stations. Beacons are
typically emitted every 100 Time Units (a Time Unit is 1024
microseconds, so the usual inter-beacon period is 102.4
milliseconds).
As beacons are key elements of the 802.11 discovery and connection
maintenance protocol, the tester MUST generate beacons with the
correct contents and at accurate intervals when performing tests on
clients. Beacons generated by the tester MUST support a timing
accuracy of at least 1% relative to the advertised beacon period. In
the case of tests on Access Points, the tester MUST follow the
standard 802.11 deference rules in order to allow the Access Point to
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transmit its beacons. The DUT MUST be configured with the correct
parameters necessary to generate beacons with the required contents.
Beacons are also used to define the starting points of contention-
free periods (CFPs), where the 802.11 Point Coordination Function
(PCF) access rules apply and a polling mode of data transfer is
performed under the control of an Access Point. This document does
not address tests performed during CFPs. In the case of tests on
Access Points, PCF mode SHOULD be disabled or turned off if possible.
If PCF mode cannot be disabled, it MUST be minimized as far as
possible, and traffic SHOULD NOT be transmitted to the DUT by the
tester using PCF mode.
3.5.11. Multiple clients
In the case of tests on Access Points, measurements of frame loss,
throughput, forwarding rate, latency and burst capacity SHOULD be
performed with multiple clients concurrently transmitting to the same
DUT. This simulates the situation in an actual network, where
multiple clients connect to a single Access Point and contribute to
the total offered load. Each client is represented by a different
MAC address. The MAC addresses SHOULD be chosen randomly to exercise
the DUT's ability to perform lookups.
The number of clients used in the test MUST be reported. For
throughput, frame loss, forwarding rate and burst capacity tests, the
aggregate results for all of the clients combined MUST be reported.
For latency tests, the worst-case latency and latency variation among
all of the clients MUST be reported.
3.5.12. Trial duration
The duration of each trial SHOULD be selected using the guidelines of
Section 24 of RFC 2544 [RFC2544]. Further, it SHOULD be long enough
to minimize any connection setup and startup effects, such as
authentication and association, that can affect the test results. It
SHOULD also be long enough to make the random fluctuations of the
CSMA/CA access method statistically insignificant.
The recommended duration of each trial is 30 seconds. The trial
duration SHOULD be adjustable between 1 second and 300 seconds. The
tester MUST transmit all test data frames within the trial duration.
To eliminate the case where a device possessing large frame buffers
can appear to be faster than it actually is, the tester MUST NOT
accept received test data frames for more than 1% beyond the end of
the trial duration, or 1 second, whichever is larger. (Thus a 30
second trial duration causes the tester to receive frames for no more
than 31 seconds, starting from the beginning of the trial.) Frames
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received outside of these limits are not counted as part of the
results.
3.5.13. Configuration combinations
WLAN DUTs typically offer a number of orthogonal configuration
parameters. For instance, the setting of fragmentation is
independent of RTS/CTS usage, and both are independent of the
security mode employed. This leads to a potentially enormous number
of combinations of configuration parameters, and consequently a very
large number of possible tests.
To reduce the amount of test time and effort, each test defines a
baseline configuration that MUST be set up and tested. The baseline
configuration is then modified by altering a single parameter at a
time (holding all others at the baseline), and the test repeated.
This process reduces the total number of tests to be performed, while
still providing useful information regarding the influence of user-
configurable parameters on DUT performance.
3.5.14. Basic test parameters
Unless otherwise specified, the following are the defaults for test
parameters. The specific parameters to be used are listed for each
test.
Burst size - Tests that measure the burst capacity of the DUT
SHOULD be run with burst sizes between 1 (constant load) and 930
frames.
Fragmentation - Tests MAY be performed with fragmentation enabled
as well as disabled. The results MUST be reported separately. If
fragmentation is enabled, the DUT and tester MUST be configured to
produce at least two fragments per data frame.
Frame sizes - The frame sizes listed in Section 3.2.3 above MUST
be used for data traffic in the tests described in this document,
with the exception of tests on clients, where the 28 byte frame
size MAY be omitted, and tests on Access Points requiring
transfers between wired and wireless media, in which case frame
sizes greater than 1542 bytes MAY be omitted. The actual frame
sizes used MUST be reported.
Frame spacing - For tests involving constant loads, the spacing
between frames MUST be computed from the intended load according
to the calculations in Section A.2. When performing tests
involving bursts of frames generated by the tester, the spacing
between frames within a burst MUST be set to the DIFS value for
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the PHY data rate and type for the test, and the spacing between
bursts MUST be computed from the intended load according to the
calculations in Section A.3. The tester MAY additionally perform
tests with an IFS within the burst being larger than the DIFS
value; these results MUST be reported separately. A maximum
offered load exceeding 50% of the theoretical capacity of the
wireless medium will oversubscribe the DUT, resulting in frame
loss.
Nominal beacon interval - In the case of tests on Access Points,
if the DUT enables the beacon period to be adjusted, it SHOULD be
set to 102.4 milliseconds. (See Section 3.5.10 above.) The nominal
beacon period of the DUT MUST be reported.
Number of STAs - In the case of tests on Access Points, the
minimum number of test clients is 2; however, the test SHOULD be
carried out with 64 or more concurrent clients. Each client
SHOULD make up an equal fraction of the total offered load. The
number of virtual or physical clients that are used in the test
MUST be reported.
RTS/CTS usage - Tests MAY be performed with the RTS/CTS handshake
enabled as well as disabled. The results MUST be reported
separately.
Security usage - If the DUT can be configured to implement one or
more security modes, such as WEP [802.11], tests SHOULD be
performed using each of the security modes as well as with
security disabled. The results MUST be reported separately.
Signal level - Tests SHOULD be performed using multiple signal
levels as generated by the tester and measured at the DUT. The
average signal level recorded at the DUT, as well as the signal
level being generated by the tester, MUST be reported for each
trial.
Test Access Point beacon period - The beacon period of the Access
Points used to test a client MUST be the same (to within 1%) and
MUST be reported with the test results.
Uni-directional transfer - Each trial causes test data to flow in
only one direction; i.e., from the wired to the wireless media, or
vice versa, but not both. No test data frames are to be directed
between clients on the wireless medium during tests involving uni-
directional transfers. As explained in Sections 3.5.4 and 3.5.5,
acknowledgement frames MUST NOT cause test data traffic to be
interpreted as bidirectional.
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Bi-directional transfer - Each trial causes test data frames to
flow in both directions (for example, from the wired to the
wireless media and from the wireless to the wired media). This
also covers the case where test data traffic is directed between
clients on the wireless medium.
Wireless Distribution System (WDS) - Tests MAY be performed on
Access Points supporting the Wireless Distribution System (WDS)
mode of operation [802.11]. (See Section 3.3.1 above.) The results
of tests performed in this mode MUST be reported separately.
Power management mode - As noted in Section 3.4.5, tests on
clients SHOULD be run with a baseline configuration that disables
power management.
4. Interpreting and reporting test results
Test results SHOULD be reported in a common format to aid the reader
in interpreting results and comparing them across DUTs. Results from
a set of trials involving the variation of one or more test
parameters described in Section 3.5.14 above SHOULD be presented as
graphs, with the x coordinate being the parameter value and the y
coordinate being the test results.
The following test conditions MUST be reported with the results of
all trials:
PHY type (e.g., 802.11g), bit rate and channel used
Signal power level, signal-to-noise ratio and signal-to-
interference ratio of signals from tester, measured at or near the
DUT
PLCP layer options (short slot time, short preamble, etc.)
configured for the DUT and the tester
PCF mode settings if PCF mode is not disabled
5. Benchmarking tests
The following tests are divided into three categories. Throughput
related tests deal with the rates at which the DUT can perform
various functions, such as forwarding data traffic or performing
authentications and associations. Latency and timing tests measure
the time taken by the DUT to carry out specific tasks, such as
forwarding a frame, adapting to a new rate, or recovering from a
reset. Finally, capacity tests quantify the storage capacity of a DUT
for different functions, such as dealing with bursts of data traffic.
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Objectives, test parameters, procedures and reporting formats are
described for each test.
5.1. Throughput related tests
Throughput related tests measure the rates at which the DUT can
perform its tasks. For an Access Point, this includes the rates at
which it can forward data within the BSS or between the BSS and the
DS, as well as the rate at which new clients can establish
associations with it. For a client, this measures the rate at which
it can accept and transmit data.
For throughput and forwarding rate tests, either the Frame Based or
Time Based modes of testing may be used, as described in Appendix B
of RFC 2889 [RFC2889]. The DUT is initially set up according to the
baseline configuration, using a starting combination of test
parameters. Packets are then sent to the DUT by the tester at a
specific offered load for the duration of the trial, and the number
of frames received from the DUT are counted. The process MUST be
iterated at different offered loads, using a search algorithm, until
the desired measurement (throughput or maximum forwarding rate) has
been made. Additional trials are then performed in the same manner
using different DUT configurations until all configurations have been
exhausted.
The tester MUST count, as valid received test frames, those which it
receives without error and with the proper signature (i.e., the right
combination of source and destination addresses, frame length and
frame payload). In addition, on the wireless medium the tester must
only count as valid those unique data frames for which it sent an
802.11 ACK frame to the DUT in response. It MUST NOT count duplicate
frames, frames originating from the DUT, data frames that it did not
acknowledge, or management and control frames as part of the
measurements. Such frames MAY be counted separately, or not counted
at all.
For the purposes of computing the actual offered load, the tester
MUST count as valid transmitted frames only those test frames that
were acknowledged by the DUT on the wireless medium (i.e., with an
802.11 ACK frame), or transferred to the DUT without a locally
detected error on the wired medium. All other frames MUST NOT be
counted as part of the offered load.
5.1.1. Unicast intra-BSS throughput, forwarding rate and frame loss
5.1.1.1. Objective
To determine the throughput of the DUT when handling unicast WLAN
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data frames that are confined to the wireless medium (and, in the
case of clients, internally to the client). This test is applicable
to both clients and Access Points. In the case of clients, this test
provides the basic measure of their ability to transmit and receive
frames without loss across their wireless interface. In the case of
Access Points, this test measures their ability to forward frames
from one wireless client to another on the wireless medium.
This test is applicable to IBSS (Independent BSS) as well as
infrastructure BSS client configurations. If an IBSS client is being
tested, the results determine the ability of the client to exchange
data traffic with another IBSS client. In infrastructure mode, the
results determine the ability of the client to exchange data with an
Access Point.
5.1.1.2. Test parameters
The following parameters are relevant to this test. See Section
3.5.14.
Frame sizes, Signal level, Number of STAs, Fragmentation, RTS/CTS
usage, Security usage and Wireless Distribution System (WDS).
The baseline DUT configuration for performing this test consists of:
fragmentation off, RTS/CTS disabled, security and WDS not used.
5.1.1.3. Procedure
The DUT is initially set up according to the baseline configuration,
using a starting combination of frame size and tester signal level.
The frame spacing required for a given offered load is computed per
Appendix A. The tester MUST follow the half-duplex test conditions
described in Section 3.5.4. The throughput, maximum forwarding rate
and frame loss rate are then found as described below.
After the baseline configuration has been tested, the tester MAY
repeat the process with a new configuration, until the desired number
of different configurations have been exercised. The maximum number
of such additional test configurations is 3 plus the number of
security modes.
When testing Access Points with multiple physical or virtual clients,
consecutive frames transmitted by the tester to the DUT MUST have
different combinations of source and destination addresses, and all
possible such combinations of addresses MUST be represented equally
within each trial. This distributes the load of transmission and
reception uniformly among the clients. Failure to ensure this can
lead to inconsistent results.
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5.1.1.4. Analysis and reporting
The throughput of the DUT is computed and reported (per Section 26.1
of RFC 2544 [2544]) as the maximum offered load, in frames per
second, resulting in zero frame loss rate [RFC1242].
The maximum forwarding rate of the DUT is computed and reported as
the maximum number of test frames per second that the DUT is observed
to successfully forward, irrespective of frame loss, at some value of
offered load. The offered load applied to the DUT at the maximum
forwarding rate MUST be reported as well.
The frame loss rate MUST be reported with the maximum forwarding
rate. In this context, "rate" refers to the percentage of frames
that were successfully injected into the DUT by the tester, but not
forwarded by the DUT to the tester for any reason.
The test results SHOULD be reported as graphs of throughput and
maximum forwarding rate versus each of: frame size and signal level.
Separate results MUST be reported per configuration.
5.1.2. Unicast ESS throughput, forwarding rate and frame loss
5.1.2.1. Objective
To determine the throughput of the DUT when forwarding unicast data
frames between the wireless and the wired media (i.e., between the
BSS and the DS, as described in 5.2.2 of [802.11]). This test is
only applicable to Access Points. The results of this test can be
used to determine the ability of an Access Point to support multiple
wireless clients transferring data to a wired LAN segment.
The general setup for the test comprises two or more virtual or
physical clients on the wireless side of the DUT that transfer data
to or from two or more virtual clients on the wired side.
5.1.2.2. Test parameters
The following parameters MUST be configured prior to each trial as
specified in Section 3.5.14:
Frame sizes, Frame Spacing, Signal level, Number of STAs,
Fragmentation, RTS/CTS usage, Security usage and Wireless
Distribution System (WDS).
The baseline DUT configuration for performing this test consists of:
fragmentation off, RTS/CTS disabled, and security not used.
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5.1.2.3. Procedure
The DUT is first set up according to the baseline configuration,
using the initial combination of transfer direction, frame size and
tester signal level. The required frame spacing is computed per
Appendix A. For bidirectional tests, the tester MUST follow the
half-duplex test conditions described in Section 3.5.4 on the
wireless medium. The throughput, maximum forwarding rate and frame
loss rate are then measured as described below. The measurements are
repeated for each combination of transfer direction, frame size and
tester signal level.
After the baseline configuration has been tested, the tester MAY
repeat the process with a new configuration, until the desired number
of different configurations have been exercised. The maximum number
of such additional test configurations is 2 plus the number of
security modes.
Consecutive frames transmitted by the tester to the DUT MUST have
different combinations of source and destination addresses,
representing conversations between different sets of clients on the
wired and wireless media. All possible such combinations of
addresses MUST be represented equally within each trial. This
distributes the load of transmission and reception uniformly among
the clients. Failure to ensure this can lead to inconsistent
results.
5.1.2.4. Analysis and reporting
The throughput of the DUT is computed and reported (per Section 26.1
of RFC 2544 [RFC2544]) as the maximum offered load, in frames per
second, resulting in zero frame loss rate [RFC1242].
The maximum forwarding rate of the DUT is computed and reported as
the maximum number of test frames per second that the DUT is observed
to successfully forward, irrespective of frame loss, at some value of
offered load. The offered load applied to the DUT at the maximum
forwarding rate MUST be reported as well.
The frame loss rate MUST be reported with the maximum forwarding
rate. In this context, "rate" refers to the percentage of frames
that were successfully injected into the DUT by the tester, but not
forwarded by the DUT to the tester for any reason.
The test results SHOULD be reported as graphs of throughput and
maximum forwarding rate versus each of: frame size and signal level.
Separate results MUST be reported per configuration.
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Note that the wired interfaces of Access Points are often capable of
much higher link rates than the wireless interfaces, potentially
leading to extremely high frame loss rates when transferring frames
from the wired to the wireless media. Care should be taken to allow
enough time for the DUT to recover and return to a normal state
between trials.
5.1.3. Multicast forwarding rate
5.1.3.1. Objective
To determine the maximum rate at which the DUT can forward multicast
data frames between the wireless and the wired media (i.e., between
the BSS and the DS, as described in 5.2.2 of [802.11]). This test is
only applicable to Access Points. As multicast or broadcast traffic
is dealt with differently from unicast traffic by the 802.11
protocol, this test therefore determines the ability of an Access
Point to handle such traffic.
The general setup for the test comprises one virtual or physical
client on the wireless side of the DUT that injects multicast data
destined for the wireless side, as well as one virtual or physical
client on the wired side that injects multicast data in the reverse
direction.
Note that the 802.11 protocol does not make special provisions for
multicast versus broadcast traffic. A single test is hence used to
measure the ability of DUTs to handle both.
5.1.3.2. Test parameters
The following parameters MUST be configured prior to each trial as
specified in Section 3.5.14:
Frame sizes, Frame Spacing, Signal level, Number of STAs, RTS/CTS
usage, Security usage, and Uni-directional transfer.
The baseline DUT configuration for performing this test consists of:
RTS/CTS disabled and security not used.
5.1.3.3. Procedure
The DUT is first set up according to the baseline configuration,
using an initial combination of transfer direction, frame size and
tester signal level. The required frame spacing is computed per
Appendix A. The throughput, maximum forwarding rate and frame loss
rate are then measured as described below. The measurements are
repeated for each combination of transfer direction, frame size and
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tester signal level.
After the baseline configuration has been tested, the tester MAY
repeat the process with a new configuration, until the desired number
of different configurations have been exercised. The maximum number
of such additional test configurations is 1 plus the number of
security modes.
Either broadcast addresses, random multicast addresses, or a mixture
of the two MAY be used as destination addresses for the test data.
The addresses used MUST be reported with the results.
5.1.3.4. Analysis and reporting
The maximum multicast forwarding rate of the DUT is computed and
reported as the maximum number of test frames per second that the DUT
is observed to successfully forward, irrespective of frame loss, at
some value of offered load. The offered load applied to the DUT at
the maximum forwarding rate MUST be reported as well.
The frame loss rate MUST be reported with the maximum forwarding
rate. In this context, "rate" refers to the percentage of frames
that were successfully injected into the DUT by the tester, but not
forwarded by the DUT to the tester for any reason.
The test results SHOULD be reported as a graph of maximum forwarding
rate versus each of: frame size and signal level. Separate results
MUST be reported per configuration.
Note that the wired interfaces of Access Points are often capable of
much higher link rates than the wireless interfaces, potentially
leading to extremely high frame loss rates when transferring
multicast frames to the wireless media. Care should be taken to
allow enough time for the DUT to recover and return to a normal state
between trials.
5.1.4. Forward pressure
This test measures forward pressure, as defined in Section 3.7.2 of
RFC 2285 [RFC2285] and described in Section 5.6 of RFC 2889
[RFC2889].
5.1.4.1. Objective
The objective of the forward pressure test is to determine if a DUT
has been configured to transmit on the wireless medium at less than
the minimum interframe spacing, or to transmit without adhering to
the backoff rules of the 802.11 protocol. Such DUT configurations
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will enable the DUT to obtain an unfair share of the available
capacity of the medium. The test overloads the wireless port of the
DUT, by injecting traffic into its wired interface, and measures the
minimum and average interframe spacing used by the DUT to access the
wireless medium.
As this test requires a minimum of two ports on the DUT, it is
performed only on Access Points. Further, it cannot be performed if
the aggregate bandwidth of the wired interface(s) of the DUT does not
exceed that of the wireless interface.
5.1.4.2. Test parameters
The following parameters MUST be configured prior to each trial as
specified in Section 3.5.14:
Frame sizes, Frame Spacing, Number of STAs, RTS/CTS usage and Uni-
directional transfer.
The baseline DUT configuration for performing this test consists of
RTS/CTS disabled.
5.1.4.3. Procedure
The DUT is set up according to the baseline configuration, using an
initial value for frame size. A continuous stream of test frames is
injected into the wired port(s) of the DUT, directed at a test client
located on the wireless side. Initially, the IFS between injected
frames is set according to the following equation:
IFS1 = ACKtime + SIFS + DIFS + 0.5 * CWmin * slotTime
where
IFS1 = starting IFS
ACKtime = time required to transmit 1 ACK frame on the wireless
medium
SIFS = short interframe spacing for 802.11 PHY type
DIFS = DCF interframe spacing for 802.11 PHY type
CWmin = minimum value of contention window parameter for PHY
slotTime = slot time for PHY
All times are measured in microseconds. This initial value of IFS is
selected to enable the DUT to forward all frames on to the wireless
medium without forward pressure. The tester MUST acknowledge all
frames transmitted by the DUT on the wireless medium strictly
according to the 802.11 medium access rules.
The IFS between frames injected into the wired interface is then
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iteratively reduced, in steps of 5 microseconds, until it reaches:
IFS2 = ACKtime + SIFS + 0.5 * DIFS
where the notation is as above.
At each iteration, the minimum and average spacing used by the DUT
between the end of an ACK frame and the start of a data frame is
measured by the tester.
The above process MAY be repeated with the RTS/CTS handshake enabled
on the wireless side of the DUT. In this case, IFS1 and IFS2 are
computed as follows:
IFS1 = RTStime + CTStime + ACKtime + 3 * SIFS + DIFS + 0.5 * CWmin
* slotTime IFS2 = RTStime + CTStime + ACKtime + 3 * SIFS + 0.5 *
DIFS
where
RTStime = time required to transmit 1 RTS frame on the wireless
medium
CTStime = time required to transmit 1 CTS frame on the wireless
medium
and the rest of the notation is as before.
5.1.4.4. Analysis and reporting
Forward pressure is occurring if:
- the minimum spacing between an ACK frame sent to the DUT by the
tester and an immediately succeeding RTS or data frame is less
than one DIFS time for the 802.11 PHY type, or
- the average spacing between the ACK frame and the immediately
succeeding RTS or data frame is less than (DIFS + 0.5 * CWmin *
slotTime) for the 802.11 PHY type.
If this condition is detected, the test results MUST indicate that
forward pressure is occurring. The test results MAY also be reported
as a graph of minimum and average interframe spacing (between an ACK
frame and the following RTS or data frame) as a function of offered
load on the wired interface of the DUT.
5.1.5. Authentication and association rate
5.1.5.1. Objective
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The 802.11 protocol requires that a station wishing to transmit data
to another station must authenticate itself with that station, and
also establish a connection (i.e., associate with that station). The
rate at which these functions can be carried out directly impacts the
time taken for a wireless LAN to recover from faults and transient
conditions, such as an Access Point being reset, a group of clients
being turned on concurrently, or a client roaming from one Access
Point to another. The objective of this test is hence to determine
the rate at which a DUT can perform the authentication and
association functions. This test is only applicable to Access
Points.
5.1.5.2. Test parameters
The following parameters MUST be configured prior to each trial as
specified in Section 3.5.14:
Frame sizes, Signal level, Number of STAs, and Security usage.
In addition, the following test parameters MUST be configured to be
the same for all trials:
Association Timeout - The tester MUST wait a predetermined amount
of time for the DUT to respond to an association request with an
association response. If the DUT fails to respond within this
time, the association attempt MUST be considered to have failed,
and a timeout error SHOULD be reported for that client. The
minimum value of the association timeout MUST be at least 10
milliseconds, and MUST NOT exceed 100 milliseconds.
The association timeout used by the tester MUST be reported with the
test results.
The baseline DUT configuration for performing this test consists of:
security not used.
5.1.5.3. Procedure
The DUT is first set up according to the baseline configuration. The
tester then causes the required number of virtual or physical test
clients to authenticate and associate themselves with the DUT, and
measures the rate at which the DUT successfully completes
authentications and associations. Each client is authenticated and
associated in turn; the tester MUST NOT present a new client to the
DUT until the authentication and association for the previous client
has been completed. The DUT therefore determines the maximum rate at
which clients can associate.
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It is recommended that the authentication and association database
capacity test in Section 5.3.2 be performed first to determine the
maximum number of clients that can successfully associate with the
DUT. The number of virtual clients presented to the DUT SHOULD be
kept below this number. An authentication failure for a client SHOULD
keep the tester from attempting an association for that client.
Failure of the DUT to respond to an association request within the
specified timeout MUST be counted as an association failure.
After the test clients successfully authenticate and associate with
the DUT, the tester MUST verify that these clients have indeed been
associated by causing the test clients to transmit data frames to one
another, and ensure that these data frames are correctly forwarded by
the DUT. The rate at which verification data frames are transmitted
to the DUT MUST be well below the intra-BSS throughput supported by
the DUT. The tester MUST ensure that at least one data frame
originating from each client is forwarded.
If the DUT deauthenticates one or more clients during the data
transfer phase, these MUST be counted as authentication failures. If
the DUT disassociates one or more clients during this phase, these
MUST be counted as association failures. If none of the test data
frames transmitted by a physical or virtual client are forwarded
successfully, this MUST be treated as a verification failure. If
failures do occur, the tester MAY attempt to find a lower rate of
authentication and association for which no verification failures are
found for all of the test clients.
After the baseline configuration has been tested, the tester MAY
repeat the process with a new configuration, until the desired number
of different configurations have been exercised. The maximum number
of such additional test configurations is equal to the number of
security modes. Additional tests MAY be performed to determine
authentication and association rates with different numbers of STAs,
but the number MUST remain constant for each test run.
After each trial has been completed, the tester MUST remove the test
client authentications and associations from the DUT database by
performing the 802.11 deauthentication procedure for each client.
5.1.5.4. Analysis and reporting
The authentication and association rate of the DUT is computed and
reported as the maximum number of authentications and associations
that can be successfully performed per second. Authentication,
association and verification failures MUST be reported along with the
test results.
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If the test is performed at different signal levels, the test results
SHOULD be reported as a table of signal level versus the
authentication and association rate for each DUT configuration. If
the test is done for different numbers of STAs, the results MAY be
presented as graphs of authentication rate versus number of test
clients.
5.1.6 Power management mode throughput, forwarding rate and frame loss
5.1.6.1. Objective
To determine the throughput of the DUT when operating in power
management mode. This test is applicable to clients only, and
measures their ability to receive and transmit frames without loss
while they attempt to conserve power.
This test is applicable to IBSS (Independent BSS) as well as
infrastructure BSS client configurations. It is generally conducted
using a process similar to that for the unicast intra-BSS throughput,
forwarding rate and frame loss test described in Section 5.1.1 above.
5.1.6.2. Test parameters
The following parameters are relevant to this test. See Section
3.5.14.
Power Management Mode, Frame sizes, Frame Spacing, Signal level,
Fragmentation, RTS/CTS usage and Security usage.
The baseline DUT configuration for performing this test consists of:
fragmentation off, RTS/CTS disabled, and security not used.
5.1.6.3. Procedure
The DUT is initially set up according to the baseline configuration,
using a starting combination of frame size, frame spacing and tester
signal level. In addition, the DUT is placed into power-save or power
management mode, such that it attempts to conserve power by shutting
down its 802.11 interface when it is not transferring data. (If
necessary the DUT MAY be run on batteries in order to ensure that
power management mode is enabled.)
The test traffic used consists of unicast WLAN data frames that are
confined to the wireless medium (and internally to the client). Test
traffic is then exchanged with the DUT by the tester. The required
frame spacing is computed per Appendix A. The tester MUST follow the
half-duplex test conditions described in Section 3.5.4, and the
client setup and test conditions described in Section 3.2.2 and
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3.3.2. The throughput, forwarding rate and frame loss rate are then
found as described below. The test SHOULD be repeated with different
frame sizes and signal levels.
The tester MUST verify that the client enters power management mode,
and SHOULD also verify that the client uses the PS Poll mechanism
specified in 11.2 of the IEEE 802.11 standard [802.11] to transfer
data. Failure to enter power management mode MUST be reported along
with the test results.
After the baseline configuration has been tested, the tester MAY
repeat the process with a new configuration, until the desired number
of different configurations have been exercised. The maximum number
of such additional test configurations is 2 plus the number of
security modes.
5.1.6.4. Analysis and reporting
The throughput of the DUT is computed and reported (per Section 26.1
of RFC 2544 [2544]) as the maximum offered load, in frames per
second, resulting in zero frame loss rate [RFC1242].
The maximum forwarding rate of the DUT is computed and reported as
the maximum number of test frames per second that the DUT is observed
to successfully forward, irrespective of frame loss, at some value of
offered load. The offered load applied to the DUT at the maximum
forwarding rate MUST be reported as well.
The frame loss rate MUST be reported with the maximum forwarding
rate. In this context, "rate" refers to the percentage of frames
that were injected into the DUT by the tester, but not forwarded by
the DUT to the tester for any reason.
The test results SHOULD be reported as graphs of throughput and
maximum forwarding rate versus each of: frame size and signal level.
Separate results MUST be reported per configuration.
5.2. Latency and timing tests
Latency and timing tests measure the delays encountered when the DUT
forwards traffic, or performs other essential tasks. These delays
have significant impact on delay-sensitive protocols (such as those
handling voice and video), as well as system responsiveness and
network stability.
RFC 1242 [RFC1242] provides two possible definitions of latency
(either the delay from last bit in to first bit out, or the delay
from first bit in to first bit out). The test results MUST indicate
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which definition is applicable.
5.2.1. Intra-BSS latency and latency variation
5.2.1.1. Objective
To determine the latency and latency variation (a.k.a. jitter)
exhibited by the DUT when forwarding unicast WLAN data frames that
are confined to the wireless medium. This test is only applicable to
Access Points.
5.2.1.2. Test parameters
The following parameters MUST be configured prior to each trial as
specified in Section 3.5.14:
Frame sizes, Frame Spacing, Signal level, Number of STAs,
Fragmentation, RTS/CTS usage, Security usage and Wireless
Distribution System (WDS).
The baseline DUT configuration for performing this test consists of:
fragmentation off, RTS/CTS disabled, security and WDS not used.
5.2.1.3. Procedure
The DUT is initially set up according to the baseline configuration.
The tester MUST follow the half-duplex test conditions described in
Section 3.5.4. The latency and latency variation of the DUT are
measured over a 1 second interval located in the middle of the trial
duration, as described below. An identifying tag or signature MUST
be placed in each data frame sent to the DUT during the measurement
interval, so that it can be correlated with the frames received from
the DUT. Note that frames transmitted to the DUT during the
measurement interval can continue to be received beyond the end of
the measurement interval; these frames MUST be included in the
results.
After the baseline configuration has been tested, the tester MAY
repeat the process with a new configuration, until the desired number
of different configurations have been exercised. The maximum number
of such additional test configurations is 3 plus the number of
security modes.
When testing Access Points with multiple physical or virtual clients,
consecutive frames transmitted by the tester to the DUT MUST have
different combinations of source and destination addresses, and all
possible such combinations of addresses MUST be represented equally
within each trial. This distributes the load of transmission and
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reception uniformly among the clients. Failure to ensure this can
lead to inconsistent results.
5.2.1.4. Analysis and reporting
The instantaneous latency of the DUT is measured (per Section 26.2 of
RFC 2544 [RFC2544]) as the difference, in seconds, between the
timestamps assigned to a frame transmitted to the DUT and the
corresponding frame received from the DUT. The mean of these
differences in timestamps over all the data frames received from the
DUT in a 1 second interval is computed and reported as the average
latency of the DUT.
The latency variation of the DUT is measured and reported as the
difference between the maximum and minimum instantaneous latency of
all the frames received from the DUT in the same 1 second interval.
The offered load and the observed frame loss rate over this 1 second
interval MUST be reported as well. In this context, "frame loss
rate" refers to the percentage of frames that were injected into the
DUT by the tester, but not forwarded by the DUT to the tester for any
reason.
The test results SHOULD be reported as graphs of latency and latency
variation versus each of: frame size and signal level. Separate
results MUST be reported per configuration and direction of traffic
flow.
5.2.2. ESS latency and latency variation
5.2.2.1. Objective
To determine the latency and latency variation (a.k.a. jitter)
exhibited by the DUT when forwarding unicast data frames between the
wired and wireless media (i.e., between the BSS and the DS, as
described in 5.2.2 of [802.11]). This test is only applicable to
Access Points. The results of this test can be used to estimate the
latency and latency variation introduced by an Access Point on delay-
sensitive traffic to or from a client.
The general setup for the test comprises one or more virtual or
physical clients on the wireless side of the DUT that transfers data
to or from one or more virtual clients on the wired side.
5.2.2.2. Test parameters
The following parameters MUST be configured prior to each trial as
specified in Section 3.5.14:
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Frame sizes, Frame Spacing, Signal level, Number of STAs,
Fragmentation, RTS/CTS usage, Security usage and Uni-directional
transfer.
The baseline DUT configuration for performing this test consists of:
fragmentation off, RTS/CTS disabled, and security not used.
5.2.2.3. Procedure
The DUT is initially set up according to the baseline configuration.
and data are transmitted to it by the tester at a constant load for
the duration of the trial. The latency and latency variation of the
DUT are measured over a 1 second interval located in the middle of
the trial duration, as described below. An identifying tag or
signature MUST be placed in each data frame sent to the DUT during
the measurement interval, so that it can be correlated with the
frames received from the DUT. Note that frames transmitted to the
DUT during the measurement interval can continue to be received
beyond the end of the measurement interval; these frames MUST be
included in the results.
After the baseline configuration has been tested, the tester MAY
repeat the process with a new configuration, until the desired number
of different configurations have been exercised. The maximum number
of such additional test configurations is 2 plus the number of
security modes.
When testing Access Points with multiple physical or virtual clients,
consecutive frames transmitted by the tester to the DUT MUST have
different combinations of source and destination addresses, and all
possible such combinations of addresses MUST be represented equally
within each trial. This distributes the load of transmission and
reception uniformly among the clients. Failure to ensure this can
lead to inconsistent results.
5.2.2.4. Analysis and reporting
The instantaneous latency of the DUT is measured (per Section 26.2 of
RFC 2544 [RFC2544]) as the difference, in seconds, between the
timestamps assigned to a frame transmitted to the DUT and the
corresponding frame received from the DUT. The mean of these
differences in timestamps over all the data frames received from the
DUT in a 1 second interval is computed and reported as the average
latency of the DUT.
The latency variation of the DUT is measured and reported as the
difference between the maximum and minimum instantaneous latency of
all the frames received from the DUT in the same 1 second interval.
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The offered load and the observed frame loss rate over this 1 second
interval MUST be reported as well. In this context, "frame loss
rate" refers to the percentage of frames that were injected into the
DUT by the tester, but not forwarded by the DUT to the tester for any
reason.
The test results SHOULD be reported as graphs of latency and latency
variation versus each of: frame size and signal level. Separate
results MUST be reported per configuration and per direction of
traffic flow.
5.2.3. Roaming and reassociation time
5.2.3.1. Objective
The 802.11 protocol enables a client to dynamically disassociate
itself from one Access Point and reassociate with another Access
Point in the same ESS. This is done to facilitate the mobility (or
roaming) of clients within an extended region that constitutes a
single logical network covered by more than one Access Points. The
rate at which clients can transition from one Access Point to the
next hence plays a large part in the quality and reliability of the
mobile system; long roaming times can result in lost data and dropped
connections. This test seeks to determine the rate at which WLAN
clients and Access Points can support roaming functions.
In 802.11 networks, clients are the primary drivers of roaming
behavior. A client is responsible for detecting when a roaming
operation is required - for instance, because the signal from its
Access Point has fallen below some threshold of acceptability - and
also for locating some other Access Point and associating with it.
Access Points are a contributing factor to the total roaming delay,
in terms of the time required for them to accept and complete an
association or reassociation with a roaming client. Client and
Access Point roaming time contributions are measured separately.
5.2.3.2. Test parameters
The following parameters MUST be configured prior to each trial as
specified in Section 3.5.14:
Frame sizes, Number of STAs, RTS/CTS usage, RTS/CTS usage and Test
Access Point beacon period.
The baseline DUT configuration for performing this test consists of:
RTS/CTS disabled and security not used.
5.2.3.3. Procedure
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When performed on a client, this test MUST utilize two separately
controllable physical or virtual Access Points belonging to the same
service set (i.e., with the same SSID). Both test Access Points MAY
be simulated by the same physical device, but both MUST be of similar
signal strength as measured at the DUT location.
During the test, both Access Points are started simultaneously, and
the DUT is allowed to authenticate with one or both of them, and then
associate with one or the other of them. The association with the
specific test Access Point MUST be verified by causing the DUT to
transfer one or more frames of test data to it. The test Access
Point with which the DUT is associated is disabled or otherwise
prevented from transmitting beacons to the DUT and responding to DUT
frames. The DUT should then discover that it is unable to
communicate with the first test Access Point and associate with the
second test Access Point. The association with the second test
Access Point MUST be verified by causing the DUT to transfer one or
more frames of test data to it.
When performed on an Access Point, the tester authenticates a single
virtual or physical client with the DUT, and then measures the time
required to perform an association procedure of the test client with
the DUT (as per subclause 11.3 of IEEE 802.11 [802.11]). It then
measures the time required to perform a reassociation procedure of
the test client with the DUT. An authentication failure of the test
client MUST keep the tester from attempting an association for the
client.
In both cases, the DUT is initially set up and tested according to
the baseline configuration. After the baseline configuration has
been tested, the tester MAY repeat the process with a new
configuration, until the desired number of different configurations
have been exercised. The maximum number of such additional test
configurations is 1 plus the number of security modes.
In the case of Access Points, the test MAY be repeated with one or
more additional clients associated with the DUT, in order to measure
the ability of the DUT to handle associations and reassociations at
various database capacities.
5.2.3.4. Analysis and reporting
In the case of a client, the roaming time of the DUT is measured as
the time, in seconds, from the Target Beacon Transmission Time (see
11.1.2.1 of IEEE 802.11 [802.11]) of the first missing beacon from
the first test Access Point after it has been disabled, to the last
bit of the Association or Reassociation Request frame transmitted to
the second test Access Point by the DUT. The beacon period used or
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observed for both test Access Points MUST be reported as well.
In the case of an Access Point, the association response time of the
DUT is measured as the time, in seconds, from the last bit of the
Association Request frame transmitted by the tester to the last bit
of the Association Response frame transmitted to the tester by the
DUT. The reassociation response time of the DUT is measured as the
time, in seconds, from the last bit of the Reassociation Request
frame transmitted by the tester to the last bit of the Reassociation
Response frame transmitted to the tester by the DUT.
Separate results MUST be reported per DUT configuration. If
additional clients are used for Access Point testing, the number of
additional clients used in each trial MUST be reported.
5.2.4. Rate adaptation time
5.2.4.1. Objective
Rate adaptation is used by 802.11 devices to maintain connectivity
and continue to transfer data successfully (at lower rates) in spite
of a decreasing signal-to-noise ratio, as may happen when mobile
stations roam from one location to another. The slower rates employ
more robust and error tolerant modulation formats that require less
signal-to-noise ratios. This test determines the signal levels at
which an 802.11 device switch from one rate to another, and also
measures the time taken for the device to detect and perform the rate
change.
This test can be performed on both Access Points and clients.
5.2.4.2. Test parameters
The following parameters MUST be configured prior to each trial as
specified in Section 3.5.14:
Frame size, Offered load, Number of STAs (in the case of Access
Points), RTS/CTS usage, Fragmentation, and Security.
The baseline DUT configuration for performing this test consists of:
RTS/CTS disabled, fragmentation and security not used
5.2.4.3. Procedure
When performed on an Access Point, this test MUST utilize a one or
more controllable physical or virtual clients to generate test
traffic to and from the DUT. When performed on a client, the test
MUST utilize a controllable physical or virtual Access Point with a
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traffic generator capable of causing the DUT to send and receive
traffic. The signal strength at the DUT location MUST be controllable
in steps of 3 dB or better.
The test is performed in two parts. The first part establishes the
signal levels at which the DUT switches from one PHY data rate to
another. The second part uses these results to further determine the
time taken for the DUT to perform these data rate steps.
At the start of the first part of the test, the necessary
authentication and association procedures are used to establish a
connection with the DUT (one per physical or virtual client, in the
case of tests on Access Points). Data are then exchanged with the
DUT at the maximum data rate corresponding to the DUT PHY type, and
at the highest signal level that will not overload the DUT. Data
transfer MUST be verified as taking place both from and to the DUT.
The tester progressively reduces its transmitted signal level by
steps of 3 dB or less while transferring data to and from the DUT,
and records the PHY data rate of the frames received from the DUT for
each signal level. At least 1 second of data transfer (at the
configured offered load) MUST be performed at each signal level
before stepping to the next. The process is continued until the DUT
is found to be operating at the minimum data rate for the DUT PHY
type, or until the tester has reached the lower limit of its transmit
power range. The range of signal levels used MUST be reported along
with the test results. The signal levels reported MUST be referenced
to the DUT receiver.
During the second part of the test, the same authentication and
association process is used to establish a connection with the DUT.
Data are then exchanged with the DUT at the maximum data rate
corresponding to the PHY type of the DUT, and at the highest signal
level that will not overload the DUT. The signal level of the traffic
output by the tester is then reduced to a value that is known (from
the preceding part) to cause the DUT to reduce its PHY data rate to a
lower value, and the time required for the DUT to detect and respond
is measured. The tester SHOULD continue this process for each of the
rates supported by the DUT. At least 1 second of data transfer MUST
be performed at each signal level before stepping to the next. The
range of signal levels used MUST be referenced to the DUT receiver
and MUST be reported along with the test results.
The DUT is initially set up and tested according to the baseline
configuration. After this configuration has been tested, the tester
MAY repeat the test process with a new configuration, until the
desired number of configurations has been exercised. The connection
with the DUT SHOULD be broken (i.e., the tester disassociates and
deauthenticates) and then re-established prior to starting the next
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trial. The maximum number of additional test configurations is 2 plus
the number of security modes.
5.2.4.4. Analysis and reporting
The rate adaptation levels of the DUT are reported as the average
signal levels, in dBm referenced to the DUT receiver input, that
cause the DUT to change its PHY data rate from a given value to the
next lower value. For example, a DUT having an 802.11b PHY (Clause 18
of IEEE 802.11 [802.11]) will have three values reported, namely, the
received signal levels that cause a transition from 11 Mb/s to 5.5
Mb/s, from 5.5 Mb/s to 2 Mb/s, and from 2 Mb/s to 1 Mb/s,
respectively.
The rate adaptation times of the DUT MUST be measured from the first
packet transmitted by the tester at the lower signal level to the
first packet received from the DUT at the lower rate. Taking the same
example, these times would be measured at the 11 Mb/s - 5.5 Mb/s, 5.5
Mb/s - 2 Mb/s and 2 Mb/s - 1 Mb/s transition points, respectively.
As the process of rate adaptation is heavily influenced by RF and
analog effects, this test SHOULD be performed multiple times and the
results averaged, the standard deviation of the results SHOULD also
be reported.
5.2.5. Beacon interval and timing
5.2.5.1. Objective
To determine the rate at which beacons are transmitted, as well as
the accuracy with which the actual transmission time of beacons
matches the advertised transmission time as indicated by the DUT. A
number of 802.11 network functions are affected by the rate and
accuracy of beacon generation. For instance, clients in power-save
mode are expected to wake up just prior to the expected transmission
of a beacon from an Access Point, and remain awake until the beacon
has been received and indicates that no data is pending for them. If
beacons are irregular or absent, this would cause clients to either
miss beacons (increasing response time) or remain awake for excessive
periods (wasting power).
This test may be performed on both Access Points and clients. In the
case of clients, this test is performed only if the client supports
the IBSS (ad-hoc) mode of operation, as clients operating in
infrastructure BSS mode do not transmit beacons.
5.2.5.2. Test parameters
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The following parameters MUST be configured prior to each trial as
specified in Section 3.5.14:
Nominal beacon interval.
5.2.5.3. Procedure
The DUT is configured to generate beacons at the nominal beacon
interval. The tester then measures the beacon inter-arrival time and
the variation in inter-arrival time over the duration of the trial,
as and also captures the Beacon Interval field from the received
beacon frames for comparison with the measured times.
Care MUST be taken to ensure that extraneous traffic does not occur
at or near the nominal Target Beacon Transmission Times (i.e., the
expected arrival time of beacons), as beacon frames are required to
defer to ongoing traffic.
In the case of Access Points, the test MAY be repeated with one or
more virtual or physical clients associated with the DUT, in order to
measure the ability of the DUT to properly generate beacons at
various database capacities.
5.2.5.4. Analysis and reporting
The average beacon interval of the DUT is measured and reported as
the average time, in seconds, between the first bit of consecutive
beacon frames received by the tester. It MUST be computed over the
duration of the trial.
The beacon interval variation is measured and reported as the
difference, in seconds, between the minimum and maximum time between
the first bit of consecutive beacon frames received by the tester.
It MUST be computed over the duration of the trial.
The beacon interval accuracy of the DUT is measured and reported as
the difference between the measured average beacon interval and the
value of the Beacon Interval field of the beacon frames from the DUT,
expressed as a percentage of the measured average beacon interval.
The Beacon Interval field MUST be converted to seconds prior to
performing the computation. If the value of the Beacon Interval
field is modified by the DUT during the trial, this MUST be reported
with the test results.
5.2.6. Reset recovery time
5.2.6.1. Objective
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To determine the speed with which a DUT recovers from a device or
software reset. This test is only applicable to Access Points.
The rapidity with which an Access Point recovers from a reset
condition affects the perceived availability and stability of a
wireless network. For example, an excessive time required to recover
from a reset can force clients to roam to other Access Points, cause
higher-layer connections to be dropped, and so on.
5.2.6.2. Test parameters
The following parameter MUST be configured prior to each trial:
Reset duration - The test SHOULD be carried out with a reset
duration of at least 10 seconds.
5.2.6.3. Procedure
The DUT is set up according to its baseline configuration. The
tester first sets up a single virtual or physical client to serve as
a test client and probe the DUT. The test client is caused to send a
continuous stream of broadcast Probe Request frames to the DUT over
the duration of the trial period, with a nominal interval between
Probe Request frames of 5 milliseconds. The Probe Response frames
from the DUT are identified and timestamped.
During the middle of the trial period, the DUT is reset. The time
stamps associated with the last received Probe Response frame just
prior to the reset, and the first received Probe Response frame just
following the reset, are recorded. The tester MUST verify that the
Probe Response frames are generated by the DUT (e.g., by comparing
the BSSID of the Probe Response frames with the MAC address of the
DUT).
A power-interruption reset test MUST be performed. If the DUT is
capable of a software reset and/or a hardware reset, then the test
SHOULD be repeated with the software and hardware resets. The
results MUST be reported separately.
5.2.6.4. Analysis and reporting
The reset recovery time MUST be measured and reported as the time, in
seconds, between the last received Probe Response frame just prior to
the reset and the first received Probe Response frame just following
the reset.
5.3. Capacity tests
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The tests described in this section measure frame storage and
database related characteristics of the DUT. These tests are
significant in that they quantify the ability of the DUT to handle
the bursty traffic loads and large number of clients that are
expected to be found in enterprise LANs. These tests are applicable
only to Access Points.
5.3.1. Burst capacity
5.3.1.1. Objective
To determine the ability of the DUT to forward bursts of back-to-back
data frames typically seen in heavily loaded networks, especially
when multiple clients are sending data to a single Access Point. The
results are indicative of the efficiency, performance and capacity of
the frame buffering functions implemented within the DUT under high
load conditions.
5.3.1.2. Test parameters
The following parameters MUST be configured prior to each trial as
specified in Section 3.5.14:
Frame sizes, Frame spacing, Burst size, Inter-burst gap, Signal
level, Number of STAs, Fragmentation, RTS/CTS usage and security
settings.
The baseline DUT configuration for performing this test consists of:
fragmentation off, RTS/CTS disabled, security not used.
5.3.1.3. Procedure
The DUT is initially set up according to the baseline configuration,
using a starting combination of frame size, frame spacing, burst size
and inter-burst gap (IBG). For a given offered load and burst size,
the required IBG is computed per Appendix A. In order to assure a
reasonable distribution of traffic amongst multiple sources, the
number of virtual or physical test clients used in this test SHOULD
be at least 8. The test SHOULD be performed with three traffic
configurations: traffic flow from the wireless to the wired interface
of the DUT, traffic flow from the wired to the wireless interface,
and traffic flow from the wireless to the wireless interface (intra-
BSS).
The tester then transmits traffic to the DUT with the configured
burst characteristics, which MUST be held constant over the duration
of the trial, and measures the frame loss. If the frame loss is zero,
the burst size is increased, keeping the offered load constant, and
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the trial is repeated. If frame loss is found, the burst size is
decreased (again keeping the offered load constant) and the trial is
repeated. The process continues until the maximum burst length is
found that the DUT can forward without loss at a given offered load
and frame size.
The tester SHOULD then repeat the test with different combinations of
offered load and frame size, but with the same baseline
configuration. After the baseline configuration has been tested, the
tester MAY repeat the process with a new configuration, until the
desired number of different configurations have been exercised. The
maximum number of such additional configurations is 2 plus the number
of security modes. In addition, the tester MAY repeat the test with
different signal levels.
The traffic generated by the tester MUST be such that consecutive
frames are generated with different combinations of source and
destination addresses, and all possible such combinations of
addresses MUST be represented equally within each trial. Further, the
tester SHOULD ensure that consecutive frames within a burst originate
from different physical or virtual clients. This distributes the load
uniformly among the physical or virtual clients.
5.3.1.4. Analysis and reporting
The burst capacity of the DUT at a given offered load is computed and
reported as the maximum number of back-to-back frames that the DUT
will handle without the loss of any frames. (See Section 26.4 of RFC
2544 [RFC2544].) The results SHOULD be reported as graphs of burst
capacity versus each of: offered load, frame size, and signal level.
Separate results MUST be reported per configuration.
5.3.2. Authentication and association database capacity
5.3.2.1. Objective
To determine the number of clients that a DUT can successfully
support at one time. This test is only applicable to Access Points.
IEEE 802.11 WLANs implement a connection-oriented protocol with
authentication and connection setup (association) being performed at
the link layer. The number of clients that can be supported within
the coverage area of an Access Point is thus ultimately limited by
the capacity of the association database within the Access Point,
even if the bandwidth requirements of the clients are well within the
capacity of the device. This test therefore measures the ability of a
DUT to support high concentrations of clients in a small region, such
as within a conference room.
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5.3.2.2. Test parameters
The following parameters MUST be configured prior to each trial as
specified in Section 3.5.14:
Security settings and Number of STAs.
In addition, the following test parameters MUST be configured to be
the same for all trials:
Association Timeout - The tester MUST wait a predetermined amount
of time for the DUT to respond to an association request with an
association response. If the DUT fails to respond within this
time, that association attempt MUST be considered to have failed,
and a timeout error SHOULD be reported for that association
attempt. The minimum value of the association timeout MUST be at
least 10 milliseconds, and MUST NOT exceed 100 milliseconds.
Association Retry Limit - The tester SHOULD retry a failed
association attempt (i.e., where the DUT accepts the association
request but fails to respond with an association response within
the specified timeout). The number of retries performed by any
physical or virtual client MUST NOT exceed the pre-set association
retry limit. If the number of retries reaches this limit, a retry
limit error SHOULD be reported for that client.
Both the association timeout and the association retry limit MUST be
reported with the test results.
The baseline DUT configuration for performing this test consists of:
security not used.
5.3.2.3. Procedure
The DUT is first set up according to the baseline configuration. The
tester then causes the specified number of virtual or physical test
clients to authenticate and associate themselves with the DUT, one
client at a time, and measures the number of clients that the DUT can
successfully associate. Each client is authenticated and associated
in turn; the tester MUST NOT present a new client to the DUT until
the authentication and association for the previous client has been
completed. An authentication or association failure for a given
client SHOULD not cause the tester to stop the trial. Note that the
number of clients that can associate with the DUT need not equal the
number of clients that can authenticate with it.
After the authentication and association of test clients with the
DUT, the tester MUST verify the associations by causing the
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successfully associated test clients to transmit data frames to one
another, and ensure that these data frames are properly forwarded by
the DUT. The rate at which verification data frames are transmitted
to the DUT MUST be well below the intra-BSS throughput supported by
the DUT. The tester MUST ensure that at least one data frame
originating from each client is forwarded.
If the DUT deauthenticates one or more clients during the data
transfer phase, these MUST be counted as authentication failures. If
the DUT disassociates one or more clients during this phase, these
MUST be counted as association failures. If none of the test data
frames transmitted by a physical or virtual client are forwarded
successfully, this MUST be treated as a verification failure. Clients
for which authentication, association or verification failures have
been detected MUST NOT be included in the count of successfully
associated clients.
The tester SHOULD track the association identifiers (AIDs) returned
by the DUT and SHOULD detect the situation where the same AID is
issued to two different clients that are associated with the DUT.
After the baseline configuration has been tested, the tester MAY
repeat the process with a new configuration, until the desired number
of different configurations have been exercised. The maximum number
of such additional test configurations is equal to the number of
security modes.
The tester MUST remove the test client authentications and
associations from the DUT database after the completion of each trial
by performing the 802.11 deauthentication procedure for each
associated client.
5.3.2.4. Analysis and reporting
The authentication database capacity of the DUT is computed and
reported as the maximum number of clients that can be simultaneously
authenticated with it. A client that initially authenticates, but is
subsequently deauthenticated by the DUT prior to the end of the
trial, MUST NOT be counted towards the authentication database
capacity.
The association database capacity of the DUT is computed and reported
as the maximum number of clients that can simultaneously associate
with it. (The association database capacity is always less than or
equal to the authentication database capacity.) A client for which
authentication, association or verification failures are detected
during the trial MUST not be counted towards the association database
capacity.
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Verification failures MUST be reported along with the test results.
Duplicate AIDs, if found, SHOULD be reported along with the results.
5.3.3. Power-save buffer capacity
5.3.3.1. Objective
To measure the buffer capacity of the DUT when supporting clients in
power management mode. This test is only applicable to Access Points.
Access Points that support clients in power management mode (i.e.,
sleeping clients) are required to accept and buffer frames on behalf
of these clients, and forward them when the clients wake up. This
test measures the power management mode storage capacity of the DUT,
and hence its ability to support a large number of associated but
sleeping clients.
5.3.3.2. Test parameters
The following parameters are relevant to this test, and MUST be
configured as specified in Section 3.5.14:
Frame sizes, Number of STAs, Fragmentation, RTS/CTS usage and
Security usage.
In addition, the following test parameter MUST be configured prior to
each trial:
Power-Save Poll Delay - this is the delay interposed between the
announcement by the DUT that data are available for a given client
and the retrieval of data by that client by means of a PS-Poll
frame (see subclause 7.2.1.4 of IEEE 802.11 [802.11]) or other
means. This delay should not exceed the frame aging time of the
DUT. It SHOULD be kept the same for all trials.
The baseline DUT configuration for performing this test consists of:
fragmentation off, RTS/CTS disabled, and security not used.
5.3.3.3. Procedure
The DUT is initially set up according to the baseline configuration.
The tester associates the required number of virtual or physical
clients with the DUT, and causes these clients to enter power-save
(sleep) mode. The tester MUST verify that the clients have entered
power-save mode successfully and that the DUT is no longer
transmitting data to the sleeping clients. The tester then transmits
a predetermined number of test data frames to the DUT for forwarding
to each of the sleeping clients. After all of the test data frames
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have been sent to the DUT, the tester MUST wait for the power-save
poll delay and then MUST cause each of the sleeping clients to wake
up and retrieve their data. The number of frames received by each
client from the DUT is counted.
The same number of frames MUST be transmitted to each sleeping client
during a particular trial. The tester MAY associate another virtual
or physical client with the DUT to serve as a means of injecting test
data frames, or MAY forward test data frames via the wired interface
of the DUT. The tester SHOULD verify that the DUT signals (by means
of its beacons) the presence of data for a given test client before
causing the client to wake up and obtain the buffered data. The
tester MUST ensure that the test clients continue to poll for and
retrieve buffered data from the DUT until the DUT signals (again via
its beacons) that no more data are present for the clients.
The test SHOULD be repeated with different frame sizes and numbers of
clients.
After the baseline configuration has been tested, the tester MAY
repeat the process with a new configuration, until the desired number
of different configurations have been exercised. The maximum number
of such additional test configurations is 2 plus the number of
security modes.
5.3.3.4. Analysis and reporting
The power save buffer capacity of the DUT, for a given frame size and
number of clients, is computed and reported as the total number of
frames received by all of the virtual or physical clients from the
DUT after they have woken up and requested their data. The results
SHOULD be reported as graphs of power save buffer capacity versus
each of: frame size, and number of clients. The test results MAY
report the results for individual clients as well as the total for
all of the clients. Separate results MUST be reported per
configuration.
4. Security Considerations
Documents of this type do not directly affect the security of the
Internet or of corporate networks as long as benchmarking is not
performed on devices or systems connected to operating networks.
Note that performance tests SHOULD be done on with adequate isolation
between the DUT and the remainder of the network, or with security
systems enabled, to avoid the possibility of compromising the
performance of operating networks in some manner.
5. IANA Considerations
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There are no IANA actions requested in this memo. (Note to RFC
Editor: This section may be removed upon publication as a RFC.)
6. References
6.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S. "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", RFC 2119, March 1997
[RFC2544] Bradner, S. and McQuaid, J., "Benchmarking Methodology for
Network Interconnect Devices", RFC 2544, March 1999.
[RFC2889] Mandeville, R. and Perser, J., "Benchmarking Methodology
for LAN Switching Devices", RFC 2889, August 2000.
[RFC1242] Bradner, S., Editor, "Benchmarking Terminology for Network
Interconnection Devices", RFC 1242, July 1991.
[RFC2285] Mandeville, R., "Benchmarking Terminology for LAN Switching
Devices", RFC 2285, June 1998.
6.2. Informative References
[802.11] ANSI/IEEE Std 802.11, "Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access
Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications," ISO/IEC
8802-11:1999(E), ISBN 0-7381-1658-0, 1999.
[RFC1042] Postel, J. and Reynolds, J., "A Standard for the
Transmission of IP Datagrams over IEEE 802 Networks," RFC 1042,
February 1988.
7. Author's Addresses
Tom Alexander
VeriWave, Inc.
9600 Oak Street
Portland, OR, 97223
email: tom@veriwave.com
phone: +1 503 473 8358
Scott Bradner
Harvard University
29 Oxford St.
Cambridge, MA, 02138
email: sob@harvard.edu
phone: +1 617 495 3864
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Appendix A. Intended load computations
Calculating intended load for 802.11 media access is complicated by
the number of different parameters that need to be accounted for as
well as the random effect of backoff and management overhead. This
appendix provides formulas for the theoretical maximum capacity of
the media, actual intended load, and inter-burst gap.
Note that the instantaneous capacity of the 802.11 medium changes
from transmission to transmission due to the effects of random
backoff after each transmission. The formulas presented here are
therefore expected to be applied over a large volume of traffic,
rather than individual frames or bursts of frames. In addition, the
parameters used in the formulas change for different 802.11 physical
layers and also different data rates used within a particular
physical layer.
A.1 Calculating theoretical maximum media capacity
The theoretical maximum media capacity is calculated assuming
constant-size data frames, transmitted with the minimum frame spacing
according to the 802.11 protocol, with no collisions or retries
occurring.
The following input parameters are defined:
LENGTH - MAC Data frame size in bytes, including FCS. For
fragmented transfers, this is the size of each fragment.
SPEED - PHY data rate for the MAC portion of a DATA frame, in
bits/second.
PLCPTIME - Time required to transmit the PLCP header for the given
802.11 PHY type and data rate, in seconds.
SLOTTIME - The slot time for the given 802.11 PHY type and data
rate, in seconds.
DIFS - The Distributed Interframe Space (see subclause 9.2.10 of
IEEE 802.11 [802.11]), in seconds.
SIFS - The Short Interframe Space (see subclause 9.2.10 of IEEE
802.11 [802.11]), in seconds.
CWmin - The minimum contention window duration (see subclause
9.2.4 of IEEE 802.11 [802.11]), in slot times.
The following intermediate values are calculated first:
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TXTIME - Time required to transmit a single Data frame or
fragment. For transfers that do not involve an RTS/CTS exchange,
this is the time taken to transmit the Data frame plus an
immediately following ACK frame (see 9.2.8 of IEEE 802.11
[802.11]). For transfers involving an RTS/CTS exchange, this is
the time taken to transmit an RTS, CTS, Data and ACK frame.
For RTS/CTS based transfers:
TXTIME = (PLCPTIME * 4) + (SIFS * 3) + (((LENGTH + 48) * 8) /
SPEED)
For transfers not involving RTS/CTS:
TXTIME = (PLCPTIME * 2) + SIFS + (((LENGTH + 14) * 8) / SPEED)
AMFI - Average Minimum Frame Interval. This is the minimum legal
interval between the start of a Data frame and the start of the
immediately following Data frame, averaged over a large number of
Data frames.
AMFI = TXTIME + DIFS + ((CWmin * SLOTTIME) / 2)
The theoretical maximum capacity of the medium (abbreviated as CAP),
in bits/second, is then given by:
CAP = (LENGTH * 8) / AMFI
The above formula does not take into account overhead due to
management frames such as beacons and probe requests/responses. The
tester SHOULD separately account for management frame overhead during
a trial and subtract this overhead from the calculated theoretical
capacity in order compensate for the capacity loss due to these
frames.
A.2 Calculating constant intended load
The calculations in this section deal with a constant (steady) load
generated by the tester (i.e., a constant frame pattern). Burst loads
are covered in the next section.
If the DUT is not to be overloaded, the intended unidirectional
traffic load can range from 0 to 100% of the theoretical maximum
media capacity previously calculated (0 to 50% in the case of
bidirectional traffic streams). See Section 3.5.1 of RFC 2285
[RFC2285] for a full definition of Iload. For the purposes of this
document, the intended load is expressed as a percentage of the
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theoretical maximum media capacity, and calculated as Iload using the
following formula:
Iload = (LOAD / CAP) * 100
where LOAD is the load in bits/second, and CAP is calculated as in
Section A.1.
In order to actually generate traffic at Iload values less than 100%,
the tester must insert extra spacing between frames to reduce the
traffic load. This extra spacing is referred to here as EFG (Excess
Frame Gap), and is calculated as follows:
EFG = AMFI * ((100 / Iload) - 1)
The actual frame interval therefore becomes (AMFI + EFG). The traffic
pattern generated by the tester hence consists of a Data frame, the
corresponding ACK frame (from the DUT), a gap equal to the DIFS plus
the average minimum backoff time, and a further gap equal to EFG.
Generating Iload values greater than 100% requires that the tester
violate the backoff rules of the 802.11 protocol. The tests in this
document do not require Iload values greater than 100%.
A.3 Calculating burst intended load
This section deals with the computation of intended load when the
traffic pattern is bursty. A bursty pattern comprises a series of
back-to-back Data/ACK exchanges separated by a DIFS, followed by a
gap, followed by another series of back-to-back exchanges, and so on.
The gap between bursts (referred to as the IBG) is selected based on
the intended load. In addition, the IBG is calculated such that the
Iload for bursty and constant traffic are directly comparable. (See
Section 3.4.3 of RFC 2285 [RFC2285] for a discussion of IBG.)
The following input parameters are defined, in addition to those
defined above:
BURST - Length of burst in frames.
For a given Iload, the IBG is calculated as:
IBG = DIFS + (AMFI * BURST * ((100 / Iload) - 1))
Note that the IBG is measured from the last bit of the ACK frame of
the last data frame in a burst to the first bit of the preamble of
the first data frame in the next burst.
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Full copyright statement
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