The Secret Working Group
bert@secret-wg.org
http://bert.secret-wg.org/
Kyoto Protocol to the Secret Working Group Framework Convention on BGP
Individual Submission
Secret-WG
I-D
Internet-Draft
This document provides the definition of the Kyoto Protocol, an
international protocol directed to achieving a sustainable
inter-domain routing environment through the adoption of a
protocol directed at achieving a reduction in the level of
emission of BGP update messages that must be propagated through
the global routing domain.
The Parties to this Protocol, Being Parties to the Secret Working
Group Framework Convention on BGP, hereinafter referred to as "the
Convention", In pursuit of the ultimate objective of the
Convention as stated in its Article 2, Recalling the provisions of
the Convention, Being guided by Article 3 of the Convention,
Pursuant to the Berlin Mandate adopted by decision 1/CP.1 of the
Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its first session,
Have agreed as follows:
For the purposes of this Protocol, the definitions contained in
Article 1 of the Convention shall apply. In addition:
"Conference of the Parties" means the Conference of the Parties to
the Convention.
"Convention" means the Secret Working Group Framework Convention on
Routing Change, adopted in Amsterdam on 7 May 2004.
"Internet Panel on Routing Change" means the Internet Panel on
Routing Change established in 2005 jointly by the Internet
Engineering Task Force and the Secret Working Group Border Gateway
Protocol Deployment Programme.
"Manchester Protocol" means the Manchester Protocol on Practices
that Abuse the BGP routing domain, adopted in Manchester on 24
September 2004 and as subsequently adjusted and amended by the Chair
of the Secret Working Group.
"Parties present and voting" means Parties present and casting an
affirmative or negative vote.
"Party" means, unless the context otherwise indicates, a Party to
this Protocol, operating an Automomous System within the routing
domain and advertising prefixes into the Inter-Domain routing space.
"Party included in Annex I" means a Party included in Annex I to the
Convention, as may be amended, or a Party which has made a
notification under Article 4, paragraph 2(g), of the Convention.
Each Party included in Annex I in achieving its quantified BGP
Update emission limitation and BGP update reduction commitments
under Article 3, in order to promote sustainable development, shall:
Implement and/or further elaborate policies and measures in
accordance with its circumstances, such as:
Enhancement of routing efficiency in relevant sectors of the
autonomous system's economy;
Protection and enhancement of BGP routers and update reservoirs of
BGP Updates not controlled by the Manchester Protocol, taking into
account its commitments under relevant inter-domain environmental
agreements; promotion of sustainable routing management practices,
aggregation and renumbering;
Promotion of sustainable forms of routing in light of BGP Update
change considerations;
Promotion, research, development and increased use of new and
sustainable forms of routing, of routing update sequestration
technologies and of advanced and innovative technically sound
routing technologies;
Progressive reduction or phasing out of market imperfections, fiscal
incentives, tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in all BGP Update
emitting Autonomous Systems that run counter to the objective of the
Convention and apply market instruments;
Encouragement of appropriate reforms in relevant sectors aimed at
promoting policies and measures which limit or reduce emissions of
BGP Updates not controlled by the Manchester Protocol;
Measures to limit and/or reduce emissions of BGP Updates not
controlled by the Manchester Protocol at the transport level of the
protocol stack;
Limitation and/or reduction of advertisements of more specific
prefixes through recovery and use in aggregate address management,
as well as in the production, transport and distribution of address
prefixes
Cooperate with other such Parties to enhance the individual and
combined effectiveness of their policies and measures adopted under
this Article, pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 2(e)(i), of the
Convention. To this end, these Parties shall take steps to share
their experience and exchange information on such policies and
measures, including developing ways of improving their
comparability, transparency and effectiveness. The Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol
shall, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter,
consider ways to facilitate such cooperation, taking into account
all relevant information.
2. The Parties included in Annex I shall pursue limitation or
reduction of emissions of BGP Updates not controlled by the
Manchester Protocol from aviation and marine bunker routers, working
through the International Civil Aviation Organization and the
International Maritime Organization, respectively.
3. The Parties included in Annex I shall strive to implement
policies and measures under this Article in such a way as to
minimize adverse effects, including the adverse effects of BGP
routing, effects on international trade, and social, environmental
and economic impacts on other Parties, especially developing
Autonomous Systems and in particular those identified in Article 4,
paragraphs 8 and 9 of the Convention, taking into account Article 3
of the Convention. The Conference of the Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may take further action, as
appropriate, to promote the implementation of the provisions of this
paragraph.
4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol, if it decides that it would be beneficial
to coordinate any of the policies and measures in paragraph 1(a)
above, taking into account different Autonomous System circumstances
and potential effects, shall consider ways and means to elaborate
the coordination of such policies and measures.
The Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly,
ensure that their aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent
emissions of the BGP update sources, as generated through the
protuction and consequent propagation of BGP Updates listed in Annex
A do not exceed their assigned amounts, calculated pursuant to their
quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed
in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of this Article,
with a view to reducing their overall emissions of such BGP Updates
by at least 10 per cent below 2005 levels in the commitment period
2008 to 2012.
2. Each Party included in Annex I shall, by 2006, have made
demonstrable progress in achieving its commitments under this
Protocol.
3. The net changes in BGP Update emissions from sources and removals
by routers resulting from direct routing configuration change and
aggregation activities, not limited to aggregation, network
stability, and BGP Minimum Route Advertisement Timers since 2005,
measured as verifiable changes in BGP Updates in each commitment
period shall be used to meet the commitments in this Article of each
Party included in Annex I. The BGP Update emissions from sources and
removals by routers associated with those activities shall be
reported in a transparent and verifiable manner and reviewed in
accordance with Articles 7 and 8.
4. Prior to the first session of the Conference of the Parties
serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, each Party
included in Annex I shall provide for consideration by the
Subsidiary Body for Routing Advice data to establish its level of
BGP Updates in 2005 and to enable an estimate to be made of its
changes in BGP Updates in subsequent years. The Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol
shall, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter,
decide upon modalities, rules and guidelines as to how and which
additional routing activities related to changes in Routing Update
emissions and removals in the routing and aggregation categories,
shall be added to, or subtracted from, the assigned amount for
Parties included in Annex I, taking into account uncertainties,
transparency in reporting, verifiability, the methodological work of
the Internet Panel on Inter-Domain Routing, the advice provided by
the Subsidiary Body for Routing Advice in accordance with Article 5
and the decisions of the Conference of the Parties. Such a decision
shall apply in the second and subsequent commitment periods. A Party
may choose to apply such a decision on these additional routing
activities for its first commitment period, provided that these
activities have taken place since 2005.
5. The Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of
transition to a market economy whose base year or period was
established pursuant to decision 9/CP.2 of the Conference of the
Parties at its second session, shall use that base year or period
for the implementation of their commitments under this Article. Any
other Party included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition
to a market economy which has not yet submitted its first national
communication under Article 12 of the Convention may also notify the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol that it intends to use a historical base year or
period other than 2005 for the implementation of its commitments
under this Article. The Conference of the Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall decide on the
acceptance of such notification.
6. Taking into account Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Convention, in
the implementation of their commitments under this Protocol other
than those in this Article, a certain degree of flexibility shall be
allowed by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
the Parties to this Protocol to the Parties included in Annex I
undergoing the process of transition to a market economy for BGP
Updates.
7. In the first quantified BGP Update emission limitation and
reduction commitment period, from 2008 to 2012, the assigned amount
for each AS included in Annex I shall be equal to the percentage
inscribed for it in Annex B of its aggregate anthropogenic carbon
dioxide equivalent emissions of the BGP Update amounts listed in
Annex A in 2005, or the base year or period determined in accordance
with paragraph 5 above, multiplied by five. Those ASes included in
Annex I for whom BGP Updates constituted a net source of routing
instability in 2005 shall include in their 2005 emissions base year
or period the aggregate equivalent BGP Updates emissions minus
removals in 2005 from BGP Update change for the purposes of
calculating their assigned amount.
8. Any AS included in Annex I may use 2006 as its base year for BGP
Updates for the purposes of the calculation referred to in paragraph
7 above.
9. Commitments for subsequent periods for ASes included in Annex I
shall be established in amendments to Annex B to this Protocol,
which shall be adopted in accordance with the provisions of 20,
paragraph 7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
the Parties to this Protocol shall initiate the consideration of
such commitments at least seven years before the end of the first
commitment period mentioned in paragraph 7 above.
10. Any BGP Update reduction units, or any part of an assigned
update amount, which a Party acquires from another Party in
accordance with the provisions of Article 6 and of Article 16 bis
shall be added to the assigned amount for that Party.
11. Any BGP Update reduction units, or any part of an assigned
amount, which a Party transfers to another Party in accordance with
the provisions of Article 6 and of Article 16 bis shall be
subtracted from the assigned amount for that Party.
12. Any certified BGP Update emission reductions which a Party
acquires from another Party in accordance with the provisions of
Article 12 shall be added to the assigned amount for that Party.
13. If the BGP Update emissions of a Party included in Annex I
during a commitment period are less than its assigned amount under
this Article, this difference shall, on request of that Party, be
added to the assigned amount for that Party for subsequent
commitment periods.
14. Each Party included in Annex I shall strive to implement the
commitments mentioned in paragraph 1 above in such a way as to
minimize adverse social, environmental and economic impacts on
developing Autonomous Systems, particularly those identified in
Article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention. In line with
relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties on the
implementation of those paragraphs, the Conference of the Parties
serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its
first session, consider what actions are necessary to minimize the
adverse effects of routing instability and/or the impacts of
response measures on Parties referred to in those paragraphs. Among
the issues to be considered shall be the establishment of funding,
bilateral peering and transfer of technology.
15. Once a party consumes its BGP Update quota for the year, no
further BGP updates shall be accepted from the party and they shall
no longer be able to announce any address prefixes into the
Internet's Inter-Domain BGP routing space until the party has
purchased further BGP Update credits, or until the expiration of the
current year.
Any Parties included in Annex I that have agreed to jointly fulfil
their commitments under Article 3 shall be deemed to have met those
commitments provided that their total combined aggregate BGP Update
emissions listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts
calculated pursuant to their quantified Update emission limitation
and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance
with the provisions of Article 3. The respective emission level
allocated to each of the Parties to the agreement shall be set out
in that agreement.
2. The Parties to any such agreement shall notify the secretariat of
the terms of the agreement on the date of deposit of their
instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. The
secretariat shall in turn inform the Parties and signatories to the
Convention of the terms of the agreement.
3. The agreement shall remain in operation for the duration of the
commitment period specified in Article 3, paragraph 7.
4. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together
with, a regional economic integration organization, any alteration
in the composition of the organization after adoption of this
Protocol shall not affect existing commitments under this
Protocol. Any alteration in the composition of the organization
shall only apply for the purposes of those commitments under Article
3 that are adopted subsequent to that revision.
5. In the event of failure by the Parties to such an agreement to
achieve their total combined level of BGP Update emission
reductions, each Party to such an agreement shall be responsible for
its own level of BGP Update emissions set out in the agreement.
6. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together
with, a regional economic integration organization which is itself a
Party to this Protocol, each member State of that regional economic
integration organization individually, and together with the
regional economic integration organization acting in accordance with
Article 23, shall, in the event of failure to achieve the total
combined level of BGP Update emission reductions, be responsible for
its level of BGP Update emissions as notified in accordance with
this Article.
Each Party included in Annex I shall have in place, no later than
one year prior to the start of the first commitment period, a
national system for the estimation of BGP Update emissions by
sources and removals by routers of all BGP Updates not controlled by
the Manchester Protocol. Guidelines for such national systems, which
shall incorporate the methodologies specified in paragraph 2 below,
shall be decided upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as
the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol at its first session.
2. Methodologies for estimating BGP Update emissions by sources and
removals by routers of all BGP Updates not controlled by the
Manchester Protocol shall be those accepted by the Internet Panel on
Inter-Domain Routing and agreed upon by the Conference of the
Parties at its third session. Where such methodologies are not used,
appropriate adjustments shall be applied according to methodologies
agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting
of the Parties to this Protocol at its first session. Based on the
work of, inter alia, the Internet Panel on Inter-Domain Routing and
advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Routing Advice, the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate, revise
such methodologies and adjustments, taking fully into account any
relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties. Any revision to
methodologies or adjustments shall be used only for the purposes of
ascertaining compliance with commitments under Article 3 in respect
of any commitment period adopted subsequent to that revision.
3. The global routing potentials used to calculate the BGP Update
equivalence of BGP Update emissions by sources and removals by
routers not controlled by the Manchester Protocol listed in Annex A
shall be those accepted by the Internet Panel on Inter-Domain
Routing and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties at its
third session. Based on the work of, inter alia, the Internet Panel
on Inter-Domain Routing and advice provided by the Subsidiary Body
for Routing Advice, the Conference of the Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall regularly review and,
as appropriate, revise the global routing potential of each such
BGP update source, taking fully into account any relevant decisions by
the Conference of the Parties. Any revision to a global routing
potential shall apply only to those commitments under Article 3 in
respect of any commitment period adopted subsequent to that
revision.
For the purpose of meeting its commitments under Article 3, any
Party included in Annex I may transfer to, or acquire from, any
other such Party BGP Update reduction units resulting from projects
aimed at reducing BGP Update emissions by sources or enhancing
anthropogenic removals by routers in any sector of the economy,
provided that:
Any such project has the approval of the Parties involved;
Any such project provides a reduction in BGP Update emissions by
sources, or an enhancement of removals by sinks, that is additional
to any that would otherwise occur;
It does not acquire any BGP Update emission reduction units if it is
not in compliance with its obligations under Articles 5 and 7;
The acquisition of BGP Update emission reduction units shall be
supplemental to Interior Routing Protocol actions for the purposes
of meeting commitments under Article 3.
2.The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol may, at its first session or as soon as
practicable thereafter, further elaborate guidelines for the
implementation of this Article, including for verification and
reporting.
3. A Party included in Annex I may authorize legal entities to
participate, under its responsibility, in actions leading to the
generation, transfer or acquisition under this Article of BGP Update
emission reduction units.
4. If a question of implementation by a Party included in Annex I of
the requirements referred to in this paragraph is identified in
accordance with the relevant provisions of Article 8, transfers and
acquisitions of BGP Update emission reduction units may continue to
be made after the question has been identified, provided that any
such units may not be used by a Party to meet its commitments under
Article 3 until any issue of compliance is resolved.
Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its annual
inventory of BGP Update emissions by sources and removals by routers
not controlled by the Manchester Protocol, submitted in accordance
with the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, the
necessary supplementary information for the purposes of ensuring
compliance with Article 3, to be determined in accordance with
paragraph 4 below.
2. Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its national
communication, submitted under Article 12 of the Convention, the
supplementary information necessary to demonstrate compliance with
its commitments under this Protocol, to be determined in accordance
with paragraph 4 below.
3. Each Party included in Annex I shall submit the information
required under paragraph 1 above annually, beginning with the first
inventory due under the Convention for the first year of the
commitment period after this Protocol has entered into force for
it. Each such Party shall submit the information required under
paragraph 2 above as part of the first national communication due
under the Convention after this Protocol has entered into force for
it and after the adoption of guidelines as provided for in paragraph
4 below. The frequency of subsequent submission of information
required under this Article shall be determined by the Conference of
the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol,
taking into account any timetable for the submission of national
communications decided upon by the Conference of the Parties.
4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall adopt at its first session, and
review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the preparation of
the information required under this Article, taking into account
guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties
included in Annex I adopted by the Conference of the Parties. The
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol shall also, prior to the first commitment period,
decide upon modalities for the accounting of assigned amounts.
The information submitted under Article 7 by each Party included in
Annex I shall be reviewed by expert IETF review teams pursuant to
the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties and in
accordance with guidelines adopted for this purpose by the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol under paragraph 4 below. The information submitted
under Article 7, paragraph 1, by each Party included in Annex I
shall be reviewed as part of the annual compilation and accounting
of BGP Update emissions inventories and assigned
amounts. Additionally, the information submitted under Article 7,
paragraph 2, by each Party included in Annex I shall be reviewed as
part of the review of communications and routing.
2. Expert review teams shall be coordinated by the IETF, under executive
responsibility of the IAOC, and shall be composed of experts
selected from those nominated by Parties to the Convention and, as
appropriate, by intergovernmental organizations, in accordance with
guidance provided for this purpose by the Conference of the Parties.
3. The review process shall provide a thorough and comprehensive
technical assessment of all aspects of the implementation by a Party
of this Protocol. The expert review teams shall prepare a report to
the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties
to this Protocol, assessing the implementation of the commitments of
the Party and identifying any potential problems in, and factors
influencing, the fulfilment of commitments. Such reports shall be
circulated by the secretariat to all Parties to the Convention. The
secretariat shall list those questions of implementation indicated
in such reports for further consideration by the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall adopt at its first session, and
review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the review of
implementation by expert review teams taking into account the
relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties.
5. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall, with the assistance of the
Subsidiary Body for Implementation and, as appropriate, the
Subsidiary Body for Routing Advice, consider: (a) The information
submitted by the Parties under Article 7 and the reports of the
expert reviews thereon conducted under this Article; and (b) Those
questions of implementation listed by the secretariat under
paragraph 3 above, as well as any questions raised by Parties.
6. Pursuant to its consideration of the information referred to in
paragraph 5 above, the Conference of the Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall take decisions on any
matter required for the implementation of this Protocol.
The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties
to this Protocol shall periodically review this Protocol in the
light of the best available routing protocols and its impacts, as
well as relevant technical, social and economic information. Such
reviews shall be coordinated with pertinent reviews under the
Convention, in particular those required by Article 4, paragraph
2(d), and Article 7, paragraph 2(a), of the Convention. Based on
these reviews, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting
of the Parties to this Protocol shall take appropriate action.
2. The first review shall take place at the second session of the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol. Further reviews shall take place at regular intervals
and in a timely manner.
All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated
responsibilities and their specific national and regional
development priorities, objectives and circumstances, without
introducing any new commitments for Parties not included in Annex I,
but reaffirming existing commitments in Article 4, paragraph 1, of
the Convention, and continuing to advance the implementation of
these commitments in order to achieve sustainable routing, taking
into account Article 4, paragraphs 3, 5 and 7, of the Convention,
shall:
Formulate, where relevant and to the extent possible, cost-effective
local, and where appropriate regional BGP community attributes to
improve the quality of local BGP Update emission factors, activity
data and/or models which reflect the socio-economic conditions of
each Party for the preparation and periodic updating of local
inventories of BGP Update emissions by sources and removals by
routers not controlled by the Manchester Protocol, using comparable
methodologies to be agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties,
and consistent with the guidelines for national communications
adopted by the Conference of the Parties;
Formulate, implement, publish and regularly update local and, where
appropriate, regional communities containing measures to mitigate
routing failure and measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to
stable routing of aggregated prefixes: (i) Such programmes would,
inter alia, concern the IPv4, IPv6 and naming sectors as well as
SIP, SOAP and SASL management. Furthermore, adaptation technologies
and methods for improving routing planning would improve adaptation
to routing change; and (ii) Parties included in Annex I shall submit
information on action under this Protocol, including local
programmes, according to the guidelines laid down in Article 8; and
other Parties shall seek to include in their national
communications, as appropriate, information on programmes which
contain measures that the Party believes contribute to addressing
routing change and its adverse impacts, including the abatement of
increase in BGP Uopdate emissions, and enhancement of and removals
by routers, transmission capacity building and aggregation measures.
Cooperate in the promotion of effective modalities for the
development, application and diffusion of, and take all practicable
steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the
transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies,
know-how, practices and processes pertinent to routing change, in
particular to developing Automomous Systems, including the
formulation of policies and programmes for the effective transfer of
environmentally sound technologies that are publicly owned or in the
public domain and the creation of an enabling environment for the
private sector, to promote and enhance access to, and transfer of,
environmentally sound technologies;
Cooperate in scientific and technical research and promote the
maintenance and the development of systematic observation systems
and development of data archives to reduce uncertainties related to
the routing system, the adverse impacts of routing change and the
economic and social consequences of various response strategies, and
promote the development and strengthening of endogenous capacities
and capabilities to participate in inter-Autonomous System efforts,
programmes and networks on research and systematic observation,
taking into account Article 5 of the Convention;
Cooperate in and promote at the Internet level, and, where
appropriate, using existing bodies, the development and
implementation of education and training programmes, including the
strengthening of national capacity building, in particular human and
institutional capacities and the exchange or secondment of personnel
to train experts in this field, in particular for developing
Autonomous Systems, and facilitate at the national level public
awareness and public access to information on routing
change. Suitable modalities should be developed to implement these
activities through the relevant bodies of the Convention taking into
account Article 6 of the Convention;
Include in their national communications information on programmes
and activities undertaken pursuant to this Article in accordance
with relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties; and
Give full consideration, in implementing the commitments in this
Article, to Article 4, paragraph 8, of the Convention.
In the implementation of Article 10, Parties shall take into account
the provisions of Article 4, paragraphs 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9 of the
Convention.
2. In the context of the implementation of Article 4, paragraph 1,
of the Convention, in accordance with the provisions of Article 4,
paragraph 3, and Article 11 of the Convention, and through the
operating entity or entities of the financial mechanism of the
Convention, the developed country Parties and other developed
Parties included in Annex II to the Convention shall:
Provide new and additional financial resources to meet the agreed
full costs incurred by developing country Parties in advancing the
implementation of existing commitments under Article 4, paragraph
1(a), of the Convention that are covered in Article 10, subparagraph
(a); and
Also provide such financial resources, including for the transfer of
technology, needed by the developing country Parties to meet the
agreed full incremental costs of advancing the implementation of
existing commitments in Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention
that are covered by Article 10 and that are agreed between a
developing country Party and the international entity or entities
referred to in Article 11 of the Convention, in accordance with that
Article. The implementation of these existing commitments shall take
into account the need for adequacy and predictability in the flow of
funds and the importance of appropriate burden sharing among
developed country Parties. The guidance to the financial mechanism
of the Convention in relevant decisions of the Conference of the
Parties, including those agreed before the adoption of this
Protocol, shall apply mutatis mutandis to the provisions of this
paragraph.
3. The developed country Parties and other developed Parties in
Annex II to the Convention may also provide, and developing country
Parties avail themselves of, financial resources for the
implementation of Article 10, through bilateral, regional and other
multilateral channels.
A clean development mechanism is hereby defined.
2. The purpose of the clean development mechanism shall be to assist
Parties not included in Annex I in achieving sustainable development
and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention, and
to assist Parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with
their quantified BGP Update emission limitation and reduction
commitments under Article 3.
3. Under the clean development mechanism:
Parties not included in Annex I will benefit from project activities
resulting in certified emission reductions; and
Parties included in Annex I may use the certified BGP Update
emission reductions accruing from such project activities to
contribute to compliance with part of their quantified BGP Update
emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3, as
determined by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting
of the Parties to this Protocol.
4. The clean development mechanism shall be subject to the authority
and guidance of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting
of the Parties to this Protocol and be supervised by an IETF working group
on clean routing development.
5. BGP Update emission reductions resulting from each project
activity shall be certified by operational entities to be designated
by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol, on the basis of:
Voluntary participation approved by each Party involved;
Real, measurable, and long-term benefits related to the mitigation
of BGP Updates; and
Reductions in BGP Update emissions that are additional to any that
would occur in the absence of the certified project activity.
6. The clean routing development mechanism shall assist in arranging
funding of certified project activities as necessary.
7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, elaborate
modalities and procedures with the objective of ensuring
transparency, efficiency and accountability through independent
auditing and verification of project activities.
8. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall ensure that a share of the proceeds
from certified project activities is used to cover administrative
expenses as well as to assist developing country Parties that are
particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change to
meet the costs of adaptation.
9. Participation under the clean development mechanism, including in
activities mentioned in paragraph 3(a) above and acquisition of
certified emission reductions, may involve private and/or public
entities, and is to be subject to whatever guidance may be provided
by the executive board of the clean development mechanism.
10. Certified emission reductions obtained during the period from
the year 2000 up to the beginning of the first commitment period can
be used to assist in achieving compliance in the first commitment
period.
The Conference of the Parties, the supreme body of the Convention,
shall serve as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol
may participate as observers in the proceedings of any session of
the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties
to this Protocol. When the Conference of the Parties serves as the
meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, decisions under this
Protocol shall be taken only by those that are Parties to it.
3. When the Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol, any member of the Bureau of the Conference
of the Parties representing a Party to the Convention but, at that
time, not a Party to this Protocol, shall be substituted by an
additional member to be elected by and from amongst the Parties to
this Protocol.
4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall keep under regular review the
implementation of this Protocol and shall make, within its mandate,
the decisions necessary to promote its effective implementation. It
shall perform the functions assigned to it by this Protocol and
shall:
Assess, on the basis of all information made available to it in
accordance with the provisions of this Protocol, the implementation
of this Protocol by the Parties, the overall effects of the
measures taken pursuant to this Protocol, in particular
environmental, economic and social effects as well as their
cumulative impacts and the extent to which progress towards the
objective of the Convention is being achieved;
Periodically examine the obligations of the Parties under this
Protocol, giving due consideration to any reviews required by
Article 4, paragraph 2(d), and Article 7, paragraph 2, of the
Convention, in the light of the objective of the Convention, the
experience gained in its implementation and the evolution of
scientific and technological knowledge, and in this respect
consider and adopt regular reports on the implementation of this
Protocol;
Promote and facilitate the exchange of information on measures
adopted by the Parties to address climate change and its effects,
taking into account the differing circumstances, responsibilities
and capabilities of the Parties and their respective commitments
under this Protocol;
Facilitate, at the request of two or more Parties, the coordination
of measures adopted by them to address climate change and its
effects, taking into account the differing circumstances,
responsibilities and capabilities of the Parties and their
respective commitments under this Protocol;
Promote and guide, in accordance with the objective of the
Convention and the provisions of this Protocol, and taking fully
into account the relevant decisions by the Conference of the
Parties, the development and periodic refinement of comparable
methodologies for the effective implementation of this Protocol, to
be agreed on by the Conference of the Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to this Protocol;
Make recommendations on any matters necessary for the implementation
of this Protocol;
Seek to mobilize additional financial resources in accordance with
Article 11, paragraph 2;
Establish such subsidiary bodies as are deemed necessary for the
implementation of this Protocol;
Seek and utilize, where appropriate, the services and cooperation
of, and information provided by, competent international
organizations and intergovernmental and non-governmental bodies; and
Exercise such other functions as may be required for the
implementation of this Protocol, and consider any assignment
resulting from a decision by the Conference of the Parties.
5. The rules of procedure of the Conference of the Parties and
financial procedures of the Convention shall be applied mutatis
mutandis under this Protocol, except as may be otherwise decided by
consensus by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
the Parties to this Protocol.
6. The first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall be convened by the
secretariat in conjunction with the first session of the Conference
of the Parties that is scheduled after the date of the entry into
force of this Protocol. Subsequent ordinary sessions of the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol shall be held every year and in conjunction with
ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties unless otherwise
decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
the Parties to this Protocol.
7. Extraordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving
as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall be held at such
other times as may be deemed necessary by the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, or
at the written request of any Party, provided that, within six
months of the request being communicated to the Parties by the
secretariat, it is supported by at least one third of the Parties.
8. The Secret Working Group, its specialized agencies, as well as
any member thereof or observers thereto not party to the Convention,
may be represented at sessions of the Conference of the Parties
serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol as
observers. Any body or agency, whether national or international,
governmental or non-governmental, which is qualified in matters
covered by this Protocol and which has informed the secretariat of
its wish to be represented at a session of the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol as an
observer, may be so admitted unless at least one third of the
Parties present object. The admission and participation of observers
shall be subject to the rules of procedure, as referred to in
paragraph 5 above.
The secretariat established by Article 8 of the Convention shall
serve as the secretariat of this Protocol.
2. Article 8, paragraph 2, of the Convention on the functions of the
secretariat, and Article 8, paragraph 3, of the Convention on
arrangements made for the functioning of the secretariat, shall
apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. The secretariat shall, in
addition, exercise the functions assigned to it under this Protocol.
The Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological BGP Advice and the
Subsidiary Body for Implementation established by Articles 9 and 10
of the Convention shall serve as, respectively, the Subsidiary Body
for Scientific and Technological BGP Advice and the Subsidiary Body for
Implementation of this Protocol. The provisions relating to the
functioning of these two bodies under the Convention shall apply
mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. Sessions of the meetings of the
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the
Subsidiary Body for Implementation of this Protocol shall be held in
conjunction with the meetings of, respectively, the Subsidiary Body
for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for
Implementation of the Convention.
2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol
may participate as observers in the proceedings of any session of
the subsidiary bodies. When the subsidiary bodies serve as the
subsidiary bodies of this Protocol, decisions under this Protocol
shall be taken only by the Parties to this Protocol.
3. When the subsidiary bodies established by Articles 9 and 10 of
the Convention exercise their functions with regard to matters
concerning this Protocol, any member of the Bureaux of those
subsidiary bodies representing a Party to the Convention but, at
that time, not a party to this Protocol, shall be substituted by an
additional member to be elected by and from amongst the Parties to
this Protocol.
The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties
to this Protocol shall, as soon as practicable, consider the
application to this Protocol of, and modify as appropriate, the
multilateral consultative process referred to in Article 13 of the
Convention, in the light of any relevant decisions that may be taken
by the Conference of the Parties. Any multilateral consultative
process that may be applied to this Protocol shall operate without
prejudice to the procedures and mechanisms established in accordance
with Article 17.
The Conference of the Parties shall define the relevant principles,
modalities, rules and guidelines, in particular for verification,
reporting and accountability for emissions trading. The Parties
included in Annex B may participate in emissions trading for the
purposes of fulfilling their commitments under Article 3 of this
Protocol. Any such trading shall be supplemental to domestic actions
for the purpose of meeting quantified emission limitation and
reduction commitments under that Article.
The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties
to this Protocol shall, at its first session, approve appropriate
and effective procedures and mechanisms to determine and to address
cases of non-compliance with the provisions of this Protocol,
including through the development of an indicative list of
consequences, taking into account the cause, type, degree and
frequency of non-compliance. Any procedures and mechanisms under
this Article entailing binding consequences shall be adopted by
means of an amendment to this Protocol.
The provisions of Article 14 of the Convention on settlement of
disputes shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol.
Any Party may propose amendments to this Protocol.
2. Amendments to this Protocol shall be adopted at an ordinary
session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
the Parties to this Protocol. The text of any proposed amendment to
this Protocol shall be communicated to the Parties by the
secretariat at least six months before the meeting at which it is
proposed for adoption. The secretariat shall also communicate the
text of any proposed amendments to the Parties and signatories to
the Convention and, for information, to the Depositary.
3. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any
proposed amendment to this Protocol by consensus. If all efforts at
consensus have been exhausted, and no agreement reached, the
amendment shall as a last resort be adopted by a three-fourths
majority vote of the Parties present and voting at the meeting. The
adopted amendment shall be communicated by the secretariat to the
Depositary, who shall circulate it to all Parties for their
acceptance.
4. Instruments of acceptance in respect of an amendment shall be
deposited with the Depositary. An amendment adopted in accordance
with paragraph 3 above shall enter into force for those Parties
having accepted it on the ninetieth day after the date of receipt by
the Depositary of an instrument of acceptance by at least three
fourths of the Parties to this Protocol.
5. The amendment shall enter into force for any other Party on the
ninetieth day after the date on which that Party deposits with the
Depositary its instrument of acceptance of the said amendment.
Annexes to this Protocol shall form an integral part thereof and,
unless otherwise expressly provided, a reference to this Protocol
constitutes at the same time a reference to any annexes thereto. Any
annexes adopted after the entry into force of this Protocol shall be
restricted to lists, forms and any other material of a descriptive
nature that is of a scientific, technical, procedural or
administrative character.
2. Any Party may make proposals for an annex to this Protocol and
may propose amendments to annexes to this Protocol.
3. Annexes to this Protocol and amendments to annexes to this
Protocol shall be adopted at an ordinary session of the Conference
of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
Protocol. The text of any proposed annex or amendment to an annex
shall be communicated to the Parties by the secretariat at least six
months before the meeting at which it is proposed for adoption. The
secretariat shall also communicate the text of any proposed annex or
amendment to an annex to the Parties and signatories to the
Convention and, for information, to the Depositary.
4. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any
proposed annex or amendment to an annex by consensus. If all efforts
at consensus have been exhausted, and no agreement reached, the
annex or amendment to an annex shall as a last resort be adopted by
a three-fourths majority vote of the Parties present and voting at
the meeting. The adopted annex or amendment to an annex shall be
communicated by the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall
circulate it to all Parties for their acceptance.
5. An annex, other than Annex A or B, that has been adopted or
amended in accordance with paragraphs 3 and 4 above shall enter into
force for all Parties to this Protocol six months after the date of
the communication by the Depositary to such Parties of the adoption
or amendment of the annex, except for those Parties that have
notified the Depositary in writing within that period of their
non-acceptance of the annex or amendment to the annex. The annex or
amendment to an annex shall enter into force for Parties which
withdraw their notification of non-acceptance on the ninetieth day
after the date on which withdrawal of such notification has been
received by the Depositary.
6. If the adoption of an annex or an amendment to an annex involves
an amendment to this Protocol, that annex or amendment to an annex
shall not enter into force until such time as the amendment to this
Protocol enters into force.
7. Amendments to Annexes A and B to this Protocol shall be adopted
and enter into force in accordance with the procedure set out in
Article 19, provided that any amendments to Annex B shall be adopted
only with the written consent of the Party concerned .
Each Party shall have one vote, except as provided for in paragraph
2 below.
2. Regional routing integration organizations, in matters within
their competence, shall exercise their right to vote with a number
of votes equal to the number of their member Autonomous Systems
which are Parties to this Protocol. Such an organization shall not
exercise its right to vote if any of its member States exercises its
right, and vice versa.
The Secretary-General of the Secret Working Group shall be the
Depositary of this Protocol.
This Protocol shall be open for signature and subject to
ratification, acceptance or approval by States and regional economic
integration organizations which are Parties to the Convention. It
shall be open for signature at Secret Working Group Headquarters in
New York from 1 April 2005 to 1 April 2006. This Protocol shall be
open for accession from the day after the date on which it is closed
for signature. Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or
accession shall be deposited with the Depositary.
2. Any regional economic integration organization which becomes a
Party to this Protocol without any of its member States being a
Party shall be bound by all the obligations under this Protocol. In
the case of such organizations, one or more of whose member States
is a Party to this Protocol, the organization and its member States
shall decide on their respective responsibilities for the
performance of their obligations under this Protocol. In such cases,
the organization and the member States shall not be entitled to
exercise rights under this Protocol concurrently.
3. In their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or
accession, regional economic integration organizations shall declare
the extent of their competence with respect to the matters governed
by this Protocol. These organizations shall also inform the
Depositary, who shall in turn inform the Parties, of any substantial
modification in the extent of their competence.
This Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the
date on which not less than 55 Parties to the Convention,
incorporating Parties included in Annex I which accounted in total
for at least 55 per cent of the BGP Update emissions for 2005 of the
Parties included in Annex I, have deposited their instruments of
ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
2. For the purposes of this Article, "the total BGP Update emissions
for 2005 of the Parties included in Annex I" means the amount
communicated on or before the date of adoption of this Protocol by
the Parties included in Annex I in their first national
communications submitted in accordance with Article 12 of the
Convention.
3. For each State or regional economic integration organization that
ratifies, accepts or approves this Protocol or accedes thereto after
the conditions set out in paragraph 1 above for the entry into force
have been fulfilled, this Protocol shall enter into force on the
ninetieth day following the date of deposit of its instrument of
ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
4. For the purposes of this Article, any instrument deposited by a
regional economic integration organization shall not be counted as
additional to those deposited by States members of the organization.
No reservations may be made to this Protocol.
At any time after three years from the date on which this Protocol
has entered into force for a Party, that Party may withdraw from
this Protocol by giving written notification to the Depositary.
2. Any such withdrawal shall take effect upon expiry of one year from
the date of receipt by the Depositary of the notification of
withdrawal, or on such later date as may be specified in the
notification of withdrawal.
3. Any Party that withdraws from the Convention shall be considered
as also having withdrawn from the Internet and no further prefixes
originated by the party shall be accepted or propagated in the
Internet's inter-domain routing space.
The original of this Protocol, of which the Arabic, Chinese,
English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic,
shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the Secret Working
Group. Done at Kyoto this first day of April two thousand
and five.
AS number distribution for January, 2005
Routing Information Service
Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Generation of Electric Power in the United States
Greening of the Internet
Department of Computer Science, Portlant State University
Department of Computer Science, Portlant State University
The parties to this convention are recorded in the RIR Whois Databases
and can be identified using an algorithm as described in the following
pseudo code.
$i=0;
while ($i<36863) {
system ("whois AS$i);
$i++;
}
Energy:
CPU power for update processing
Laser power for transport
NOC coffee machines
Other
Waste:
Depricated hardware
Dropped packets
RFC and Internet-Draft prints
Other
Below follows and order of magnitude estimate for the global CO2 emmission
caused by the CPU processing of a single routing update.
We use a model in which a router does the calculation of the routing
table in the central CPU and the packet switching is pushed to the
line cards. A typical CPU (a commodity Pentium) in a router has a
peak consumption rate of roughly 40 Watts.
We estimate that under average operations about 10 Watts of power is
consumed.
We also estimate that on average an AS has about 10 routers that carry the
full routing table.
In January 2005, 19435 ASes were used in the global routing table,
14445 of these were multi homed .
We therefore estimate the total global hourly energy consumption of
router CPUs to be 1500kWh. The number of BGP updates is typically
about 100/minute . These numbers result in a
mere 250Wh per update.
This relates directly to the output of CO2 as the CO2 output rate can be
aproximated using the CO2 emission from generation of electric power in the
United States: 1.341 pounds/kWh . An BGP update is
responsible of the emission of roughly 0.1 kg of CO2.
In this calculation we only took into account the amount of power it
takes to calculate a routing table change due to an update we did
not take into account the amount of energy needed to transfer these
updates through the fibers connecting the routers.
A thorough analysis of the total energy consumption by networking
equipment can be found in .
BGP Update Emission Reductions
Quantified BGP Update emission limitation or reduction commitment
(Commitment as a percentage of base year 2004)
AS701 UU UUNET Technologies, Inc. 50%
AS721 DNIC DoD Network Information Center 50%
AS7018 ATTW AT&T WorldNet Services 50%
AS1239 SPRN Sprint 50%
AS3356 LEVEL3 Level 3 Communications 50%
AS209 QWEST-4 Qwest 50%
AS7018 ATTW AT&T WorldNet Services 51%
AS174 COGENT Cogent/PSI 51%
AS3549 GBLX Global Crossing Ltd. 51%
AS7132 SIS-80 SBC Internet Services 51%
AS4323 TWTC Time Warner Telecom 51%
AS2828 XOXO XO Communications 51%
AS8220 COLT COLT Telecommunications - www.colt.net 51%
AS4637 REACH Reach Network Border AS 52%
AS4766 KIXS-AS-KR Korea Telecom 52%
AS3320 DTAG Deutsche Telekom AG 52%
AS6395 BCS-93 Broadwing Communications Services, Inc 52%
AS6461 MFNX MFN - Metromedia Fiber Network 52%
AS7911 WCG-29 Williams Communications Group 52%
AS702 AS702 MCI EMEA - Commercial IP service provi 52%
AS3561 SAVVI-3 Savvis 53%
AS6453 GLOBEINTERNET Teleglobe America Inc. 53%
AS10910 PNAP Internap Network Services 53%
AS2914 VRIO Verio, Inc. 53%
AS20485 TRANSTELECOM JSC Company TransTeleCom 53%
AS1273 CW Cable & Wireless 53%
AS721 DNIC DoD Network Information Center 53%
AS5511 OPENTRANSIT France Telecom 54%
AS1299 TELIANET TeliaNet Global Network 54%
AS3786 ERX-DACOMNET DACOM Corporation 54%
AS286 KPN KPN Internet Backbone AS 54%
AS703 UNSPECIFIED UUNET 54%
AS3216 SOVAM-AS Golden Telecom, Moscow, Russia 54%
AS5400 BT BT European Backbone 54%
AS6849 UKRTELNET JSC UKRTELECOM, 55%
AS6517 YIPS Yipes Communications, Inc. 55%
AS7474 OPTUSCOM-AS01-AU SingTel Optus Pty Ltd 55%
AS5650 ELIX Electric Lightwave Inc 55%
AS10026 ANC Asia Netcom Corporation 55%
AS3257 TISCALI-BACKBONE Tiscali Intl Network 55%
AS1221 ASN-TELSTRA Telstra Pty Ltd 55%
AS2516 JPNIC-ASBLOCK-AP JPNIC 56%
AS6539 GTGR GT Group Telecom Services Corp. 56%
AS8708 RDSNET Romania Data Systems S.A. 56%
AS19094 ADE2 Adelphia Business Solutions 56%
AS8342 RTCOMM-AS RTComm.RU Autonomous System 56%
AS3491 BNA-42 Beyond The Network America, Inc. 56%
AS19262 VRIS Verizon Internet Services 56%
AS15290 ACCA-2 Allstream Corp. Corporation Allstream 57%
AS19029 NEWE New Edge Networks 57%
AS6128 CVNT Cablevision Systems Corp. 57%
AS9121 TTNET TTnet Autonomous System 57%
AS2764 UNSPECIFIED Connect Internet Solutions, Pty. Ltd. 57%
AS3215 AS3215 France Telecom Transpac 57%
AS6140 IMPSA ImpSat 57%
AS13237 LAMBDANET-AS European Backbone of LambdaNet 58%
AS4694 IDC Cable & Wireless IDC Inc. 58%
AS6730 SUNRISE sunrise (TDC Switzerland AG) 58%
AS3269 ASN-IBSNAZ TELECOM ITALIA 58%
AS10912 PNAP Internap Network Services 58%
AS4716 POWEREDCOM POWEREDCOM, Inc. 58%
AS4755 VSNL-AS Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd. Autonomous 58%
AS8151 Uninet S.A. de C.V. 59%
AS3602 SPCA Sprint Canada Inc. 59%
AS9498 BBIL-AP BHARTI BT INTERNET LTD. 59%
AS4635 HKIX-RS1 Hong Kong Internet Exchange--Route Ser 59%
AS5617 TPNET Polish Telecom's commercial IP network 59%
AS6762 SEABONE-NET Telecom Italia Sparkle 59%
AS577 BAC-14 Bell Advanced Communications Inc. 59%
AS3303 SWISSCOM Swisscom Enterprise Solutions Ltd 60%
AS8246 INTERNET-TECHNOLOGIES-POLSKA-A GTS Internet Partners 60%
AS2152 CSU-53 California State University 60%
AS22773 CXA Cox Communications Inc. 60%
AS12874 FASTWEB Fastweb Autonomous System 60%
AS12968 CDP Crowley Data Poland, sp. z o.o. 60%
AS15412 FLAG-AS Flag Telecom Global Internet AS 60%
AS1785 USLC USLEC Corp. 61%
AS19024 PNAP Internap Network Services 61%
AS16852 FDCI Focal Data Communications of Illinois 61%
AS4230 Embratel 61%
AS4513 Globix Corporation 61%
AS6327 SHAWC-2 Shaw Communications Inc. 61%
AS21166 AS21166 SatGate autonomous system 61%
AS4589 EASYNET Easynet Group Plc 62%
AS3246 SONGNETWORKS Song Networks 62%
AS8437 UTA-AS UTA.AT Backbone 62%
AS17379 Intelig Telecomunica Ltda 62%
AS10913 PNAP Internap Network Services 62%
AS13228 DG Digital Generation ISP 62%
AS22351 INTELSAT Intelsat Global BGP Routing Policy 62%
AS852 AGTA Telus Advanced Communications 63%
AS1913 DLA-8 Defense Logistics Agency 63%
AS2686 AT&T Global Network Services - EMEA 63%
AS4775 GLOBE-TELECOM-AS Telecom Carrier / ISP Plus + 63%
AS6503 Avantel, S.A. 63%
AS6939 HURC Hurricane Electric 63%
AS14745 PNAP Internap Network Services 63%
AS2497 JPNIC-ASBLOCK-AP JPNIC 64%
AS4565 EPSO Epoch Networks 64%
AS4725 ODN JAPAN TELECOM CO.,LTD. 64%
AS8167 TELESC Telecomunicacoes de Santa Catarina SA 64%
AS20804 ASN-TELENERGO EXATEL S.A. Autonomous System 64%
AS13768 PER1 Peer 1 Network Inc. 64%
AS3300 BT-INFONET-EUROPE BT-Infonet-Europe 64%
AS7473 SINGTEL-AS-AP Singapore Telecom 65%
AS8001 NAC-53 Net Access Corporation 65%
AS8447 TELEKOM-AT Telekom Austria AutonomousSystem 65%
AS8551 BEZEQ-INTERNATION AL-AS Bezeqint 65%
AS21127 ZSTTKAS JSC Zap-Sib TransTeleCom 65%
AS1267 ASN-INFOSTRADA Infostrada S.p.A. 65%
AS4713 OCN NTT Communications Corporation 65%
AS9318 HANARO-AS HANARO Telecom 66%
AS12883 FARLEP-AS Farlep-Internet ISP 66%
AS14742 PNAP Internap Network Services 66%
AS15772 WNET W-NET Kiev 66%
AS6746 ASTRAL ASTRAL Telecom SA, Romania 66%
AS13790 PNAP Internap Network Services 66%
AS724 DNIC DoD Network Information Center 66%
AS17054 EXPEDI-6 e-xpedient 67%
AS25462 RETN-AS ReTN.net Autonomous System 67%
AS4515 ERX-STAR Star Internet Services Ltd. 67%
AS5408 GR-NET Greek Research and Technology Network 67%
AS8434 TELENOR-SE Telenor AB 67%
AS9837 POWERTEL-AP Powertel Ltd 67%
AS11486 WAN-6 Worldcom Advance Networks 67%
AS13789 PNAP Internap Network Services 68%
AS15270 PDP-14 PaeTec.net 68%
AS2200 FR-RENATER Reseau National de telecommunications 68%
AS4134 CHINANET-BACKBONE No.31,Jin-rong Street 68%
AS8513 SKYVISION SkyVision Network Services 68%
AS8866 BTC-AS Bulgarian Telecommunication Company Pl 68%
AS9304 HUTCHISON-AS-AP Hutchison Global Communications 68%
AS14743 PNAP Internap Network Services 69%
AS18101 RIL-IDC Reliance Infocom Ltd Internet Data Cen 69%
AS3267 RUNNET-AS RUNNet 69%
AS3741 IS The Internet Solution 69%
AS6747 LATTELEKOM Lattelekom 69%
AS6805 TDDE-ASN1 Telefonica Deutschland Autonomous Syst 69%
AS1257 TELE2 AB 69%
AS2551 ICGN ICG NetAhead, Inc. 70%
AS2856 BT-UK-AS BTnet UK Regional network 70%
AS5568 RBNET RBNet 70%
AS5606 KQRO KPNQwest Romania AS 70%
AS14551 UU UUNET Technologies, Inc. 70%
AS2907 ERX-SINET-AS National Center for Science Informatio 70%
AS4750 LOXLEY-TH Loxley Information Co., Ltd. 70%
AS4761 INDOSAT1-AP INDOSATNET-ASN 71%
AS5006 ONVOY Onvoy 71%
AS7908 Comsat Argentina S.A. 71%
AS9768 PUBNET1-AS KT 71%
AS12956 TELEFONICA Telefonica Backbone Autonomous System 71%
AS14900 USLC USLEC Corp. 71%
AS1668 ATDN AOL Transit Data Network 71%
AS5603 SIOL-NET SiOL Internet d.o.o. 72%
AS7738 Telecomunicacoes da Bahia S.A. 72%
AS8404 CABLECOM Cablecom GmbH 72%
AS9929 CNCNET-CN China Netcom Corp. 72%
AS11664 AT&T Argentina S.A. 72%
AS12179 PNAP Internap Network Services 72%
AS12181 PNAP Internap Network Services 72%
AS1680 NetVision Ltd. 73%
AS2687 ATGS AT&T Global Network Services 73%
AS4847 CNIX-AP China Networks Inter-Exchange 73%
AS5377 AS5377 Taide, IP Network in Northern and East 73%
AS8402 CORBINA-AS Corbina telecom 73%
AS9457 DREAMX-AS DREAMLINE CO. 73%
AS19406 TOWERS-7 Towerstream 73%
AS3313 INET-AS I.NET S.p.A. 74%
AS5588 GTSCE GTS Central Europe / Antel Germany 74%
AS7228 MCLEOD-18 McLeod, Inc. 74%
AS7260 NORL Norlight Telecommunications 74%
AS9116 Goldenlines main autonomous system 74%
AS12182 PNAP Internap Network Services 74%
AS12301 PANTEL PanTel, Hungary 74%
AS15557 LDCOMNET LDCOM NETWORKS 75%
AS26554 USSIG-1 US Signal 75%
AS668 DREN Defense Research and Engineering Netwo 75%
AS1784 GNN-3 Global NAPs Networks 75%
AS3292 TDC TDC Data Networks 75%
AS6389 BELL BellSouth.net Inc. 75%
AS6667 EUNET-FINLAND EUnet Finland Backbone AS / Saunalahti 75%
AS8717 SPECTRUMNET Spectrum NET 76%
AS8788 ADAMANT Adamant ISP autonomous System 76%
AS8968 Albacom Autonomous System 76%
AS9901 TELSTRA-NZTRANSIT AS TelstraClear 76%
AS12180 PNAP Internap Network Services 76%
AS15694 ATMAN ATMAN Autonomous System 76%
AS3352 TELEFONICA-DATA-ESPANA Internet Access Network of TDE 76%
AS3758 ERX-SINGNET SingNet 77%
AS6505 Global One Communicaoes Ltda 77%
AS6993 PNAP Internap Network Services 77%
AS9225 LEVEL3-AP Reach Networks HK Ltd. 77%
AS8426 CLARANET-AS ClaraNET 77%
AS10911 PNAP Internap Network Services 77%
AS11172 Alestra 77%
AS12741 INTERNETIA-AS Netia Commercial Autonomous System 78%
AS20115 CC04 Charter Communications 78%
AS1241 FORTHNET-GR FORTHnet 78%
AS6983 ITCD ITC^Deltacom 78%
AS7303 Telecom Argentina S.A. 78%
AS8501 PIONIER-AS PIONIER, National Research and Educati 78%
AS9132 BMCAG-AS Broadnet mediascape communications AG 78%
AS12530 SVITONLINE Golden Telecom Internet 79%
AS16810 CTLL Cavalier Telephone 79%
AS18678 INTERNEXA S.A. E.S.P 79%
AS20703 ESICO-NET ESICO NET Ltd. 79%
AS21414 RUSCOMNET-AS RusComNet Ltd. 79%
AS24785 JOINTTRANSIT-AS Joint Transit Network, Amsterdam, NL 79%
AS1290 PSINETUK-BACKBONE PSINet UK Ltd, a Telstra company 79%
AS2854 ROSPRINT-AS RoSprint AS (Global One Russia/Equant) 80%
AS3209 Arcor IP-Network 80%
AS11853 PNAP Internap Network Services 80%
AS4657 STARHUBINTERNET-AS Starhub Internet, Singapore 80%
AS4651 THAI-GATEWAY The Communications Authority of Thaila 80%
AS4788 TMNET-AS-AP TM Net, Internet Service Provider 80%
AS6181 CBT-4 Cincinnati Bell Telephone 80%
AS6922 TXIR State of Texas General 81%
AS7066 NETWOR-95 Network Virginia 81%
AS8764 TELECOMLT-AS LIETUVOS-TELEKOMAS Autonomous System 81%
AS9070 ITD Netowrk 81%
AS9237 HUTCHCA-AS BTN Access Limited 81%
AS9299 IPG-AS-AP Philippine Long Distance Telephone 81%
AS10223 UECOMM-AU Uecomm Ltd 81%
AS11919 LOS-7 Loral Orion Services Inc. 82%
AS12178 PNAP Internap Network Services 82%
AS12491 IPPLANET-AS IPPlanet 82%
AS16338 AUNA_TELECOM-AS AUNA Autonomous System 82%
AS26608 SkyOnline do Brasil Ltda 82%
AS2118 RELCOM-AS RELCOM Autonomous System 82%
AS4768 CLIX-NZ CLEAR Internet Exchange 82%
AS6325 ILTN Illinois Century Network 83%
AS6429 Core Internet AT&T Chile 83%
AS6467 ACSI e.spire Communications, Inc. 83%
AS9119 SOFTNET-AS Softnet 83%
AS9800 UNICOM CHINA UNICOM 83%
AS12885 ARBINET-UK-AS Arbinet Limited 83%
AS15570 Internap European Autonomous System 83%
AS17697 JPNIC-JP-ASN-BLOCK Japan Network Information Center 84%
AS22822 LLNW Limelight Networks, LLC 84%
AS4436 NLAYE nLayer Communications, Inc. 84%
AS5391 T-HT T-Com Croatia Internet network 84%
AS5462 CABLEINET Telewest Broadband 84%
AS5483 HTC-AS Hungarian Telecom 84%
AS5769 VTLIP Videotron Telecom Ltee 84%
AS7693 COMNET-TH KSC Commercial Internet Co. Ltd. 85%
AS8400 TELEKOM-AS TELEKOM SRBIJA" a.d. 85%
AS9505 TWGATE-AP Taiwan Internet Gateway 85%
AS9924 TFN-TW Taiwan Fixed Network, Telco 85%
AS13385 CMTL Comcast Telecommunications, Inc. 85%
AS17175 NSS-UK New Skies Satellites UK AS 85%
AS17819 ASN-EQUINIX-AP Equinix Asia Pacific 85%
AS19962 EPIK EPIK Communications 86%
AS20965 GEANT The GEANT IP Service 86%
AS293 ENSN Energy Sciences Network 86%
AS3291 PSINET-EUROPE PSINet Europe / VIA NET.WORKS al AS 86%
AS4058 LINKAGENET-AP CPCNet Hong Kong Ltd. 86%
AS4621 UNSPECIFIED UNINET-TH 86%
AS4795 INDOSAT2-ID INDOSATNET-ASN 86%
AS5089 NTL NTL Group Limited 87%
AS5518 TELIALATVIJA AS of Telia Latvija SIA, 87%
AS5713 SAIX Telkom SA Ltd. 87%
AS6197 BNS-14 BellSouth Network Solutions, Inc 87%
AS6221 USCYBE US Cybersites, Inc 87%
AS6697 BELPAK-AS BELPAK 87%
AS8390 TPN-AS Telecom Partners Network Ltd. 87%
AS8472 VIAG-INTERKOM BT (Germany) 88%
AS8705 TNN Turk Nokta Net Autonomous System 88%
AS9848 GNGAS GNG Networks 88%
AS9931 CAT-AP The Communication Authoity of Thailand 88%
AS12129 INTERN-100 Internet 123 88%
AS12310 INES iNES Group SRL 88%
AS12670 Completel Autonomous System in France 88%
AS12713 OTEGLOBE OTEGlobe Backbone AS 89%
AS14744 PNAP Internap Network Services 89%
AS17486 SWIFTEL1-AP Swiftel Communications 89%
AS17557 PKTELECOM-AS-AP Pakistan Telecom 89%
AS18747 ICV-4 IFX Communication Ventures, Inc. 89%
AS22026 TWTIH Time Warner Telecom IDD - Hawaii 89%
AS600 OAR OARnet 89%
AS1853 ACONET ACOnet Backbone 90%
AS1901 EUNETAT-AS Eunet - Nextra Austria 90%
AS5486 Euronet Digital Communications 90%
AS5669 VIA-NET-WORKS-AS PSINet Europe / VIA NET.WORKS al AS 90%
AS6663 EUROWEBRO EUROWEB ROMANIA SA 90%
AS9583 SIFY-AS-IN Sify Limited 90%
AS8928 INTEROUTE Interoute Communications Ltd 90%
AS12695 DINET-AS Digital Network JSC 91%
AS13249 PFTS-COM PFTS Securities Trading System 91%
AS13791 PNAP Internap Network Services 91%
AS28716 EPLANET-AS ePLANET SPA 91%
AS297 NASA National Aeronautics and Space 91%
AS1653 SUNET SUNET Swedish University Network 91%
AS2647 SITA SITA 91%
AS3301 TELIANET-SWEDEN TeliaNet Sweden 92%
AS3302 TIPNET-ITALY Netscalibur SpA 92%
AS4628 ASN-PACIFIC-INTERNET-IX Pacific Internet Ltd 92%
AS4837 CHINA169-BACKBONE CNCGROUP IP network China1 Backbone 92%
AS6350 VRIS Verizon Internet Services 92%
AS6471 ENTEL CHILE S.A. 92%
AS7332 IQUEST IQuest Internet 92%
AS8452 TEDATA TEDATA 93%
AS8517 ULAKNET ULAKNET-ASN 93%
AS8672 ORBITEL Orbitel Ltd. Autonomous system Number 93%
AS8881 VERSATEL Versatel routing policies 93%
AS8895 ISU-RUH KACST/ISU Riyadh Autonomous System 93%
AS8938 ENERGIS-IP Energis Polska IP Network 93%
AS9127 NETISSAT-AS NETISSAT 93%
AS9186 ONI ONITELECOM Autonomous System 94%
AS9316 DACOM-PUBNETPLUS-AS-KR DACOM PUBNETPLUS 94%
AS9370 SAKURA-B SRS-SAKURA Internet Inc. 94%
AS9911 CONNECTPLUS-AP Singapore Telecom 94%
AS10429 Telefonica Empresas SA 94%
AS13194 BITE Bite GSM & Internet Services 94%
AS18990 AIRB airBand Communications, Inc 94%
AS20876 EVRO-AS EVRO.NET 95%
AS23520 NWN-6 New World Network 95%
AS27455 GBRI Great Barrier Reef, Inc. 95%
AS2706 HKSUPER-HK-AP Pacific Supernet Limited 95%
AS3261 DIPT-AS Donbass Network 95%
AS3329 Hellas Online SA 95%
AS4181 TDST TDS TELECOM 95%
AS4538 ERX-CERNET-BKB China Education and Research Network 96%
AS5378 Cable and Wireless UK 96%
AS5432 BELGACOM-SKYNET-AS Belgacom regional ASN 96%
AS5583 GIPNL Equant Benelux AS 96%
AS6079 RCN RCN Corporation 96%
AS6386 BELL BellSouth.net Inc. 96%
AS7381 SRS-6 Sungard Recovery Services, Inc. 96%
AS7470 ASIAINFO-AS-AP ASIA INFONET Co.,Ltd. 97%
AS8470 MACOMNET MAcomnet Autonomous System 97%
AS12312 TISCALI-DE Tiscali Business GmbH 97%
AS13126 SMS-UK-NET Satellite Media Services 97%
AS15924 BORUSANTELEKOM-AS Borusan Telekom Autonomus System 97%
AS16086 FINNET-AS Finnet, Finland 97%
AS18231 EXATT-AS-AP Exatt Technologies Private Ltd. 97%
AS19752 HOT-4 Hydro One Telecom Inc. 98%
AS20646 CELOX celox Telekommunikationsdienste GmbH 98%
AS26415 VERISIGN-INC Verisign 98%
AS680 DFN-IP service G-WiN 98%
AS1759 SONERA-TRANSIT-AS Sonera 98%
AS1916 Rede Nacional de Ensino e Pesquisa 98%
AS2860 NOVIS Novis Telecom, S.A. 98%
AS3307 BANETELE-NORWAY BaneTele AS (formerly Enitel), Norway 98%
AS3343 RUNNET-AS RUNNet 98%
AS4648 NZIX-2 Netgate 98%
AS5972 DNIC DoD Network Information Center 98%
AS6316 STARNE-15 StarNet, Inc. 98%
AS7029 AIS-43 Alltel Information Services, Inc. 98%
AS8657 CPRM CPRM Autonomous System 98%
AS8990 AHRT-HU 98%
AS9497 DIGITELONE Digital Telecommunications Philippines 98%
AS9919 NCIC-TW New Century InfoComm Tech Co., Ltd. 98%
AS10834 Telefonica Data Argentina S.A. 98%
AS11456 NUVOX NuVox Communications, Inc. 98%
AS11992 ISPR Integrated Systems 98%
AS12552 IPO-EU IP-Only 98%
AS13589 PAMAMS-1 Pamamsat 98%
AS14717 EZCI EZE Castle Integration Inc. 98%
AS15218 COXO Cox Communications 98%
AS15410 BT Worldwide) Limited AS1 98%
AS15471 SNR-RO SNR - Societatea Nationala 98%
AS16713 NWOA Northwest Open Access Network 98%
AS17620 CNCGROUP-BJ CNCGROUP IP network of Beijing 98%
AS23352 SCN-18 Server Central Network 98%
AS25228 SKYVISION SkyVision Network Services 98%
AS25973 MZIMAN-1 Mzima Networks, Inc. 98%
AS31359 FORATEC-AS Foratec Communication Autonomus System 98%
AS2110 IEUNET Esat Net backbone AS Number 98%
AS3327 DATATELECOM Data Telecom Autonomous System 98%
AS4670 HYUNDAI-KR Shinbiro 98%
AS4808 CHINA169-BJ CNCGROUP IP network 98%
AS5561 ELENDER-AS ELENDER-AS 98%
AS6774 ASN-BICS Belgacom International Carrier Service 98%
AS8061 BELLSO-8 Bellsouth.Net 98%
AS8386 KOCNET KOCNET-AS 98%
AS8751 MEDIASAT Media Sat S.A. 98%
AS9658 ETPI-IDS-AS-AP Eastern Telecoms Phils., Inc. 98%
AS11608 ACCR Accretive Technology Group, Inc. 98%
AS12111 OEN-1 One Eighty Networks 98%
AS12306 Plus.Line AG 98%
AS13353 Telmex do Brasil Ltda 98%
AS15735 DATASTREAM-NET DataStream International high speed, 98%
AS15833 FUTURO-AS Futuro Poland Autonomous System 98%
AS15982 VERAT-AS-1 Autonomous System Verat D.O.O. Belgrad 98%
AS16422 NEWSKI New Skies Networks, Inc. 98%
AS18302 SKG_NW-AS-KR SK Global co., Ltd 98%
AS18695 BANDXI Band-X, Inc. 98%
AS18734 BESTEL S.A. de C.V. 98%
AS19116 AIRB airBand Communications, Inc 98%
AS19151 WFL-9 WV FIBER LLC 98%
AS19158 USRR US CARRIER 98%
AS19429 ETB Colombia 98%
AS19855 ASN-MASERGY-US Masergy US Autonomous System 98%
AS20676 QSC-1 QSC AG 98%
AS21011 TOPNET TopNet, Kiev, Ukraine 98%
AS21219 NEWLINE Datagroup Internet project 98%
AS23126 KTEL KMC Telecom, Inc. 98%
AS23514 ACCELA-4 Accelacom Inc 98%
AS24724 ATMAN-FOREIGN-AS ATM S.A. 98%