Internet DRAFT - draft-wang-mmusic-encrypted-ice-candidates

draft-wang-mmusic-encrypted-ice-candidates







MMUSIC                                                          A. Drake
Internet-Draft                                                 J. Uberti
Intended status: Informational                                   Q. Wang
Expires: May 4, 2020                                              Google
                                                       November 01, 2019


     Encrypting ICE candidates to improve privacy and connectivity
             draft-wang-mmusic-encrypted-ice-candidates-00

Abstract

   WebRTC applications collect ICE candidates as part of the process of
   creating peer-to-peer connections.  To maximize the probability of a
   direct peer-to-peer connection, client private IP addresses can be
   included in this candidate collection, but this has privacy
   implications.  This document describes a way to share local IP
   addresses with local peers without compromising client privacy.
   During the ICE process, local IP addresses are encrypted and
   authenticated using a pre-shared key and cipher suite before being
   put into ICE candidates as hostnames with an ".encrypted" pseudo-top-
   level domain.  Other peers who also have the PSK are able to decrypt
   these addresses and use them normally in ICE processing.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 4, 2020.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents



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   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.1.  Pre-Shared Key Cipher Suite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.2.  ICE Candidate Gathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
       3.2.1.  Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
       3.2.2.  Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.3.  ICE Candidate Processing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   4.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.1.  mDNS Message Flooding via Fallback Resolution . . . . . .   6
   5.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   6.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     6.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     6.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7

1.  Introduction

   The technique detailed in [MdnsCandidate] provides a method to share
   local IP addresses with other clients without exposing client private
   IP to applications.  Given the fact that the application may control
   the signaling servers, STUN/TURN servers, and even the remote peer
   implementation, the locality of the out-of-band mDNS signaling can be
   considered the sole source of trust between peers to share local IPs.
   However, mDNS messages are by default scoped to local links
   [RFC6762], and may not be enabled to traverse subnets in certain
   networking environments.  These environments may experience frequent
   failures in mDNS name resolution and significant connectivity
   challenges as a result.  On the other hand, endpoints in these
   environments are typically managed, in such a way that information
   can be securely pushed and shared, including a pre-shared key and its
   associated cipher suite.

   This document proposes a complementary solution for managed networks
   to share local IP addresses over the signaling channel without
   compromising client privacy.  Specifically, addresses are encrypted
   with pre-shared key (PSK) cipher suites, and encoded as hostnames
   with the ".encrypted" pseudo-top-level domain (pseudo-TLD).



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   WebRTC and WebRTC-compatible endpoints [Overview] that receive ICE
   candidates with encrypted addresses will authenticate these hostnames
   in ciphertext, decrypt them to IP addresses, and perform ICE
   processing as usual.  In the case where the endpoint is a web
   application, the WebRTC implementation will manage this process
   internally and will not disclose the IP addresses in plaintext to the
   application.

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

3.  Description

   This section uses the concept of ICE agent as defined in [RFC8445].

3.1.  Pre-Shared Key Cipher Suite

   ICE agents that implement this proposal pre-share keys for cipher
   suites based on symmetric-key algorithms.  The mechanism of sharing
   such information is outside the scope of this document, but viable
   mechanisms exist in browsers today.

   The implementation MUST support the Advanced Encryption Standard
   (AES) [AES] algorithm and its operation in the CTR, CBC or GCM mode
   with message authentication, and SHOULD use the GCM mode whenever it
   is supported.  The implementation MUST pre-determine a single mode to
   use as part of the mechanism to share the information about the
   cipher suite.  When using the CTR or CBC mode, HMAC with SHA-2 MUST
   be supported.

   Since the plaintext to encrypt consists of only a single IPv4 or IPv6
   address that fits in a single 128-bit block, the initialization
   parameter for each mode can be a cryptographically random number.  In
   particular, this parameter is given by a 16-byte initial counter
   block value for CTR, or a 16-byte or 12-byte initialization vector
   for CBC or GCM, respectively.

   Note the ICE password associated with an ICE agent has at least
   128-bit randomness as defined by [RFC8445].  To reduce the overhead
   in the candidate encoding that will be detailed in the next section,
   the initialization parameter MUST be chosen as the first 16 bytes or
   12 bytes in the network order for the mode in use.






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3.2.  ICE Candidate Gathering

   This section outlines how a PSK cipher suite should be used by ICE
   agents to conceal local IP addresses.

3.2.1.  Procedure

   For each host candidate gathered by an ICE agent as part of the
   gathering process described in [RFC8445], Section 5.1.1, the
   candidate is handled as described below.

   1.  Check whether the IP address satisfies the ICE agent's policy
       regarding whether an address is safe to expose.  If so, expose
       the candidate and abort this process.

   2.  Generate the encrypted address.

       1.  Let _address_ be the IP address of the candidate, and embed
           it as an IPv6 address if it is an IPv4 address, using the
           "Well-Known Prefix" as described in [RFC6052].

       2.  Let _ciphersuite_ be the pre-determined cipher suite and its
           initialization parameter, and _key_ the PSK.

       3.  Let _EncryptAndAuthenticate(plaintext, ciphersuite, key)_ be
           an operation that uses the given cipher suite to encrypt a
           given plaintext with authentication, and returns concatenated
           ciphertext and message authentication code (MAC).

       4.  Compute _encrypted_address_ as the output of
           _EncryptAndAuthenticate(address, ciphersuite, key)_.

   3.  Generate a pseudo-FQDN as follows.

       1.  Encode _encrypted_address_ to a hex string, and split the hex
           string to substrings after every 32 characters.

       2.  Form a string by joining the substrings above sequentially
           with the delimiter ".".  Denote the formed string by
           _encoded_encrytped_address_.

       3.  Generate the pseudo-FQDN
           "_encoded_encrypted_address.encrypted_" with the pseudo-TLD
           "_.encrypted_".

   4.  Replace the IP address of the ICE candidate with the pseudo-FQDN
       from step 3, and provide the candidate to the application.




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3.2.2.  Example

   The candidate attribute in an SDP message to exchange the encrypted
   candidate can be given by

   a=candidate:1 1 udp 2122262783 8c9bd03bb7a5a76a5803eebc688f0388.fa991
   acbdf116f6b72fd3a781174cd58.encrypted 56622 typ host

   following the above procedure.  This example assumes the use of the
   GCM mode, in which case the 256-bit _encrypted_address_ consists of
   128-bit ciphertext and 128-bit MAC, and can be encoded to 64 hex
   characters as two labels.

3.3.  ICE Candidate Processing

   This section outlines how received ICE candidates with mDNS names are
   processed by ICE agents, and is relevant to all endpoints.

   For any remote ICE candidate received by the ICE agent, the following
   procedure is used.

   1.  If the connection-address field value of the ICE candidate does
       not end with ".encrypted", then process the candidate as defined
       in [RFC8445] or [MdnsCandidate].

   2.  If the ICE agent has no PSK cipher suite for encrypted
       candidates, proceed to step 5.

   3.  Decrypt the address as follows.

       1.  Let _AuthenticateAndDecrypt(ciphertext_and_mac, ciphersuite,
           key)_ be an operation using the given cipher suite to
           authenticate and decrypt a given ciphertext with MAC, and
           returns the decrypted value, or an fail-to-decrypt (FTD)
           error.

       2.  Let _encoded_encrypted_address_ be the value of the
           connection-address field after removing the trailing
           "_.encrypted_", and let _encrypted_address_ be the string
           after removing all "." in _encoded_encrypted_address_.

       3.  Let _decrypted_address_ be given by
           _AuthenticateAndDecrypt(encrypted_address)_. If
           _decrypted_address_ does not represent a valid IPv6 address
           or an embedded IPv4 address, or an FTD error is raised,
           proceed to step 5.





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       4.  Convert _decrypted_address_ to an IPv4 address if it is
           embedded.

   4.  Replace the connection-address field of the ICE candidate with
       _decrypted_address_, skip the rest steps and continue processing
       of the candidate as described in [RFC8445].

   5.  Discard the candidate, or proceed to step 6 if the ICE agent
       implements [MdnsCandidate].

   6.  Let _encoded_encrypted_address_ be the same value as defined in
       step 3.  Construct an mDNS name given by
       "_encoded_encrypted_address.local_", and proceed to step 2 in
       Section 3.2.1 in [MdnsCandidate].

   ICE agents can implement this procedure in any way as long as it
   produces equivalent results.

4.  Security Considerations

4.1.  mDNS Message Flooding via Fallback Resolution

   Encrypted candidates can be spoofed and signaled to an ICE agent to
   trigger the fallback mDNS resolution as described in step 6 in
   Section 3.3.  This can potentially generate excessive traffic in the
   subnet.  Note however that implementations of [MdnsCandidate] are
   required to have a proper rate limiting scheme of mDNS messages.

5.  IANA Considerations

   This document requires no actions from IANA.

6.  References

6.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC6052]  Bao, C., Huitema, C., Bagnulo, M., Boucadair, M., and X.
              Li, "IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators", RFC 6052,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6052, October 2010, <https://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc6052>.






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   [RFC6762]  Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS", RFC 6762,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6762, February 2013, <https://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc6762>.

   [RFC8445]  Keranen, A., Holmberg, C., and J. Rosenberg, "Interactive
              Connectivity Establishment (ICE): A Protocol for Network
              Address Translator (NAT) Traversal", RFC 8445,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8445, July 2018, <https://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc8445>.

6.2.  Informative References

   [AES]      National Institute of Standards and Technology,
              "Specification for the Advanced Encryption Standard
              (AES)", FIPS 197, November 2001.

   [MdnsCandidate]
              Wang, Q., "Using Multicast DNS to protect privacy when
              exposing ICE candidates", October 2019,
              <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-rtcweb-mdns-ice-
              candidates>.

   [Overview]
              Alvestrand, H., "Overview: Real Time Protocols for
              Browser-based Applications", November 2017,
              <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-rtcweb-overview>.

Authors' Addresses

   Alex Drake
   Google

   Email: alexdrake@google.com


   Justin Uberti
   Google

   Email: juberti@google.com


   Qingsi Wang
   Google

   Email: qingsi@google.com






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