Internet DRAFT - draft-petrescu-6man-ll-prefix-len

draft-petrescu-6man-ll-prefix-len







6MAN Working Group                                           A. Petrescu
Internet-Draft                                                 CEA, LIST
Updates: RFC4291, RFC4007 (if approved)                    L. Velvindron
Intended status: Standards Track                           Cyberstorm.mu
Expires: December 8, 2019                                  N. Kottapalli
                                                           Benu Networks
                                                               G. Mishra
                                        Verizon Communications Inc. (VZ)
                                                               D. Mudric
                                                                   Avaya
                                                            June 6, 2019


The length of the prefix of an IPv6 link-local address ranges from 10 to
                                  127
                  draft-petrescu-6man-ll-prefix-len-21

Abstract

   A rejected Erratum to RFC4291 "IPv6 Addr Archi" on the topic of link-
   local addresses 'would need' a draft.  This draft is an answer to
   that need.

   The length of the prefix of an IPv6 link-local address is variable.
   The minimal value is 10 decimal.  The maximum value is 127 decimal.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
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   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on December 8, 2019.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.




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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Definitions and Statements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Justification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   5.  Kinds of Solutions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   6.  Context of Documents  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   7.  Context of OS Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   8.  Historical Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   9.  Example of use of LL Prefix Length 32 . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   10. Use-Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     10.1.  Use-Case Convoy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     10.2.  Intuitive Next-Hop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   12. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   13. Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   14. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   15. Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   Appendix A.  ChangeLog  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15

1.  Definitions and Statements

   The prefix of an IP address is formed by the n leftmost bits of the
   address.  (in a left-to-right writing system).

   The prefix of an IP address is used for goals such as: identify the
   type of an IPv6 address (link-local, global, others), identify the
   belonging of an IP address to a particular subnetwork, assist the
   forwarding (or not forwarding) decisions, and others.

   The minimal length of the prefix of an IPv6 link-local address (the
   value of n) is equal to 10 decimal.  The maximum is 127.

   The prefix of an IPv6 link-local address is represented textually as
   "fe80::/n", where n MAY be any value between 10 and 127.




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   Regardless of the prefix length, the leftmost 10 bits of an IPv6
   link-local address MUST be set to binary 1111111010 (hexadecimal
   fe80).

   The RFC 4291 illustration of an IPv6 link-local address is:


     |   10     |
     |  bits    |         54 bits         |          64 bits           |
     +----------+-------------------------+----------------------------+
     |1111111010|           0             |       interface ID         |
     +----------+-------------------------+----------------------------+


                   Figure 1: The IPv6 link-local address

   There is an error in this RFC 4291 illustration.  The error is in
   requiring the 54 bits to be 0.  The bits at position 11 to 16 are not
   0 (the first 6 bits of the 54 bits).  If they were 0 then
   0xFEAF::1/10 were an invalid link-local address, whereas it is.

   The better illustration of an IPv6 link-local address is:


     | leftmost |         Subnet ID and Interface ID
     | 10 bits  |                 118 bits                             |
     +----------+------------------------------------------------------+
     |1111111010+          Bits that MAY be either 0 or 1              |
     +----------+------------------------------------------------------+


        Figure 2: The IPv6 link-local address, better illustration

   Examples: fe80::1/10, fe80:1::1/32, fe80::1:1/64 are all IPv6 link-
   local addresses; their prefix lengths are 10, 32 and 64 respectively.
   Also, 0xfeaf::1/10, 0xfebf:1::1/82 are also valid IPv6 link-local
   addresses (remark no 'fe80').  Each such IPv6 address has the
   leftmost 10 bits equal to binary 1111111010.

   A notation difficulty: the number binary 1111111010 can not be
   written in hexadecimal without specifying the number of significant
   bits (fe80::/10); yet that does not make it a 'prefix'.  Converting
   1111111010 to hexadecimal leads to 3FA (because in a left-to-right
   writing system the leading 0s before comma are irrelevant); yet '3FA'
   is not commonly known to be the leading bits of an IPv6 link-local
   address, fe80::/10 is.





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2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

   prefix: a contiguous string of bits valid for forwarding operations
   and for subnet formation.  A prefix, in general, MUST have an integer
   length value from 1 to 127 (except when the prefix length is for
   default route, in which case the value is 0) and a prefix length must
   be indicated in its textual representation (e.g. 2001:db8::/32 is the
   prefix and 32 is the prefix length).

   textual representation of a prefix: e.g. fe80::/64.

   n leading bits: the first n bits in a string of bits read from left
   to right in a writing system that is read left-to-right.  E.g. the 10
   leading bits of the fe80::/64 textual representation of the IPv6
   link-local prefix are 1111111010.

3.  Justification

   One justification is the following: in a managed network the
   administrator configures link-local addresses with the 54 bits set.
   The network runs dynamic routing protocols OSPF, ISIS and EIGRP.  The
   adjacency must work in a mixed vendor environment.

4.  Problem Statement

   IPv6 link-local addresses are typically self-configured according to
   4 RFCs and relying on the fe80::/10 IANA allocation, RFC4291 54 0
   bits, and RFC2464 MAC-based 64bit Interface IDs.

   In some cases, it is advantageous to manually configure link-local
   addresses.  Manual configuration is useful for easy remembering by
   humans, and for parameter resilience during network interface
   replacement (set addresses in computer startup configuration files).
   Further, the manual configuration of addresses can be scripted by
   automated software for rapid prototyping; still, this automated
   formation of addresses is not the 'self-configuration' described in
   the 4 RFCs mentioned previously.

   A self-configured link-local address according to the 4 RFCs is of
   the form fe80::64bitIID; an example of such address is
   fe80::dabc:fe13:5246:7109.  This address is difficult to remember for
   humans because each of the 16 hex characters appears, and the
   appearance is disordered.  Not only it is difficult to remember but
   it takes long to type.  This is a problem on small screens and mouse-



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   less keyboards.  An easy to remember and type link-local address is,
   for example, fe80:1::1.

   Manual configuration of an LL address may use short IID and Subnet
   ID.  The Subnet ID presence in the link-local address is useful in
   some wireless settings where the subnet structure parameters depend
   on the link locality.  Other settings may also benefit.

   When manually setting the link-local address it is necessary to know
   the length of the prefix of the subnet on which this link-local
   address is present.  This length is necessary for on-link
   determination.

   The problem is: manually setting a prefix length other than 64 to
   link-local addresses may provoke glitches.

5.  Kinds of Solutions

   Some solutions to the problem are: use an address of the form
   fe80:1::2/32, or use an address of the form fe80::1:2/64, where 1 is
   the Subnet ID and 2 is the Interface ID.  Other solutions involve a
   hidden 'scope_id' and the use of special syntax ('%') to denote an
   interface.  Each of these solutions have other problems of their own:
   set some of the 54 mandatorily reset bits of RFC4291, not
   implementable on some OS; invade the IID with a Subnet ID, and
   potentially others.

   Invading the IID with a Subnet ID happens in the following situation:
   if fe80::1:2 assumes fe80::/64 as prefix length, then it is
   impossible for '1' to be a Subnet ID.  A Subnet ID must be covered by
   a prefix length, otherwise routing and on-link determination dont
   work.  One cant have fe80::/64 as prefix, and '1' as prefix, and a
   64bit ::1:2 Interface ID.

   The 'scope_id' is 'hidden' in some operating systems; this hide is
   known by noticing that the use of 'scope_id' is not mandatory for LL
   addresses; instead of using 'scope_id' it is possible to rely on the
   interface name.  Some ifconfig commands on some OSs rely on the
   interface name and dont require the use of a 'scope_id' (%)
   parameter.  It is the case for linux and Windows.

   In practice, the use of fe80::1:2 was tried.  It used the 64bit
   prefix length.  But it does not perform on-link determination
   meanigfully (the '1' is part of IID, not of Subnet ID).

   Another solution is: use Unique Local Addresses RFC 4193.  For
   example: Car1-front interface uses fc00:1::1, Car1-rear fc00:1::2,
   Car2-front fc00:2::1.  A pseudo random number would rather be



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   generated for Global ID, when in production.  A kind of solution
   involving ULAs has interesting properties, yet the ULA-addressed
   packets may be forwarded across subnets.  This forwarding may be an
   inconvenient in some setting.  The use of other than LL addresses,
   i.e. GUAs or ULAs; this has some advantages and some inconvenients
   (cant put LL in src of RA).

   Other solutions involve the use of an 'fe80' prefix in the RA such
   that to configure link-local prefixes by a similar means than GUAs/
   ULAs.  This also has advantages and drawbacks.

   Another solution is: use DNS to hold long interface IDs and Subnet
   IDs.  Such solutions recommend the use of name-to-address mapping,
   instead of easy to remember LLs; DNS is such tool; can be used in
   order to facilitate the remembering by humans.  However, this has
   some advantages and some inconvenients (e.g. needs DNS-SD, mDNS and
   IP multicast routing for multi-subnets; chicken-and-egg between
   formation of LLs needing these DNS tools to work in the first place).
   A particular inconvenient is the movement of the problem instead of
   solving it: upon interface change (replace faulty interface with a
   new one) one has configure the DNS configuration files with a new
   pair name-address, instead of needing to configure startup scripts.

6.  Context of Documents

   draft-bourbaki-6man-classless-ipv6-05 describes the motivation of
   considering IPv6 to be classless.  It gives a little bit of history
   of why it is how it is.  It proposes the rigid 64 IID length to be
   probably the last remnant of the boundary.

   draft-farmer-6man-routing-64-02 describes the relationship between
   routing and the 64-bit boundary; mainly GUA, no LL; t is ambiguous in
   its recommendation.

   draft-farmer-6man-exceptions-64-09 describes the exceptions to the
   standard subnet boundary in IPv6 addressing; mainly about GUA, not
   about LL; the exceptions are: GUA with the first 3 bits 0, manually
   config'ed addresses, DHCPv6 assigned addresses, ND on-link
   determination, IPv6-over-foo.

   A memo describes the use of IPv6 link-local addresses in
   applications.  The filename of the Internet Draft is draft-smith-
   ipv6-link-locals-apps-00.

   RFC7404 describes "Using Only Link-Local Addressing inside an IPv6
   Network".





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   The RFC "IPv6 Address Archi" illustrates the format of the link-local
   addresses.  From the illustration it MAY be understood that the
   length of the link-local prefix is 10 bits of value 1111111010 and 54
   0 bits.

   IANA lists the "IPv6 prefix", and "Address Block", to be "fe80::/10"
   on its website.  It is possible that in the future the IETF could
   decide to use the bits 11-53.

   The RFC 2464 "IPv6-over-Ethernet" states that the prefix for link-
   local addresses is "fe80::/64".

   RFC 6874, "Representing IPv6 Zone Identifiers in Address Literals and
   Uniform Resource Identifiers" specifies the link-local addresses to
   be under prefix "fe80::/10".

   RFC 8415 "DHCPv6" considers that link-local addresses are designated
   by the prefix fe80::/10.

   RFC 4007 "IPv6 Scoped Address Architecture" discusses Zone ID.  A
   Zone ID may be used - internally - in the 54bits of a link-local
   address, even though these 54bits appear to be reset.  The document
   mentions at a point that fe80::1 could be used in two separate
   physical links (not virtual, like the loopback).

   RFC4291 requires that an IPv6 link-local address be assigned on each
   interface.  Yet, it does not require the link-local prefix to be
   associated to an interface.

   RFC4861 requires that the link local prefix be present in the Prefix
   List associated with an interface, although it does not specify the
   length of the link local prefix.

   RFC4862 "SLAAC" defines how GUAs and LLs self-configure.  Whereas the
   GUA gets its prefix length from the RA (not from an RFC), the LL gets
   it from RFC4291 (not from RA).  They are independent choices based on
   distinct sources.

   Several knowledgeable interpretations state that, generally speaking,
   the prefix length of link-local addresses is 10, but it is 64 in the
   particular case of Stateless Address-Autoconfiguration (SLAAC).  In
   this latter case, the prefix is named a "subnet prefix", or "prefix
   on a link", and it is "fe80::/64".

   The term "link-local prefix" is sometimes used to mean the prefix for
   on-link determination, and is sometimes used to mean the reserved
   address space for link-local addresses (including all current and
   future use).  The latter is fe80::/10.  Of which the address



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   architecture spec only gives the addresses that match fe80::/64 the
   standard format (by specifying intermediate 54 bits are all 0).  As a
   result the former is (currently) only fe80::/64.

   For people in the RIR world it's a common thing: you get a prefix
   from the RIR and then make assignments from it for specific purposes.
   You can route the aggregate allocation, but you're not allowed to use
   the unassigned parts (until you make an assignment).  In this case
   fe80::/10 is the allocation and fe80::/64 is the assignment.

7.  Context of OS Behaviour

   Interpretations of the situation of linux working ok with fe80:1::1
   call it a violation of standards.

   Independent testing shows that 'ifconfig add fe80:1::1' works on
   linux but fails on openbsd.

   A command to assign fe80:1::1 on a Cisco router works ok.

   On Cisco platforms IOS, XE ver 16.x, XR and NXOS it is possible to
   populate the entire set of 54 bits with one's (instead of the 0s
   requested by RFC 4291).  A test was performed between such Cisco
   routers running OSPF.  The OSPF neighbors were still coming up.  The
   error that was expected (and that did not happen) was that some
   glitches may appear due to the lack of textual compression of 54bits
   into '::'.  However, there is a caveat: it is unknown what might
   happen with OSPF in a mixed environment, where not only Cisco is
   used.

   The address fe80::1/128 is present on the loopback interface of BSD.

   Implementations of an IPv6 stack in a particular operating system
   (linux) allow for the manual configuration of both prefix lengths 64
   and 10 for link-local addresses.

   In another operating system the prefix length for link-local
   addresses can not be explicitely specified by the end user, but may
   be indirectly derived from two distinct textual formats by using an
   unspecified rule.

   In yet another operating system (FreeBSD) an end user can not use a
   link-local address whose value is fe80:1::1; because in that OS the
   hosts drop incoming packets whose source or destination address
   matches fe80::/10 and contains a non-0 value in bits 15-31 (like
   fe80:1::1 does).  The URL of the C code in OpenBSD that leads to make
   that packet drop is
   https://github.com/openbsd/src/blob/master/sys/netinet6/ip6_input.c



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   In a particular operating system (openbsd), it is possible to run
   SLAAC with Interface IDentifiers of length different than 64, e.g.
   100; this implements RFC7217.  In that same operating system it is
   not possible to use an Interface Identifier of length 100.  At the
   same time, in another operating system (linux) it is possible to use
   Interface IDentifiers of length 100, yet SLAAC does not work with IID
   that is not 64.  In an ideal linux-bsd operating system any length of
   IID would be possible.

   On Windows 10 Operating System it is accepted to set fe80:1::1/32
   address on a physical network interface, by using the Graphical User
   Interface.

   On MAC OS Operating System it is not possible to set fe80:1::1/32 in
   the command line; the 'ifconfig en1 fe80:1::1/32' command reports
   'bad value'.  It also reports 'bad value' with just 'fe80:1::1'
   (remark - no prefix length specified; note that on linux OS, when the
   user does not specify the prefix length to an ifconfig command, the
   OS will make a prefix length of value 128, and the ifconfig command
   will succeed.)

   The loopback interface is required to have a link-local address too
   (RFC4291), although some OSs dont (linux).  The RFC4007 clarifies
   that, somehow.

   Misconfigurations and lack of interoperability MAY arise between
   computers that use mixed prefix lengths for link-local addresses.

8.  Historical Note

   Historical note: earlier, the link-local prefix fe80::/10 and site-
   local prefix fec0::/10 were grouped into a common fe80::/9.  If bits
   10-64 were 0 then the prefix was a link-local, otherwise a site-
   local.  The site-local addresses were later deprecated by RFC 3879.

9.  Example of use of LL Prefix Length 32

   This figure shows two routers each with two interfaces; one such
   interface is connected to the other router; there are two interfaces
   that point elsewhere.











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                         i1 ------- i2      i3-------i4
                         --|Router1|---------|Router2|---
                            -------           -------

    i2 address is fe80:12::1:1/32 ('12' means subnet between R1 and R2,
    '1' is R1, 2nd '1' is 'front' interface)
    i3 address is fe80:12::2:2/32


                             Figure 3: Figure

   One router's interface (connected to the other router) uses address
   fe80:12::1:1/32 and the other router's corresponding interface uses
   address fe80:12::2:2/32.

10.  Use-Cases

10.1.  Use-Case Convoy

   The topology in a linear convoy of cars, in V2V manner is like this:


       car1                       car2                        car3
       ---------                   ---------                  ---------
      | IP-OBU1 | ---subnet1 ---- | IP-OBU2 | --- subnet2--- | IP-OBU3 |
       ---------                   ---------                  ---------
         |in-car                     |                          |
         |subnets: Ethernet, WiFi, CAN, BT, etc

(subnet1 is on 5880 MHz, subnet2 is on 5890 MHz)

(in the triangular convoy the figure is different)


                             Figure 4: Figure

   Details about the restrictions with the current LL definition in the
   above topology:













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 In the above topology the restrictions with RFC4291 definitions, and
 the FreeBSD implementations are the following:

 - RFC4291 needs 64bit MAC-based IIDs on the LLs on subnet1 and subnet2.
 The inconvenients of these restrictions are the following:
 - 64bit IIDs are too long to remember and type; easy to remember
 addresses are good for network debugging.
 - MAC-based IIDs may have some privacy risk; attackers on the road
 may listen to these IIDs (they are sent outside the car) and make
 associations that may help tracking users, like web cookies do.
 - RFC 4291 54 0 bits make it impossible to assign subnet-specific
 link-local addresses to subnet1 and subnet2.
 A RFC4291-compliant link-local address, like fe80::IID/64, assigned
 to
 an interface on subnet2, and replying from a ping from subnet1, does
 not give ensurance that subnets (on 5880 MHz or on 5890 MHz) are set
 up wrongly.  It may be that the channels are set wrong (subnets are
 set up wrongly) as much as it may be that that fe80::IID/64 is in
 the
 same subnet as the pinger and the channels are right.

 On another hand, if the LL addresses were like
 fe80:1::X on subnet1 and fe80:2::Y on subnet 2, then a ping issued
 from subnet1 to fe80:2::X and replying OK means clearly that the
 channels are set wrongly.

 RFC4291 54 0 bits prevent this use of subnet-specific LL addresses.

 - FreeBSD OS:
 - forbids the manual assignment of LL addresses on interfaces (it is
 impossible to ifconfig add fe80::2 on an interface).
 - FreeBSD OS does not implement OCB mode.  OCB mode is an
 essential kind of link in vehicular communications.


                          Figure 5: Restrictions

   Expected improvements:













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   - human users type short LL addresses, like fe80:1::1 instead of long
   to type addresses like fe80::IID64bit

   - use fe80:1::1 and fe80:2::1 in two distinct subnets; if a ping from
   fe80:1::1 to fe80:1::2 that does not reply means the channels are
   wrong; otherwise (with fe80::IID) it is impossible to say whether the
   channels are wrong or that wrong address was used to ping (all
   fe80::IID64bit) look the same to a human - they are 'random').

   - BSD allowing manual configuration of LL addresses may have other
   benefits outside the OCB context



                          Figure 6: Improvements

10.2.  Intuitive Next-Hop

   In some IP networks only link-local addresses are used as next hops,
   as described in RFC 7404.  The next hop is part of an entry in the
   routing table.  Make the next hop intuitive.  The next hop is
   routinely used by sysadmin to ping and check whether it is reachable.
   Making the next hop intuitive can be achieved by mapping the global
   unicast address into both the subnet and interface id fields; in the
   past, experience shown that substituting just 'fe80' for the first 16
   bytes of a GUA (such that to transform a GUA into an LL, to be used
   as next hop) ended up bleeding into the 54 0 bits required by RFC
   4291.

11.  Security Considerations

   The clarification of the definition of the prefix length of the IPv6
   link-local prefix at IANA is: call it 'leading bits' and not
   'prefix', or state that the IPv6 prefix length of link-local
   addresses is 10 decimal.  This clarification has beneficial impact in
   the algorithm implementation for calculation of the opaque and stable
   Interface Identifiers for IPv6 link-local addresses.  It also
   positively impacts some implementations of IPv6 forwarding.

   A prefix length of value 65 would lead to an Interface ID length of
   value 63; a 63 bit IID would provide less privacy protection than a
   64 bit IID, but more than a 62 bit IID.  A prefix length of value 127
   would lead to a 1 bit IID which would provide almost no privacy
   protection.







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12.  IANA Considerations

   IANA is requested to change the name of the column head in the table
   that depicts the "Internet Protocol Version 6 Address Space".  The
   name should be "The n leading bits of an address" instead of "IPv6
   Prefix".

   The desired effect of this change is that the IPv6 link-local prefix
   be "fe80::/n" and that the 10 leading bits of this prefix be
   1111111010.  A second effect would be that the textual representation
   "fe80::/10" as an IPv6 link-local prefix would disappear from that
   IANA page.

13.  Contributors

   Listed from 6man WG discussion.

14.  Acknowledgements

   The following persons are acknowledged for the discussion that is
   reflected in this draft.  Not all points are reflected.  Some points
   are copied almost entirely.

   Ole Troan, Scott Timothy Morizot, Brian Carpenter, Fred Baker, Mark
   Smith, Peter Occil, Philip Homburg, Albert Manfredi, _–3/4
   ’BAE (TATUYA Jinmei), Fernando Gont, Christian Huitema,
   Simon Hobson, Matthew Petach, Yucel Guven, Sander Steffann, Dennis
   Ferguson, Musa Stephen Honlue, Fred Templin, Gyan Mishra, Yu
   Tianpeng, Darren Dukes, Dusan Mudric.

   Peter Paluch submitted the Erratum suggestion to RFC 4291 about link-
   local addresses, and Brian Haberman rejected it, by noting 'would
   need' a draft.  Igor Lubashev pointed to that Erratum.

15.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

Appendix A.  ChangeLog

   The changes are listed in reverse chronological order, most recent
   changes appearing at the top of the list.

   -21: clarified that the prefix length ranges from 1 to 127 - in
   general (in other cases than link local prefix).



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   -20: added brief explanation of IID len and privacy; added more
   examples of valid IPv6 link-local addresses; added an explanation of
   why the RFC 4291 figure of a link local address has errors.

   -19: updated authorship.

   -18: updated an author address; added a justification about the
   support of 54 set bits in LL addresses in a mixed vendor environment;
   added an illustration of the RFC4291 link-local address.

   -17: added a new use-case for sysadmins in need of an intuitive LL
   address (to check with ping) used for next-hop of routing protocols.

   -16: added a description of the behaviour of ifconfig fe80:1::1/32 on
   MAC and Windows 10 Operating Systems; added a suggestion about the
   use of ULA prefixes instead of LL prefixes; added a reference to an
   RFC 7404 about the use of only LL addresses in an IPv6 network;
   explained the result from practice of the use of 'fe80::1:2/64';
   explained why the text says 'hidden' for '%' on some OSs; mentioned
   the DNS kind of solutions; added explanation of manual configuration
   and automation; added exaplanation of an example of complex to
   remember and type link-local addresses; added explanation of why DNS
   solution is a problem mouvement, not problem resolution.

   -15: added references to draft-farmer-6man-exceptions-64-09 and
   draft-farmer-6man-routing-64-02, and interpreted them; added
   explanations of the solutions mentioned in WG discussion; added a
   use-case of car convoy with details about current restrictions of LL
   addressing and how a variable len plen for LL can improve the
   situation.

   -14: updated authorship.

   -13: added a Problem Statement section; added the name of the
   Organisation of one co-author; distinguished between 'need' and
   'would need' a draft.

   -12: the '64' in GUA vs '64' in LL issued by distinct sources: RA vs
   RFC4291 respectively; the address fe80::1/128 is present on the
   loopback interface of BSD; detailed, again, the distinction for 'on-
   link' determination; detailed, again, the distinction between
   'assignment' and 'allocation'; added the fact that Cisco supports
   manual assignment of fe80:1::1.

   -11: trying the attribute updates=RFC4291,RFC4007 in the rfc tag.

   -10: syntax error corrected; more explanation about how FreeBSD C
   code blocks fe80:1::1; clarification in IANA section, but doubtful.



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   -09: added a reference to RFC 4007 about Zone ID in LL; added a
   reference to draft-bourbaki about IPv6 being classless; added the
   result of independent testing showing ifconfig add fe80:1::1 works on
   linux but fails on BSD; added URL to C code in BSD flavor that may be
   in charge of dropping packets whose src/dst is an LL like fe80:1::1;
   added two co-authors.

   -08: added explanation of which RFC requires the LL address to be
   present, and which requires the LL prefix to be present; named the
   OSs, instead of staying generic; explained that the lack of
   requirement of ll address on lo in RFC4291 is covered by another
   RFC4007; explained that openbsd allows variable len IID for GUAs but
   not for LLs, yet linux allows the reverse, and concluded on an
   obvious ideal.

   -07: added the fact that DHCPv6 spec considers the link-local
   addresses to be fe80::/10; added a valuable explanation of ll
   behaviour of a particularly important OS.

   -04: added an example advantage of using prefix length 32.

   -03:

   -02: corrected a typo in "fe80::/1" and added a 7-bit encoding for
   one persons name (in addition to the japanese-shift-jis encoding
   which is not understood by xml2rfc.)

Authors' Addresses

   Alexandre Petrescu
   CEA, LIST
   CEA Saclay
   Gif-sur-Yvette , Ile-de-France   91190
   France

   Phone: +33169089223
   Email: Alexandre.Petrescu@cea.fr


   Loganaden Velvindron
   Cyberstorm.mu
   street
   city , region   code
   Mauritius

   Phone: +phonenumber
   Email: loganaden@gmail.com




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   Naveen Kottapalli
   Benu Networks
   street
   City , Region   code
   United States

   Phone: +phonenumber
   Email: naveen.sarma@gmail.com


   Gyan S. Mishra
   Verizon Communications Inc. (VZ)
   13101 Columbia Pike FDC1 Rm 304-D
   Silver Spring   MD 20904
   United States

   Phone: 301 502-1347
   Email: gyan.s.mishra@verizon.com


   Dusan Mudric
   Avaya

   Email: dmudric@avaya.com



























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