Internet DRAFT - draft-palet-v6ops-p2p-links

draft-palet-v6ops-p2p-links







v6ops                                                  J. Palet Martinez
Internet-Draft                                          The IPv6 Company
Intended status: Informational                          November 4, 2019
Expires: May 7, 2020


                       IPv6 Point-to-Point Links
                     draft-palet-v6ops-p2p-links-04

Abstract

   This document describes different alternatives for configuring IPv6
   point-to-point links, considering the prefix size, numbering choices
   and prefix pool to be used.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 7, 2020.

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   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  The Ping-Pong Problem in Point-to-Point Links . . . . . . . .   3
   4.  Prefix Size Choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     4.1.  Rationale for using /64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     4.2.  Rationale for using /127  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     4.3.  Rationale for using /126 and Other Options  . . . . . . .   5
     4.4.  A Possible Middle-Term Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   5.  Numbering Choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     5.1.  GUA (Global Unicast Addresses)  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     5.2.  ULA (Unique Local Addresses)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     5.3.  Link-Local Addresses Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   6.  Prefix Pool Choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   7.  /64 from Customer Prefix for point-to-point links . . . . . .   7
     7.1.  Numbering Interfaces  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     7.2.  Routing Aggregation of the Point-to-Point Links . . . . .   8
     7.3.  DHCPv6 Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     7.4.  Router Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   9.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   10. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   11. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     11.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     11.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12

1.  Introduction

   There are different alternatives for numbering IPv6 point-to-point
   links, and from an operational perspective, there may have different
   advantages or disadvantages that need to be taken in consideration
   under the scope of each specific network architecture design.

   [RFC6164] describes using /127 prefixes for inter-router point-to-
   point links, using two different address pools, one for numbering the
   point-to-point links and another one for delegating the prefixes at
   the end of the point-to-point link.  However, this doesn't exclude
   other choices.

   This document describes alternative approaches, for the prefix size,
   the numbering of the link and the prefix pool.

   The proposed approaches are suitable for those point-to-point links
   connecting ISP to customers, but not limited to those cases, and in
   fact, all them are being used by a relevant number of networks
   worldwide, in several different scenarios (service providers,



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   enterprise networks, etc.).

2.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

3.  The Ping-Pong Problem in Point-to-Point Links

   Some point-to-point links may present the ping-pong problem, (a
   forwarding loop).  The fundamental root cause of this problem is an
   IPv6 implementations not performing full Neighbor Discovery (NS/NA)
   on addresses that the prefix says could exist on the link.

   IPv6 implementations are assuming that all addresses within the
   prefix must exist at the other end of the point-to-point link, and
   send the traffic straight onto the link.  If the address doesn't
   exist, and there is a covering route back in the other direction, the
   ping-pong problem occurs.

   Full Neighbor Discovery is doing more than just resolving the link-
   layer address of an IPv6 address.  Neighbor Discovery is also
   determining if the address exists.  Even if a point-to-point link
   doesn't have link-layer addresses to resolve, ND determining if an
   address exists on the link is very beneficial because it will prevent
   the ping-pong problem occurring entirely regardless of the IPv6
   prefix length being used on the link.

4.  Prefix Size Choices

   [RFC7608] already discusses about the IPv6 prefix length
   recommendations for forwarding, and the need for routing and
   forwarding implementations to ensure that longest-prefix-match works
   on any prefix length.  So, in this document, we concentrate in the
   most commonly used choices, not excluding other options.

4.1.  Rationale for using /64

   The IPv6 Addressing Architecture ([RFC4291]) specifies that all the
   Interface Identifiers for all the unicast addresses (except for
   000/3) are required to be 64 bits long and to be constructed in
   Modified EUI-64 format.

   The same document also mandates the usage of the predefined subnet-
   router anycast address, which has cleared to zero all the bits that



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   do not form the subnet prefix.

   Using /64 is the most common scenario and currently the best practice
   by the number of service providers using this approach compared to
   others.

   Using a /64 has the advantage of being future proof and avoids
   renumbering, in the event that new standards take advantage of the 64
   bits for other purposes, or the link becomes a point-to-multipoint,
   or there is a need to use more addresses in the link (e.g.,
   monitoring equipment, managed bridges).

   It has been raised also the issue of some hardware having limitations
   in using prefixes longer then /64, for example using extra hardware
   resources.

   Section 5. of [RFC6164] describes possible issues when using /64 for
   the point-to-point links, such as the ping-pong and the neighbor
   cache exhaustion.  However, it also states that they can be mitigated
   by other means, including the latest ICMPv6 [RFC4443] ND [RFC4861].
   Indeed, considering the publication date of that document, those
   issues should not be any longer a concern.  The fact is that many
   operators worldwide, today use /64 without any concerns, as vendors
   have taken the necessary code updates.

   Consequently, we shall conclude that it is a valid approach to use
   /64 prefixes for the point-to-point links.

4.2.  Rationale for using /127

   [RFC6164] already do a complete review of reasons why /127 is a good
   approach vs other options.  However, it needs to be considered that
   it was published a number of years ago, and most of the hardware
   today already incorporate mitigations.

   It should be noted that, when using a /127 prefix, configuration of
   each of the addresses within the /127 prefix, at each respective end
   of the link, must be actively validated by the network operator.  A
   missing /127 address from one end of the link, with a local route
   pointing out that end of the link that covers the missing /127
   address, such as a default route, causes a "ping-pong" scenario to
   exist for the missing /127 address.  The link could still be
   successfully carrying transit traffic, and IPv6 will not report any
   errors, because IPv6 doesn't require or nor check to ensure all
   interfaces attached to a link has addresses from all prefixes
   assigned to the link, excepting the Link-Local prefix per [RFC4291].

   It is a valid approach to use /127 for the point-to-point links,



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   however is not future proof considering the comments from the
   previous section, and older equipment may not support it.

4.3.  Rationale for using /126 and Other Options

   /126 was considered by [RFC3627], and despite this document has been
   obsoleted, because was considering /127 as harmful, the
   considerations in Section 4.3 are still valid.

   The same document describes options such as /112 and /120, and all
   those are commonly used in worldwide IPv6 deployments [IPv6-Survey],
   though in a lesser degree than /64 or /127.

   Consequently, we shall conclude that /126, /120 and /112 are valid
   approaches for the point-to-point links.

4.4.  A Possible Middle-Term Choice

   A possible "middle-term" approach, will be to allocate a /64 for each
   point-to-point link, but use just one /127 out of it, making it
   future proof and at the same time avoiding possible issues indicated
   in the previous sections.

5.  Numbering Choices

   IPv6 provides different unicast addressing scopes which can be
   considered when numbering a point-to-point link.

   It has been reported that certain hardware may consume resources when
   using numbered links.  This is a very specific situation that may
   need to be consider on a case by case basis.

5.1.  GUA (Global Unicast Addresses)

   Using GUA is the most common approach.  It provides full
   functionality for both end-points of the point-to-point link and
   consequently, facilitates troubleshooting.

5.2.  ULA (Unique Local Addresses)

   Some networks use ULAs for numbering the point-to-point links.  This
   approach may cause numerous problems when carrying Internet traffic
   and therefore, is strongly discouraged.  For example, if the CE needs
   to send an ICMPv6 message to a host outside that network (to the
   Internet), the packet with ULA source address will not get thru and
   PMTUD will break, which in turn will completely break that IPv6
   connection when the MTU is not the same for all the path.




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   ULAs are IPv6 private addresses, not intended to be used as source or
   destination addresses across the Internet.  This issue also exists in
   IPv4 when using [RFC1918] addresses on links carrying IPv4 Internet
   traffic.  [RFC6752] discusses this issue for IPv4, with much of the
   discussion applying similarly to IPv6 and ULAs.

   However, this approach is valid if, following Section 2.2 of
   [RFC4443], and despite using ULA for the point-to-point link, the
   router is configured with at least one GUA and the source of the
   ICMPv6 messages are always a GUA, per the IPv6 Default Address
   Selection algorithm [RFC6724].

5.3.  Link-Local Addresses Only

   Some networks leave the point-to-point links with only Link-Local
   addresses used at both ends of the link.  This is sometimes
   improperly referred as "unnumbered", because the Link-Local addresses
   are also "numbers".  Furthermore, [RFC4291] requires that all
   interfaces attached to a link have at least a Link-Local "number" or
   address from the Link-Local prefix.

   [RFC7404] (Using Only Link-Local Addressing inside an IPv6 Network)
   discusses pros and cons of this alternative, which in general apply
   for the point-to-point links.

   While this choice might work if the point-to-point link is terminated
   in a router, which typically will get configured with a suitable
   routable GUA or ULA, it will not work for devices that can't be
   further configured, for example if they do not support DHCPv6-PD.
   This is the case for hosts, when the Operating System is not expected
   to be a DHCPv6-PD client and are therefore left without any usable
   GUA to allow traffic forwarding.

   In the case of a router, the route for the assigned prefix is pointed
   towards the link-local address on the router WAN port and the default
   route on the router is pointed towards the link-local address on the
   upstream network equipment port.

   This choice seems easier to implement, compared the previous ones,
   but it also brings some drawbacks, such as difficulties with
   troubleshooting and monitoring.  For example, link local addresses do
   not appear in traceroute, so it makes more difficult to locate the
   exact point of failure.

   It is more useful in scenarios where it is known that only a router
   will be attached to the point-to-point link, and where the configured
   address of the router is known.  Non-routers connecting to a network,
   which can't initiate DHCPv6-PD might experience problems and will



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   stay unnumbered upon connection, if a /64 prefix is not used to
   number the link.  This may be also the case for routers, which will
   not be able to complete the DHCPv6-PD in unnumbered links.

   The considerations indicated in the previous section, regarding not
   using ULA as source address of ICMPv6 messages, and instead ensuring
   there is at least one GUA configured for that, also apply if link-
   locals are used for the point-to-point link.

6.  Prefix Pool Choices

   The logic choice seems to use a dedicated pool of IPv6 addresses, as
   this is the way we are "used to" with IPv4.  Actually, this is done
   often by means of different IPv6 pools at every PoP in a service
   provider network.

   A possible benefit of using a dedicated IPv6 pool, is that allows
   applying security policies without harming the customers.  This is
   only true if customers always have a CE at their end of the WAN link.

   However, the fact that the default IPv6 link size is /64 and commonly
   multiple /64's are assigned to a single customer, provides an
   interesting alternative approach for combining "best practices"
   described in the precedent sections.

   The following section depicts this alternative.

7.  /64 from Customer Prefix for point-to-point links

   Using a /64 from the customer prefix, in addition to the advantages
   already indicated when using /64, simplifies the addressing plan.

   The use of /64 also facilitates an easier way for routing the shorter
   aggregated prefix into the point-to-point link.  Consequently it
   simplifies the "view" of a more unified addressing plan, providing an
   easier path for following up any issue when operating IPv6 networks
   and typically, will have a great impact in saving expensive hardware
   resources (lower usage of TCAM, typically by half).

   This mechanism would not work in broadcast layer two media that rely
   on ND, because it will try ND for all the addresses within the
   shorter prefix that is being routed thru the point-to-point link.

7.1.  Numbering Interfaces

   Often, in point-to-point links, hardware tokens are not available, or
   there is the need to keep certain bits (u, g) cleared, so the links
   can be manually numbered sequentially with most of the bits cleared



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   to zero.  This numbering makes as well easier to remember the
   interfaces, which typically will become numbered as 0 (with 63
   leading zero bits) for the provider side and 1 (with 63 leading zero
   bits) for the customer side.

   Using interface identifiers as 0 and 1 is not only a very simple
   approach, but also a very common practice.  Other different choices
   can as well be used as required in each case.

   On the other hand, using the EUI-64, makes it more difficult to
   remember and handle the interfaces, but provides an additional degree
   of protection against port (actually address) scanning as described
   at [RFC7707].

7.2.  Routing Aggregation of the Point-to-Point Links

   Following this approach and assuming that a shorter prefix is
   typically delegated to a customer, for example a /48, it is possible
   to simplify the routing aggregation of the point-to-point links.
   Towards this, the point-to-point link may be numbered using the first
   /64 of the /48 delegated to the customer.

   Let's see a practical example:

   o  A service provider uses the prefix 2001:db8::/32 and is using
      2001:db8:aaaa::/48 for a given customer.

   o  Instead of allocating the point-to-point link from a different
      addressing pool, it may use 2001:db8:aaaa::/64 (which is the first
      /64 subnet from the 2001:db8:aaaa::/48) to number the link.

   o  This means that, in the case the non-EUI-64 approach is used, the
      point-to-point link may be numbered as 2001:db8:aaaa::1/64 for the
      provider side and 2001:db8:aaaa::2/64 for the customer side.

   o  Note that using the first /64 and interface identifiers 1 and 2 is
      a very common practice.  However other values may be chosen
      according to each case specific needs.

   In this way, as the same address pool is being used for both, the
   prefix and the point-to-point link, one of the advantages of this
   approach is to make very easy the recognition of the point-to-point
   link that belongs to a given customer prefix, or in the other way
   around, the recognition of the prefix that is linked by a given
   point-to-point link.

   For example, making a trace-route to debug any issue to a given
   address in the provider network, will show a straight view, and it



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   becomes unnecessary one extra step to check a database that correlate
   an address pool for the point-to-point links and the customer
   prefixes, as all they are the same.

   Moreover, it is possible to use the shorter prefix as the provider
   side numbering for the point-to-point link and keep the /64 for the
   customer side.  In our example, it will become:

   o  Point-to-point link at provider side: 2001:db8:aaaa::1/48

   o  Point-to-point link at customer side: 2001:db8:aaaa::2/64

   This provides one additional advantage as in some platforms the
   configuration may be easier saving one step for the route of the
   delegated prefix (no need for two routes to be configured, one for
   the delegated prefix, one for the point-to-point link).  It is
   possible because the longest-prefix-match rule.

   The behavior of this type of configuration has been successfully
   deployed in different operator and enterprise networks, using
   commonly available implementations with different routing protocols,
   including RIP, BGP, IS-IS, OSPF, along static routing, and no
   failures or interoperability issues have been reported.

7.3.  DHCPv6 Considerations

   As stated in [RFC3633], "the requesting router MUST NOT assign any
   delegated prefixes or subnets from the delegated prefix(es) to the
   link through which is received the DHCP message from the delegating
   router", however the approach described in this document is still
   useful in other DHCPv6 scenarios or non-DHCPv6 scenarios.

   Furthermore, [RFC3633] was updated by Prefix Exclude Option for
   DHCPv6-based Prefix Delegation ([RFC6603]), precisely to define a new
   DHCPv6 option, which covers the case described by this document.

   Moreover, [RFC3769] has no explicit requirement that avoids the
   approach described in this document.

7.4.  Router Considerations

   This approach is being used by operators in both, residential/SOHO
   and enterprise networks, so the routers at the customer end for those
   networks MUST support [RFC6603] if DHCPv6-PD is used.

   In the case of Customer Edge Routers there is a specific requirement
   ([RFC7084]) WPD-8 (Prefix delegation Requirements), marked as SHOULD
   for [RFC6603].  However, in a scenario where the approach described



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   in this document is followed, together with DHCPv6-PD, the CE Router
   MUST support [RFC6603].

8.  Security Considerations

   This document does not have any new specific security considerations.

9.  IANA Considerations

   This document does not have any new specific IANA considerations.

10.  Acknowledgements

   The author would like to acknowledge the inputs of Mikael
   Abrahamsson, Brian Carpenter, Eric Vyncke, Mark Smith and TBD.

   Acknowledge is also due to my co-authors of RIPE-690 (Best Current
   Operational Practice for Operators: IPv6 prefix assignment for end-
   users - persistent vs non-persistent, and what size to choose,
   https://www.ripe.net/publications/docs/ripe-690) and global
   community, which provided valuable inputs which have been key for
   this document.

   Acknowledgement to co-authors, Cesar Olvera and Miguel Angel Diaz, of
   a previous related document (draft-palet-v6ops-point2point, 2006), as
   well as inputs for that version from Alain Durand, Chip Popoviciu,
   Daniel Roesen, Fred Baker, Gert Doering, Olaf Bonness, Ole Troan,
   Pekka Savola and Vincent Jardin, are also granted.

11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3633]  Troan, O. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic
              Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6", RFC 3633,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3633, December 2003,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3633>.

   [RFC3769]  Miyakawa, S. and R. Droms, "Requirements for IPv6 Prefix
              Delegation", RFC 3769, DOI 10.17487/RFC3769, June 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3769>.





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   [RFC4291]  Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
              Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, February
              2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4291>.

   [RFC4443]  Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, Ed., "Internet
              Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet
              Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", STD 89,
              RFC 4443, DOI 10.17487/RFC4443, March 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4443>.

   [RFC4861]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
              "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4861>.

   [RFC6603]  Korhonen, J., Ed., Savolainen, T., Krishnan, S., and O.
              Troan, "Prefix Exclude Option for DHCPv6-based Prefix
              Delegation", RFC 6603, DOI 10.17487/RFC6603, May 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6603>.

   [RFC6724]  Thaler, D., Ed., Draves, R., Matsumoto, A., and T. Chown,
              "Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol Version 6
              (IPv6)", RFC 6724, DOI 10.17487/RFC6724, September 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6724>.

   [RFC7084]  Singh, H., Beebee, W., Donley, C., and B. Stark, "Basic
              Requirements for IPv6 Customer Edge Routers", RFC 7084,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7084, November 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7084>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

11.2.  Informative References

   [IPv6-Survey]
              Palet Martinez, J., "IPv6 Deployment Survey (Residential/
              Household Services)", January 2018,
              <https://indico.uknof.org.uk/event/41/contribution/5/
              material/slides/0.pdf>.

   [RFC1918]  Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, B., Karrenberg, D., de Groot, G.,
              and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
              BCP 5, RFC 1918, DOI 10.17487/RFC1918, February 1996,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1918>.





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   [RFC3627]  Savola, P., "Use of /127 Prefix Length Between Routers
              Considered Harmful", RFC 3627, DOI 10.17487/RFC3627,
              September 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3627>.

   [RFC6164]  Kohno, M., Nitzan, B., Bush, R., Matsuzaki, Y., Colitti,
              L., and T. Narten, "Using 127-Bit IPv6 Prefixes on Inter-
              Router Links", RFC 6164, DOI 10.17487/RFC6164, April 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6164>.

   [RFC6752]  Kirkham, A., "Issues with Private IP Addressing in the
              Internet", RFC 6752, DOI 10.17487/RFC6752, September 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6752>.

   [RFC7404]  Behringer, M. and E. Vyncke, "Using Only Link-Local
              Addressing inside an IPv6 Network", RFC 7404,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7404, November 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7404>.

   [RFC7608]  Boucadair, M., Petrescu, A., and F. Baker, "IPv6 Prefix
              Length Recommendation for Forwarding", BCP 198, RFC 7608,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7608, July 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7608>.

   [RFC7707]  Gont, F. and T. Chown, "Network Reconnaissance in IPv6
              Networks", RFC 7707, DOI 10.17487/RFC7707, March 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7707>.

Author's Address

   Jordi Palet Martinez
   The IPv6 Company
   Molino de la Navata, 75
   La Navata - Galapagar, Madrid  28420
   Spain

   EMail: jordi.palet@theipv6company.com
   URI:   http://www.theipv6company.com/














Palet Martinez             Expires May 7, 2020                 [Page 12]