Internet DRAFT - draft-moskowitz-orchid-cshake

draft-moskowitz-orchid-cshake







HIP                                                         R. Moskowitz
Internet-Draft                                            HTT Consulting
Updates: 7343 (if approved)                                      S. Card
Intended status: Standards Track                         A. Wiethuechter
Expires: 22 November 2020                                  AX Enterprize
                                                             21 May 2020


                        Using cSHAKE in ORCHIDs
                    draft-moskowitz-orchid-cshake-01

Abstract

   This document specifies how to use the cSHAKE hash for ORCHID
   generation and allows for varying sized hashes in the ORCHID along
   with additional information within the ORCHID.  It is an addendum to
   ORCHIDv2 [RFC7343].

Status of This Memo

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on 22 November 2020.

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   provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.



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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Terms, Notation and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     2.1.  Requirements Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     2.2.  Notation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     2.3.  Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Adding additional information to the ORCHID . . . . . . . . .   3
   4.  ORCHID Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   5.  ORCHID Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   6.  Initial use case for cSHAKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   7.  Initial use case for Additional Information . . . . . . . . .   5
   8.  Collision risks with Hierarchical HITs  . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   9.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   11. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     11.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     11.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   Appendix A.  Calculating Collision Probabilities  . . . . . . . .   7
   Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7

1.  Introduction

   This document adds the [Keccak] based cSHAKE XOF hash function from
   NIST SP 800-185 [NIST.SP.800-185] to ORCHIDv2 [RFC7343]. cSHAKE is a
   variable output length hash function.  As such it does not use the
   truncation operation that other hashes need.  The invocation of
   cSHAKE specifies the desired number of bits in the hash output.

   cSHAKE is used, rather than SHAKE from NIST FIPS 202 [NIST.FIPS.202],
   as cSHAKE has a parameter 'S' as a customization bit string.  This
   parameter will be used for including the ORCHID Context Identifier in
   a standard fashion.

   An additional change to ORCHID construction will allow for shorter
   hash output lengths to permit inclusion of additional information
   like Hierarchical HITs [hierarchical-hit] into the ORCHID.

2.  Terms, Notation and Definitions

2.1.  Requirements Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.



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2.2.  Notation

   |  Signifies concatenation of information - e.g., X | Y is the
      concatenation of X and Y.

2.3.  Definitions

   Keccak (KECCAK Message Authentication Code):
      The family of all sponge functions with a KECCAK-f permutation as
      the underlying function and multi-rate padding as the padding
      rule.

   cSHAKE (The customizable SHAKE function):
      Extends the SHAKE scheme to allow users to customize their use of
      the function.

   SHAKE (Secure Hash Algorithm KECCAK):
      A secure hash that allows for an arbitrary output length.

   XOF (eXtendable-Output Function):
      A function on bit strings (also called messages) in which the
      output can be extended to any desired length.

3.  Adding additional information to the ORCHID

   ORCHIDv2 [RFC7343] is currently defined as consisting of three
   components:

   ORCHID     :=  Prefix | OGA ID | Encode_96( Hash )

   where:

   Prefix          : A constant 28-bit-long bitstring value
                     (IANA IPv6 assigned).

   OGA ID          : A 4-bit long identifier for the Hash_function
                     in use within the specific usage context.

   Encode_96( )    : An extraction function in which output is obtained
                     by extracting the middle 96-bit-long bitstring
                     from the argument bitstring.

   This addendum will be constructed as follows:








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   ORCHID     :=  Prefix | OGA ID | Info (n) | Hash (m)

   where:

   Prefix          : A constant 28-bit-long bitstring value
                     (IANA IPv6 assigned).

   OGA ID          : A 4-bit long identifier for the Hash_function
                     in use within the specific usage context.

   Info (n)        : n bits of information that define a use of the
                     ORCHID.  n can be zero, that is no additional
                     information.

   Hash (m)        : An extraction function in which output is m bits.

   n + m = 96 bits

   The 96 bits currently allocated to the Encode_96 function can be
   divided in any manner between the additional information and the hash
   output.  Care must be taken in determining the size of the hash
   portion, taking into account risks like pre-image attacks.  Thus 64
   bits as used in Hierarchical HITs may be as small as is acceptable.

4.  ORCHID Decoding

   With this addendum, the decoding of an ORCHID is determined by the
   Prefix and OGA ID.  ORCHIDv2 [RFC7343] decoding is selected when the
   Prefix is: 2001:20::/28.

   For Heirarchical HITs, the decoding is determined by the presence of
   the HHIT Prefix as specified in the HHIT document.

5.  ORCHID Encoding

   ORCHIDv2 has a number of inputs including a Context ID, some header
   bits, the hash algorithm, and the input bitstream, normally just the
   public key.  The output is a 96 bit value.

   This addendum adds a different encoding process to that currently
   used.  The input to the hash function explicitly includes all the
   fixed header content plus the Context ID.  The fixed header content
   consists of the Prefix, OGA ID, and the Additional Information.
   Secondly, the length of the resulting hash is set by the rules set by
   the Prefix/OGA ID.  In the case of Hierarchical HITs, this is 64
   bits.





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   To achieve the variable length output in a consistent manner, the
   cSHAKE hash is used.  For this purpose, cSHAKE128 is appropriate.
   The the cSHAKE function call for this addendum is:

       cSHAKE128(Input, L, "", Context ID)

       Input      :=  Prefix | OGA ID | Additional Information | HOST_ID
       L          :=  Length in bits of hash portion of ORCHID

   Hierarchical HIT uses the same context as all other HIPv2 HIT Suites
   as they are clearly separated by the distinct HIT Suite ID.

6.  Initial use case for cSHAKE

   The EdDSA/cSHAKE based HITs in New Cryptographic Algorithms for HIP
   [new-hip-crypto] is the first HIP Suite to use cSHAKE, thus using
   this addendum.

7.  Initial use case for Additional Information

   Hierarchical HITs [hierarchical-hit] (HHITs) is the first HIT
   construct that specifies the need of dividing the 96 bits available
   to ORCHID into its Hierarchy ID (HID) and HI Hash, thus using this
   addendum.

   HHITs use a unique Context ID as well as a Prefix different from
   HIPv2 [RFC7401].  The different Prefix enables receivers to properly
   decode the HID out of the HIT and validate the HIT, given the HI.

8.  Collision risks with Hierarchical HITs

   The 64 bit hash size does have an increased risk of collisions over
   the 96 bit hash size used for the other HIT Suites.  There is a 0.01%
   probability of a collision in a population of 66 million.  The
   probability goes up to 1% for a population of 663 million.  See
   Appendix A for the collision probability formula.

   However, this risk of collision is within a single "Additional
   Information" value.  Some registration process should be used to
   reject a collision, forcing the client to generate a new HI and thus
   HIT and reapplying to the registration process.

9.  IANA Considerations

   TBD.






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10.  Security Considerations

   A 64 bit hash space presents a real risk of second pre-image attacks.
   A Registry service effectively block attempts to "take over" such a
   HIT.  It does not stop a rogue attempting to impersonate a known HIT.
   This attack can be mitigated by the Responder using DNS to find the
   HI for the HIT or the RVS for the HIT that then provides the
   registered HI.

11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [NIST.FIPS.202]
              Dworkin, M., "SHA-3 Standard: Permutation-Based Hash and
              Extendable-Output Functions", National Institute of
              Standards and Technology report,
              DOI 10.6028/nist.fips.202, July 2015,
              <https://doi.org/10.6028/nist.fips.202>.

   [NIST.SP.800-185]
              Kelsey, J., Change, S., and R. Perlner, "SHA-3 derived
              functions: cSHAKE, KMAC, TupleHash and ParallelHash",
              National Institute of Standards and Technology report,
              DOI 10.6028/nist.sp.800-185, December 2016,
              <https://doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.800-185>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC7343]  Laganier, J. and F. Dupont, "An IPv6 Prefix for Overlay
              Routable Cryptographic Hash Identifiers Version 2
              (ORCHIDv2)", RFC 7343, DOI 10.17487/RFC7343, September
              2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7343>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

11.2.  Informative References









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   [hierarchical-hit]
              Moskowitz, R., Card, S., and A. Wiethuechter,
              "Hierarchical HITs for HIPv2", Work in Progress, Internet-
              Draft, draft-moskowitz-hip-hierarchical-hit-04, 3 March
              2020, <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-moskowitz-hip-
              hierarchical-hit-04>.

   [Keccak]   Bertoni, G., Daemen, J., Peeters, M., Van Assche, G., and
              R. Van Keer, "The Keccak Function",
              <https://keccak.team/index.html>.

   [new-hip-crypto]
              Moskowitz, R., Card, S., and A. Wiethuechter, "New
              Cryptographic Algorithms for HIP", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-moskowitz-hip-new-crypto-04, 23
              January 2020, <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-
              moskowitz-hip-new-crypto-04>.

   [RFC7401]  Moskowitz, R., Ed., Heer, T., Jokela, P., and T.
              Henderson, "Host Identity Protocol Version 2 (HIPv2)",
              RFC 7401, DOI 10.17487/RFC7401, April 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7401>.

Appendix A.  Calculating Collision Probabilities

   The accepted formula for calculating the probability of a collision
   is:

       p = 1 - e^{-k^2/(2n)}


       P   Collision Probability
       n   Total possible population
       k   Actual population

Acknowledgments

   Quynh Dang of NIST gave considerable guidance on using Keccak and the
   NIST supporting documents.  Joan Deamen of the Keccak team was
   especially helpful in many aspects of using Keccak.

Authors' Addresses

   Robert Moskowitz
   HTT Consulting
   Oak Park, MI 48237
   United States of America




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   Email: rgm@labs.htt-consult.com


   Stuart W. Card
   AX Enterprize
   4947 Commercial Drive
   Yorkville, NY 13495
   United States of America

   Email: stu.card@axenterprize.com


   Adam Wiethuechter
   AX Enterprize
   4947 Commercial Drive
   Yorkville, NY 13495
   United States of America

   Email: adam.wiethuechter@axenterprize.com
































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