Internet DRAFT - draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-icmpv6

draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-icmpv6









Internet Draft                                               RJ Atkinson
draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-icmpv6-06.txt                             Consultant
Category: Experimental                                         SN Bhatti
Expires: 10 JAN 2013                                       U. St Andrews
                                                            10 July 2012

                 ICMP Locator Update message for ILNPv6
                   draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-icmpv6-06.txt

Status of this Memo

   Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

   Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors. All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document. Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with
   respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this
   document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in
   Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided
   without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   This document may contain material from IETF Documents or
   IETF Contributions published or made publicly available
   before November 10, 2008.  The person(s) controlling the
   copyright in some of this material may not have granted the IETF
   Trust the right to allow modifications of such material outside
   the IETF Standards Process.  Without obtaining an adequate
   license from the person(s) controlling the copyright in such
   materials, this document may not be modified outside the IETF
   Standards Process, and derivative works of it may not be created
   outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format it for
   publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
   than English.  This document may not be modified, and derivative
   works of it may not be created, except to publish it as an RFC or
   to translate it into languages other than English.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet
   Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working
   groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working
   documents as Internet-Drafts.



Atkinson & Bhatti    Expires in 6 months                        [Page 1]

Internet Draft       ILNPv6 ICMP          10 JUL 2012


   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
   months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other
   documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts
   as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in
   progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/1id-abstracts.html

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html


   This document is not on the IETF standards-track and does not
   specify any level of standard.  This document merely provides
   information for the Internet community.

   This document is part of the ILNP document set, which has had
   extensive review within the IRTF Routing Research Group.  ILNP
   is one of the recommendations made by the RG Chairs.  Separately,
   various refereed research papers on ILNP have also been published
   during this decade.  So the ideas contained herein have had much
   broader review than the IRTF Routing RG.  The views in this
   document were considered controversial by the Routing RG,
   but the RG reached a consensus that the document still should be
   published.  The Routing RG has had remarkably little consensus
   on anything, so virtually all Routing RG outputs are considered
   controversial.

Abstract

   This note specifies an experimental ICMPv6 message type used with
   the Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP).  The
   Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP) is an experimental,
   evolutionary enhancement to IP.  This message is used to
   dynamically update Identifier/Locator bindings for an existing
   ILNP session.  This is a product of the IRTF Routing RG.

Table of Contents

    1. Introduction ...........................................3
    1.1  ILNP Document Roadmap.................................3
    1.2  ICMPv6 Locator Update.................................3
    1.3  Terminology...........................................3
    2. Syntax..................................................4
    2.1  Example ICMPv6 Locator Update message.................5
    3. Transport Protocol Effects..............................6
    4. Implementation Considerations...........................6



Atkinson & Bhatti    Expires in 6 months                        [Page 2]

Internet Draft       ILNPv6 ICMP          10 JUL 2012


    5. Backwards Compatibility.................................7
    6. Security Considerations ................................7
    7. IANA Considerations ....................................8
    8. References .............................................8

1. INTRODUCTION

   At present, the Internet research and development community are
   exploring various approaches to evolving the Internet Architecture to
   solve a variety of issues including, but not limited to, scalability
   of inter-domain routing [RFC4984]. A wide range of other issues (e.g.
   site multi-homing, node multi-homing, site/subnet mobility, node
   mobility) are also active concerns at present. Several different
   classes of evolution are being considered by the Internet research &
   development community. One class is often called "Map and
   Encapsulate", where traffic would be mapped and then tunnelled
   through the inter-domain core of the Internet. Another class being
   considered is sometimes known as "Identifier/Locator Split". This
   document relates to a proposal that is in the latter class of
   evolutionary approaches.

1.1 Document Roadmap

   This document describes a new IPv6 Nonce Destination Option used by
   ILNPv6 nodes (1) to indicate to ILNP correspondent nodes (by
   inclusion within the initial packets of an ILNP session) that the
   node is operating in the ILNP mode and (2) to prevent off-path
   attacks against ILNP ICMP messages.  This Nonce is used, for example,
   with all ILNP ICMPv6 Locator Update messages that are exchanged among
   ILNP correspondent nodes.

   The ILNP architecture can have more than one engineering
   instantiation. For example, one can imagine a "clean-slate"
   engineering design based on the ILNP architecture. In separate
   documents, we describe two specific engineering instances of ILNP.
   The term ILNPv6 refers precisely to an instance of ILNP that is based
   upon, and backwards compatible with, IPv6. The term ILNPv4 refers
   precisely to an instance of ILNP that is based upon, and backwards
   compatible with, IPv4.

   Many engineering aspects common to both ILNPv4 and ILNPv6 are
   described in [ILNP-ENG]. A full engineering specification for either
   ILNPv6 or ILNPv4 is beyond the scope of this document.

   Readers are referred to other related ILNP documents for details not
   described here:

    a) [ILNP-ARCH] is the main architectural description of ILNP,



Atkinson & Bhatti    Expires in 6 months                        [Page 3]

Internet Draft       ILNPv6 ICMP          10 JUL 2012


       including the concept of operations.

    b) [ILNP-ENG] describes engineering and implementation
       considerations that are common to both ILNPv4 and ILNPv6.

    c) [ILNP-DNS] defines additional DNS resource records that
       support ILNP.

    d) [ILNP-ICMPv6] defines a new ICMPv6 Locator Update message
       used by an ILNP node to inform its correspondent nodes
       of any changes to its set of valid Locators.

    e) [ILNP-ICMPv4] defines a new ICMPv4 Locator Update message
       used by an ILNP node to inform its correspondent nodes
       of any changes to its set of valid Locators.

    f) [ILNP-v4OPTS] defines a new IPv4 Nonce Option used by ILNPv4
       nodes to carry a security nonce to prevent off-path attacks
       against ILNP ICMP messages and also defines a new IPv4
       Identifier Option used by ILNPv4 nodes.

    g) [ILNP-ARP] describes extensions to ARP for use with ILNPv4.

    h) [ILNP-ADV] describes optional engineering and deployment
       functions for ILNP. These are not required for the operation
       or use of ILNP and are provided as additional options.


1.2 ICMPv6 Locator Update

   As described in [ILNP-ARCH] and [ILNP-ENG], an ILNP for IPv6 (ILNPv6)
   node might need to inform correspondent ILNPv6 nodes of changes to
   the set of valid Locator values.  The new ICMPv6 Locator Update
   message described in this document enables an ILNP-capable node to
   update its correspondents about the currently valid set of Locators
   valid to use in reaching the node sending this message [RFC2460]
   [RFC4443].

   This new ICMPv6 message MUST ONLY be used for ILNPv6 sessions.
   Authentication is always required, as described in the Security
   Considerations section later in this note.

   Some might consider any and all use of ICMP to be undesirable.  In
   that context, please note that while this specification uses ICMP, on
   grounds that this is a control message, there is no architectural
   difference between using ICMP and using some different framing, for
   example UDP.




Atkinson & Bhatti    Expires in 6 months                        [Page 4]

Internet Draft       ILNPv6 ICMP          10 JUL 2012


1.3 Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

2. Syntax

   The ICMP for IPv6 message described in this section has ICMP Type XXX
   and is used ONLY with a current ILNPv6 session.  This message enables
   an ILNPv6 node to inform ILNPv6 correspondent nodes of changes to the
   active Locator set for the ILNPv6 node that originates this message.
   This particular ICMP for IPv6 message MUST ONLY be used with ILNPv6
   sessions.

   The ICMP for IPv6 message described in this section has ICMP Type XXX
   and is used ONLY with a current ILNPv4 session.  This message enables
   an ILNPv6 node to advertise changes to the active Locator set for the
   ILNPv6 node that originates this message to its unicast ILNP
   correspondent nodes.  It also enables those correspondents to
   acknowledge receipt of the advertisement.

   This particular ICMP for IPv6 message MUST ONLY be used with ILNPv6
   sessions.  The Checksum field for this message is calculated
   identically as for any other IPv6 ICMP message.

    ICMPv6 Locator Update message

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |     Type      |     Code      |           Checksum            |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |  Num of Locs  |   Operation   |           RESERVED            |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      /                       Locator [1]                             /
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |        Preference [1]         |           Lifetime [1]        |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      /                       Locator [2]                             /
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |        Preference [2]         |           Lifetime [2]        |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                               .                               |
      |                               .                               |
      |                               .                               |





Atkinson & Bhatti    Expires in 6 months                        [Page 5]

Internet Draft       ILNPv6 ICMP          10 JUL 2012


      ICMPv6 Locator Update fields:

         Type                  XXX

         Code                  0

         Checksum              The  16-bit one's complement of the one's
                               complement sum of the ICMP message,
                               starting with the ICMP Type.  For
                               computing the checksum, the Checksum
                               field is set to 0.

         Num of Locs           The number of 64-bit Locator values
                               that are advertised in this message.
                               This field MUST NOT be zero.

         Locator[i],           The 64-bit Locator values currently
          i = 1..Num of Locs   valid for the sending ILNPv6 node.

         Preference[i],        The preferability of each Locator[i],
          i = 1..Num of Locs   relative to other valid Locator[i]
                               values. The Preference numbers here are
                               identical, both in syntax and semantics,
                               to the Preference values for L64 records
                               as specified by [ILNP-DNS].

         Lifetime[i]           The maximum number of seconds that this
          i = 1..Num of Locs   particular Locator may be considered
                               valid.  Normally, this is identical
                               to the DNS lifetime of the
                               corresponding L64 record, if one
                               exists.

          Operation            The value in this field indicates
                               whether this is a Locator Update
                               Advertisement (0x01) or a Locator
                               Update Acknowledgement (0x02).

          RESERVED             A field reserved for possible future
                               use.  At present, the sender MUST
                               initialise this field to zero.
                               Receivers should ignore this field at
                               present.  The field might be used for
                               some protocol function in future.


   The Operation field has value 1 (hexadecimal 0x01) for a Locator
   Update Advertisement.  The Operation field has value 2 (hexadecimal



Atkinson & Bhatti    Expires in 6 months                        [Page 6]

Internet Draft       ILNPv6 ICMP          10 JUL 2012


   0x02) for a Locator Update Acknowledgement.  All other values of the
   Operation field are reserved for future use by future revisions of
   this specification.

   A node whose set of valid Locators has changed MUST send Locator
   Update Advertisement messages to each correspondent node for each
   active unicast ILNP session.  For unicast ILNP sessions, the receiver
   of a valid (e.g. authentication checks all passed, advertisement is
   received from a current correspondent node) Locator Update
   Advertisement addressed to the receiver MUST send a Locator Update
   Acknowledgement back to the sender of the Locator Update
   Advertisement.  The Acknowledgement message body is identical to the
   received Advertisement message body, except for the Operation value.

   All ILNPv6 ICMP Locator Update messages MUST contain a valid ILNPv6
   Identifier option and MUST contain an ILNPv6 Nonce Option.

   ILNPv6 ICMP Locator Update messages also MAY be protected using IP
   Security for ILNP [ILNP-ENG] [RFC4301].  Deployments in high-threat
   environments SHOULD also protect ILNPv6 ICMP Locator Update messages
   using IP Security.  While IPsec ESP can protect a payload, no form of
   IPsec ESP is able to protect an IPv6 option that appears prior to the
   ESP header.

   Note that even when IP Security for ILNP is in use, the ILNP Nonce
   Option still MUST be present.  This simplifies protocol processing,
   and it also means that a receiver can perform the inexpensive check
   of the Nonce value before performing any (potentially expensive)
   cryptographic calculation.

2.1  Example ICMPv6 Locator Update message

This example shows the ICMPv6 syntax for the case where 2 Locator values
are being indicated.


  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |     Type      |     Code      |           Checksum            |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |  Num of Locs  |    RESERVED   |           RESERVED            |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 /                       Locator [1]                             /
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |        Preference [1]         |           Lifetime [1]        |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 /                       Locator [2]                             /



Atkinson & Bhatti    Expires in 6 months                        [Page 7]

Internet Draft       ILNPv6 ICMP          10 JUL 2012


 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |        Preference [2]         |           Lifetime [2]        |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


3.  Transport Protocol Effects

   This message has no impact on any transport protocol.

   The message may affect where packets for a given transport-layer
   session are sent, but an ILNP design objective is to decouple
   transport-layer protocols and transport-layer session information
   from network-layer changes.


4. Implementation Considerations

   Implementers may use any internal implementation they wish,
   provided that the external appearance is the same as this
   implementation approach.

   To support ILNPv6, and to retain the incremental deployability
   and backwards compatibility needed, the network layer needs a
   mode bit in the Transport Control Block (or its equivalent) to
   track which IP sessions are using the classic IPv6 mode and which
   IP sessions are using the Identifier/Locator Split mode.

   Further, when supporting ILNPv4, nodes will need to support an
   Identifier Locator Communication Cache (ILCC) in the network
   layer as described in [ILNP-ENG].

   A node sending an ICMP Locator Update message MUST include all
   currently valid Locator values in that message.  A node receiving
   a valid ICMP Locator Update message MUST replace the previously
   current set of Locator values for that correspondent node in its
   own ILCC with the newly received set of Locator values.

   Every implementation needs to support a large number of Locator
   values being sent or received in a single ICMP Locator Update
   message, because a multi-homed node or multi-homed site might
   have a large number of upstream links to different service
   providers, each with its own Locator value.


5.  Backwards Compatibility

   This IPv6 ICMP message uses the same checksum calculations as any
   other IPv6 ICMP message.



Atkinson & Bhatti    Expires in 6 months                        [Page 8]

Internet Draft       ILNPv6 ICMP          10 JUL 2012


   When ILNPv6 is not in use, the receiving IPv6 mode MUST discard
   the ICMP Locator Update packet without processing the packet.
   This is standard behaviour for a non-ILNPv6 node when receiving
   an ICMPv6 message with an unknown header field value.


6. Security Considerations

   Security considerations for the overall ILNP Architecture
   are described in [ILNP-ARCH].  Additional common security
   considerations are described in [ILNP-ENG].  This section
   describes security considerations specific to ILNPv6 topics
   discussed in this document.

   The ICMPv6 Locator Update message MUST ONLY be used for
   ILNPv6 sessions.

   The ILNP Nonce Destination Option [ILNP-NONCEv6] MUST be present
   in packets containing an ICMPv6 Locator Update message.  Further,
   the received Nonce Destination Option MUST contain the correct
   nonce value for the packet to be accepted by the recipient and
   then passed to the ICMPv6 protocol for processing. If either of
   these requirements are not met, the received packet MUST be
   discarded as a forgery, and a security event SHOULD be logged
   by the system receiving the non-authentic packet.

   ILNP sessions operating in higher risk environments SHOULD use
   IP Security for ILNP [ILNP-ENG] [RFC4301] *in addition* to the
   ILNPv6 Nonce Destination Option.  Use of IP Security for ILNP
   to protect a packet does NOT permit the packet to be sent
   without the Nonce Destination Option.

   Implementations need to support the case where a single ICMP
   Locator Update message contains a large number of Locator and
   Preference values and ought not develop a security fault
   (e.g. stack overflow) due to a received message containing more
   Locator values than expected.

   If the ILNP Nonce value is predictable, then an off-path attacker
   might be able to forge data or control packets.  This risk also
   is mitigated by the existing common practice of IP Source Address
   filtering [RFC2827] [RFC3704].

7. IANA Considerations

   Subject to IESG Approval, consistent with the procedures of
   [RFC4443], IANA is requested to assign a value, replacing the
   XXX, to the ICMP Type listed in Section 2.



Atkinson & Bhatti    Expires in 6 months                        [Page 9]

Internet Draft       ILNPv6 ICMP          10 JUL 2012


   There are no other IANA actions for this document.

8.  References

   This document contains both normative and informative references.

8.1.  Normative References

   [ILNP-ARCH]  R.J. Atkinson & S.N. Bhatti, "ILNP Architecture",
                draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-arch, May 2012.

   [ILNP-DNS]   R.J. Atkinson & S.N. Bhatti, "DNS Resource Records
                for ILNP", draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-dns, May 2012.

   [ILNP-ENG]   R.J. Atkinson & S.N. Bhatti, "ILNP Engineering
                Considerations", draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-eng,
                May 2012.

   [ILNP-NONCEv6] R.J. Atkinson & S.N. Bhatti, "Nonce Destination
                Option", draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-noncev6,
                May 2012.

   [RFC2119]    Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to
                Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
                March 1997.

   [RFC2460]    S. Deering & R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol
                Version 6 Specification", RFC 2460,
                December 1998.

   [RFC3704]    F. Baker, P. Savola, "Ingress Filtering for
                Multihomed Networks", RFC 3704, March 2004.

   [RFC4301]    S. Kent & K. Seo, "Security Architecture for
                the Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, December 2005.

   [RFC4443]    A. Conta, S. Deering, and M. Gupta (Ed.),
                "Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6)
                for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
                Specification", RFC 4443, March 2006.

   [ILNP-ARCH]    R.J. Atkinson & S.N. Bhatti,
                  "ILNP Architectural Description",
                  draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-arch, 10 July 2012.

   [ILNP-ENG]     R.J. Atkinson & S.N. Bhatti,
                  "ILNP Engineering and Implementation Considerations",
                  draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-eng, 10 July 2012.



Atkinson & Bhatti    Expires in 6 months                       [Page 10]

Internet Draft       ILNPv6 ICMP          10 JUL 2012


   [ILNP-ICMPv6]  R.J. Atkinson & S.N. Bhatti,
                  "ICMPv6 Locator Update message"
                  draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-icmpv6, 10 July 2012.

   [ILNP-NONCEv6] R.J. Atkinson & S.N. Bhatti,
                 "IPv6 Nonce Destination Option for ILNPv6",
                 draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-noncev6, 10 July 2012.

8.2.  Informative References


   [RFC2827]   P. Ferguson and D. Senie, "Network Ingress
               Filtering: Defeating Denial of Service Attacks
               which employ IP Source Address Spoofing",
               RFC 2827, May 2000.

   [ILNP-ADV]    R.J. Atkinson & S.N. Bhatti,
                 "Optional Advanced Deployment Scenarios for ILNP",
                 draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-adv, 10 July 2012.

   [ILNP-ARP]   R.J. Atkinson & S.N. Bhatti, "ARP Extension for
                ILNPv4", draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-arp, 10 July 2012.

   [ILNP-DNS]     R.J. Atkinson, S.N. Bhatti, & S Rose,
                  "DNS Resource Records for ILNP",
                  draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-dns, 10 July 2012.

   [ILNP-ICMPv4]  R.J. Atkinson & S.N. Bhatti,
                  "ICMPv4 Locator Update message"
                  draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-icmpv4, 10 July 2012.

   [ILNP-v4OPTS] R.J. Atkinson & S.N. Bhatti,
                 "IPv4 Options for ILNP",
                 draft-irtf-rrg-ilnp-v4opts, 10 July 2012.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

   Steve Blake, Stephane Bortzmeyer, Mohamed Boucadair, Noel
   Chiappa, Wes George, Steve Hailes, Joel Halpern, Mark Handley,
   Volker Hilt, Paul Jakma, Dae-Young Kim, Tony Li, Yakov Rehkter,
   Bruce Simpson, Robin Whittle and John Wroclawski (in alphabetical
   order) provided review and feedback on earlier versions of this
   document. Steve Blake provided an especially thorough review of
   an early version of the entire ILNP document set, which was
   extremely helpful. We also wish to thank the anonymous reviewers
   of the various ILNP papers for their feedback.

   Roy Arends provided expert guidance on technical and procedural



Atkinson & Bhatti    Expires in 6 months                       [Page 11]

Internet Draft       ILNPv6 ICMP          10 JUL 2012


   aspects of DNS issues.

RFC EDITOR NOTE

   This section is to be removed prior to publication.

   Please note that this document is written in British English, so
   British English spelling is used throughout. This is consistent
   with existing practice in several other RFCs, for example
   RFC-5887.

   This document tries to be very careful with history, in the
   interest of correctly crediting ideas to their earliest
   identifiable author(s). So in several places the first published
   RFC about a topic is cited rather than the most recent published
   RFC about that topic.

Author's Address

   RJ Atkinson
   Consultant
   San Jose, CA
   95125 USA

   Email: rja.lists@gmail.com


   SN Bhatti
   School of Computer Science
   University of St Andrews
   North Haugh, St Andrews,
   Fife, Scotland, UK
   KY16 9SX

   Email: saleem@cs.st-andrews.ac.uk

   Expires: 10 JAN 2013














Atkinson & Bhatti    Expires in 6 months                       [Page 12]