Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-ipsecme-ike-tcp

draft-ietf-ipsecme-ike-tcp






Network Working Group                                             Y. Nir
Internet-Draft                                               Check Point
Intended status: Standards Track                        December 4, 2012
Expires: June 7, 2013


             A TCP transport for the Internet Key Exchange
                     draft-ietf-ipsecme-ike-tcp-01

Abstract

   This document describes using TCP for IKE messages.  This facilitates
   the transport of large messages over paths where fragments are either
   dropped, or where packet loss makes the use of large UDP packets
   unreliable.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on June 7, 2013.

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   Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   described in the Simplified BSD License.




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1.  Introduction

   The Internet Key Exchange version 2 (IKEv2), specified in [RFC5996]
   uses UDP to transport the exchange messages.  Some of those messages
   may be fairly large.  Specifically, the messages of the IKE_AUTH
   exchange can become quite large, as they may contain a chain of
   certificates, an "Auth" payload (that may contain a public key
   signature), CRLs, and some configuration information that is carried
   in the CFG payload.

   When such UDP packets exceed the path MTU, they get fragmented.  This
   increases the probability of packets being dropped.  The
   retransmission mechanisms in IKE (as described in section 2.1 of RFC
   5996) takes care of that as long as packet loss is at a reasonable
   level.  More recently we have seen a number of service providers
   dropping fragmented packets.  Firewalls and NAT devices need to keep
   state for each packet where some (but not all) of the fragments have
   passed through.  This creates a burden in terms of memory, especially
   for high capacity devices such as Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN) or high
   capacity firewalls.

   The BEHAVE working group has an Internet Draft describing required
   behavior of CGNs ([I-D.ietf-behave-lsn-requirements]).  It requires
   CGNs to comply with [RFC4787], which in section 11 requires NAT
   devices to support fragments.  However, some people deploying IKE
   have found that some ISPs have begun to drop fragments in preparation
   for deploying CGNs.  While we all hope for a future where all devices
   comply with the emerging standards, or even a future where CGNs are
   not required, we have to make IKE work today.

   The solution described in this document is to transport the IKE
   messages over a TCP ([RFC0793]) connection rather than over UDP.  IKE
   packets describe their own length, so they are well-suited for
   transport over a stream-based connection such as TCP.  The Initiator
   opens a TCP connection to the Responder's port 500, sends the
   requests and receives the responses, and then closes the connection.
   TCP can handle arbitrary-length messages, works well with any sized
   data, and is well supported by all ISP infrastructure.

1.1.  Non-Goals of this Specification

   Firewall traversal is not a goal of this specification.  If a
   firewall has a policy to block IKE and/or IPsec, hiding the IKE
   exchange in TCP is not expected to help.  Some implementations hide
   both IKE and IPsec in a TCP connection, usually pretending to be
   HTTPS by using port 443.  This has a significant impact on bandwidth
   and gateway capacity, and even this is defeated by better firewalls.
   SSL VPNs tunnel IP packets over TLS, but the latest firewalls are



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   also TLS proxies, and are able to defeat this as well.

   This document is not part of that arms race.  It is only meant to
   allow IKE to work When faced with broken infrastructure that drops
   large IP packets.

1.2.  Conventions Used in This Document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].


2.  The Protocol

2.1.  Initiator

   An Initiator MAY try IKE using TCP for any request.  It opens a TCP
   connection from an arbitrary port to port 500 of the Responder.  When
   the three-way handshake completes, the Initiator MUST send the
   request.  If the Initiator knows that this request is the last
   request needed at this time, it MAY half-close the TCP connection, or
   it MAY wait until the last response has been received.  When all
   responses have been received, the Initiator MUST close the
   connection.  If the peer has closed the connection before all
   requests have been transmitted or responded to, the Initiator SHOULD
   either open a new TCP connection or transmit them over UDP again.

   An initiator MUST accept responses sent over IKE within the same
   connection, but MUST also accept responses over other transports, if
   the request had been sent over them as well.

   An initiator that is configured to respond to IKE over TCP on some
   port, and is not prevented from receiving TCP connections by network
   address translation (see Section 3.2), MUST send an IKE_TCP_SUPPORTED
   notification (Section 2.5) in the Initial request.

   Note that stateless cookies may be dependent on some of the
   parameters of the connection, so retransmitting the IKE_INITIAL
   request with a stateless cookie over a different transport may cause
   the cookie to be invalid.  For this reason, retransmissions with a
   cookie SHOULD be sent over the same transport.

2.2.  Responder

   A Responder MAY accept TCP connections to port 500, and if it does,
   it MUST accept IKE requests over this connection.  Responses to
   requests received over this connection MUST also go over this



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   connection.  If the connection has closed before the Responder has
   had a chance to respond, it MUST NOT respond over UDP, but MUST
   instead wait for a retransmission over UDP or over another TCP
   connection.

   The responder MUST accept different requests on different transports.
   Specifically, the Responder MUST NOT rely on subsequent requests
   coming over the same transport.  For example, it is entirely
   acceptable to have the IKE_INITIAL exchange come over UDP port 500,
   while the IKE_AUTH request comes over TCP, and some following
   requests might come over UDP port 4500 (because NAT has been
   detected).

   A responder that is configured to support IKE over TCP and receives
   an IKEv2 Initial request over any other transport MUST send an
   IKE_TCP_SUPPORTED notification (Section 2.5) in the Initial response.
   the responder MAY send this notification even if the Initial request
   was received over TCP.

   If the responder has some requests of its own to send, it MUST NOT
   use a connection that has been opened by a peer.  Instead, it MUST
   either use UDP or else open a new TCP connection to the original
   Initiator's TCP port, specified in the IKE_TCP_SUPPORTED notification
   in the Initial request.  If the Initial request did not include this
   notification, the original Responder MUST NOT initiate IKE over TCP
   to the original Initiator.

   The normal flow of things is that the Initiator opens a connection
   and closes its side first.  The responder closes after sending the
   last response where the initiator has already half-closed the
   connection.  If, however, a significant amount of time has passed,
   and neither new requests arrive nor the connection is closed by the
   initiator, the Responder MAY close or even reset the connection.

   This specification makes no recommendation as to how long such a
   timeout should be, but a few seconds should be enough.

   The stateless cookie mechanism in IKEv2 only assures that the
   initiator is able to respond to the address and port of the request.
   TCP already provides this with the three-way handshake.  If the
   IKE_INITIAL exchange is transmitted over TCP, the stateless cookie
   mechanism SHOULD NOT be used.

2.3.  Transmitter

   The transmitter, whether an initiator transmitting a request or a
   responder transmitting a response MUST NOT retransmit over the same
   connection.  TCP takes care of that.  It SHOULD send the IKE header



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   and the IKE payloads with a single command or in rapid succession,
   because the receiver might block on reading from the socket.

2.4.  Receiver

   The IKE header is copied from RFC 5996 below for reference:

                           1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                       IKE SA Initiator's SPI                  |
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                       IKE SA Responder's SPI                  |
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |  Next Payload | MjVer | MnVer | Exchange Type |     Flags     |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                          Message ID                           |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                            Length                             |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                       Figure 1:  IKE Header Format

   The receiver MUST first read in the 28 bytes that make up the IKE
   header.  The Responder then subtracts 28 from the length field, and
   reads the resulting number of bytes.  The combined message, comprised
   on 28 header bytes and whatever number of payload bytes is processed
   the same way as regular UDP messages.  That includes retransmission
   detection, with one slight difference: if a retransmitted request is
   detected, the response is retransmitted as well, but using the
   current TCP connection rather than whatever other transport had been
   used for the original transmission of the request.

2.5.  IKE_TCP_SUPPORTED Notification

   This notification is sent by a responder over non-TCP transports to
   inform the initiator that this specification is supported and
   configured.

   The Notify payload is formatted as follows:









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                            1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ! Next Payload  !C!  RESERVED   !         Payload Length        !
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       !  Protocol ID  !   SPI Size    !IKE_TCP_SUPPORTED Message Type !
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |           TCP Port            |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   o  Protocol ID (1 octet) MUST be 0.
   o  SPI Size (1 octet) MUST be zero, in conformance with section 3.10
      of RFC 5996.
   o  IKE_TCP_SUPPORTED Notify Message Type (2 octets) - MUST be xxxxx,
      the value assigned for IKE_TCP_SUPPORTED.  TBA by IANA.
   o  TCP port (2 octets) - The TCP port to which the recipient should
      open TCP connections.  This is not necessarily the same port that
      the IKE gateway is listening to.  See Section 3.2.  If the sender
      is not subject to network address translation, the port SHOULD be
      500.


3.  Operational Considerations

   Most IKE messages are relatively short.  All but the IKE_AUTH
   exchange in IKEv2 are comprised of short messages that fit in a
   single packet on most networks.  The Informational exchange could be
   an exception, as it may contain arbitrary-length CFG payloads, but in
   practice this is not done.  It is only the IKE_AUTH exchange that has
   long messages.  UDP has advantages in lower latency and lower
   resource consumption, so it makes sense to use UDP whenever TCP is
   not required.

   The requirements in Section 2.2 were written so that different
   requests may be sent over different transports.  The initiator can
   choose the transport on a per-request basis.  So one obvious policy
   would be to do everything over UDP except the specific requests that
   tend to become too big.  This way the first messages use UDP, and the
   Initiator can set up the TCP connection at the same time, eliminating
   the latency penalty of using TCP.  This may not always be the most
   efficient policy, though.  It means that the first messages sent over
   TCP are relatively large ones, and TCP slow start may cause an extra
   roundtrip, because the message has exceeded the transmission window.
   An initiator using this policy MUST NOT go to TCP if the responder
   has not indicated support by sending the IKE_TCP_SUPPORTED
   notification (Section 2.5) in the Initial response.

   An alternative method, that is probably easier for the Initiator to



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   implement, is to do an entire "mission" using the same transport.  So
   if TCP is needed for long messages and an IKE SA has not yet been
   created, the Initiator will open a TCP connection, and perform all
   2-4 requests needed to set up a child SA over the same connection.

   Yet another policy would be to begin by using UDP, and at the same
   time set up the TCP connection.  If at any point the TCP handshake
   completes, the next requests go over that connection.  This method
   can be used to auto-discover support of TCP on the responder.  This
   is easier for the user than configuring which peers support TCP, but
   has the potential of wasting resources, as TCP connections may finish
   the three-way handshake just when IKE over UDP has finished.  The
   requirements from the responder ensure that all these policies will
   work.

3.1.  Liveness Check

   The TCP connections described in this document are short-lived.  We
   do not expect them to stay for the lifetime of the SA, but to get
   torn down by either side within seconds of the SA being set up.
   Because of this, they are not well-suited for the transport of short
   requests such as those for liveness check.

   Although liveness checks MAY be sent over TCP, this is not
   recommended.

   On the other hand, see Section 3.2 for when liveness check should be
   used.

3.2.  Network Address Translation

   If the IKE gateway is subject to network address translation (NAT),
   TCP ports may be translated, so that one port on the NAT device gets
   translated to some other port on the gateway.  In this case, the
   gateway MUST advertise the NAT device port in the IKE_TCP_SUPPORTED
   notification.

   In some cases, the NAT or some other box prevents incoming TCP
   connections to the IKE peer behind it.  In these cases, the IKE peer
   MUST NOT advertise support using the IKE_TCP_SUPPORTED notification.

   When IKE peers detect the presence of a NAT device during the IKE
   exchange, they typically switch to working over UDP port 4500.
   Sending the IKE_AUTH messages over this UDP port creates a port
   mapping entry on the NAT device, and this mapping can then be used
   for bidirectional traffic between the peers.  When using IKE over
   TCP, this mapping is not created, so traffic can only flow from the
   initiator to the responder.  To make a bidirectional mapping, it is



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   RECOMMENDED that when NAT is detected, initiators initiate a liveness
   check using UDP 4500 to the responders immediately following the
   successful IKE_AUTH exchange.


4.  Security Considerations

   Most of the security considerations for IKE over TCP are the same as
   those for UDP as in RFC 5996.

   For the Responder, listening to TCP port 500 involves all the risks
   of maintaining any TCP server.  Precautions against DoS attacks, such
   as SYN cookies are RECOMMENDED. see [RFC4987] for details.


5.  IANA Considerations

   IANA is requested to assign a notify message type from the status
   types range (16418-40959) of the "IKEv2 Notify Message Types"
   registry with name "IKE_TCP_SUPPORTED"

   No IANA action is required for the TCP port, as TCP port 500 is
   already allocated to "ISAKMP".


6.  References

6.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC5996]  Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., and P. Eronen,
              "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2)",
              RFC 5996, September 2010.

6.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-behave-lsn-requirements]
              Perreault, S., Yamagata, I., Miyakawa, S., Nakagawa, A.,
              and H. Ashida, "Common requirements for Carrier Grade NATs
              (CGNs)", draft-ietf-behave-lsn-requirements-09 (work in
              progress), August 2012.

   [RFC0793]  Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
              RFC 793, September 1981.

   [RFC4787]  Audet, F. and C. Jennings, "Network Address Translation



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              (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP", BCP 127,
              RFC 4787, January 2007.

   [RFC4987]  Eddy, W., "TCP SYN Flooding Attacks and Common
              Mitigations", RFC 4987, August 2007.


Author's Address

   Yoav Nir
   Check Point Software Technologies Ltd.
   5 Hasolelim st.
   Tel Aviv  67897
   Israel

   Email: ynir@checkpoint.com



































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