Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-ippm-ioam-data

draft-ietf-ippm-ioam-data







ippm                                                   F. Brockners, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                                     Cisco
Intended status: Standards Track                        S. Bhandari, Ed.
Expires: June 16, 2022                                       Thoughtspot
                                                         T. Mizrahi, Ed.
                                                                  Huawei
                                                       December 13, 2021


                      Data Fields for In-situ OAM
                      draft-ietf-ippm-ioam-data-17

Abstract

   In-situ Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (IOAM) records
   operational and telemetry information in the packet while the packet
   traverses a path in the network.  This document discusses the data
   fields and associated data types for in-situ OAM.  In-situ OAM data
   fields can be encapsulated into a variety of protocols such as NSH,
   Segment Routing, Geneve, or IPv6.  In-situ OAM can be used to
   complement OAM mechanisms based on, e.g., ICMP or other types of
   probe packets.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on June 16, 2022.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of



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   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Scope, Applicability, and Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   5.  IOAM Data-Fields, Types, Nodes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     5.1.  IOAM Data-Fields and Option-Types . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     5.2.  IOAM-Domains and types of IOAM Nodes  . . . . . . . . . .   7
     5.3.  IOAM-Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     5.4.  IOAM Trace Option-Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       5.4.1.  Pre-allocated and Incremental Trace Option-Types  . .  13
       5.4.2.  IOAM node data fields and associated formats  . . . .  17
         5.4.2.1.  Hop_Lim and node_id short format  . . . . . . . .  18
         5.4.2.2.  ingress_if_id and egress_if_id  . . . . . . . . .  19
         5.4.2.3.  timestamp seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
         5.4.2.4.  timestamp fraction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
         5.4.2.5.  transit delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
         5.4.2.6.  namespace specific data . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
         5.4.2.7.  queue depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
         5.4.2.8.  Checksum Complement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
         5.4.2.9.  Hop_Lim and node_id wide  . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
         5.4.2.10. ingress_if_id and egress_if_id wide . . . . . . .  22
         5.4.2.11. namespace specific data wide  . . . . . . . . . .  22
         5.4.2.12. buffer occupancy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
         5.4.2.13. Opaque State Snapshot . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
       5.4.3.  Examples of IOAM node data  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     5.5.  IOAM Proof of Transit Option-Type . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
       5.5.1.  IOAM Proof of Transit Type 0  . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     5.6.  IOAM Edge-to-Edge Option-Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
   6.  Timestamp Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
     6.1.  PTP Truncated Timestamp Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
     6.2.  NTP 64-bit Timestamp Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     6.3.  POSIX-based Timestamp Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
   7.  IOAM Data Export  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     8.1.  IOAM Option-Type Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     8.2.  IOAM Trace-Type Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
     8.3.  IOAM Trace-Flags Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
     8.4.  IOAM POT-Type Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
     8.5.  IOAM POT-Flags Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38



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     8.6.  IOAM E2E-Type Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     8.7.  IOAM Namespace-ID Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
   9.  Management and Deployment Considerations  . . . . . . . . . .  40
   10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
   11. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
   12. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     12.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     12.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
   Contributors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47

1.  Introduction

   This document defines data fields for "in-situ" Operations,
   Administration, and Maintenance (IOAM).  In-situ OAM records OAM
   information within the packet while the packet traverses a particular
   network domain.  The term "in-situ" refers to the fact that the OAM
   data is added to the data packets rather than being sent within
   packets specifically dedicated to OAM.  IOAM is to complement
   mechanisms such as Ping or Traceroute.  In terms of "active" or
   "passive" OAM, "in-situ" OAM can be considered a hybrid OAM type.
   "In-situ" mechanisms do not require extra packets to be sent.  IOAM
   adds information to the already available data packets and therefore
   cannot be considered passive.  In terms of the classification given
   in [RFC7799], IOAM could be portrayed as Hybrid Type I.  IOAM
   mechanisms can be leveraged where mechanisms using, e.g., ICMP do not
   apply or do not offer the desired results, such as proving that a
   certain traffic flow takes a pre-defined path, SLA verification for
   the data traffic, detailed statistics on traffic distribution paths
   in networks that distribute traffic across multiple paths, or
   scenarios in which probe traffic is potentially handled differently
   from regular data traffic by the network devices.

   The term "in situ OAM" was originally motivated by the use of OAM
   related mechanisms that add information into a packet.  This document
   uses IOAM as a term defining the IOAM technology.  IOAM includes "in-
   situ" mechanisms, but also mechanisms that could trigger the creation
   of additional packets dedicated to OAM.

2.  Contributors

   This document was the collective effort of several authors.  The text
   and content were contributed by the editors and the co-authors listed
   below.  The contact information of the co-authors appears at the end
   of this document.

   o  Carlos Pignataro




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   o  Mickey Spiegel

   o  Barak Gafni

   o  Jennifer Lemon

   o  Hannes Gredler

   o  John Leddy

   o  Stephen Youell

   o  David Mozes

   o  Petr Lapukhov

   o  Remy Chang

   o  Daniel Bernier

3.  Conventions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   Abbreviations and definitions used in this document:

   E2E:       Edge to Edge

   Geneve:    Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation [RFC8926]

   IOAM:      In-situ Operations, Administration, and Maintenance

   MTU:       Maximum Transmit Unit

   NSH:       Network Service Header [RFC8300]

   OAM:       Operations, Administration, and Maintenance

   PMTU:      Path MTU

   POT:       Proof of Transit

   Short format:  "Short format" refers to an IOAM-Data-Field which
              comprises 4 octets.



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   SID:       Segment Identifier

   SR:        Segment Routing

   VXLAN-GPE: Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network, Generic Protocol
              Extension [I-D.ietf-nvo3-vxlan-gpe]

   Wide format:  "Wide format" refers to an IOAM-Data-Field which
              comprises 8 octets.

4.  Scope, Applicability, and Assumptions

   IOAM assumes a set of constraints as well as guiding principles and
   concepts that go hand in hand with the definition of the IOAM data
   fields.  These constraints, guiding principles, and concepts are
   described in this section.  A discussion of how IOAM data fields and
   the associated concepts are applied to an IOAM deployment are out of
   scope for this document.  Please refer to
   [I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-deployment] for IOAM deployment considerations.

   Scope: This document defines the data fields and associated data
   types for in-situ OAM.  The in-situ OAM data fields can be
   encapsulated in a variety of protocols, including NSH, Segment
   Routing, Geneve, and IPv6.  Specification details for these different
   protocols are outside the scope of this document.  It is expected
   that each such encapsulation would be specified by an RFC, jointly
   designed by the working group that develops or maintains the
   encapsulation protocol and the IETF IPPM working group.

   Deployment domain (or scope) of in-situ OAM deployment: IOAM is
   focused on "limited domains" as defined in [RFC8799].  For IOAM, a
   limited domain could for example be an enterprise campus using
   physical connections between devices or an overlay network using
   virtual connections / tunnels for connectivity between said devices.
   A limited domain which uses IOAM may constitute one or multiple
   "IOAM-domains", each disambiguated through separate namespace
   identifiers.  An IOAM-domain is bounded by its perimeter or edge.
   IOAM-domains may overlap inside the limited domain.  Designers of
   protocol encapsulations for IOAM specify mechanisms to ensure that
   IOAM data stays within an IOAM-domain.  In addition, the operator of
   such a domain is expected to put provisions in place to ensure that
   IOAM data does not leak beyond the edge of an IOAM-domain using, for
   example, packet filtering methods.  The operator SHOULD consider the
   potential operational impact of IOAM to mechanisms such as ECMP
   processing (e.g., load-balancing schemes based on packet length could
   be impacted by the increased packet size due to IOAM), path MTU
   (i.e., ensure that the MTU of all links within a domain is
   sufficiently large to support the increased packet size due to IOAM)



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   and ICMP message handling (i.e., in case of IPv6, IOAM support for
   ICMPv6 Echo Request/Reply is desired which would translate into
   ICMPv6 extensions to enable IOAM-Data-Fields to be copied from an
   Echo Request message to an Echo Reply message).

   IOAM control points: IOAM-Data-Fields are added to or removed from
   the user traffic by the devices which form the edge of a domain.
   Devices which form an IOAM-Domain can add, update or remove IOAM-
   Data-Fields.  Edge devices of an IOAM-Domain can be hosts or network
   devices.

   Traffic-sets that IOAM is applied to: IOAM can be deployed on all or
   only on subsets of the user traffic.  Using IOAM on a selected set of
   traffic (e.g., per interface, based on an access control list or flow
   specification defining a specific set of traffic, etc.) could be
   useful in deployments where the cost of processing IOAM-Data-Fields
   by encapsulating, transit, or decapsulating node(s) might be a
   concern from a performance or operational perspective.  Thus limiting
   the amount of traffic IOAM is applied to could be beneficial in some
   deployments.

   Encapsulation independence: The definition of IOAM-Data-Fields is
   independent from the protocols the IOAM-Data-Fields are encapsulated
   into.  IOAM-Data-Fields can be encapsulated into several
   encapsulating protocols.

   Layering: If several encapsulation protocols (e.g., in case of
   tunneling) are stacked on top of each other, IOAM-Data-Fields could
   be present at multiple layers.  The behavior follows the ships-in-
   the-night model, i.e., IOAM-Data-Fields in one layer are independent
   from IOAM-Data-Fields in another layer.  Layering allows operators to
   instrument the protocol layer they want to measure.  The different
   layers could, but do not have to, share the same IOAM encapsulation
   mechanisms.

   IOAM implementation: The definition of the IOAM-Data-Fields take the
   specifics of devices with hardware data planes and software data
   planes into account.

5.  IOAM Data-Fields, Types, Nodes

   This section details IOAM-related nomenclature and describes data
   types such as IOAM-Data-Fields, IOAM-Types, IOAM-Namespaces as well
   as the different types of IOAM nodes.







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5.1.  IOAM Data-Fields and Option-Types

   An IOAM-Data-Field is a set of bits with a defined format and
   meaning, which can be stored at a certain place in a packet for the
   purpose of IOAM.

   To accommodate the different uses of IOAM, IOAM-Data-Fields fall into
   different categories.  In IOAM, these categories are referred to as
   IOAM-Option-Types.  A common registry is maintained for IOAM-Option-
   Types, see Section 8.1 for details.  Corresponding to these IOAM-
   Option-Types, different IOAM-Data-Fields are defined.

   This document defines four IOAM-Option-Types:

   o  Pre-allocated Trace Option-Type

   o  Incremental Trace Option-Type

   o  Proof of Transit (POT) Option-Type

   o  Edge-to-Edge (E2E) Option-Type

   Future IOAM-Option-Types can be allocated by IANA, as described in
   Section 8.1.

5.2.  IOAM-Domains and types of IOAM Nodes

   Section 4 already mentioned that IOAM is expected to be deployed in a
   limited domain [RFC8799].  One or more IOAM-Option-Types are added to
   a packet upon entering an IOAM-Domain and are removed from the packet
   when exiting the domain.  Within the IOAM-Domain, the IOAM-Data-
   Fields MAY be updated by network nodes that the packet traverses.  An
   IOAM-Domain consists of "IOAM encapsulating nodes", "IOAM
   decapsulating nodes" and "IOAM transit nodes".  The role of a node
   (i.e., encapsulating, transit, decapsulating) is defined within an
   IOAM-Namespace (see below).  A node can have different roles in
   different IOAM-Namespaces.

   A device which adds at least one IOAM-Option-Type to the packet is
   called an "IOAM encapsulating node", whereas a device which removes
   an IOAM-Option-Type is referred to as an "IOAM decapsulating node".
   Nodes within the domain which are aware of IOAM data and read and/or
   write and/or process IOAM data are called "IOAM transit nodes".  IOAM
   nodes which add or remove the IOAM-Data-Fields can also update the
   IOAM-Data-Fields at the same time.  Or in other words, IOAM
   encapsulating or decapsulating nodes can also serve as IOAM transit
   nodes at the same time.  Note that not every node in an IOAM-domain
   needs to be an IOAM transit node.  For example, a deployment might



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   require that packets traverse a set of firewalls which support IOAM.
   In that case, only the set of firewall nodes would be IOAM transit
   nodes rather than all nodes.

   An "IOAM encapsulating node" incorporates one or more IOAM-Option-
   Types (from the list of IOAM-Types, see Section 8.1) into packets
   that IOAM is enabled for.  If IOAM is enabled for a selected subset
   of the traffic, the IOAM encapsulating node is responsible for
   applying the IOAM functionality to the selected subset.

   An "IOAM transit node" reads and/or writes and/or processes one or
   more of the IOAM-Data-Fields.  If both the Pre-allocated and the
   Incremental Trace Option-Types are present in the packet, each IOAM
   transit node based on configuration and available implementation of
   IOAM might populate IOAM trace data in either Pre-allocated or
   Incremental Trace Option-Type but not both.  Note that not populating
   any of the Trace Option-Types is also valid behavior for an IOAM
   transit node.  A transit node MUST ignore IOAM-Option-Types that it
   does not understand.  A transit node MUST NOT add new IOAM-Option-
   Types to a packet, MUST NOT remove IOAM-Option-Types from a packet,
   and MUST NOT change the IOAM-Data-Fields of an IOAM Edge-to-Edge
   Option-Type.

   An "IOAM decapsulating node" removes IOAM-Option-Type(s) from
   packets.

   The role of an IOAM-encapsulating, IOAM-transit or IOAM-decapsulating
   node is always performed within a specific IOAM-Namespace.  This
   means that an IOAM node which is, e.g., an IOAM-decapsulating node
   for IOAM-Namespace "A" but not for IOAM-Namespace "B" will only
   remove the IOAM-Option-Types for IOAM-Namespace "A" from the packet.
   Note that this applies even for IOAM-Option-Types that the node does
   not understand, for example an IOAM-Option-Type other than the four
   described above, that is added in a future revision.

   IOAM-Namespaces allow for a namespace-specific definition and
   interpretation of IOAM-Data-Fields.  An interface-id could for
   example point to a physical interface (e.g., to understand which
   physical interface of an aggregated link is used when receiving or
   transmitting a packet) whereas in another case it could refer to a
   logical interface (e.g., in case of tunnels).  Please refer to
   Section 5.3 for details on IOAM-Namespaces.

5.3.  IOAM-Namespaces

   IOAM-Namespaces add further context to IOAM-Option-Types and
   associated IOAM-Data-Fields.  The IOAM-Option-Types and associated
   IOAM-Data-Fields are interpreted as defined in this document,



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   regardless of the value of the IOAM-Namespace.  However, IOAM-
   Namespaces provide a way to group nodes to support different
   deployment approaches of IOAM (see a few example use-cases below).
   IOAM-Namespaces also help to resolve potential issues which can occur
   due to IOAM-Data-Fields not being globally unique (e.g., IOAM node
   identifiers do not have to be globally unique).  IOAM-Data-Fields
   significance is always within a particular IOAM-Namespace.  Given
   that IOAM-Data-Fields are always interpreted the context of a
   specific namespace, the namespace-id field always needs to be carried
   along with the IOAM data-fields themselves.

   An IOAM-Namespace is identified by a 16-bit namespace identifier
   (Namespace-ID).  The IOAM-Namespace field is included in all the
   IOAM-Option-Types defined in this document, and MUST be included in
   all future IOAM-Option-Types.  The Namespace-ID value is divided into
   two sub-ranges:

   o  An operator-assigned range from 0x0001 to 0x7FFF

   o  An IANA-assigned range from 0x8000 to 0xFFFF

   The IANA-assigned range is intended to allow future extensions to
   have new and interoperable IOAM functionality, while the operator-
   assigned range is intended to be domain-specific, and managed by the
   network operator.  The Namespace-ID value of 0x0000 is the "Default-
   Namespace-ID".  The Default-Namespace-ID indicates that no specific
   namespace is associated with the IOAM data fields in the packet.  The
   Default-Namespace-ID MUST be supported by all nodes implementing
   IOAM.  A use-case for the Default-Namespace-ID are deployments which
   do not leverage specific namespaces for some or all of their packets
   that carry IOAM data fields.

   Namespace identifiers allow devices which are IOAM capable to
   determine:

   o  whether IOAM-Option-Type(s) need to be processed by a device: If
      the Namespace-ID contained in a packet does not match any
      Namespace-ID the node is configured to operate on, then the node
      MUST NOT change the contents of the IOAM-Data-Fields.

   o  which IOAM-Option-Type needs to be processed/updated in case there
      are multiple IOAM-Option-Types present in the packet.  Multiple
      IOAM-Option-Types can be present in a packet in case of
      overlapping IOAM-Domains or in case of a layered IOAM deployment.

   o  whether IOAM-Option-Type(s) have to be removed from the packet,
      e.g., at a domain edge or domain boundary.




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   IOAM-Namespaces support several different uses:

   o  IOAM-Namespaces can be used by an operator to distinguish
      different IOAM-domains.  Devices at edges of an IOAM-domain can
      filter on Namespace-IDs to provide for proper IOAM-domain
      isolation.

   o  IOAM-Namespaces provide additional context for IOAM-Data-Fields
      and thus can be used to ensure that IOAM-Data-Fields are unique
      and are interpreted properly by management stations or network
      controllers.  The node identifier field (node_id, see below) does
      not need to be unique in a deployment.  This could be the case if
      an operator wishes to use different node identifiers for different
      IOAM layers, even within the same device or node identifiers might
      not be unique for other organizational reasons, such as after a
      merger of two formerly separated organizations.  The Namespace-ID
      can be used as a context identifier, such that the combination of
      node_id and Namespace-ID will always be unique.

   o  Similarly, IOAM-Namespaces can be used to define how certain IOAM-
      Data-Fields are interpreted: IOAM offers three different timestamp
      format options.  The Namespace-ID can be used to determine the
      timestamp format.  IOAM-Data-Fields (e.g., buffer occupancy) which
      do not have a unit associated are to be interpreted within the
      context of a IOAM-Namespace.

   o  IOAM-Namespaces can be used to identify different sets of devices
      (e.g., different types of devices) in a deployment: If an operator
      desires to insert different IOAM-Data-Fields based on the device,
      the devices could be grouped into multiple IOAM-Namespaces.  This
      could be due to the fact that the IOAM feature set differs between
      different sets of devices, or it could be for reasons of optimized
      space usage in the packet header.  It could also stem from
      hardware or operational limitations on the size of the trace data
      that can be added and processed, preventing collection of a full
      trace for a flow.

   o  By assigning different IOAM Namespace-IDs to different sets of
      nodes or network partitions and using a separate instance of an
      IOAM-Option-Type for each Namespace-ID, a full trace for a flow
      could be collected and constructed via partial traces from each
      IOAM-Option-Type in each of the packets in the flow.  Example: An
      operator could choose to group the devices of a domain into two
      IOAM-Namespaces, in a way that each IOAM-Namespace is represented
      by one of two IOAM-Option-Types in the packet.  Each node would
      record data only for the IOAM-Namespace that it belongs to,
      ignoring the other IOAM-Option-Type with a IOAM-Namespace to which
      it doesn't belong.  To retrieve a full view of the deployment, the



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      captured IOAM-Data-Fields of the two IOAM-Namespaces need to be
      correlated.

5.4.  IOAM Trace Option-Types

   In a typical deployment, all nodes in an IOAM-Domain would
   participate in IOAM and thus be IOAM transit nodes, IOAM
   encapsulating or IOAM decapsulating nodes.  If not all nodes within a
   domain support IOAM functionality as defined in this document, IOAM
   tracing information (i.e., node data, see below) can only be
   collected on those nodes which support IOAM functionality as defined
   in this document.  Nodes which do not support IOAM functionality as
   defined in this document will forward the packet without any changes
   to the IOAM-Data-Fields.  The maximum number of hops and the minimum
   path MTU of the IOAM-domain is assumed to be known.  An overflow
   indicator (O-bit) is defined as one of the ways to deal with
   situations where the PMTU was underestimated, i.e., where the number
   of hops which are IOAM capable exceeds the available space in the
   packet.

   To optimize hardware and software implementations, IOAM tracing is
   defined as two separate options.  A deployment can choose to
   configure and support one or both of the following options.

   Pre-allocated Trace-Option:  This trace option is defined as a
      container of node data fields (see below) with pre-allocated space
      for each node to populate its information.  This option is useful
      for implementations where it is efficient to allocate the space
      once and index into the array to populate the data during transit
      (e.g., software forwarders often fall into this class).  The IOAM
      encapsulating node allocates space for Pre-allocated Trace Option-
      Type in the packet and sets corresponding fields in this IOAM-
      Option-Type.  The IOAM encapsulating node allocates an array which
      is used to store operational data retrieved from every node while
      the packet traverses the domain.  IOAM transit nodes update the
      content of the array, and possibly update the checksums of outer
      headers.  A pointer which is part of the IOAM trace data, points
      to the next empty slot in the array.  An IOAM transit node that
      updates the content of the pre-allocated option also updates the
      value of the pointer, which specifies where the next IOAM transit
      node fills in its data.  The "node data list" array (see below) in
      the packet is populated iteratively as the packet traverses the
      network, starting with the last entry of the array, i.e., "node
      data list [n]" is the first entry to be populated, "node data list
      [n-1]" is the second one, etc.

   Incremental Trace-Option:  This trace option is defined as a
      container of node data fields where each node allocates and pushes



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      its node data immediately following the option header.  This type
      of trace recording is useful for some of the hardware
      implementations as it eliminates the need for the transit network
      elements to read the full array in the option and allows for
      arbitrarily long packets as the MTU allows.  The IOAM
      encapsulating node allocates space for the Incremental Trace
      Option-Type.  Based on operational state and configuration, the
      IOAM encapsulating node sets the fields in the Option-Type that
      control what IOAM-Data-Fields have to be collected and how large
      the node data list can grow.  IOAM transit nodes push their node
      data to the node data list subject to any protocol constraints of
      the encapsulating layer.  They then decrease the remaining length
      available to subsequent nodes and adjust the lengths and possibly
      checksums in outer headers.

   IOAM encapsulating nodes and IOAM decapsulating nodes which support
   tracing MUST support both Trace-Option-Types.  For IOAM transit nodes
   it is sufficient to support one of the Trace-Option-Types.  In the
   event that both options are utilized in a deployment at the same
   time, the Incremental Trace-Option MUST be placed before the Pre-
   allocated Trace-Option.  Deployments which mix devices with either
   the Incremental Trace-Option or the Pre-allocated Trace-Option could
   result in both Option-Types being present in a packet.  Given that
   the operator knows which equipment is deployed in a particular IOAM-
   domain, the operator will decide by means of configuration which
   type(s) of trace options will be used for a particular domain.

   Every node data entry holds information for a particular IOAM transit
   node that is traversed by a packet.  The IOAM decapsulating node
   removes the IOAM-Option-Type(s) and processes and/or exports the
   associated data.  Like all IOAM-Data-Fields, the IOAM-Data-Fields of
   the IOAM-Trace-Option-Types are defined in the context of an IOAM-
   Namespace.

   IOAM tracing can collect the following types of information:

   o  Identification of the IOAM node.  An IOAM node identifier can
      match to a device identifier or a particular control point or
      subsystem within a device.

   o  Identification of the interface that a packet was received on,
      i.e., ingress interface.

   o  Identification of the interface that a packet was sent out on,
      i.e., egress interface.

   o  Time of day when the packet was processed by the node as well as
      the transit delay.  Different definitions of processing time are



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      feasible and expected, though it is important that all devices of
      an IOAM-domain follow the same definition.

   o  Generic data: Format-free information where syntax and semantic of
      the information is defined by the operator in a specific
      deployment.  For a specific IOAM-Namespace, all IOAM nodes have to
      interpret the generic data the same way.  Examples for generic
      IOAM data include geo-location information (location of the node
      at the time the packet was processed), buffer queue fill level or
      cache fill level at the time the packet was processed, or even a
      battery charge level.

   o  Information to detect whether IOAM trace data was added at every
      hop or whether certain hops in the domain weren't IOAM transit
      nodes.

   It should be noted that the semantics of some of the node data fields
   that are defined below, such as the queue depth and buffer occupancy,
   are implementation specific.  This approach is intended to allow IOAM
   nodes with various different architectures.

5.4.1.  Pre-allocated and Incremental Trace Option-Types

   The IOAM Pre-allocated Trace-Option and the IOAM Incremental Trace-
   Option have similar formats.  Except where noted below, the internal
   formats and fields of the two trace options are identical.  Both
   Trace-Options consist of a fixed size "trace option header" and a
   variable data space to store gathered data, the "node data list".  An
   IOAM transit node (that is not an IOAM encapsulating node or IOAM
   decapsulating node) MUST NOT modify any of the fields in the fixed
   size "trace option header", other than "flags" and "RemainingLen",
   i.e., an IOAM transit node MUST NOT modify the Namespace-ID, NodeLen,
   IOAM-Trace-Type, or Reserved fields.


















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   Pre-allocated and incremental trace option headers:

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |        Namespace-ID           |NodeLen  | Flags | RemainingLen|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |               IOAM-Trace-Type                 |  Reserved     |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   The trace option data MUST be 4-octet aligned:

   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+
   |                                                               |  |
   |                        node data list [0]                     |  |
   |                                                               |  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  D
   |                                                               |  a
   |                        node data list [1]                     |  t
   |                                                               |  a
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   ~                             ...                               ~  S
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  p
   |                                                               |  a
   |                        node data list [n-1]                   |  c
   |                                                               |  e
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  |
   |                                                               |  |
   |                        node data list [n]                     |  |
   |                                                               |  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+



   Namespace-ID:  16-bit identifier of an IOAM-Namespace.  The
      Namespace-ID value of 0x0000 is defined as the "Default-Namespace-
      ID" (see Section 5.3) and MUST be known to all the nodes
      implementing IOAM.  For any other Namespace-ID value that does not
      match any Namespace-ID the node is configured to operate on, the
      node MUST NOT change the contents of the IOAM-Data-Fields.

   NodeLen:  5-bit unsigned integer.  This field specifies the length of
      data added by each node in multiples of 4-octets, excluding the
      length of the "Opaque State Snapshot" field.

      If IOAM-Trace-Type bit 22 is not set, then NodeLen specifies the
      actual length added by each node.  If IOAM-Trace-Type bit 22 is



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      set, then the actual length added by a node would be (NodeLen +
      length of the "Opaque State Snapshot" field) in 4 octet units.

      For example, if 3 IOAM-Trace-Type bits are set and none of them
      are in wide format, then NodeLen would be 3.  If 3 IOAM-Trace-Type
      bits are set and 2 of them are wide, then NodeLen would be 5.

      An IOAM encapsulating node MUST set NodeLen.

      A node receiving an IOAM Pre-allocated or Incremental Trace-Option
      relies on the NodeLen value.

   Flags  4-bit field.  Flags are allocated by IANA, as specified in
      Section 8.3.  This document allocates a single flag as follows:

      Bit 0  "Overflow" (O-bit) (most significant bit).  In case a
         network element is supposed to add node data to a packet, but
         detects that there are not enough octets left to record the
         node data, the network element MUST NOT add any fields and MUST
         set the overflow "O-bit" to "1" in the IOAM-Trace-Option
         header.  This is useful for transit nodes to ignore further
         processing of the option.

   RemainingLen:  7-bit unsigned integer.  This field specifies the data
      space in multiples of 4-octets remaining for recording the node
      data, before the node data list is considered to have overflowed.
      The sender MUST assign the initial value of the RemainingLen
      field.  The sender MAY calculate the value of the RemainingLen
      field by computing the number of node data bytes allowed before
      exceeding the path MTU (PMTU), given that the PMTU is known to the
      sender.  Subsequent nodes can carry out a simple comparison
      between RemainingLen and NodeLen, along with the length of the
      "Opaque State Snapshot" if applicable, to determine whether or not
      data can be added by this node.  When node data is added, the node
      MUST decrease RemainingLen by the amount of data added.  In the
      pre-allocated trace option, RemainingLen is used to derive the
      offset in data space to record the node data element.
      Specifically, the recording of the node data element would start
      from RemainingLen - NodeLen - sizeof(opaque snapshot) in 4 octet
      units.  If RemainingLen in a pre-allocated trace option exceeds
      the length of the option, as specified in the lower layer header
      (which is not within the scope of this document), then the node
      MUST NOT add any fields.

   IOAM-Trace-Type:  A 24-bit identifier which specifies which data
      types are used in this node data list.





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      The IOAM-Trace-Type value is a bit field.  The following bits are
      defined in this document, with details on each bit described in
      the Section 5.4.2.  The order of packing the data fields in each
      node data element follows the bit order of the IOAM-Trace-Type
      field, as follows:

      Bit 0    (Most significant bit) When set, indicates presence of
               Hop_Lim and node_id (short format) in the node data.

      Bit 1    When set, indicates presence of ingress_if_id and
               egress_if_id (short format) in the node data.

      Bit 2    When set, indicates presence of timestamp seconds in the
               node data.

      Bit 3    When set, indicates presence of timestamp fraction in the
               node data.

      Bit 4    When set, indicates presence of transit delay in the node
               data.

      Bit 5    When set, indicates presence of IOAM-Namespace specific
               data (short format) in the node data.

      Bit 6    When set, indicates presence of queue depth in the node
               data.

      Bit 7    When set, indicates presence of the Checksum Complement
               node data.

      Bit 8    When set, indicates presence of Hop_Lim and node_id in
               wide format in the node data.

      Bit 9    When set, indicates presence of ingress_if_id and
               egress_if_id in wide format in the node data.

      Bit 10   When set, indicates presence of IOAM-Namespace specific
               data in wide format in the node data.

      Bit 11   When set, indicates presence of buffer occupancy in the
               node data.

      Bit 12-21  Undefined.  These values are available for future
               assignment in the IOAM Trace-Type Registry (Section 8.2).
               Every future node data field corresponding to one of
               these bits MUST be 4-octets long.  An IOAM encapsulating
               node MUST set the value of each undefined bit to 0.  If




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               an IOAM transit node receives a packet with one or more
               of these bits set to 1, it MUST either:

               1.  Add corresponding node data filled with the reserved
                   value 0xFFFFFFFF, after the node data fields for the
                   IOAM-Trace-Type bits defined above, such that the
                   total node data added by this node in units of
                   4-octets is equal to NodeLen, or

               2.  Not add any node data fields to the packet, even for
                   the IOAM-Trace-Type bits defined above.

      Bit 22   When set, indicates presence of variable length Opaque
               State Snapshot field.

      Bit 23   Reserved: MUST be set to zero upon transmission and
               ignored upon receipt.  This bit is reserved to allow for
               future extensions of the IOAM-Trace-Type bit field.

      Section 5.4.2 describes the IOAM-Data-Types and their formats.
      Within an IOAM-Domain possible combinations of these bits making
      the IOAM-Trace-Type can be restricted by configuration knobs.

   Reserved:  8-bits.  An IOAM encapsulating node MUST set the value to
      zero upon transmission.  IOAM transit nodes MUST ignore the
      received value.

   Node data List [n]:  Variable-length field.  This is a list of node
      data elements where the content of each node data element is
      determined by the IOAM-Trace-Type.  The order of packing the data
      fields in each node data element follows the bit order of the
      IOAM-Trace-Type field.  Each node MUST prepend its node data
      element in front of the node data elements that it received, such
      that the transmitted node data list begins with this node's data
      element as the first populated element in the list.  The last node
      data element in this list is the node data of the first IOAM
      capable node in the path.  Populating the node data list in this
      way ensures that the order of node data list is the same for
      incremental and pre-allocated trace options.  In the pre-allocated
      trace option, the index contained in RemainingLen identifies the
      offset for current active node data to be populated.

5.4.2.  IOAM node data fields and associated formats

   All the IOAM-Data-Fields MUST be 4-octet aligned.  If a node which is
   supposed to update an IOAM-Data-Field is not capable of populating
   the value of a field set in the IOAM-Trace-Type, the field value MUST
   be set to 0xFFFFFFFF for 4-octet fields or 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF for



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   8-octet fields, indicating that the value is not populated, except
   when explicitly specified in the field description below.

   Some IOAM-Data-Fields defined below, such as interface identifiers or
   IOAM-Namespace specific data, are defined in both "short format" as
   well as "wide format".  The use of "short format" or "wide format" is
   not mutually exclusive.  A deployment could choose to leverage both.
   For example, ingress_if_id_(short format) could be an identifier for
   the physical interface, whereas ingress_if_id_(wide format) could be
   an identifier for a logical sub-interface of that physical interface.

   Data fields and associated data types for each of the IOAM-Data-
   Fields are specified in the following sections.  The definition of
   IOAM-Data-Fields focuses on the syntax of the data-fields and avoids
   specifying the semantics where feasible.  This is why no units are
   defined for data-fields like e.g., "buffer occupancy" or "queue
   depth".  With this approach, nodes can supply the information in
   their native format and are not required to perform unit or format
   conversions.  Systems that further process IOAM information, like
   e.g., a network management system are assumed to also handle unit
   conversions as part of their IOAM data-fields processing.  The
   combination of a particular data-field and the namespace-id provides
   for the context to interpret the provided data appropriately.

5.4.2.1.  Hop_Lim and node_id short format

   The "Hop_Lim and node_id short format" field is a 4-octet field that
   is defined as follows:

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Hop_Lim     |              node_id                          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Hop_Lim:  1-octet unsigned integer.  It is set to the Hop Limit value
      in the packet at egress from the node that records this data.  Hop
      Limit information is used to identify the location of the node in
      the communication path.  This is copied from the lower layer,
      e.g., TTL value in IPv4 header or hop limit field from IPv6 header
      of the packet when the packet is ready for transmission.  The
      semantics of the Hop_Lim field depend on the lower layer protocol
      that IOAM is encapsulated into, and therefore its specific
      semantics are outside the scope of this memo.  The value of this
      field MUST be set to 0xff when the lower level does not have a
      TTL/Hop limit equivalent field.

   node_id:  3-octet unsigned integer.  Node identifier field to
      uniquely identify a node within the IOAM-Namespace and associated



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      IOAM-Domain.  The procedure to allocate, manage and map the
      node_ids is beyond the scope of this document.  See
      [I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-deployment] for a discussion of deployment
      related aspects of the node_id.

5.4.2.2.  ingress_if_id and egress_if_id

   The "ingress_if_id and egress_if_id" field is a 4-octet field that is
   defined as follows:

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |     ingress_if_id             |         egress_if_id          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   ingress_if_id:  2-octet unsigned integer.  Interface identifier to
      record the ingress interface the packet was received on.

   egress_if_id:  2-octet unsigned integer.  Interface identifier to
      record the egress interface the packet is forwarded out of.

   Note that due to the fact that IOAM uses its own IOAM-Namespaces for
   IOAM-Data-Fields, data fields like interface identifiers can be used
   in a flexible way to represent system resources that are associated
   with ingressing or egressing packets, i.e., ingress_if_id could
   represent a physical interface, a virtual or logical interface, or
   even a queue.

5.4.2.3.  timestamp seconds

   The "timestamp seconds" field is a 4-octet unsigned integer field.
   It contains the absolute timestamp in seconds that specifies the time
   at which the packet was received by the node.  This field has three
   possible formats; based on either PTP (see e.g., [RFC8877]), NTP
   [RFC5905], or POSIX [POSIX].  The three timestamp formats are
   specified in Section 6.  In all three cases, the Timestamp Seconds
   field contains the 32 most significant bits of the timestamp format
   that is specified in Section 6.  If a node is not capable of
   populating this field, it assigns the value 0xFFFFFFFF.  Note that
   this is a legitimate value that is valid for 1 second in
   approximately 136 years; the analyzer has to correlate several
   packets or compare the timestamp value to its own time-of-day in
   order to detect the error indication.








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5.4.2.4.  timestamp fraction

   The "timestamp fraction" field is a 4-octet unsigned integer field.
   Fraction specifies the fractional portion of the number of seconds
   since the NTP epoch [RFC8877].  The field specifies the time at which
   the packet was received by the node.  This field has three possible
   formats; based on either PTP (see e.g., [RFC8877]), NTP [RFC5905], or
   POSIX [POSIX].  The three timestamp formats are specified in
   Section 6.  In all three cases, the Timestamp fraction field contains
   the 32 least significant bits of the timestamp format that is
   specified in Section 6.  If a node is not capable of populating this
   field, it assigns the value 0xFFFFFFFF.  Note that this is a
   legitimate value in the NTP format, valid for approximately 233
   picoseconds in every second.  If the NTP format is used the analyzer
   has to correlate several packets in order to detect the error
   indication.

5.4.2.5.  transit delay

   The "transit delay" field is a 4-octet unsigned integer in the range
   0 to 2^31-1.  It is the time in nanoseconds the packet spent in the
   transit node.  This can serve as an indication of the queuing delay
   at the node.  If the transit delay exceeds 2^31-1 nanoseconds then
   the top bit 'O' is set to indicate overflow and value set to
   0x80000000.  When this field is part of the data field but a node
   populating the field is not able to fill it, the field position in
   the field MUST be filled with value 0xFFFFFFFF to mean not populated.

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |O|                     transit delay                           |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

5.4.2.6.  namespace specific data

   The "namespace specific data" field is a 4-octet field which can be
   used by the node to add IOAM-Namespace specific data.  This
   represents a "free-format" 4-octet bit field with its semantics
   defined in the context of a specific IOAM-Namespace.

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                    namespace specific data                    |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+







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5.4.2.7.  queue depth

   The "queue depth" field is a 4-octet unsigned integer field.  This
   field indicates the current length of the egress interface queue of
   the interface from where the packet is forwarded out.  The queue
   depth is expressed as the current amount of memory buffers used by
   the queue (a packet could consume one or more memory buffers,
   depending on its size).

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                       queue depth                             |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

5.4.2.8.  Checksum Complement

   The "Checksum Complement" field is a 4-octet node data which contains
   a 4-octet Checksum Complement field.  The Checksum Complement is
   useful when IOAM is transported over encapsulations that make use of
   a UDP transport, such as VXLAN-GPE or Geneve.  Without the Checksum
   Complement, nodes adding IOAM node data update the UDP Checksum field
   following the recommendation of the encapsulation protocols.  When
   the Checksum Complement is present, an IOAM encapsulating node or
   IOAM transit node adding node data MUST carry out one of the
   following two alternatives in order to maintain the correctness of
   the UDP Checksum value:

   1.  Recompute the UDP Checksum field.

   2.  Use the Checksum Complement to make a checksum-neutral update in
       the UDP payload; the Checksum Complement is assigned a value that
       complements the rest of the node data fields that were added by
       the current node, causing the existing UDP Checksum field to
       remain correct.

   IOAM decapsulating nodes MUST recompute the UDP Checksum field, since
   they do not know whether previous hops modified the UDP Checksum
   field or the Checksum Complement field.

   Checksum Complement fields are used in a similar manner in [RFC7820]
   and [RFC7821].

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                   Checksum Complement                         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+





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5.4.2.9.  Hop_Lim and node_id wide

   The "Hop_Lim and node_id wide" field is an 8-octet field defined as
   follows:

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Hop_Lim     |              node_id                          ~
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   ~                         node_id (contd)                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Hop_Lim:  1-octet unsigned integer.  See Section 5.4.2.1 for the
      definition of the field.

   node_id:  7-octet unsigned integer.  Node identifier field to
      uniquely identify a node within the IOAM-Namespace and associated
      IOAM-Domain.  The procedure to allocate, manage and map the
      node_ids is beyond the scope of this document.

5.4.2.10.  ingress_if_id and egress_if_id wide

   The "ingress_if_id and egress_if_id wide" field is an 8-octet field
   which is defined as follows:

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                       ingress_if_id                           |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                       egress_if_id                            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   ingress_if_id:  4-octet unsigned integer.  Interface identifier to
      record the ingress interface the packet was received on.

   egress_if_id:  4-octet unsigned integer.  Interface identifier to
      record the egress interface the packet is forwarded out of.

5.4.2.11.  namespace specific data wide

   The "namespace specific data wide" field is an 8-octet field which
   can be used by the node to add IOAM-Namespace specific data.  This
   represents a "free-format" 8-octet bit field with its semantics
   defined in the context of a specific IOAM-Namespace.







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    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                    namespace specific data                    ~
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   ~                namespace specific data (contd)                |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

5.4.2.12.  buffer occupancy

   The "buffer occupancy" field is a 4-octet unsigned integer field.
   This field indicates the current status of the occupancy of the
   common buffer pool used by a set of queues.  The units of this field
   are implementation specific.  Hence, the units are interpreted within
   the context of an IOAM-Namespace and/or node-id if used.  The authors
   acknowledge that in some operational cases there is a need for the
   units to be consistent across a packet path through the network,
   hence it is recommended for implementations to use standard units
   such as Bytes.

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                       buffer occupancy                        |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

5.4.2.13.  Opaque State Snapshot

   The "Opaque State Snapshot" is a variable length field and follows
   the fixed length IOAM-Data-Fields defined above.  It allows the
   network element to store an arbitrary state in the node data field,
   without a pre-defined schema.  The schema is to be defined within the
   context of an IOAM-Namespace.  The schema needs to be made known to
   the analyzer by some out-of-band mechanism.  The specification of
   this mechanism is beyond the scope of this document.  A 24-bit
   "Schema Id" field, interpreted within the context of an IOAM-
   Namespace, indicates which particular schema is used, and has to be
   configured on the network element by the operator.















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       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |   Length      |                     Schema ID                 |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                                                               |
      |                                                               |
      |                        Opaque data                            |
      ~                                                               ~
      .                                                               .
      .                                                               .
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Length:  1-octet unsigned integer.  It is the length in multiples of
      4-octets of the Opaque data field that follows Schema Id.

   Schema ID:  3-octet unsigned integer identifying the schema of Opaque
      data.

   Opaque data:  Variable length field.  This field is interpreted as
      specified by the schema identified by the Schema ID.

   When this field is part of the data field but a node populating the
   field has no opaque state data to report, the Length MUST be set to 0
   and the Schema ID MUST be set to 0xFFFFFF to mean no schema.

5.4.3.  Examples of IOAM node data

   The format used for the entries in a packet's "node data list" array
   can vary from packet to packet and deployment to deployment".  Some
   deployments might only be interested in recording the node
   identifiers, whereas others might be interested in recording node
   identifiers and timestamps.  This section provides example entries of
   the "node data list".

   0xD40000:  IOAM-Trace-Type is 0xD40000 (0b110101000000000000000000)
      then the format of node data is:














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        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |   Hop_Lim     |              node_id                          |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |     ingress_if_id             |         egress_if_id          |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                     timestamp fraction                        |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                    namespace specific data                    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+



   0xC00000:  IOAM-Trace-Type is 0xC00000 (0b110000000000000000000000)
      then the format is:

        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |   Hop_Lim     |              node_id                          |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |     ingress_if_id             |         egress_if_id          |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   0x900000:  IOAM-Trace-Type is 0x900000 (0b100100000000000000000000)
      then the format is:

        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |   Hop_Lim     |              node_id                          |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                   timestamp fraction                          |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   0x840000:  IOAM-Trace-Type is 0x840000 (0b100001000000000000000000)
      then the format is:

        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |   Hop_Lim     |              node_id                          |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                    namespace specific data                    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   0x940000:  IOAM-Trace-Type is 0x940000 (0b100101000000000000000000)
      then the format is:



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        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |   Hop_Lim     |              node_id                          |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                    timestamp fraction                         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                    namespace specific data                    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   0x308002:  IOAM-Trace-Type is 0x308002 (0b001100001000000000000010)
      then the format is:

        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                      timestamp seconds                        |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                    timestamp fraction                         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |   Hop_Lim     |              node_id                          |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                         node_id(contd)                        |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |   Length      |                     Schema Id                 |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       |                                                               |
       |                        Opaque data                            |
       ~                                                               ~
       .                                                               .
       .                                                               .
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


5.5.  IOAM Proof of Transit Option-Type

   IOAM Proof of Transit Option-Type is used to support path or service
   function chain [RFC7665] verification use cases, i.e., prove that
   traffic transited a defined path.  While details on how the IOAM data
   for the Proof-of-transit option is processed at IOAM encapsulating,
   decapsulating and transit nodes are outside the scope of the
   document, proof of transit approaches share the need to uniquely
   identify a packet as well as iteratively operate on a set of
   information that is handed from node to node.  Correspondingly, two
   pieces of information are added as IOAM-Data-Fields to the packet:

   o  PktID: Unique identifier for the packet.




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   o  Cumulative: Information which is handed from node to node and
      updated by every node according to a verification algorithm.

   The IOAM Proof-of-Transit Option-Type consist of a fixed size "IOAM
   proof of transit option header" and "IOAM proof of transit option
   data fields":

   IOAM proof of transit option header:

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |       Namespace-ID            |IOAM POT Type  | IOAM POT flags|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   IOAM proof of transit Option-Type IOAM-Data-Fields MUST be
   4-octet aligned:

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |       POT Option data field determined by IOAM-POT-Type       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+



   Namespace-ID:  16-bit identifier of an IOAM-Namespace.  The
      Namespace-ID value of 0x0000 is defined as the "Default-Namespace-
      ID" (see Section 5.3) and MUST be known to all the nodes
      implementing IOAM.  For any other Namespace-ID value that does not
      match any Namespace-ID the node is configured to operate on, the
      node MUST NOT change the contents of the IOAM-Data-Fields.

   IOAM POT Type:  8-bit identifier of a particular POT variant that
      specifies the POT data that is included.  This document defines
      POT Type 0:

      0: POT data is a 16 Octet field to carry data associated to POT
         procedures.

      If a node receives an IOAM POT Type value that it does not
      understand, the node MUST NOT change, add to, or remove the
      contents of the OAM-Data-Fields.

   IOAM POT flags:  8-bit.  This document does not define any flags.
      Bits 0-7 These bits are available for assignment, see Section 8.5.
      Bits which have not been assigned MUST be set to zero upon
      transmission and ignored upon receipt.



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   POT Option data:  Variable-length field.  The type of which is
      determined by the IOAM-POT-Type.

5.5.1.  IOAM Proof of Transit Type 0

   IOAM proof of transit option of IOAM POT Type 0:

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |        Namespace-ID           |IOAM POT Type=0|R R R R R R R R|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+
   |                        PktID                                  |  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  P
   |                        PktID (contd)                          |  O
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  T
   |                        Cumulative                             |  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  |
   |                        Cumulative (contd)                     |  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+



   Namespace-ID:  16-bit identifier of an IOAM-Namespace (see
      Section 5.5 above).

   IOAM POT Type:  8-bit identifier of a particular POT variant that
      specifies the POT data that is included (see Section 5.5 above).
      For this case here, IOAM POT Type is set to the value 0.

   Bit 0-7:  Undefined (see Section 5.5 above).

   PktID:  64-bit packet identifier.

   Cumulative:  64-bit Cumulative that is updated at specific nodes by
      processing per packet PktID field and configured parameters.

   Note: Larger or smaller sizes of "PktID" and "Cumulative" data are
   feasible and could be required for certain deployments, e.g., in case
   of space constraints in the encapsulation protocols used.  Future
   documents could introduce different sizes of data for "proof of
   transit".

5.6.  IOAM Edge-to-Edge Option-Type

   The IOAM Edge-to-Edge Option-Type is to carry data that is added by
   the IOAM encapsulating node and interpreted by IOAM decapsulating




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   node.  The IOAM transit nodes MAY process the data but MUST NOT
   modify it.

   The IOAM Edge-to-Edge Option-Type consist of a fixed size "IOAM Edge-
   to-Edge Option-Type header" and "IOAM Edge-to-Edge Option-Type data
   fields":

   IOAM Edge-to-Edge Option-Type header:

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |        Namespace-ID           |         IOAM-E2E-Type         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   IOAM Edge-to-Edge Option-Type IOAM-Data-Fields MUST
   be 4-octet aligned:

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |       E2E Option data field determined by IOAM-E2E-Type       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   Namespace-ID:  16-bit identifier of an IOAM-Namespace.  The
      Namespace-ID value of 0x0000 is defined as the "Default-Namespace-
      ID" (see Section 5.3) and MUST be known to all the nodes
      implementing IOAM.  For any other Namespace-ID value that does not
      match any Namespace-ID the node is configured to operate on, then
      the node MUST NOT change the contents of the IOAM-Data-Fields.

   IOAM-E2E-Type:  A 16-bit identifier which specifies which data types
      are used in the E2E option data.  The IOAM-E2E-Type value is a bit
      field.  The order of packing the E2E option data field elements
      follows the bit order of the IOAM-E2E-Type field, as follows:

      Bit 0    (Most significant bit) When set indicates presence of a
               64-bit sequence number added to a specific "packet group"
               which is used to detect packet loss, packet reordering,
               or packet duplication within the group.  The "packet
               group" is deployment dependent and defined at the IOAM
               encapsulating node, e.g., by n-tuple based classification
               of packets.  When this bit is set, "Bit 1" (for 32-bit
               sequence number, see below) MUST be zero.

      Bit 1    When set indicates presence of a 32-bit sequence number
               added to a specific "packet group" which is used to



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               detect packet loss, packet reordering, or packet
               duplication within that group.  The "packet group" is
               deployment dependent and defined at the IOAM
               encapsulating node, e.g., by n-tuple based classification
               of packets.  When this bit is set, "Bit 0" (for 64-bit
               sequence number, see above) MUST be zero.

      Bit 2    When set indicates presence of timestamp seconds,
               representing the time at which the packet entered the
               IOAM-domain.  Within the IOAM encapsulating node, the
               time that the timestamp is retrieved can depend on the
               implementation.  Some possibilities are: 1) the time at
               which the packet was received by the node, 2) the time at
               which the packet was transmitted by the node, 3) when a
               tunnel encapsulation is used, the point at which the
               packet is encapsulated into the tunnel.  Each
               implementation has to document when the E2E timestamp
               that is going to be put in the packet is retrieved.  This
               4-octet field has three possible formats; based on either
               PTP (see e.g., [RFC8877]), NTP [RFC5905], or POSIX
               [POSIX].  The three timestamp formats are specified in
               Section 6.  In all three cases, the Timestamp Seconds
               field contains the 32 most significant bits of the
               timestamp format that is specified in Section 6.  If a
               node is not capable of populating this field, it assigns
               the value 0xFFFFFFFF.  Note that this is a legitimate
               value that is valid for 1 second in approximately 136
               years; the analyzer has to correlate several packets or
               compare the timestamp value to its own time-of-day in
               order to detect the error indication.

      Bit 3    When set indicates presence of timestamp fraction,
               representing the time at which the packet entered the
               IOAM-domain.  This 4-octet field has three possible
               formats; based on either PTP (see e.g., [RFC8877]), NTP
               [RFC5905], or POSIX [POSIX].  The three timestamp formats
               are specified in Section 6.  In all three cases, the
               Timestamp fraction field contains the 32 least
               significant bits of the timestamp format that is
               specified in Section 6.  If a node is not capable of
               populating this field, it assigns the value 0xFFFFFFFF.
               Note that this is a legitimate value in the NTP format,
               valid for approximately 233 picoseconds in every second.
               If the NTP format is used the analyzer has to correlate
               several packets in order to detect the error indication.






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      Bit 4-15 Undefined.  An IOAM encapsulating node MUST set the value
               of these bits to zero upon transmission and ignore upon
               receipt.

   E2E Option data:  Variable-length field.  The type of which is
      determined by the IOAM-E2E-Type.

6.  Timestamp Formats

   The IOAM-Data-Fields include a timestamp field which is represented
   in one of three possible timestamp formats.  It is assumed that the
   management plane is responsible for determining which timestamp
   format is used.

6.1.  PTP Truncated Timestamp Format

   The Precision Time Protocol (PTP) uses an 80-bit timestamp format.
   The truncated timestamp format is a 64-bit field, which is the 64
   least significant bits of the 80-bit PTP timestamp.  The PTP
   truncated format is specified in Section 4.3 of [RFC8877], and the
   details are presented below for the sake of completeness.


        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                            Seconds                            |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                          Nanoseconds                          |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                 Figure 1: PTP Truncated Timestamp Format

   Timestamp field format:

      Seconds: specifies the integer portion of the number of seconds
      since the PTP epoch.

      + Size: 32 bits.

      + Units: seconds.

      Nanoseconds: specifies the fractional portion of the number of
      seconds since the PTP epoch.

      + Size: 32 bits.





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      + Units: nanoseconds.  The value of this field is in the range 0
      to (10^9)-1.

   Epoch:

      PTP epoch.  For details see e.g., [RFC8877].

   Resolution:

      The resolution is 1 nanosecond.

   Wraparound:

      This time format wraps around every 2^32 seconds, which is roughly
      136 years.  The next wraparound will occur in the year 2106.

   Synchronization Aspects:

      It is assumed that nodes that run this protocol are synchronized
      among themselves.  Nodes MAY be synchronized to a global reference
      time.  Note that if PTP is used for synchronization, the timestamp
      MAY be derived from the PTP-synchronized clock, allowing the
      timestamp to be measured with respect to the clock of an PTP
      Grandmaster clock.

6.2.  NTP 64-bit Timestamp Format

   The Network Time Protocol (NTP) [RFC5905] timestamp format is 64 bits
   long.  This specification uses the NTP timestamp format that is
   specified in Section 4.2.1 of [RFC8877], and the details are
   presented below for the sake of completeness.


        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                            Seconds                            |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                            Fraction                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

              Figure 2: NTP [RFC5905] 64-bit Timestamp Format

   Timestamp field format:

      Seconds: specifies the integer portion of the number of seconds
      since the NTP epoch.




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      + Size: 32 bits.

      + Units: seconds.

      Fraction: specifies the fractional portion of the number of
      seconds since the NTP epoch.

      + Size: 32 bits.

      + Units: the unit is 2^(-32) seconds, which is roughly equal to
      233 picoseconds.

   Epoch:

      NTP Epoch.  For details see [RFC5905].

   Resolution:

      The resolution is 2^(-32) seconds.

   Wraparound:

      This time format wraps around every 2^32 seconds, which is roughly
      136 years.  The next wraparound will occur in the year 2036.

   Synchronization Aspects:

      Nodes that use this timestamp format will typically be
      synchronized to UTC using NTP [RFC5905].  Thus, the timestamp MAY
      be derived from the NTP-synchronized clock, allowing the timestamp
      to be measured with respect to the clock of an NTP server.

6.3.  POSIX-based Timestamp Format

   This timestamp format is based on the POSIX time format [POSIX].  The
   detailed specification of the timestamp format used in this document
   is presented below.


        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                            Seconds                            |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                          Microseconds                         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                  Figure 3: POSIX-based Timestamp Format



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   Timestamp field format:

      Seconds: specifies the integer portion of the number of seconds
      since the POSIX epoch.

      + Size: 32 bits.

      + Units: seconds.

      Microseconds: specifies the fractional portion of the number of
      seconds since the POSIX epoch.

      + Size: 32 bits.

      + Units: the unit is microseconds.  The value of this field is in
      the range 0 to (10^6)-1.

   Epoch:

      POSIX epoch.  For details, see [POSIX], appendix A.4.16.

   Resolution:

      The resolution is 1 microsecond.

   Wraparound:

      This time format wraps around every 2^32 seconds, which is roughly
      136 years.  The next wraparound will occur in the year 2106.

   Synchronization Aspects:

      It is assumed that nodes that use this timestamp format run the
      Linux operating system, and hence use the POSIX time.  In some
      cases nodes MAY be synchronized to UTC using a synchronization
      mechanism that is outside the scope of this document, such as NTP
      [RFC5905].  Thus, the timestamp MAY be derived from the NTP-
      synchronized clock, allowing the timestamp to be measured with
      respect to the clock of an NTP server.

7.  IOAM Data Export

   IOAM nodes collect information for packets traversing a domain that
   supports IOAM.  IOAM decapsulating nodes as well as IOAM transit
   nodes can choose to retrieve IOAM information from the packet,
   process the information further and export the information using
   e.g., IPFIX.  The mechanisms and associated data formats for
   exporting IOAM data is outside the scope of this document.



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   A way to perform raw data export of IOAM data using IPFIX is
   discussed in [I-D.spiegel-ippm-ioam-rawexport].

8.  IANA Considerations

   This document requests the following IANA Actions.

   IANA is requested to define a registry group named "In-Situ OAM
   (IOAM) Protocol Parameters".

   This group will include the following registries:

      IOAM Option-Type

      IOAM Trace-Type

      IOAM Trace-Flags

      IOAM POT-Type

      IOAM POT-Flags

      IOAM E2E-Type

      IOAM Namespace-ID

   The subsequent sub-sections detail the registries herein contained.

8.1.  IOAM Option-Type Registry

   This registry defines 128 code points for the IOAM Option-Type field
   for identifying IOAM Option-Types as explained in Section 5.  The
   following code points are defined in this draft:

   0  IOAM Pre-allocated Trace Option-Type

   1  IOAM Incremental Trace Option-Type

   2  IOAM POT Option-Type

   3  IOAM E2E Option-Type

   4 - 127 are available for assignment via "IETF Review" process as per
   [RFC8126].

   New registration requests MUST use the following template:

   Name:  Name of the newly registered Option-Type.



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   Code point:  Desired value of the requested code point.

   Description:  Brief description of the newly registered Option-Type.

   Reference:  Reference to the document that defines the new Option-
      Type.

   The evaluation of a new registration request MUST also include
   checking whether the new IOAM Option-Type includes an IOAM-Namespace
   field and that the IOAM-Namespace field is the first field in the
   newly defined header of the new Option-Type.

8.2.  IOAM Trace-Type Registry

   This registry defines code point for each bit in the 24-bit IOAM-
   Trace-Type field for Pre-allocated Trace-Option-Type and Incremental
   Trace-Option-Type defined in Section 5.4.  The meaning of Bits 0 - 11
   is defined in this document in Paragraph 5 of Section 5.4.1:

   Bit 0  hop_Lim and node_id in short format

   Bit 1  ingress_if_id and egress_if_id in short format

   Bit 2  timestamp seconds

   Bit 3  timestamp fraction

   Bit 4  transit delay

   Bit 5  namespace specific data in short format

   Bit 6  queue depth

   Bit 7  checksum complement

   Bit 8  hop_Lim and node_id in wide format

   Bit 9  ingress_if_id and egress_if_id in wide format

   Bit 10  namespace specific data in wide format

   Bit 11  buffer occupancy

   Bit 22  variable length Opaque State Snapshot

   Bit 23  reserved





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   The meaning for Bits 12 - 21 are available for assignment via "IETF
   Review" process as per [RFC8126].

   New registration requests MUST use the following template:

   Bit:  Desired bit to be allocated in the 24-bit IOAM Trace-Option-
      Type field for Pre-allocated Trace-Option-Type and Incremental
      Trace-Option-Type.

   Description:  Brief description of the newly registered bit.

   Reference:  Reference to the document that defines the new bit.

8.3.  IOAM Trace-Flags Registry

   This registry defines code points for each bit in the 4 bit flags for
   the Pre-allocated trace option and for the Incremental trace option
   defined in Section 5.4.  The meaning of Bit 0 (the most significant
   bit) for trace flags is defined in this document in Paragraph 3 of
   Section 5.4.1:

   Bit 0  "Overflow" (O-bit)

   Bit 1 - 3 are available for assignment via "IETF Review" process as
   per [RFC8126].

   New registration requests MUST use the following template:

   Bit:  Desired bit to be allocated in the 8 bit flags field of the
      Pre-allocated Trace-Option-Type and for the Incremental Trace-
      Option-Type.

   Description:  Brief description of the newly registered bit.

   Reference:  Reference to the document that defines the new bit.

8.4.  IOAM POT-Type Registry

   This registry defines 256 code points to define IOAM POT Type for
   IOAM proof of transit option Section 5.5.  The code point value 0 is
   defined in this document:

   0: 16 Octet POT data

   1 - 255 are available for assignment via "IETF Review" process as per
   [RFC8126].

   New registration requests MUST use the following template:



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   Name:  Name of the newly registered POT-Type.

   Code point:  Desired value of the requested code point.

   Description:  Brief description of the newly registered POT-Type.

   Reference:  Reference to the document that defines the new POT-Type.

8.5.  IOAM POT-Flags Registry

   This registry defines code points for each bit in the 8 bit flags for
   IOAM POT Option-Type defined in Section 5.5.

   The meaning for Bits 0 - 7 are available for assignment via "IETF
   Review" process as per [RFC8126].

   New registration requests MUST use the following template:

   Bit:  Desired bit to be allocated in the 8 bit flags field of the
      IOAM POT Option-Type.

   Description:  Brief description of the newly registered bit.

   Reference:  Reference to the document that defines the new bit.

8.6.  IOAM E2E-Type Registry

   This registry defines code points for each bit in the 16 bit IOAM-
   E2E-Type field for IOAM E2E option Section 5.6.  The meaning of Bit 0
   - 3 are defined in this document:

   Bit 0  64-bit sequence number

   Bit 1  32-bit sequence number

   Bit 2  timestamp seconds

   Bit 3  timestamp fraction

   The meaning of Bits 4 - 15 are available for assignment via "IETF
   Review" process as per [RFC8126].

   New registration requests MUST use the following template:

   Bit:  Desired bit to be allocated in the 16 bit IOAM-E2E-Type field.

   Description:  Brief description of the newly registered bit.




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   Reference:  Reference to the document that defines the new bit.

8.7.  IOAM Namespace-ID Registry

   IANA is requested to set up an "IOAM Namespace-ID Registry",
   containing 16-bit values and following the template for requests
   shown below.  The meaning of 0x0000 is defined in this document.
   IANA is requested to reserve the values 0x0001 to 0x7FFF for private
   use (managed by operators), as specified in Section 5.3 of the
   current document.  Registry entries for the values 0x8000 to 0xFFFF
   are to be assigned via the "Expert Review" policy defined in
   [RFC8126].

   Upon receiving a new allocation request, a designated expert will
   perform the following:

   o  Review whether the request is complete, i.e., the registration
      template has been filled in.  The expert will send incomplete
      requests back to the requestor.

   o  Check whether the request is neither a duplicate of nor
      conflicting with either an already existing allocation or a
      pending allocation.  In case of duplicates or conflicts, the
      expert will ask the requestor to update the allocation request
      accordingly.

   o  Solicit feedback from relevant working groups and communities to
      ensure that the new allocation request has been properly reviewed
      and that rough consensus on the request exists.  At a minimum, the
      expert will solicit feedback from the IPPM working group in the
      IETF by posting the request to the ippm@ietf.org mailing list.
      The expert will allow for a 3-week review period on the mailing
      lists.  If the feedback received from the relevant working groups
      and communities within the review period indicates rough consensus
      on the request, the expert will approve the request and ask IANA
      for allocating the new Namespace-ID.  In case the expert senses a
      lack of consensus from the feedback received, the expert will ask
      the requestor to engage with the corresponding working groups and
      communities to further review and refine the request.

   It is intended that any allocation will be accompanied by a published
   RFC.  In order to allow for the allocation of code points prior to
   the RFC being approved for publication, the designated expert can
   approve allocations once it seems clear that an RFC will be
   published.

   0x0000:  default namespace (known to all IOAM nodes)




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   0x0001 - 0x7FFF:  reserved for private use

   0x8000 - 0xFFFF:  unassigned

   New registration requests MUST use the following template:

   Name:  Name of the newly registered Namespace-ID.

   Code point:  Desired value of the requested Namespace-ID.

   Description:  Brief description of the newly registered Namespace-ID.

   Reference:  Reference to the document that defines the new Namespace-
      ID.

   Status of the registration:  Status can be either "permanent" or
      "provisional".  Namespace-ID registrations following a successful
      expert review will have the status "provisional".  Once the RFC,
      which defines the new Namespace-ID is published, the status is
      changed to "permanent".

9.  Management and Deployment Considerations

   This document defines the structure and use of IOAM data fields.
   This document does not define the encapsulation of IOAM data fields
   into different protocols.  Management and deployment aspects for IOAM
   have to be considered within the context of the protocol IOAM data
   fields are encapsulated into and as such, are out of scope for this
   document.  For a discussion of IOAM deployment, please also refer to
   [I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-deployment], which outlines a framework for IOAM
   deployment and provides best current practices.

10.  Security Considerations

   As discussed in [RFC7276], a successful attack on an OAM protocol in
   general, and specifically on IOAM, can prevent the detection of
   failures or anomalies, or create a false illusion of nonexistent
   ones.  In particular, these threats are applicable by compromising
   the integrity of IOAM data, either by maliciously modifying IOAM
   options in transit, or by injecting packets with maliciously
   generated IOAM options.  All nodes in the path of a IOAM carrying
   packet can perform such an attack.

   The Proof of Transit Option-Type (see Section 5.5) is used for
   verifying the path of data packets, i.e., proving that packets
   transited through a defined set of nodes.





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   In case an attacker gains access to several nodes in a network and
   would be able to change the system software of these nodes, IOAM data
   fields could be misused and repurposed for a use different from what
   is specified in this document.  One type of misuse is the
   implementation of a covert channel between network nodes.

   From a confidentiality perspective, although IOAM options are not
   expected to contain user data, they can be used for network
   reconnaissance, allowing attackers to collect information about
   network paths, performance, queue states, buffer occupancy and other
   information.  Moreover, if IOAM data leaks from the IOAM-domain it
   could enable reconnaissance beyond the scope of the IOAM-domain.  One
   possible application of such reconnaissance is to gauge the
   effectiveness of an ongoing attack, e.g., if buffers and queues are
   overflowing.

   IOAM can be used as a means for implementing Denial of Service (DoS)
   attacks, or for amplifying them.  For example, a malicious attacker
   can add an IOAM header to packets in order to consume the resources
   of network devices that take part in IOAM or entities that receive,
   collect or analyze the IOAM data.  Another example is a packet length
   attack, in which an attacker pushes headers associated with IOAM
   Option-Types into data packets, causing these packets to be increased
   beyond the MTU size, resulting in fragmentation or in packet drops.
   In case POT is used, an attacker could corrupt the POT data fields in
   the packet, resulting in a verification failure of the POT data, even
   if the packet followed the correct path.

   Since IOAM options can include timestamps, if network devices use
   synchronization protocols then any attack on the time protocol
   [RFC7384] can compromise the integrity of the timestamp-related data
   fields.

   At the management plane, attacks can be set up by misconfiguring or
   by maliciously configuring IOAM-enabled nodes in a way that enables
   other attacks.  IOAM configuration should only managed by authorized
   processes or users.

   IETF protocols require features to ensure their security.  While IOAM
   data fields don't represent a protocol by themselves, the IOAM data
   fields add to the protocol that the IOAM data fields are encapsulated
   into.  Any specification that defines how IOAM data fields carried in
   an encapsulating protocol MUST provide for a mechanism for
   cryptographic integrity protection of the IOAM data fields.
   Cryptographic integrity protection could be either achieved through a
   mechanism of the encapsulating protocol or it could incorporate the
   mechanisms specified in [I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-data-integrity].




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   The current document does not define a specific IOAM encapsulation.
   It has to be noted that some IOAM encapsulation types can introduce
   specific security considerations.  A specification that defines an
   IOAM encapsulation is expected to address the respective
   encapsulation-specific security considerations.

   Notably, IOAM is expected to be deployed in limited domains, thus
   confining the potential attack vectors to within the limited domain.
   A limited administrative domain provides the operator with the means
   to select, monitor, and control the access of all the network
   devices, making these devices trusted by the operator.  Indeed, in
   order to limit the scope of threats mentioned above to within the
   current limited domain the network operator is expected to enforce
   policies that prevent IOAM traffic from leaking outside of the IOAM
   domain, and prevent IOAM data from outside the domain to be processed
   and used within the domain.

   This document does not define the data contents of custom fields like
   "Opaque State Snapshot" and "namespace specific data" IOAM data
   fields.  These custom data fields will have security considerations
   corresponding to their defined data contents that need to be
   described where those formats are defined.

   IOAM deployments which leverage both IOAM Trace Option-Types, i.e.,
   the Pre-allocated Trace Option-Type and Incremental Trace Option-Type
   can suffer from incomplete visibility if the information gathered via
   the two Trace Option-Types is not correlated and aggregated
   appropriately.  If IOAM transit nodes leverage the IOAM data fields
   in the packet for further actions or insights, then IOAM transit
   nodes which only support one IOAM Trace Option-Type in an IOAM
   deployment which leverages both Trace Option-Types, have limited
   visibility and thus can draw inappropriate conclusions or take wrong
   actions.

   The security considerations of a system that deploys IOAM, much like
   any system, has to be reviewed on a per-deployment-scenario basis,
   based on a systems-specific threat analysis, which can lead to
   specific security solutions that are beyond the scope of the current
   document.  Specifically, in an IOAM deployment that is not confined
   to a single LAN, but spans multiple inter-connected sites (for
   example, using an overlay network), the inter-site links can be
   secured (e.g., by IPsec) in order to avoid external threats.

   IOAM deployment considerations, including approaches to mitigate the
   above discussed threads and potential attacks are outside the scope
   of this document.  IOAM deployment considerations are discussed in
   [I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-deployment].




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11.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Eric Vyncke, Nalini Elkins, Srihari
   Raghavan, Ranganathan T S, Karthik Babu Harichandra Babu, Akshaya
   Nadahalli, LJ Wobker, Erik Nordmark, Vengada Prasad Govindan, Andrew
   Yourtchenko, Aviv Kfir, Tianran Zhou, Zhenbin (Robin) and Greg Mirsky
   for the comments and advice.

   This document leverages and builds on top of several concepts
   described in [I-D.kitamura-ipv6-record-route].  The authors would
   like to acknowledge the work done by the author Hiroshi Kitamura and
   people involved in writing it.

   The authors would like to gracefully acknowledge useful review and
   insightful comments received from Joe Clarke, Al Morton, Tom Herbert,
   Carlos Bernardos, Haoyu Song, Mickey Spiegel, Roman Danyliw, Benjamin
   Kaduk, Murray S.  Kucherawy, Ian Swett, Martin Duke, Francesca
   Palombini, Lars Eggert, Alvaro Retana, Erik Kline, Robert Wilton,
   Zaheduzzaman Sarker, Dan Romascanu and Barak Gafni.

12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [POSIX]    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "IEEE
              Std 1003.1-2017 (Revision of IEEE Std 1003.1-2017) - IEEE
              Standard for Information Technology - Portable Operating
              System Interface (POSIX(TM) Base Specifications, Issue
              7)",  IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, 2017,
              <https://standards.ieee.org/findstds/
              standard/1003.1-2017.html>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC5905]  Mills, D., Martin, J., Ed., Burbank, J., and W. Kasch,
              "Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms
              Specification", RFC 5905, DOI 10.17487/RFC5905, June 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5905>.

   [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
              Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
              RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.





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   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

12.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-data-integrity]
              Brockners, F., Bhandari, S., and T. Mizrahi, "Integrity of
              In-situ OAM Data Fields", draft-ietf-ippm-ioam-data-
              integrity-00 (work in progress), October 2021.

   [I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-deployment]
              Brockners, F., Bhandari, S., Bernier, D., and T. Mizrahi,
              "In-situ OAM Deployment", draft-ietf-ippm-ioam-
              deployment-00 (work in progress), October 2021.

   [I-D.ietf-nvo3-vxlan-gpe]
              (Editor), F. M., (editor), L. K., and U. E. (editor),
              "Generic Protocol Extension for VXLAN (VXLAN-GPE)", draft-
              ietf-nvo3-vxlan-gpe-12 (work in progress), September 2021.

   [I-D.kitamura-ipv6-record-route]
              Kitamura, H., "Record Route for IPv6 (PR6) Hop-by-Hop
              Option Extension", draft-kitamura-ipv6-record-route-00
              (work in progress), November 2000.

   [I-D.spiegel-ippm-ioam-rawexport]
              Spiegel, M., Brockners, F., Bhandari, S., and R.
              Sivakolundu, "In-situ OAM raw data export with IPFIX",
              draft-spiegel-ippm-ioam-rawexport-05 (work in progress),
              July 2021.

   [RFC7276]  Mizrahi, T., Sprecher, N., Bellagamba, E., and Y.
              Weingarten, "An Overview of Operations, Administration,
              and Maintenance (OAM) Tools", RFC 7276,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7276, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7276>.

   [RFC7384]  Mizrahi, T., "Security Requirements of Time Protocols in
              Packet Switched Networks", RFC 7384, DOI 10.17487/RFC7384,
              October 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7384>.

   [RFC7665]  Halpern, J., Ed. and C. Pignataro, Ed., "Service Function
              Chaining (SFC) Architecture", RFC 7665,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7665, October 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7665>.





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   [RFC7799]  Morton, A., "Active and Passive Metrics and Methods (with
              Hybrid Types In-Between)", RFC 7799, DOI 10.17487/RFC7799,
              May 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7799>.

   [RFC7820]  Mizrahi, T., "UDP Checksum Complement in the One-Way
              Active Measurement Protocol (OWAMP) and Two-Way Active
              Measurement Protocol (TWAMP)", RFC 7820,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7820, March 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7820>.

   [RFC7821]  Mizrahi, T., "UDP Checksum Complement in the Network Time
              Protocol (NTP)", RFC 7821, DOI 10.17487/RFC7821, March
              2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7821>.

   [RFC8300]  Quinn, P., Ed., Elzur, U., Ed., and C. Pignataro, Ed.,
              "Network Service Header (NSH)", RFC 8300,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8300, January 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8300>.

   [RFC8799]  Carpenter, B. and B. Liu, "Limited Domains and Internet
              Protocols", RFC 8799, DOI 10.17487/RFC8799, July 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8799>.

   [RFC8877]  Mizrahi, T., Fabini, J., and A. Morton, "Guidelines for
              Defining Packet Timestamps", RFC 8877,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8877, September 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8877>.

   [RFC8926]  Gross, J., Ed., Ganga, I., Ed., and T. Sridhar, Ed.,
              "Geneve: Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation",
              RFC 8926, DOI 10.17487/RFC8926, November 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8926>.

Contributors' Addresses

      Carlos Pignataro
      Cisco Systems, Inc.
      7200-11 Kit Creek Road
      Research Triangle Park, NC  27709
      United States

      Email: cpignata@cisco.com


      Mickey Spiegel
      Barefoot Networks, an Intel company
      4750 Patrick Henry Drive
      Santa Clara, CA  95054



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      US

      Email: mickey.spiegel@intel.com


      Barak Gafni
      Nvidia
      350 Oakmead Parkway, Suite 100
      Sunnyvale, CA  94085
      U.S.A.

      Email: gbarak@nvidia.com


      Jennifer Lemon
      Broadcom
      270 Innovation Drive
      San Jose, CA  95134
      US

      Email: jennifer.lemon@broadcom.com


      Hannes Gredler
      RtBrick Inc.

      Email: hannes@rtbrick.com


      John Leddy
      United States

      Email: john@leddy.net


      Stephen Youell
      JP Morgan Chase
      25 Bank Street
      London  E14 5JP
      United Kingdom

      Email: stephen.youell@jpmorgan.com


      David Mozes

      Email: mosesster@gmail.com




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      Petr Lapukhov
      Facebook
      1 Hacker Way
      Menlo Park, CA  94025
      US

      Email: petr@fb.com


      Remy Chang
      Barefoot Networks
      4750 Patrick Henry Drive
      Santa Clara, CA  95054
      US

      Email: remy@barefootnetworks.com


      Daniel Bernier
      Bell Canada
      Canada

      Email: daniel.bernier@bell.ca


Authors' Addresses

   Frank Brockners (editor)
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   Hansaallee 249, 3rd Floor
   DUESSELDORF, NORDRHEIN-WESTFALEN  40549
   Germany

   Email: fbrockne@cisco.com


   Shwetha Bhandari (editor)
   Thoughtspot
   3rd Floor, Indiqube Orion, 24th Main Rd, Garden Layout, HSR Layout
   Bangalore, KARNATAKA 560 102
   India

   Email: shwetha.bhandari@thoughtspot.com








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   Tal Mizrahi (editor)
   Huawei
   8-2 Matam
   Haifa  3190501
   Israel

   Email: tal.mizrahi.phd@gmail.com












































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