Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-dnsop-dns-tcp-requirements
draft-ietf-dnsop-dns-tcp-requirements
Domain Name System Operations J.T. Kristoff
Internet-Draft DataPlane.org
Updates: 1123, 1536 (if approved) D. Wessels
Intended status: Best Current Practice Verisign
Expires: 10 July 2022 6 January 2022
DNS Transport over TCP - Operational Requirements
draft-ietf-dnsop-dns-tcp-requirements-15
Abstract
This document updates RFC 1123 and RFC 1536. This document requires
the operational practice of permitting DNS messages to be carried
over TCP on the Internet as a Best Current Practice. This
operational requirement is aligned with the implementation
requirements in RFC 7766. The use of TCP includes both DNS over
unencrypted TCP, as well as over an encrypted TLS session. The
document also considers the consequences of this form of DNS
communication and the potential operational issues that can arise
when this Best Current Practice is not upheld.
Status of This Memo
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This Internet-Draft will expire on 10 July 2022.
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Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
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Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. History of DNS over TCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1. Uneven Transport Usage and Preference . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2. Waiting for Large Messages and Reliability . . . . . . . 5
2.3. EDNS(0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4. Fragmentation and Truncation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5. "Only Zone Transfers Use TCP" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.6. Reuse, Pipelining, and Out-of-Order Processing . . . . . 8
3. DNS over TCP Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4. Network and System Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1. Connection Establishment and Admission . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2. Connection Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3. Connection Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.4. DNS-over-TLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.5. Defaults and Recommended Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5. DNS over TCP Filtering Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.1. Truncation, Retries, and Timeouts . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2. DNS Root Zone KSK Rollover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6. Logging and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
9. Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
10. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Appendix A. Standards Related to DNS Transport over TCP . . . . 27
A.1. IETF RFC 1035 - DOMAIN NAMES - IMPLEMENTATION AND
SPECIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
A.2. IETF RFC 1536 - Common DNS Implementation Errors and
Suggested Fixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
A.3. IETF RFC 1995 - Incremental Zone Transfer in DNS . . . . 27
A.4. IETF RFC 1996 - A Mechanism for Prompt Notification of Zone
Changes (DNS NOTIFY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
A.5. IETF RFC 2181 - Clarifications to the DNS
Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
A.6. IETF RFC 2694 - DNS extensions to Network Address
Translators (DNS_ALG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
A.7. IETF RFC 3225 - Indicating Resolver Support of DNSSEC . . 28
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A.8. IETF RFC 3226 - DNSSEC and IPv6 A6 aware server/resolver
message size requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
A.9. IETF RFC 4472 - Operational Considerations and Issues with
IPv6 DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
A.10. IETF RFC 5452 - Measures for Making DNS More Resilient
against Forged Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
A.11. IETF RFC 5507 - Design Choices When Expanding the DNS . . 29
A.12. IETF RFC 5625 - DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines . . . 29
A.13. IETF RFC 5936 - DNS Zone Transfer Protocol (AXFR) . . . . 29
A.14. IETF RFC 7534 - AS112 Nameserver Operations . . . . . . . 29
A.15. IETF RFC 6762 - Multicast DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
A.16. IETF RFC 6891 - Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS(0)) . 29
A.17. IETF RFC 6950 - Architectural Considerations on Application
Features in the DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
A.18. IETF RFC 7477 - Child-to-Parent Synchronization in DNS . 30
A.19. IETF RFC 7720 - DNS Root Name Service Protocol and
Deployment Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
A.20. IETF RFC 7766 - DNS Transport over TCP - Implementation
Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
A.21. IETF RFC 7828 - The edns-tcp-keepalive EDNS(0) Option . . 30
A.22. IETF RFC 7858 - Specification for DNS over Transport Layer
Security (TLS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
A.23. IETF RFC 7873 - Domain Name System (DNS) Cookies . . . . 31
A.24. IETF RFC 7901 - CHAIN Query Requests in DNS . . . . . . . 31
A.25. IETF RFC 8027 - DNSSEC Roadblock Avoidance . . . . . . . 31
A.26. IETF RFC 8094 - DNS over Datagram Transport Layer Security
(DTLS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
A.27. IETF RFC 8162 - Using Secure DNS to Associate Certificates
with Domain Names for S/MIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
A.28. IETF RFC 8324 - DNS Privacy, Authorization, Special Uses,
Encoding, Characters, Matching, and Root Structure: Time for
Another Look? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
A.29. IETF RFC 8467 - Padding Policies for Extension Mechanisms
for DNS (EDNS(0)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
A.30. IETF RFC 8482 - Providing Minimal-Sized Responses to DNS
Queries That Have QTYPE=ANY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
A.31. IETF RFC 8483 - Yeti DNS Testbed . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
A.32. IETF RFC 8484 - DNS Queries over HTTPS (DoH) . . . . . . 33
A.33. IETF RFC 8490 - DNS Stateful Operations . . . . . . . . . 33
A.34. IETF RFC 8501 - Reverse DNS in IPv6 for Internet Service
Providers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
A.35. IETF RFC 8806 - Running a Root Server Local to a
Resolver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
A.36. IETF RFC 8906 - A Common Operational Problem in DNS
Servers: Failure to Communicate . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
A.37. IETF RFC 8932 - Recommendations for DNS Privacy Service
Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
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A.38. IETF RFC 8945 - Secret Key Transaction Authentication for
DNS (TSIG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1. Introduction
DNS messages are delivered using UDP or TCP communications. While
most DNS transactions are carried over UDP, some operators have been
led to believe that any DNS over TCP traffic is unwanted or
unnecessary for general DNS operation. When DNS over TCP has been
restricted, a variety of communication failures and debugging
challenges often arise. As DNS and new naming system features have
evolved, TCP as a transport has become increasingly important for the
correct and safe operation of an Internet DNS. Reflecting modern
usage, the DNS standards declare that support for TCP is a required
part of the DNS implementation specifications [RFC7766]. This
document is the formal requirements equivalent for the operational
community, encouraging system administrators, network engineers, and
security staff to ensure DNS over TCP communications support is on
par with DNS over UDP communications. It updates [RFC1123]
Section 6.1.3.2 to clarify that all DNS resolvers and recursive
servers MUST support and service both TCP and UDP queries, and also
updates [RFC1536] to remove the misconception that TCP is only useful
for zone transfers.
1.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
2. History of DNS over TCP
The curious state of disagreement between operational best practices
and guidance for DNS transport protocols derives from conflicting
messages operators have received from other operators, implementors,
and even the IETF. Sometimes these mixed signals have been explicit;
on other occasions, conflicting messages have been implicit. This
section presents an interpretation of the storied and conflicting
history that led to this document. This section is included for
informational purposes only.
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2.1. Uneven Transport Usage and Preference
In the original suite of DNS specifications, [RFC1034] and [RFC1035]
clearly specified that DNS messages could be carried in either UDP or
TCP, but they also stated a preference for UDP as the best transport
for queries in the general case. As stated in [RFC1035]:
"While virtual circuits can be used for any DNS activity,
datagrams are preferred for queries due to their lower overhead
and better performance."
Another early, important, and influential document, [RFC1123], marked
the preference for a transport protocol more explicitly:
"DNS resolvers and recursive servers MUST support UDP, and SHOULD
support TCP, for sending (non-zone-transfer) queries."
and further stipulated:
"A name server MAY limit the resources it devotes to TCP queries,
but it SHOULD NOT refuse to service a TCP query just because it
would have succeeded with UDP."
Culminating in [RFC1536], DNS over TCP came to be associated
primarily with the zone transfer mechanism, while most DNS queries
and responses were seen as the dominion of UDP.
2.2. Waiting for Large Messages and Reliability
In the original specifications, the maximum DNS over UDP message size
was enshrined at 512 bytes. However, even while [RFC1123] preferred
UDP for non-zone transfer queries, it foresaw DNS over TCP becoming
more popular in the future to overcome this limitation:
"[...] it is also clear that some new DNS record types defined in
the future will contain information exceeding the 512 byte limit
that applies to UDP, and hence will require TCP."
At least two new, widely anticipated developments were set to elevate
the need for DNS over TCP transactions. The first was dynamic
updates defined in [RFC2136] and the second was the set of extensions
collectively known as DNSSEC, whose operational considerations are
originally given in [RFC2541]. The former suggested "requestors who
require an accurate response code must use TCP," while the latter
warned "... larger keys increase the size of KEY and SIG RRs. This
increases the chance of DNS UDP packet overflow and the possible
necessity for using higher overhead TCP in responses."
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Yet, defying some expectations, DNS over TCP remained little-used in
real traffic across the Internet in the late 1990s. Dynamic updates
saw little deployment between autonomous networks. Around the time
DNSSEC was first defined, another new feature helped solidify UDP
transport dominance for message transactions.
2.3. EDNS(0)
In 1999 the IETF published the Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS(0))
in [RFC2671] (superseded in 2013 by an update in [RFC6891]). That
document standardized a way for communicating DNS nodes to perform
rudimentary capabilities negotiation. One such capability written
into the base specification and present in every EDNS(0)-compatible
message is the value of the maximum UDP payload size the sender can
support. This unsigned 16-bit field specifies, in bytes, the maximum
(possibly fragmented) DNS message size a node is capable of receiving
over UDP. In practice, typical values are a subset of the 512- to
4096-byte range. EDNS(0) became widely deployed over the next
several years, and numerous surveys ([CASTRO2010], [NETALYZR]) have
shown that many systems support larger UDP MTUs with EDNS(0).
The natural effect of EDNS(0) deployment meant DNS messages larger
than 512 bytes would be less reliant on TCP than they might otherwise
have been. While a non-negligible population of DNS systems lacked
EDNS(0) or fell back to TCP when necessary, DNS clients still
strongly prefer UDP to TCP. For example, as of 2014, DNS over TCP
transactions remained a very small fraction of overall DNS traffic
received by root name servers [VERISIGN].
2.4. Fragmentation and Truncation
Although EDNS(0) provides a way for endpoints to signal support for
DNS messages exceeding 512 bytes, the realities of a diverse and
inconsistently deployed Internet may result in some large messages
being unable to reach their destination. Any IP datagram whose size
exceeds the MTU of a link it transits will be fragmented and then
reassembled by the receiving host. Unfortunately, it is not uncommon
for middleboxes and firewalls to block IP fragments. If one or more
fragments do not arrive, the application does not receive the message
and the request times out.
For IPv4-connected hosts, the MTU is often the Ethernet payload size
of 1500 bytes. This means that the largest unfragmented UDP DNS
message that can be sent over IPv4 is likely 1472 bytes, although
tunnel encapsulation may reduce that maximum message size in some
cases.
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For IPv6, the situation is a little more complicated. First, IPv6
headers are 40 bytes (versus 20 without options in IPv4). Second,
approximately one third of DNS recursive resolvers use the minimum
MTU of 1280 bytes [APNIC]. Third, fragmentation in IPv6 can only be
done by the host originating the datagram. The need to fragment is
conveyed in an ICMPv6 "packet too big" message. The originating host
indicates a fragmented datagram with IPv6 extension headers.
Unfortunately, it is quite common for both ICMPv6 and IPv6 extension
headers to be blocked by middleboxes. According to [HUSTON] some 35%
of IPv6-capable recursive resolvers were unable to receive a
fragmented IPv6 packet. When the originating host receives a signal
that fragmentation is required, it is expected to populate its Path
MTU cache for that destination. The application, then, will retry
the query after a timeout since the host does not generally retain
copies of messages sent over UDP for potential retransmission.
The practical consequence of all this is that DNS requestors must be
prepared to retry queries with different EDNS(0) maximum message size
values. Administrators of [BIND] are likely to be familiar with
seeing "success resolving ... after reducing the advertised EDNS(0)
UDP packet size to 512 octets" messages in their system logs.
Often, reducing the EDNS(0) UDP packet size leads to a successful
response. That is, the necessary data fits within the smaller
message size. However, when the data does not fit, the server sets
the truncated flag in its response, indicating the client should
retry over TCP to receive the whole response. This is undesirable
from the client's point of view because it adds more latency and
potentially undesirable from the server's point of view due to the
increased resource requirements of TCP.
Note that a receiver is unable to differentiate between packets lost
due to congestion and packets (fragments) intentionally dropped by
firewalls or middleboxes. Over network paths with non-trivial
amounts of packet loss, larger, fragmented DNS responses are more
likely to never arrive and time out compared to smaller, unfragmented
responses. Clients might be misled into retrying queries with
different EDNS(0) UDP packet size values for the wrong reason.
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The issues around fragmentation, truncation, and TCP are driving
certain implementation and policy decisions in the DNS. Notably,
Cloudflare implemented what it calls "DNSSEC black lies" [CLOUDFLARE]
and uses ECDSA algorithms, such that their signed responses fit
easily in 512 bytes. The Key Signing Key (KSK) Rollover design team
[DESIGNTEAM] spent a lot of time thinking and worrying about response
sizes. There is growing sentiment in the DNSSEC community that RSA
key sizes beyond 2048-bits are impractical and that critical
infrastructure zones should transition to elliptic curve algorithms
to keep response sizes manageable [ECDSA].
More recently, renewed security concerns about fragmented DNS
messages ([AVOID_FRAGS], [FRAG_POISON]) are leading implementors to
consider smaller responses and lower default EDNS(0) UDP payload size
values for both queriers and responders [FLAGDAY2020].
2.5. "Only Zone Transfers Use TCP"
Today, the majority of the DNS community expects, or at least has a
desire, to see DNS over TCP transactions occur without interference
[FLAGDAY2020]. However, there has also been a long-held belief by
some operators, particularly for security-related reasons, that DNS
over TCP services should be purposely limited or not provided at all
[CHES94], [DJBDNS]. A popular meme is that DNS over TCP is only ever
used for zone transfers and is generally unnecessary otherwise, with
filtering all DNS over TCP traffic even described as a best practice.
The position on restricting DNS over TCP had some justification given
that historical implementations of DNS nameservers provided very
little in the way of TCP connection management (for example see
Section 6.1.2 of [RFC7766] for more details). However, modern
standards and implementations are nearing parity with the more
sophisticated TCP management techniques employed by, for example,
HTTP(S) servers and load balancers.
2.6. Reuse, Pipelining, and Out-of-Order Processing
The idea that a TCP connection can support multiple transactions goes
back as far as [RFC0883], which states: "Multiple messages may be
sent over a virtual circuit." Although [RFC1035], which updates the
former, omits this particular detail, it has been generally accepted
that a TCP connection can be used for more than one query and
response.
[RFC5966] clarified that servers are not required to preserve the
order of queries and responses over any transport. [RFC7766], which
updates the former, further encourages query pipelining over TCP to
achieve performance on par with UDP. A server that sends out-of-
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order responses to pipelined queries avoids head-of-line blocking
when the response for a later query is ready before the response to
an earlier query.
However, TCP can potentially suffer from a different head-of-line
blocking problem due to packet loss. Since TCP itself enforces
ordering, a single lost segment delays delivery of data in any
following segments until the lost segment is retransmitted and
successfully received.
3. DNS over TCP Requirements
An average increase in DNS message size (e.g., due to DNSSEC), the
continued development of new DNS features (Appendix A), and a denial
of service mitigation technique (Section 8), all show that DNS over
TCP transactions are as important to the correct and safe operation
of the Internet DNS as ever, if not more so. Furthermore, there has
been research that argues connection-oriented DNS transactions may
provide security and privacy advantages over UDP transport [TDNS].
In fact, the standard for DNS over TLS [RFC7858] is just this sort of
specification. Therefore, this document makes explicit that it is
undesirable for network operators to artificially inhibit DNS over
TCP transport.
Section 6.1.3.2 in [RFC1123] is updated: All DNS resolvers and
servers MUST support and service both UDP and TCP queries.
* DNS servers (including forwarders) MUST support and service TCP
for receiving queries, so that clients can reliably receive
responses that are larger than what either side considers too
large for UDP.
* DNS clients MUST support TCP for sending queries, so that they can
retry truncated UDP responses as necessary.
Furthermore, the requirement in Section 6.1.3.2 of [RFC1123] around
limiting the resources a server devotes to queries is hereby updated:
OLD:
A name server MAY limit the resources it devotes to TCP queries,
but it SHOULD NOT refuse to service a TCP query just because it
would have succeeded with UDP.
NEW:
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A name server MAY limit the resources it devotes to queries, but
it MUST NOT refuse to service a query just because it would have
succeeded with another transport protocol.
Lastly, Section 1 of [RFC1536] is updated to eliminate the
misconception that TCP is only useful for zone transfers:
OLD:
DNS implements the classic request-response scheme of client-
server interaction. UDP is, therefore, the chosen protocol for
communication though TCP is used for zone transfers.
NEW:
DNS implements the classic request-response scheme of client-
server interaction.
Filtering of DNS over TCP is harmful in the general case. DNS
resolver and server operators MUST support and provide DNS service
over both UDP and TCP transports. Likewise, network operators MUST
allow DNS service over both UDP and TCP transports. It is
acknowledged that DNS over TCP service can pose operational
challenges that are not present when running DNS over UDP alone, and
vice-versa. However, the potential damage incurred by prohibiting
DNS over TCP service is more detrimental to the continued utility and
success of the DNS than when its usage is allowed.
4. Network and System Considerations
This section describes measures that systems and applications can
take to optimize performance over TCP and to protect themselves from
TCP-based resource exhaustion and attacks.
4.1. Connection Establishment and Admission
Resolvers and other DNS clients should be aware that some servers
might not be reachable over TCP. For this reason, clients MAY track
and limit the number of TCP connections and connection attempts to a
single server. Reachability problems can be caused by network
elements close to the server, close to the client, or anywhere along
the path between them. Mobile clients that cache connection failures
MAY do so on a per-network basis, or MAY clear such a cache upon
change of network.
Additionally, DNS clients MAY enforce a short timeout on
unestablished connections, rather than rely on the host operating
system's TCP connection timeout, which is often around 60-120 seconds
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(i.e., due to an initial retransmission timeout of 1 second, the
exponential back off rules of [RFC6298], and a limit of six retries
as is the default in Linux).
The SYN flooding attack is a denial-of-service method affecting hosts
that run TCP server processes [RFC4987]. This attack can be very
effective if not mitigated. One of the most effective mitigation
techniques is SYN cookies, described in Section 3.6 of [RFC4987],
which allows the server to avoid allocating any state until the
successful completion of the three-way handshake.
Services not intended for use by the public Internet, such as most
recursive name servers, SHOULD be protected with access controls.
Ideally these controls are placed in the network, well before any
unwanted TCP packets can reach the DNS server host or application.
If this is not possible, the controls can be placed in the
application itself. In some situations (e.g. attacks) it may be
necessary to deploy access controls for DNS services that should
otherwise be globally reachable. See also [RFC5358].
The FreeBSD and NetBSD operating systems have an "accept filter"
feature ([accept_filter]) that postpones delivery of TCP connections
to applications until a complete, valid request has been received.
The dns_accf(9) filter ensures that a valid DNS message is received.
If not, the bogus connection never reaches the application. The
Linux TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT feature, while more limited in scope, can
provide some of the same benefits as the BSD accept filter feature.
These features are implemented as low-level socket options, and are
not activated automatically. If applications wish to use these
features, they need to make specific calls to set the right options,
and administrators may also need to configure the applications to
appropriately use the features.
Per [RFC7766], applications and administrators are advised to
remember that TCP MAY be used before sending any UDP queries.
Networks and applications MUST NOT be configured to refuse TCP
queries that were not preceded by a UDP query.
TCP Fast Open [RFC7413] (TFO) allows TCP clients to shorten the
handshake for subsequent connections to the same server. TFO saves
one round-trip time in the connection setup. DNS servers SHOULD
enable TFO when possible. Furthermore, DNS servers clustered behind
a single service address (e.g., anycast or load-balancing), SHOULD
either use the same TFO server key on all instances, or disable TFO
for all members of the cluster.
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DNS clients MAY also enable TFO. At the time of this writing, on
some operating systems it is not implemented, or is disabled by
default. [WIKIPEDIA_TFO] describes applications and operating
systems that support TFO.
4.2. Connection Management
Since host memory for TCP state is a finite resource, DNS clients and
servers SHOULD actively manage their connections. Applications that
do not actively manage their connections can encounter resource
exhaustion leading to denial of service. For DNS, as in other
protocols, there is a tradeoff between keeping connections open for
potential future use and the need to free up resources for new
connections that will arrive.
Operators of DNS server software SHOULD be aware that operating
system and application vendors MAY impose a limit on the total number
of established connections. These limits may be designed to protect
against DDoS attacks or performance degradation. Operators SHOULD
understand how to increase these limits if necessary, and the
consequences of doing so. Limits imposed by the application SHOULD
be lower than limits imposed by the operating system, so that the
application can apply its own policy to connection management, such
as closing the oldest idle connections first.
DNS server software MAY provide a configurable limit on the number of
established connections per source IP address or subnet. This can be
used to ensure that a single or small set of users cannot consume all
TCP resources and deny service to other users. Note, however, that
if this limit is enabled, it possibly limits client performance while
leaving some TCP resources unutilized. Operators SHOULD be aware of
these tradeoffs and ensure this limit, if configured, is set
appropriately based on the number and diversity of their users, and
whether users connect from unique IP addresses or through a shared
Network Address Translator [RFC3022].
DNS server software SHOULD provide a configurable timeout for idle
TCP connections. This can be used to free up resources for new
connections and to ensure that idle connections are eventually
closed. At the same time, it possibly limits client performance
while leaving some TCP resources unutilized. For very busy name
servers this might be set to a low value, such as a few seconds. For
less busy servers it might be set to a higher value, such as tens of
seconds. DNS clients and servers SHOULD signal their timeout values
using the edns-tcp-keepalive option [RFC7828].
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DNS server software MAY provide a configurable limit on the number of
transactions per TCP connection. This can help protect against
unfair connection use (e.g., not releasing connection slots to other
clients) and network evasion attacks.
Similarly, DNS server software MAY provide a configurable limit on
the total duration of a TCP connection. This can help protect
against unfair connection use, slow read attacks, and network evasion
attacks.
Since clients may not be aware of server-imposed limits, clients
utilizing TCP for DNS need to always be prepared to re-establish
connections or otherwise retry outstanding queries.
4.3. Connection Termination
The TCP peer that initiates a connection close retains the socket in
the TIME_WAIT state for some amount of time, possibly a few minutes.
It is generally preferable for clients to initiate the close of a TCP
connection so that busy servers do not accumulate many sockets in the
TIME_WAIT state, which can cause performance problems or even denial
of service. The edns-tcp-keepalive EDNS(0) option [RFC7828] can be
used to encourage clients to close connections.
On systems where large numbers of sockets in TIME_WAIT are observed
(either as client or server), and are affecting an application's
performance, it may be tempting to tune local TCP parameters. For
example, the Linux kernel has a "sysctl" parameter named
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse which allows connections in the TIME_WAIT state
to be reused in specific circumstances. Note, however, this affects
only outgoing (client) connections and has no impact on servers. In
most cases it is NOT RECOMMENDED to change parameters related to the
TIME_WAIT state. It should only be done by those with detailed
knowledge of both TCP and the affected application.
4.4. DNS-over-TLS
DNS messages may be sent over TLS to provide privacy between stubs
and recursive resolvers. [RFC7858] is a Standards Track document
describing how this works. Although DNS-over-TLS utilizes TCP port
853 instead of port 53, this document applies equally well to DNS-
over-TLS. Note, however, DNS-over-TLS is only defined between stubs
and recursives at the time of this writing.
The use of TLS places even stronger operational burdens on DNS
clients and servers. Cryptographic functions for authentication and
encryption require additional processing. Unoptimized connection
setup with TLS 1.3 [RFC8446] takes one additional round-trip compared
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to TCP. Connection setup times can be reduced with TCP Fast Open,
and TLS False Start [RFC7918] for TLS 1.2. TLS 1.3 session
resumption does not reduce round-trip latency because no application
profile for use of TLS 0-RTT data with DNS has been published at the
time of this writing. However, TLS session resumption can reduce the
number of cryptographic operations, and in TLS 1.2, session
resumption does reduce the number of additional round trips from two
to one.
4.5. Defaults and Recommended Limits
A survey of features and defaults was conducted for popular open
source DNS server implementations at the time of writing. This
section documents those defaults and makes recommendations for
configurable limits that can be used in the absence of any other
information. Any recommended values in this document are only
intended as a starting point for administrators that are unsure what
sorts of limits might be reasonable. Operators SHOULD use
application-specific monitoring, system logs, and system monitoring
tools to gauge whether their service is operating within or exceeding
these limits, and adjust accordingly.
Most open source DNS server implementations provide a configurable
limit on the total number of established connections. Default values
range from 20 to 150. In most cases, where the majority of queries
take place over UDP, 150 is a reasonable limit. For services or
environments where most queries take place over TCP or TLS, 5000 is a
more appropriate limit.
Only some open source implementations provide a way to limit the
number of connections per source IP address or subnet, but the
default is to have no limit. For environments or situations where it
may be necessary to enable this limit, 25 connections per source IP
address is a reasonable starting point. The limit should be
increased when aggregated by subnet, or for services where most
queries take place over TCP or TLS.
Most open source implementations provide a configurable idle timeout
on connections. Default values range from 2 to 30 seconds. In most
cases, 10 seconds is a reasonable default for this limit. Longer
timeouts improve connection reuse, but busy servers may need to use a
lower limit.
Only some open source implementations provide a way to limit the
number of transactions per connection, but the default is to have no
limit. This document does not offer advice on particular values for
such a limit.
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Only some open source implementations provide a way to limit the
duration of connection, but the default is to have no limit. This
document does not offer advice on particular values for such a limit.
5. DNS over TCP Filtering Risks
Networks that filter DNS over TCP risk losing access to significant
or important pieces of the DNS namespace. For a variety of reasons a
DNS answer may require a DNS over TCP query. This may include large
message sizes, lack of EDNS(0) support, DDoS mitigation techniques
(including [RRL]), or perhaps some future capability that is as yet
unforeseen will also demand TCP transport.
For example, [RFC7901] describes a latency-avoiding technique that
sends extra data in DNS responses. This makes responses larger and
potentially increases the effectiveness of DDoS reflection attacks.
The specification mandates the use of TCP or DNS Cookies [RFC7873].
Even if any or all particular answers have consistently been returned
successfully with UDP in the past, this continued behavior cannot be
guaranteed when DNS messages are exchanged between autonomous
systems. Therefore, filtering of DNS over TCP is considered harmful
and contrary to the safe and successful operation of the Internet.
This section enumerates some of the known risks at the time of this
writing when networks filter DNS over TCP.
5.1. Truncation, Retries, and Timeouts
Networks that filter DNS over TCP may inadvertently cause problems
for third-party resolvers as experienced by [TOYAMA]. For example, a
resolver receives queries for a moderately popular domain. The
resolver forwards the queries to the domain's authoritative name
servers, but those servers respond with the TC bit set. The resolver
retries over TCP, but the authoritative server blocks DNS over TCP.
The pending connections consume resources on the resolver until they
time out. If the number and frequency of these truncated-and-then-
blocked queries is sufficiently high, the resolver wastes valuable
resources on queries that can never be answered. This condition is
generally not easily or completely mitigated by the affected DNS
resolver operator.
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5.2. DNS Root Zone KSK Rollover
The plans for deploying a new root zone DNSSEC KSK highlighted a
potential problem in retrieving the root zone key set [LEWIS].
During some phases of the KSK rollover process, root zone DNSKEY
responses were larger than 1280 bytes, the IPv6 minimum MTU for links
carrying IPv6 traffic [RFC8200]. There was some concern
[KSK_ROLLOVER_ARCHIVES] that any DNS server unable to receive large
DNS messages over UDP, or any DNS message over TCP, would experience
disruption while performing DNSSEC validation.
However, during the year-long postponement of the KSK rollover there
were no reported problems that could be attributed to the 1414 octet
DNSKEY response when both the old and new keys were published in the
zone. Additionally, there were no reported problems during the two-
month period when the old key was published as revoked and the DNSKEY
response was 1425 octets in size [ROLL_YOUR_ROOT].
6. Logging and Monitoring
Developers of applications that log or monitor DNS SHOULD NOT ignore
TCP due to the perception that it is rarely used or is hard to
process. Operators SHOULD ensure that their monitoring and logging
applications properly capture DNS messages over TCP. Otherwise,
attacks, exfiltration attempts, and normal traffic may go undetected.
DNS messages over TCP are in no way guaranteed to arrive in single
segments. In fact, a clever attacker might attempt to hide certain
messages by forcing them over very small TCP segments. Applications
that capture network packets (e.g., with libpcap [libpcap]) SHOULD
implement and perform full TCP stream reassembly and analyze the
reassembled stream instead of the individual packets. Otherwise,
they are vulnerable to network evasion attacks [phrack].
Furthermore, such applications need to protect themselves from
resource exhaustion attacks by limiting the amount of memory
allocated to tracking unacknowledged connection state data. dnscap
[dnscap] is an open-source example of a DNS logging program that
implements TCP stream reassembly.
Developers SHOULD also keep in mind connection reuse, query
pipelining, and out-of-order responses when building and testing DNS
monitoring applications.
As an alternative to packet capture, some DNS server software
supports dnstap [dnstap] as an integrated monitoring protocol
intended to facilitate wide-scale DNS monitoring.
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7. IANA Considerations
This memo includes no request to IANA.
8. Security Considerations
This document, providing operational requirements, is the companion
to the implementation requirements of DNS over TCP, provided in
[RFC7766]. The security considerations from [RFC7766] still apply.
Ironically, returning truncated DNS over UDP answers in order to
induce a client query to switch to DNS over TCP has become a common
response to source address spoofed, DNS denial-of-service attacks
[RRL]. Historically, operators have been wary of TCP-based attacks,
but in recent years, UDP-based flooding attacks have proven to be the
most common protocol attack on the DNS. Nevertheless, a high rate of
short-lived DNS transactions over TCP may pose challenges. In fact,
[DAI21] details a class of IP fragmentation attacks on DNS
transactions if the IP Identifier field (16 bits in IPv4 and 32 bits
in IPv6) can be predicted and a system is coerced to fragment rather
than retransmit messages. While many operators have provided DNS
over TCP service for many years without duress, past experience is no
guarantee of future success.
DNS over TCP is similar to many other Internet TCP services. TCP
threats and many mitigation strategies have been well-documented in a
series of documents such as [RFC4953], [RFC4987], [RFC5927], and
[RFC5961].
As mentioned in Section 6, applications that implement TCP stream
reassembly need to limit the amount of memory allocated to connection
tracking. A failure to do so could lead to a total failure of the
logging or monitoring application. Imposition of resource limits
creates a tradeoff between allowing some stream reassembly to
continue and allowing some evasion attacks to succeed.
This document recommends that DNS Servers enable TFO when possible.
[RFC7413] recommends that a pool of servers behind a load balancer
with shared server IP address also share the key used to generate
Fast Open cookies, to prevent inordinate fallback to the 3WHS. This
guidance remains accurate, but comes with a caveat: compromise of one
server would reveal this group-shared key, and allow for attacks
involving the other servers in the pool by forging invalid Fast Open
cookies.
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9. Privacy Considerations
Since DNS over both UDP and TCP uses the same underlying message
format, the use of one transport instead of the other does not change
the privacy characteristics of the message content (i.e., the name
being queried). A number of protocols have recently been developed
to provide DNS privacy, including DNS over TLS [RFC7858], DNS over
DTLS [RFC8094], DNS over HTTPS [RFC8484], with even more on the way.
Because TCP is somewhat more complex than UDP, some characteristics
of a TCP conversation may enable DNS client fingerprinting and
tracking that is not possible with UDP. For example, the choice of
initial sequence numbers, window size, and options might be able to
identify a particular TCP implementation, or even individual hosts
behind shared resources such as network address translators (NATs).
10. Acknowledgments
This document was initially motivated by feedback from students who
pointed out that they were hearing contradictory information about
filtering DNS over TCP messages. Thanks in particular to a teaching
colleague, JPL, who perhaps unknowingly encouraged the initial
research into the differences between what the community has
historically said and did. Thanks to all the NANOG 63 attendees who
provided feedback to an early talk on this subject.
The following individuals provided an array of feedback to help
improve this document: Joe Abley, Piet Barber, Sara Dickinson, Tony
Finch, Bob Harold, Paul Hoffman, Geoff Huston, Tatuya Jinmei, Puneet
Sood, and Richard Wilhelm. The authors are also indebted to the
contributions stemming from discussion in the tcpm working group
meeting at IETF 104. Any remaining errors or imperfections are the
sole responsibility of the document authors.
11. References
11.1. Normative References
[RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
November 1987, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
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[RFC2181] Elz, R. and R. Bush, "Clarifications to the DNS
Specification", RFC 2181, DOI 10.17487/RFC2181, July 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2181>.
[RFC6891] Damas, J., Graff, M., and P. Vixie, "Extension Mechanisms
for DNS (EDNS(0))", STD 75, RFC 6891,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6891, April 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6891>.
[RFC7766] Dickinson, J., Dickinson, S., Bellis, R., Mankin, A., and
D. Wessels, "DNS Transport over TCP - Implementation
Requirements", RFC 7766, DOI 10.17487/RFC7766, March 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7766>.
[RFC7828] Wouters, P., Abley, J., Dickinson, S., and R. Bellis, "The
edns-tcp-keepalive EDNS0 Option", RFC 7828,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7828, April 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7828>.
[RFC7873] Eastlake 3rd, D. and M. Andrews, "Domain Name System (DNS)
Cookies", RFC 7873, DOI 10.17487/RFC7873, May 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7873>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
11.2. Informative References
[accept_filter]
FreeBSD, "FreeBSD accept_filter(9)", 7 May 2018,
<https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=accept_filter>.
[APNIC] Huston, G., "DNS XL", October 2020,
<https://labs.apnic.net/?p=1380>.
[AVOID_FRAGS]
Fujiwara, K. and P. Vixie, "Fragmentation Avoidance in
DNS", Work in Progress, draft-ietf-dnsop-avoid-
fragmentation-05, February 2021.
[BIND] Internet Systems Consortium, "BIND 9 - ISC", April 2021,
<https://www.isc.org/bind/>.
[CASTRO2010]
Castro, S., Zhang, M., John, W., Wessels, D., and k.c.
claffy, "Understanding and preparing for DNS evolution",
2010.
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[CHES94] Cheswick, W.R. and S.M. Bellovin, "Firewalls and Internet
Security: Repelling the Wily Hacker", 1994.
[CLOUDFLARE]
Grant, D., "Economical With The Truth: Making DNSSEC
Answers Cheap", 24 June 2016,
<https://blog.cloudflare.com/black-lies/>.
[DAI21] Tianxiang, T., Shulman, H., and M. Waidner, "DNS-over-TCP
Considered Vulnerable", 2021.
[DESIGNTEAM]
Design Team Report, "Root Zone KSK Rollover Plan", 18
December 2015, <https://www.iana.org/reports/2016/root-
ksk-rollover-design-20160307.pdf>.
[DJBDNS] D.J. Bernstein, "When are TCP queries sent?", 2002,
<https://cr.yp.to/djbdns/tcp.html#why>.
[dnscap] DNS-OARC, "DNSCAP", 7 May 2018,
<https://www.dns-oarc.net/tools/dnscap>.
[dnstap] Edmonds, R. and P. Vixie, "dnstap", 7 May 2018,
<https://dnstap.info>.
[ECDSA] Rijswijk-Deij, R., Sperotto, A., and A. Pras, "Making the
Case for Elliptic Curves in DNSSEC", September 2015,
<https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2831347.2831350>.
[FLAGDAY2020]
Various DNS software and service providers, "DNS Flag Day
2020", October 2020, <https://dnsflagday.net/2020/>.
[FRAG_POISON]
Herzberg, A. and H. Shulman, "Fragmentation Considered
Poisonous", May 2012,
<https://u.cs.biu.ac.il/~herzbea/security/13-03-frag.pdf>.
[HUSTON] Huston, G., "Dealing with IPv6 fragmentation in the DNS",
22 August 2017, <https://blog.apnic.net/2017/08/22/
dealing-ipv6-fragmentation-dns/>.
[KSK_ROLLOVER_ARCHIVES]
Internet Coporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, "KSK
Rollover List Archives", January 2019,
<https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/ksk-rollover/2019-January/
date.html>.
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[LEWIS] Lewis, E., "2017 DNSSEC KSK Rollover", RIPE 74 Budapest,
Hungary, 8 May 2017, <https://ripe74.ripe.net/
presentations/25-RIPE74-lewis-submission.pdf>.
[libpcap] Tcpdump/Libpcap, "Tcpdump and Libpcap", 7 May 2018,
<https://www.tcpdump.org>.
[NETALYZR] Kreibich, C., Weaver, N., Nechaev, B., and V. Paxson,
"Netalyzr: Illuminating The Edge Network", 2010.
[phrack] horizon, "Defeating Sniffers and Intrusion Detection
Systems", December 1998,
<http://phrack.org/issues/54/10.html>.
[RFC0768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
DOI 10.17487/RFC0768, August 1980,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc768>.
[RFC0793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
RFC 793, DOI 10.17487/RFC0793, September 1981,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc793>.
[RFC0883] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names: Implementation
specification", RFC 883, DOI 10.17487/RFC0883, November
1983, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc883>.
[RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
STD 13, RFC 1034, DOI 10.17487/RFC1034, November 1987,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1034>.
[RFC1123] Braden, R., Ed., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -
Application and Support", STD 3, RFC 1123,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1123, October 1989,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1123>.
[RFC1536] Kumar, A., Postel, J., Neuman, C., Danzig, P., and S.
Miller, "Common DNS Implementation Errors and Suggested
Fixes", RFC 1536, DOI 10.17487/RFC1536, October 1993,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1536>.
[RFC1995] Ohta, M., "Incremental Zone Transfer in DNS", RFC 1995,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1995, August 1996,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1995>.
[RFC1996] Vixie, P., "A Mechanism for Prompt Notification of Zone
Changes (DNS NOTIFY)", RFC 1996, DOI 10.17487/RFC1996,
August 1996, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1996>.
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[RFC2136] Vixie, P., Ed., Thomson, S., Rekhter, Y., and J. Bound,
"Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE)",
RFC 2136, DOI 10.17487/RFC2136, April 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2136>.
[RFC2541] Eastlake 3rd, D., "DNS Security Operational
Considerations", RFC 2541, DOI 10.17487/RFC2541, March
1999, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2541>.
[RFC2671] Vixie, P., "Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS0)",
RFC 2671, DOI 10.17487/RFC2671, August 1999,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2671>.
[RFC2694] Srisuresh, P., Tsirtsis, G., Akkiraju, P., and A.
Heffernan, "DNS extensions to Network Address Translators
(DNS_ALG)", RFC 2694, DOI 10.17487/RFC2694, September
1999, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2694>.
[RFC3022] Srisuresh, P. and K. Egevang, "Traditional IP Network
Address Translator (Traditional NAT)", RFC 3022,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3022, January 2001,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3022>.
[RFC3225] Conrad, D., "Indicating Resolver Support of DNSSEC",
RFC 3225, DOI 10.17487/RFC3225, December 2001,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3225>.
[RFC3226] Gudmundsson, O., "DNSSEC and IPv6 A6 aware server/resolver
message size requirements", RFC 3226,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3226, December 2001,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3226>.
[RFC4472] Durand, A., Ihren, J., and P. Savola, "Operational
Considerations and Issues with IPv6 DNS", RFC 4472,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4472, April 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4472>.
[RFC4953] Touch, J., "Defending TCP Against Spoofing Attacks",
RFC 4953, DOI 10.17487/RFC4953, July 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4953>.
[RFC4987] Eddy, W., "TCP SYN Flooding Attacks and Common
Mitigations", RFC 4987, DOI 10.17487/RFC4987, August 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4987>.
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[RFC5358] Damas, J. and F. Neves, "Preventing Use of Recursive
Nameservers in Reflector Attacks", BCP 140, RFC 5358,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5358, October 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5358>.
[RFC5452] Hubert, A. and R. van Mook, "Measures for Making DNS More
Resilient against Forged Answers", RFC 5452,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5452, January 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5452>.
[RFC5507] IAB, Faltstrom, P., Ed., Austein, R., Ed., and P. Koch,
Ed., "Design Choices When Expanding the DNS", RFC 5507,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5507, April 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5507>.
[RFC5625] Bellis, R., "DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines",
BCP 152, RFC 5625, DOI 10.17487/RFC5625, August 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5625>.
[RFC5927] Gont, F., "ICMP Attacks against TCP", RFC 5927,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5927, July 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5927>.
[RFC5936] Lewis, E. and A. Hoenes, Ed., "DNS Zone Transfer Protocol
(AXFR)", RFC 5936, DOI 10.17487/RFC5936, June 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5936>.
[RFC5961] Ramaiah, A., Stewart, R., and M. Dalal, "Improving TCP's
Robustness to Blind In-Window Attacks", RFC 5961,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5961, August 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5961>.
[RFC5966] Bellis, R., "DNS Transport over TCP - Implementation
Requirements", RFC 5966, DOI 10.17487/RFC5966, August
2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5966>.
[RFC6298] Paxson, V., Allman, M., Chu, J., and M. Sargent,
"Computing TCP's Retransmission Timer", RFC 6298,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6298, June 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6298>.
[RFC6762] Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS", RFC 6762,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6762, February 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6762>.
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[RFC6950] Peterson, J., Kolkman, O., Tschofenig, H., and B. Aboba,
"Architectural Considerations on Application Features in
the DNS", RFC 6950, DOI 10.17487/RFC6950, October 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6950>.
[RFC7413] Cheng, Y., Chu, J., Radhakrishnan, S., and A. Jain, "TCP
Fast Open", RFC 7413, DOI 10.17487/RFC7413, December 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7413>.
[RFC7477] Hardaker, W., "Child-to-Parent Synchronization in DNS",
RFC 7477, DOI 10.17487/RFC7477, March 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7477>.
[RFC7534] Abley, J. and W. Sotomayor, "AS112 Nameserver Operations",
RFC 7534, DOI 10.17487/RFC7534, May 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7534>.
[RFC7720] Blanchet, M. and L-J. Liman, "DNS Root Name Service
Protocol and Deployment Requirements", BCP 40, RFC 7720,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7720, December 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7720>.
[RFC7858] Hu, Z., Zhu, L., Heidemann, J., Mankin, A., Wessels, D.,
and P. Hoffman, "Specification for DNS over Transport
Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 7858, DOI 10.17487/RFC7858, May
2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7858>.
[RFC7901] Wouters, P., "CHAIN Query Requests in DNS", RFC 7901,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7901, June 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7901>.
[RFC7918] Langley, A., Modadugu, N., and B. Moeller, "Transport
Layer Security (TLS) False Start", RFC 7918,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7918, August 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7918>.
[RFC8027] Hardaker, W., Gudmundsson, O., and S. Krishnaswamy,
"DNSSEC Roadblock Avoidance", BCP 207, RFC 8027,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8027, November 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8027>.
[RFC8094] Reddy, T., Wing, D., and P. Patil, "DNS over Datagram
Transport Layer Security (DTLS)", RFC 8094,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8094, February 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8094>.
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[RFC8162] Hoffman, P. and J. Schlyter, "Using Secure DNS to
Associate Certificates with Domain Names for S/MIME",
RFC 8162, DOI 10.17487/RFC8162, May 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8162>.
[RFC8200] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.
[RFC8324] Klensin, J., "DNS Privacy, Authorization, Special Uses,
Encoding, Characters, Matching, and Root Structure: Time
for Another Look?", RFC 8324, DOI 10.17487/RFC8324,
February 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8324>.
[RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.
[RFC8467] Mayrhofer, A., "Padding Policies for Extension Mechanisms
for DNS (EDNS(0))", RFC 8467, DOI 10.17487/RFC8467,
October 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8467>.
[RFC8482] Abley, J., Gudmundsson, O., Majkowski, M., and E. Hunt,
"Providing Minimal-Sized Responses to DNS Queries That
Have QTYPE=ANY", RFC 8482, DOI 10.17487/RFC8482, January
2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8482>.
[RFC8483] Song, L., Ed., Liu, D., Vixie, P., Kato, A., and S. Kerr,
"Yeti DNS Testbed", RFC 8483, DOI 10.17487/RFC8483,
October 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8483>.
[RFC8484] Hoffman, P. and P. McManus, "DNS Queries over HTTPS
(DoH)", RFC 8484, DOI 10.17487/RFC8484, October 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8484>.
[RFC8490] Bellis, R., Cheshire, S., Dickinson, J., Dickinson, S.,
Lemon, T., and T. Pusateri, "DNS Stateful Operations",
RFC 8490, DOI 10.17487/RFC8490, March 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8490>.
[RFC8501] Howard, L., "Reverse DNS in IPv6 for Internet Service
Providers", RFC 8501, DOI 10.17487/RFC8501, November 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8501>.
[RFC8806] Kumari, W. and P. Hoffman, "Running a Root Server Local to
a Resolver", RFC 8806, DOI 10.17487/RFC8806, June 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8806>.
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[RFC8906] Andrews, M. and R. Bellis, "A Common Operational Problem
in DNS Servers: Failure to Communicate", BCP 231,
RFC 8906, DOI 10.17487/RFC8906, September 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8906>.
[RFC8932] Dickinson, S., Overeinder, B., van Rijswijk-Deij, R., and
A. Mankin, "Recommendations for DNS Privacy Service
Operators", BCP 232, RFC 8932, DOI 10.17487/RFC8932,
October 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8932>.
[RFC8945] Dupont, F., Morris, S., Vixie, P., Eastlake 3rd, D.,
Gudmundsson, O., and B. Wellington, "Secret Key
Transaction Authentication for DNS (TSIG)", STD 93,
RFC 8945, DOI 10.17487/RFC8945, November 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8945>.
[ROLL_YOUR_ROOT]
Müller, M., Thomas, M., Wessels, D., Hardaker, W., Chung,
T., Toorop, W., and R.v. Rijswijk-Deij, "Roll, Roll, Roll
Your Root: A Comprehensive Analysis of the First Ever
DNSSEC Root KSK Rollover", October 2019,
<https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3355369.3355570>.
[RRL] Vixie, P. and V. Schryver, "DNS Response Rate Limiting
(DNS RRL)", ISC-TN 2012-1 Draft1, April 2012.
[TDNS] Zhu, L., Heidemann, J., Wessels, D., Mankin, A., and N.
Somaiya, "Connection-oriented DNS to Improve Privacy and
Security", 2015.
[TOYAMA] Toyama, K., Ishibashi, K., Ishino, M., Yoshimura, C., and
K. Fujiwara, "DNS Anomalies and Their Impacts on DNS Cache
Servers", NANOG 32 Reston, VA USA, 2004.
[VERISIGN] Thomas, M. and D. Wessels, "An Analysis of TCP Traffic in
Root Server DITL Data", DNS-OARC 2014 Fall Workshop Los
Angeles, 2014.
[WIKIPEDIA_TFO]
Wikipedia, "TCP Fast Open", 4 May 2018,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_Fast_Open>.
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Appendix A. Standards Related to DNS Transport over TCP
This section enumerates all known IETF RFC documents that are
currently of status Internet Standard, Draft Standard, Proposed
Standard, Informational, Best Current Practice, or Experimental and
either implicitly or explicitly make assumptions or statements about
the use of TCP as a transport for the DNS germane to this document.
A.1. IETF RFC 1035 - DOMAIN NAMES - IMPLEMENTATION AND SPECIFICATION
The Internet Standard [RFC1035] is the base DNS specification that
explicitly defines support for DNS over TCP.
A.2. IETF RFC 1536 - Common DNS Implementation Errors and Suggested
Fixes
This Informational document [RFC1536] states UDP is the "chosen
protocol for communication though TCP is used for zone transfers."
That statement should now be considered in its historical context and
is no longer a proper reflection of modern expectations.
A.3. IETF RFC 1995 - Incremental Zone Transfer in DNS
This Proposed Standard [RFC1995] documents the use of TCP as the
fallback transport when IXFR responses do not fit into a single UDP
response. As with AXFR, IXFR messages are typically delivered over
TCP by default in practice.
A.4. IETF RFC 1996 - A Mechanism for Prompt Notification of Zone
Changes (DNS NOTIFY)
This Proposed Standard [RFC1996] suggests a primary server may decide
to issue NOTIFY messages over TCP. In practice, NOTIFY messages are
generally sent over UDP, but this specification leaves open the
possibility that the choice of transport protocol is up to the
primary server, and therefore a secondary server ought to be able to
operate over both UDP and TCP.
A.5. IETF RFC 2181 - Clarifications to the DNS Specification
This Proposed Standard [RFC2181] includes clarifying text on how a
client should react to the TC bit set on responses. It is advised
that the response should be discarded and the query resent using TCP.
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A.6. IETF RFC 2694 - DNS extensions to Network Address Translators
(DNS_ALG)
This Informational document [RFC2694] enumerates considerations for
network address translation (NAT) devices to properly handle DNS
traffic. This document is noteworthy in its suggestion that
"[t]ypically, TCP is used for AXFR requests," as further evidence
that helps explain why DNS over TCP may have often been treated very
differently than DNS over UDP in operational networks.
A.7. IETF RFC 3225 - Indicating Resolver Support of DNSSEC
This Proposed Standard [RFC3225] makes statements indicating DNS over
TCP is "detrimental" as a result of increased traffic, latency, and
server load. This document is a companion to the next document in
the RFC series expressing the requirement for EDNS(0) support for
DNSSEC.
A.8. IETF RFC 3226 - DNSSEC and IPv6 A6 aware server/resolver message
size requirements
Although updated by later DNSSEC RFCs, the Proposed Standard
[RFC3226] strongly argues in favor of UDP messages instead of TCP,
largely for performance reasons. The document declares EDNS(0) a
requirement for DNSSEC servers and advocates that packet
fragmentation may be preferable to TCP in certain situations.
A.9. IETF RFC 4472 - Operational Considerations and Issues with IPv6
DNS
This Informational document [RFC4472] notes that IPv6 data may
increase DNS responses beyond what would fit in a UDP message.
Particularly noteworthy, perhaps less common today than when this
document was written, it refers to implementations that truncate data
without setting the TC bit to encourage the client to resend the
query using TCP.
A.10. IETF RFC 5452 - Measures for Making DNS More Resilient against
Forged Answers
This Informational document [RFC5452] arose as public DNS systems
began to experience widespread abuse from spoofed queries, resulting
in amplification and reflection attacks against unwitting victims.
One of the leading justifications for supporting DNS over TCP to
thwart these attacks is briefly described in this document's 9.3
Spoof Detection and Countermeasure section.
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A.11. IETF RFC 5507 - Design Choices When Expanding the DNS
This Informational document [RFC5507] was largely an attempt to
dissuade new DNS data types from overloading the TXT resource record
type. In so doing it summarizes the conventional wisdom of DNS
design and implementation practices. The authors suggest TCP
overhead and stateful properties pose challenges compared to UDP, and
imply that UDP is generally preferred for performance and robustness.
A.12. IETF RFC 5625 - DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines
This Best Current Practice document [RFC5625] provides DNS proxy
implementation guidance including the mandate that a proxy "MUST
[...] be prepared to receive and forward queries over TCP" even
though it suggests historically TCP transport has not been strictly
mandatory in stub resolvers or recursive servers.
A.13. IETF RFC 5936 - DNS Zone Transfer Protocol (AXFR)
This Proposed Standard [RFC5936] provides a detailed specification
for the zone transfer protocol, as originally outlined in the early
DNS standards. AXFR operation is limited to TCP and not specified
for UDP. This document discusses TCP usage at length.
A.14. IETF RFC 7534 - AS112 Nameserver Operations
[RFC7534] is an Informational document enumerating the requirements
for operation of AS112 project DNS servers. New AS112 nodes are
tested for their ability to provide service on both UDP and TCP
transports, with the implication that TCP service is an expected part
of normal operations.
A.15. IETF RFC 6762 - Multicast DNS
In this Proposed Standard [RFC6762], the TC bit is deemed to have
essentially the same meaning as described in the original DNS
specifications. That is, if a response with the TC bit set is
received, "[...] the querier SHOULD reissue its query using TCP in
order to receive the larger response."
A.16. IETF RFC 6891 - Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS(0))
This Internet Standard [RFC6891] helped slow the use of and need for
DNS over TCP messages. This document highlights concerns over server
load and scalability in widespread use of DNS over TCP.
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A.17. IETF RFC 6950 - Architectural Considerations on Application
Features in the DNS
An Informational document [RFC6950] that draws attention to large
data in the DNS. TCP is referenced in the context as a common
fallback mechanism and counter to some spoofing attacks.
A.18. IETF RFC 7477 - Child-to-Parent Synchronization in DNS
This Proposed Standard [RFC7477] specifies a RRType and protocol to
signal and synchronize NS, A, and AAAA resource record changes from a
child to parent zone. Since this protocol may require multiple
requests and responses, it recommends utilizing DNS over TCP to
ensure the conversation takes place between a consistent pair of end
nodes.
A.19. IETF RFC 7720 - DNS Root Name Service Protocol and Deployment
Requirements
This Best Current Practice [RFC7720] declares root name service "MUST
support UDP [RFC0768] and TCP [RFC0793] transport of DNS queries and
responses."
A.20. IETF RFC 7766 - DNS Transport over TCP - Implementation
Requirements
This Proposed Standard [RFC7766] instructs DNS implementers to
provide support for carrying DNS over TCP messages in their software,
and might be considered the direct ancestor of this operational
requirements document. The implementation requirements document
codifies mandatory support for DNS over TCP in compliant DNS
software, but makes no recommendations to operators, which we seek to
address here.
A.21. IETF RFC 7828 - The edns-tcp-keepalive EDNS(0) Option
This Proposed Standard [RFC7828] defines an EDNS(0) option to
negotiate an idle timeout value for long-lived DNS over TCP
connections. Consequently, this document is only applicable and
relevant to DNS over TCP sessions and between implementations that
support this option.
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A.22. IETF RFC 7858 - Specification for DNS over Transport Layer
Security (TLS)
This Proposed Standard [RFC7858] defines a method for putting DNS
messages into a TCP-based encrypted channel using TLS. This
specification is noteworthy for explicitly targeting the stub-to-
recursive traffic, but does not preclude its application from
recursive-to-authoritative traffic.
A.23. IETF RFC 7873 - Domain Name System (DNS) Cookies
This Proposed Standard [RFC7873] describes an EDNS(0) option to
provide additional protection against query and answer forgery. This
specification mentions DNS over TCP as an alternative mechanism when
DNS Cookies are not available. The specification does make mention
of DNS over TCP processing in two specific situations. In one, when
a server receives only a client cookie in a request, the server
should consider whether the request arrived over TCP and if so, it
should consider accepting TCP as sufficient to authenticate the
request and respond accordingly. In another, when a client receives
a BADCOOKIE reply using a fresh server cookie, the client should
retry using TCP as the transport.
A.24. IETF RFC 7901 - CHAIN Query Requests in DNS
This Experimental specification [RFC7901] describes an EDNS(0) option
that can be used by a security-aware validating resolver to request
and obtain a complete DNSSEC validation path for any single query.
This document requires the use of DNS over TCP or a source IP address
verified transport mechanism such as EDNS-COOKIE [RFC7873].
A.25. IETF RFC 8027 - DNSSEC Roadblock Avoidance
This Best Current Practice [RFC8027] details observed problems with
DNSSEC deployment and mitigation techniques. Network traffic
blocking and restrictions, including DNS over TCP messages, are
highlighted as one reason for DNSSEC deployment issues. While this
document suggests these sorts of problems are due to "non-compliant
infrastructure", the scope of the document is limited to detection
and mitigation techniques to avoid so-called DNSSEC roadblocks.
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A.26. IETF RFC 8094 - DNS over Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS)
This Experimental specification [RFC8094] details a protocol that
uses a datagram transport (UDP), but stipulates that "DNS clients and
servers that implement DNS over DTLS MUST also implement DNS over TLS
in order to provide privacy for clients that desire Strict Privacy
[...]." This requirement implies DNS over TCP must be supported in
case the message size is larger than the path MTU.
A.27. IETF RFC 8162 - Using Secure DNS to Associate Certificates with
Domain Names for S/MIME
This Experimental specification [RFC8162] describes a technique to
authenticate user X.509 certificates in an S/MIME system via the DNS.
The document points out that the new experimental resource record
types are expected to carry large payloads, resulting in the
suggestion that "applications SHOULD use TCP -- not UDP -- to perform
queries for the SMIMEA resource record."
A.28. IETF RFC 8324 - DNS Privacy, Authorization, Special Uses,
Encoding, Characters, Matching, and Root Structure: Time for
Another Look?
An Informational document [RFC8324] that briefly discusses the common
role and challenges of DNS over TCP throughout the history of DNS.
A.29. IETF RFC 8467 - Padding Policies for Extension Mechanisms for DNS
(EDNS(0))
An Experimental document [RFC8467] reminds implementers to consider
the underlying transport protocol (e.g. TCP) when calculating the
padding length when artificially increasing the DNS message size with
an EDNS(0) padding option.
A.30. IETF RFC 8482 - Providing Minimal-Sized Responses to DNS Queries
That Have QTYPE=ANY
[RFC8482] is a Proposed Standard that describes alternative ways that
DNS servers can respond to queries of type ANY, which are sometimes
used to provide amplification in DDoS attacks. The specification
notes that responders may behave differently, depending on the
transport. For example, minimal-sized responses may be used over UDP
transport, while full responses may be given over TCP.
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A.31. IETF RFC 8483 - Yeti DNS Testbed
This Informational document [RFC8483] describes a testbed environment
that highlights some DNS over TCP behaviors, including issues
involving packet fragmentation and operational requirements for TCP
stream assembly in order to conduct DNS measurement and analysis.
A.32. IETF RFC 8484 - DNS Queries over HTTPS (DoH)
This Proposed Standard [RFC8484] defines a protocol for sending DNS
queries and responses over HTTPS. This specification assumes TLS and
TCP for the underlying security and transport layers, respectively.
Self-described as a technique that more closely resembles a tunneling
mechanism, DoH nevertheless likely implies DNS over TCP in some
sense, if not directly.
A.33. IETF RFC 8490 - DNS Stateful Operations
This Proposed Standard [RFC8490] updates the base protocol
specification with a new OPCODE to help manage stateful operations in
persistent sessions, such as those that might be used by DNS over
TCP.
A.34. IETF RFC 8501 - Reverse DNS in IPv6 for Internet Service
Providers
This Informational document [RFC8501] identifies potential
operational challenges with Dynamic DNS including denial-of-service
threats. The document suggests TCP may provide some advantages, but
that updating hosts would need to be explicitly configured to use TCP
instead of UDP.
A.35. IETF RFC 8806 - Running a Root Server Local to a Resolver
This Informational document [RFC8806] describes how to obtain and
operate a local copy of the root zone with examples showing how to
pull from authoritative sources using a DNS over TCP zone transfer.
A.36. IETF RFC 8906 - A Common Operational Problem in DNS Servers:
Failure to Communicate
This Best Current Practice document [RFC8906] discusses a number of
DNS operational failure scenarios and how to avoid them. This
includes discussions involving DNS over TCP queries, EDNS over TCP,
and a testing methodology that includes a section on verifying DNS
over TCP functionality.
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A.37. IETF RFC 8932 - Recommendations for DNS Privacy Service Operators
This Best Current Practice document [RFC8932] presents privacy
considerations to DNS privacy service operators. These mechanisms
sometimes include the use of TCP and are therefore susceptible to
information leakage such as TCP-based fingerprinting. This document
also references a draft version of this document.
A.38. IETF RFC 8945 - Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS
(TSIG)
This Internet Standard [RFC8945] recommends a client use TCP if
truncated TSIG messages are received.
Authors' Addresses
John Kristoff
DataPlane.org
Chicago, IL 60605
United States of America
Phone: +1 312 493 0305
Email: jtk@dataplane.org
URI: https://dataplane.org/jtk/
Duane Wessels
Verisign
12061 Bluemont Way
Reston, VA 20190
United States of America
Phone: +1 703 948 3200
Email: dwessels@verisign.com
URI: https://verisign.com
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