Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-dane-rawkeys

draft-ietf-dane-rawkeys









INTERNET-DRAFT                                                J. Gilmore
DANE Working Group                        Electronic Frontier Foundation
Intended status: Proposed Standard                          July 3, 2014
Expires: December 31, 2014
Updates: 6698 (if approved)


             Authenticating Raw Public Keys with DANE TLSA
                       draft-ietf-dane-rawkeys-00

Abstract

   This document standardizes how the Domain Name System can
   authenticate Raw Public Keys.  Transport Level Security now has the
   option to use Raw Public Keys, but they require some form of external
   authentication.  The document updates RFC 6698 to allow the Domain
   Name System to standardize the authentication of more types of keying
   material.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

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Copyright and License Notice

   Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors. All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents



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   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document. Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
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   described in the Simplified BSD License.

1  Background and Introduction

   The Internet uses many kinds of encryption, and many kinds of keying
   material.  These keys are authenticated in an attempt to prove that
   the public keys used in communication are the correct keys needed to
   interact with a particular server or client across the Internet.

   The Domain Name System (DNS) [RFC1034, RFC1035] provides a globally
   distributed database for brief information about names used in the
   Internet.  The DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) [RFC4033, RFC4034,
   RFC4035] provide authentication for this database, proving whether
   the information in the DNS was truly published by the owner of the
   associated domain name.

   Transport Level Security (TLS) [RFC5246] and Datagram TLS (DTLS)
   [RFC6347] define a protocol that protects an Internet datastream or a
   series of datagrams from eavesdropping and modification.  They
   initially used certificates in PKIX [RFC 5280] formats to store their
   keying material, and authenticated them via a series of trust anchors
   embedded in client applications.

   Domain name system Authentication of Named Entities (DANE) provides a
   way to store application level public keys in the DNS and
   authenticate them using DNSSEC.  The DANE TLS Authentication (TLSA)
   resource record [RFC6698] initially provided authentication for the
   PKIX certificates used in TLS and DTLS.

1.1  Summary of Changes

   This document extends TLSA records to be able to authenticate more
   kinds of keying material than PKIX certificates.  Protocols can then
   use their keying material with DANE by standardizing new forms of
   TLSA records.

   As a first example of such a new form, this document extends DANE to
   provide authentication for Raw Public Keys.  Raw Public Keys are used
   in place of PKIX certificates in an extension to TLS and DTLS
   [RFC7250].  Client applications using Raw Public Keys with TLS or
   DTLS can use DNSSEC to prove whether those public keys were truly
   published by the owner of the domain name whose server they are



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   accessing.

1.2  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

2  Extending TLSA records to support non-PKIX keying material

   This document relaxes the restriction that TLSA records can only
   authenticate PKIX certificates (RFC 6698, section 1.3).  The DANE
   protocol and TLSA records can now apply to encryption keying material
   in general.  This protocol and record type continue to apply to PKIX
   [RFC5280] certificates, but new standards are free to define non-PKIX
   keying material formats.

   Wherever the term "certificate" is used in RFC 6698 to refer to
   fields in the TLSA record, this document extends it to refer more
   generally to "keying material".  Thus the "certificate usage" field
   can be thought of as a "keying material usage" field, the
   "certificate association data" can now be used as "keying material
   association data", etc.

   In addition, this document relaxes the requirement that certificate
   usage value 3 can only be used for PKIX format certificates (RFC
   6698, section 2.1.1).  Certificate usage 3 can now be used with any
   standardized keying material format.  Certificate usages 0, 1 and 2
   remain restricted to apply only to PKIX-formatted certificates in DER
   encoding [X.690].

3  Supporting Raw Public Keys in TLSA records

   This document extends the DANE TLSA record definition to allow TLSA
   records to describe raw public keys as well as PKIX certificates.
   This extension does not define any new field values; it merely
   defines how existing fields are processed when being used with raw
   public keys, such as those provided by TLS and DTLS servers.

   There are two different ways to use raw public keys in TLSA records.
   One is to store the public key itself, so that it can be accessed
   directly from the DNS.  The second is to store a hash of the public
   key, so that a public key obtained in some other way can be
   authenticated via the DNS.  These cases are distinguished by the
   matching type field in the TLSA record.

   When a raw public key is to be stored in a TLSA record, the record
   MUST specify a certificate usage / keying material usage of 3



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   (domain-provided), a selector of 1 (SubjectPublicKeyInfo), and a
   matching type of 0.  The SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure that holds
   the public key is placed in the certificate association / keying
   material association data field.

   This SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure MUST be encoded in DER encoding
   [X.660] of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) [X.208].  It is
   identical to the SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure that is described in
   RFC 3279 [RFC3279], which is a used as a component of PKIX
   certificates.  It is identical to the SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure
   that is used in TLSA records that use a selector value of 1 and a
   matching type of 0 to match PKIX certificates.  It contains an
   algorithm identifier, any optional parameters needed with that
   algorithm identifier, and the public key itself.

   When a raw public key (that was obtained in some other way, such as
   in a TLS or DTLS transaction) is to be merely matched by a TLSA
   record, matching type 0 MAY be used, or matching types other than 0
   MAY also be used, by placing the hash value of the
   SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure into the certificate association /
   keying material association data.

   This document extends the meaning of the certificate usage / keying
   material usage value of 3 (from RFC 6699 section 2.1.1) by defining
   how the TLSA record is used by a client communicating with a TLS or
   DTLS server that uses raw public keys.  This extension adds to,
   rather than replacing, the definition of certificate usage 3 with TLS
   or DTLS servers that use PKIX certificates.

      3 -- Keying material usage 3 is also used to specify a raw public
      key that MUST match the raw public key presented by the server in
      TLS or DTLS.  When the server provides a raw public key, there is
      no PKIX certificate and no PKIX validation is done.  The server's
      raw public key MUST match the raw public key provided in the TLSA
      record.  This keying material usage is sometimes referred to as
      "domain-issued" because it allows a domain administrator to
      directly certify a domain's public keys.

4  Security Considerations

   The encoding used in the TLSA resource record for Raw Public Keys is
   identical to the encoding used to match the public key of a PKIX
   certificate.  This allows a single TLSA record to match both a PKIX
   certificate used in traditional TLS or DTLS, and to also match a Raw
   Public Key provided in extended TLS or DTLS.  This offers TLS or DTLS
   servers an easy way to interoperate with both traditional and
   extended clients.  They can use the same public and private key when
   communicating with either extended or traditional clients.



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   Since TLSA records use a protocol type and port number as a prefix on
   the domain name, services that use Raw Public Keys on various ports
   accessed through the same domain name are free to use different
   keying material.  Using diverse keying material for different
   services can improve the robustness of the services after a key
   compromise.  For example, email service on port 25 can continue with
   full security, even after the private key protecting HTTPS service on
   port 443 has been compromised.  This is a tighter binding between
   public keys and services than that provided by PKIX certificates,
   which do not distinguish port numbers.  When PKIX certificates are
   authenticated with TLSA usages 0, 1, or 2, a PKIX certificate that
   was originally used with HTTPS could be used for a man-in-the-middle
   attack on email service as well, after its corresponding private key
   has been compromised.  This cross-port attack does not work when the
   domain name uses TLSA usage 3 to authenticate different Raw Public
   Keys (or PKIX certificates) for the different services on different
   ports.

   In the TLS and DTLS protocol, certificate types are often negotiated
   before the relevant TLSA records are available to the client.  Server
   operators who anticipate using TLSA records to authenticate the
   server should always ensure that if their server offers support for
   Raw Public Keys, then their server's domain name(s) SHOULD contain
   TLSA records that match the public key that the server offers.
   Failure to publish such TLSA records would otherwise lead to an
   authentication failure in clients that opt to use Raw Public Keys,
   even if TLSA records exist that authenticate PKIX certificates with
   usages 0, 1, or 2.  This is not an issue when Raw Public Keys are
   used with out-of-band non-DANE authentication.

   When using Raw Public Keys and TLSA records, the security of the
   domain name system records directly affects the security of the
   communications protected by TLS or DTLS.  If the domain's DNS records
   are compromised, or the DNS records that delegate name service to
   this domain are compromised, communications can be blocked,
   redirected, intercepted, or modified.  The DANE TLSA Security
   Considerations section [RFC6698] provides further details.

5  IANA Considerations

   In the IANA "TLSA Certificate Usages" registry created by Section 7.2
   of RFC 6698, the value "3" ("Domain-issued certificate") should have
   its short description changed to "Domain-issued keying material", and
   should have this document added as a reference document.

6  References

6.1  Normative References



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   [RFC1034]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
              STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.

   [RFC1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
              specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC3279]  Polk, T., Housley, R., Bassham, L, "Algorithms and
              Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 3279, April 2002.

   [RFC4033]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements", RFC
              4033, March 2005.

   [RFC4034]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions",
              RFC 4034, March 2005.

   [RFC4035]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security
              Extensions", RFC 4035, March 2005.

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008.

   [RFC6347]  Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
              Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, January 2012.

   [RFC6698]  Hoffman, P., Schylter, J., "The DNS-Based Authentication
              of Named Entities (DANE) Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Protocol: TLSA", RFC 6698, August 2012.

   [RFC7250]  Wouters, P., Tschofenig, H., Gilmore, J., Weiler, S.,
              Kivinen, T., "Using Raw Public Keys in Transport Layer
              Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security
              (DTLS)", RFC 7250, May 2014

   [X.208]  CCITT Recommendation X.208: Specification of Abstract Syntax
              Notation One (ASN.1), 1988.

   [X.690]    "Recommendation ITU-T X.690 (2002) | ISO/IEC 8825-1:2002,
              Information technology - ASN.1 encoding rules:
              Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical
              Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules



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              (DER)", July 2002.

6.2  Informative References

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.

Authors' Addresses

   John Gilmore
   Electronic Frontier Foundation
   815 Eddy Street
   San Francisco, CA  94117
   United States

   EMail: gnu@ietf.toad.com

































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