Internet DRAFT - draft-howard-isp-ip6rdns

draft-howard-isp-ip6rdns







Network Working Group                                          L. Howard
Internet-Draft                                         Time Warner Cable
Intended status: Informational                              May 14, 2015
Expires: November 15, 2015


           Reverse DNS in IPv6 for Internet Service Providers
                      draft-howard-isp-ip6rdns-08

Abstract

   In IPv4, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) commonly provide IN-
   ADDR.ARPA information for their customers by prepopulating the zone
   with one PTR record for every available address.  This practice does
   not scale in IPv6.  This document analyzes different approaches and
   considerations for ISPs in managing the ip6.arpa zone for IPv6
   address space assigned to many customers.

Status of This Memo

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   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on November 15, 2015.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of




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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Reverse DNS in IPv4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.2.  Reverse DNS Considerations in IPv6  . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Alternatives in IPv6  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.1.  Negative Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.2.  Wildcard match  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.3.  Dynamic DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       2.3.1.  Dynamic DNS from Individual Hosts . . . . . . . . . .   6
       2.3.2.  Dynamic DNS through Residential Gateways  . . . . . .   6
       2.3.3.  Automatic DNS Delegations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       2.3.4.  Generate Dynamic Records  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       2.3.5.  Populate from DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       2.3.6.  Populate from RADIUS Server . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     2.4.  Delegate DNS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     2.5.  Dynamically Generate PTR When Queried ('On the Fly')  . .   9
   3.  Considerations and Recommendations  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   4.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.1.  Using Reverse DNS for Security  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.2.  DNS Security with Dynamic DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     4.3.  Considerations for Other Uses of the DNS  . . . . . . . .  11
   5.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   7.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     7.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     7.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13

1.  Introduction

   Best practice is that "Every Internet-reachable host should have a
   name" [RFC1912] that is recorded with a PTR resource record in the
   .ARPA zone, and "PTR's should use official names and not aliases"
   [RFC1033].  Some network services perform a PTR lookup on the source
   address of incoming packets before performing services.

   Individual Internet users in the residential or consumer scale,
   including small and home businesses, are constantly joining or moving
   on the Internet.  For large Internet service providers who serve
   residential users, maintenance of individual PTR records is
   impractical.  Administrators at ISPs should consider the need for PTR
   records and evaluate methods for responding to reverse DNS queries in
   IPv6.




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1.1.  Reverse DNS in IPv4

   ISPs that provide access to many residential users typically assign
   one or a few IPv4 addresses to each of those users, and populate an
   \%IN-ADDR.ARPA zone with one PTR record for every IPv4 address.  Some
   ISPs also configure forward zones with matching A records, so that
   lookups match.  For instance, if an ISP Example.com aggregated
   192.0.2.0/24 at a network hub in Town in the province of AnyWhere,
   the reverse zone might look like:

   1.2.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.  IN PTR 1.user.town.AW.example.com.

   2.2.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.  IN PTR 2.user.town.AW.example.com.

   3.2.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.  IN PTR 3.user.town.AW.example.com.

   .

   .

   .

   254.2.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.  IN PTR 254.user.town.AW.example.com.

   The conscientious Example.com might then also have a zone:

   1.user.town.AW.example.com.  IN A 192.0.2.1

   2.user.town.AW.example.com.  IN A 192.0.2.2

   3.user.town.AW.example.com.  IN A 192.0.2.3

   \.

   \.

   \.

   254.user.town.AW.example.com.  IN A 192.0.2.254

   Many ISPs generate PTR records for all IP addresses used for
   customers, and many create the matching A record.

1.2.  Reverse DNS Considerations in IPv6

   A sample entry for 2001:0db8:0f00:0000:0012:34ff:fe56:789a might be:





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   a.9.8.7.6.5.e.f.f.f.4.3.2.1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.f.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2
   .IP6.ARPA.  IN PTR 1.user.town.AW.example.com.

   ISPs will often delegate an IPv6 prefix to their customers.  Since
   2^^80 possible addresses could be configured in an example
   2001:db8:f00/48 zone alone, even with automation it is impractical to
   write a zone with every possible address entered.  If 1000 entries
   could be written per second, the zone would still not be complete
   after 38 trillion years.

   Furthermore, it is often impossible to associate host names and
   addresses, since the 64 bits in the Interface Identifier portion of
   the address are frequently assigned using SLAAC [RFC4862] when the
   host comes online, and may be short-lived.

   [RFC1912] is an informational document that says "PTR records must
   point back to a valid A record" and further that the administrator
   should "Make sure your PTR and A records match."  [RFC1912] This
   document considers how to follow this advice for AAAA and PTR
   records.

2.  Alternatives in IPv6

   Several options exist for providing reverse DNS in IPv6.  All of
   these options also exist for IPv4, but the scaling problem is much
   less severe in IPv4.  Each option should be evaluated for its scaling
   ability, its compliance with existing standards and best practices,
   and its availability in common systems.

2.1.  Negative Response

   Some ISP DNS administrators may choose to provide only a NXDomain
   response to PTR queries for subscriber addresses.  In some ways, this
   is the most accurate response, since no name information is known
   about the host.  Providing a negative response in response to PTR
   queries does not satisfy the expectation in [RFC1912] for entries to
   match.  Users of services which are dependent on a successful lookup
   will have a poor experience.  For instance, some web services and SSH
   connections wait for a DNS response, even NXDOMAIN, before
   responding.  For best user experience, then, it is important to
   return a response, rather than have a lame delegation.  On the other
   hand, external mail servers are likely to reject connections, which
   might be an advantage in fighting spam.  DNS administrators should
   consider the uses for reverse DNS records and the number of services
   affecting the number of users when evaluating this option.






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2.2.  Wildcard match

   The use of wildcards in the DNS is described in [RFC4592], and their
   use in IPv6 reverse DNS is described in [RFC4472].

   While recording all possible addresses is not scalable, it may be
   possible to record a wildcard entry for each prefix assigned to a
   customer.  Consider also that "inclusion of wildcard NS RRSets in a
   zone is discouraged, but not barred."  [RFC4035]

   This solution generally scales well.  However, since the response
   will match any address in the wildcard range (/48, /56, /64, etc.), a
   forward DNS lookup on that response given will not be able to return
   the same hostname.  This method therefore fails the expectation in
   [RFC1912] for forward and reverse to match.  DNSsec [RFC4035]
   scalability is limited to signing the wildcard zone, which may be
   satisfactory.

2.3.  Dynamic DNS

   One way to ensure forward and reverse records match is for hosts to
   update DNS servers dynamically, once interface configuration (whether
   SLAAC, DHCPv6, or other means) is complete, as described in
   [RFC4472].  Hosts would need to provide both AAAA and PTR updates,
   and would need to know which servers would accept the information.

   This option should scale as well or as poorly as IPv4 dynamic DNS
   does.  Dynamic DNS may not scale effectively in large ISP networks
   which have no single master name server, but a single master server
   is not best practice.  The ISP's DNS system may provide a point for
   Denial of Service attacks, including many attempted dDNS updates.
   Accepting updates only from authenticated sources may mitigate this
   risk, but only if authentication itself does not require excessive
   overhead.  No authentication of dynamic DNS updates is inherently
   provided; implementers should consider use of TSIG [RFC2845], or at
   least ingress filtering so updates are only accepted from customer
   address space from internal network interfaces, rate limit the number
   of updates from a customer per second, and consider impacts on
   scalability.  UDP is allowed per [RFC2136] so transmission control is
   not assured, though the host should expect an ERROR or NOERROR
   message from the server [RFC2136]; TCP provides transmission control,
   but the updating host would need to be configured to use TCP.

   Administrators should consider what domain will contain the records,
   and who will provide the names.  If subscribers provide hostnames,
   they may provide inappropriate strings.  Consider "ihate.example.com"
   or "badword.customer.example.com" or
   "celebrityname.committed.illegal.acts.example.com."



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   There is no assurance of uniqueness if multiple hosts try to update
   with the same name ("mycomputer.familyname.org").  There is no
   standard way to indicate to a host what server it should send dDNS
   updates to.

2.3.1.  Dynamic DNS from Individual Hosts

   In the simplest case, a residential user will have a single host
   connected to the ISP.  Since the typical residential user cannot
   configure IPv6 addresses and resolving name servers on their hosts,
   the ISP should provide address information conventionally (i.e.,
   their normal combination of RAs, DHCP, etc.), and should provide a
   DNS Recursive Name Server and Domain Search List as described in
   [RFC3646] or [RFC6106].  In determining its Fully Qualified Domain
   Name, a host will typically use a domain from the Domain Search List.
   This is an overloading of the parameter; multiple domains could be
   listed, since hosts may need to search for unqualified names in
   multiple domains, without necessarily being a member of those
   domains.  Administrators should consider whether the domain search
   list actually provides an appropriate DNS suffix(es) when considering
   use of this option.  For purposes of dynamic DNS, the host would
   concatenate its local hostname (e.g., "hostname") plus the domain(s)
   in the Domain Search List (e.g., "customer.example.com"), as in
   "hostname.customer.example.com."

   Once it learns its address, and has a resolving name server, the host
   must perform an SOA lookup on the ip6.arpa record to be added, to
   find the owner, eventually to find the server authoritative for the
   zone (which might accept dynamic updates).  Several recursive lookups
   may be required to find the longest prefix which has been delegated.
   The DNS administrator must designate the Primary Master Server for
   the longest match required.  Once found, the host sends dynamic AAAA
   and PTR updates using the concatenation defined above
   ("hostname.customer.example.com").

   In order to use this alternative, hosts must be configured to use
   dynamic DNS.  This is not default behavior for many hosts, which is
   an inhibitor for the large ISP.  This option may be scalable,
   although registration following an outage may cause significant load,
   and hosts using privacy extensions [RFC4941] may update records
   daily.  It is up to the host to provide matching forward and reverse
   records, and to update them when the address changes.

2.3.2.  Dynamic DNS through Residential Gateways

   Residential customers may have a gateway, which may provide DHCPv6
   service to hosts from a delegated prefix.  ISPs should provide a DNS
   Recursive Name Server and Domain Search List to the gateway, as



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   described above and in [RFC3646] and [RFC6106].  There are two
   options for how the gateway uses this information.  The first option
   is for the gateway to respond to DHCPv6 requests with the same DNS
   Recursive Name Server and Domain Search List provided by the ISP.
   The alternate option is for the gateway to relay dynamic DNS updates
   from hosts to the servers and domain provided by the ISP.  Host
   behavior is unchanged; the host sends the same dynamic updates,
   either to the ISP's server (as provided by the gateway), or to the
   gateway for it to forward.

2.3.3.  Automatic DNS Delegations

   An ISP may delegate authority for a subdomain such as
   "customer12345.town.AW.customer.example.com" or
   "customer12345.example.com" to the customer's gateway.  Each domain
   thus delegated must be unique within the DNS.  The ISP may also then
   delegate the ip6.arpa zone for the prefix delegated to the customer,
   as in (for 2001:db8:f00::/48) "0.0.f.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa."
   Then the customer could provide updates to their own gateway, with
   forward and reverse.  However, individual hosts connected directly to
   the ISP rarely have the capability to run DNS for themselves;
   therefore, an ISP can only delegate to customers with gateways
   capable of being authoritative name servers.  If a device requests a
   DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation, that may be considered a reasonably
   reliable indicator that it is a gateway, rather than an individual
   host.  It is not necessarily an indicator that the gateway is capable
   of providing DNS services, and therefore cannot be relied upon as a
   way to test whether this option is feasible.  In fact, this kind of
   delegation will not work for devices complying with [RFC6092], which
   includes the requirement, "By DEFAULT, inbound DNS queries received
   on exterior interfaces MUST NOT be processed by any integrated DNS
   resolving server."

   If the customer's gateway is the name server, it provides its own
   information to hosts on the network, as often done for enterprise
   networks, and as described in [RFC2136].

   An ISP could provide authoritative responses as a secondary server to
   the customer's master server.  For instance, the home gateway name
   server could be the master server, with the ISP providing the only
   published NS authoritative servers.

   To implement this alternative, users' residential gateways must be
   capable of acting as authoritative name servers capable of dynamic
   DNS updates.  There is no mechanism for an ISP to dynamically
   communicate to a user's equipment that a zone has been delegated, so
   user action would be required.  Most users have neither the equipment




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   nor the expertise to run DNS servers, so this option is unavailable
   to the residential ISP.

2.3.4.  Generate Dynamic Records

   An ISP's name server that receives a dynamic forward or reverse DNS
   update may create a matching entry.  Since a host capable of updating
   one is generally capable of updating the other, this should not be
   required, but redundant record creation will ensure a record exists.
   ISPs implementing this method should check whether a record already
   exists before accepting or creating updates.

   This method is also dependent on hosts being capable of providing
   dynamic DNS updates, which is not default behavior for many hosts.

2.3.5.  Populate from DHCP Server

   A ISP's DHCPv6 server may populate the forward and reverse zones when
   the DHCP request is received, if the request contains enough
   information.  [RFC4704]

   However, this method will only work for a single host address
   (IA_NA); the ISP's DHCP server would not have enough information to
   update all records for a prefix delegation.  If the zone authority is
   delegated to a home gateway which used this method, the gateway could
   update records for residential hosts.  To implement this alternative,
   users' residential gateways would have to support the FQDN DHCP
   option, and would have to either have the zones configured, or send
   dDNS messages to the ISP's name server.

2.3.6.  Populate from RADIUS Server

   A user may receive an address or prefix from a RADIUS [RFC2865]
   server, the details of which may be recorded via RADIUS Accounting
   [RFC2866] data.  The ISP may populate the forward and reverse zones
   from the accounting data if it contains enough information.  This
   solution allows the ISP to populate data concerning allocated
   prefixes (as per 2.2 (wildcards)) and CPE endpoints, but as with
   2.3.5 does not allow the ISP to populate information concerning
   individual hosts.

2.4.  Delegate DNS

   For customers who are able to run their own DNS servers, such as
   commercial customers, often the best option is to delegate the
   reverse DNS zone to them, as described in [RFC2317] (for IPv4).
   However, since most residential users have neither the equipment nor




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   the expertise to run DNS servers, this method is unavailable to
   residential ISPs.

   This is a general case of the specific case described in
   Section 2.3.3.  All of the same considerations still apply.

2.5.  Dynamically Generate PTR When Queried ('On the Fly')

   Common practice in IPv4 is to provide PTR records for all addresses,
   regardless of whether a host is actually using the address.  In IPv6,
   ISPs may generate PTR records for all IPv6 addresses as the records
   are requested.  Configuring records "on the fly" may consume more
   processor resource than other methods, but only on demand.  A denial
   of service is therefore possible, which may be mitigated with rate-
   limiting and normal countermeasures.

   An ISP using this option should generate a PTR record on demand, and
   cache or prepopulate the forward (AAAA) entry for the duration of the
   \%time-to-live of the PTR.  Similarly, the ISP would prepopulate the
   PTR following a AAAA query.  Alternatively, if an algorithm is used
   to generate unique name, it can be employed on the fly in both
   directions.  This option has the advantage of assuring matching
   forward and reverse entries, while being simpler than dynamic DNS.
   Administrators should consider whether the lack of \%user-specified
   hostnames is a drawback.

   This method may not scale well in conjunction with DNSsec [RFC4035],
   because of the additional load, but since keys may be pregenerated
   for zones, and not for each record, the risk is moderate.  Signing
   records on the fly may increase load, and may not scale; unsigned
   records can indicate that these records are less trusted, which might
   be acceptable.

   Another consideration is that the algorithm used for generating the
   record must be the same on all servers for a zone.  In other words,
   any server for the zone must produce the same response for a given
   query.  Administrators managing a variety of rules within a zone
   might find it difficult to keep those rules synchronized on all
   servers.

3.  Considerations and Recommendations

   There are four common uses for PTR lookups:

   Reject mail: A PTR with a certain string or missing may indicate
   "This host is not a mail server," which may be useful for rejecting
   probable spam.  The absence of a PTR leads to the desired behavior.




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   Serving ads: "This host is probably in town.province."  An ISP that
   does not provide PTR records might affect somebody else's
   geolocation.

   Accepting SSH connections: The absence of a PTR may be inferred to
   mean "This host has an administrator with enough clue to set up
   forward and reverse DNS."  This is a poor inference.

   Log files.  Many systems will record the PTR of remote hosts in their
   log files, to make it easier to see what network the remote host uses
   when reading logs later.

   Traceroute.  The ability to identify an interface and name of any
   intermediate node or router is important for troubleshooting.

   As a general guideline, when address assignment and name are under
   the same authority, or when a host has a static address and name,
   AAAA and PTR records should exist and match.  For residential users,
   if these four use cases are important to the ISP, the administrator
   will then need to consider how to provide PTR records.

   The best accuracy would be achieved if ISPs delegate authority along
   with address delegation, but residential users rarely have domain
   names or authoritative name servers.

   Dynamic DNS updates can provide accurate data, but there is no
   standard way to indicate to residential devices where to send
   updates, if the hosts support it, and if it scales.

   An ISP has no knowledge of its residential users' hostnames, and
   therefore can either provide a wildcard response or a dynamically
   generated response.  A valid negative response (such as NXDomain) is
   a valid response, if the four cases above are not essential; lame
   delegation should be avoided.

4.  Security Considerations

4.1.  Using Reverse DNS for Security

   Some people think the existence of reverse DNS records, or matching
   forward and reverse DNS records, provides useful information about
   the hosts with those records.  For example, one might infer that the
   administrator of a network with properly configured DNS records was
   \%better-informed, and by further inference more responsible, than
   the administrator of a less-thoroughly configured network.  For
   instance, most email providers will not accept incoming connections
   on port 25 unless forward and reverse DNS entries match.  If they
   match, but information higher in the stack (for instance, mail



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   source) is inconsistent, the packet is questionable.  These records
   may be easily forged though, unless DNSsec or other measures are
   taken.  The string of inferences is questionable, and may become
   unneeded if other means for evaluating trustworthiness (such as
   positive reputations) become predominant in IPv6.

   Providing location information in PTR records is useful for
   troubleshooting, law enforcement, and geolocation services, but for
   the same reasons can be considered sensitive information.

4.2.  DNS Security with Dynamic DNS

   Security considerations of using dynamic DNS are described in
   [RFC3007].  DNS Security Extensions are documented in [RFC4033].

   Interactions with DNSsec are described throughout this document.

4.3.  Considerations for Other Uses of the DNS

   Several methods exist for providing encryption keys in the DNS.  Any
   of the options presented here may interfere with these key
   techniques.

5.  Acknowledgements

   The author would like to thank Alain Durand, JINMEI Tatuya, David
   Freedman, Andrew Sullivan, Chris Griffiths, Darryl Tanner, Ed Lewis,
   John Brzozowski, Chris Donley, Wes George, Jason Weil, John Spence,
   Ted Lemon, Stephan Lagerholm, Steinar Haug, Mark Andrews, and Chris
   Roosenraad, Fernando Gont, John Levine, and many others who discussed
   and provided suggestions for this document.

6.  IANA Considerations

   There are no IANA considerations or implications that arise from this
   document.

7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [RFC1033] Lottor, M., "Domain Administrators Operators Guide",
   November 1987.

   [RFC1912] Barr, D., "Common DNS Operational and Configuration
   Errors", February 1996.





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   [RFC2136] Vixie, P., Ed., Thomson, S., Rekhter, Y., and J.  Bound,
   "Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE)", April 1917.

   [RFC2845] "Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS (TSIG)".

   [RFC2865] "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)".

   [RFC2866] "RADIUS Accounting".

   [RFC3007] Wellington, B., "Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic
   Update", November 2000.

   [RFC3646] Droms, R., Ed., "DNS Configuration options for Dynamic Host
   Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", December 2003.

   [RFC4033] "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements".

   [RFC4035] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
   Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security Extensions", March
   2005.

   [RFC4592] Lewis, E., "The Role of Wildcards in the Domain Name
   System", July 2006.

   [RFC4704] Stapp, M., Volz, Y., and Y.  Rekhter, "The Dynamic Host
   Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) Client Fully Qualified
   Domain Name (FQDN) Option".

   [RFC4862] Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T.  Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
   Address Autoconfiguration", September 2007.

   [RFC4941] "Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
   in IPv6".

   [RFC6106] "IPv6 Router Advertisement Options for DNS Configuration".

7.2.  Informative References

   [RFC2317] Eidnes, H., de Groot, G., and P.  Vixie, "Classless IN-
   ADDR.ARPA delegation", March 1998.

   [RFC2535] Eastlake, D., "Domain Name System Security Extensions",
   March 1999.

   [RFC4472] Durand, A., Ihren, J., and P.  Savola, "Operational
   Considerations and Issues with IPv6 DNS", April 2006.





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   [RFC6092] Woodyatt, J., "Recommended Simple Security Capabilities in
   Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) for Providing Residential IPv6
   Internet Service", January 2011.

   [inaddr-reqd] Senie, D., "draft-ietf-dnsop-inaddr-required-07",
   August 2005.

   [rmap-consider] Senie, D. and A.  Sullivan, \%"draft-ietf-dnsop-
   reverse-mapping-considerations-06", March 2008.  Author's Address

   Lee Howard Time Warner Cable 13820 Sunrise Valley Drive Herndon, VA
   20171 US

   Email: lee.howard@twcable.com

Author's Address

   Lee Howard
   Time Warner Cable
   13820 Sunrise Valley Dr.
   Herndon, VA  20171
   USA

   Email: lee.howard@twcable.com



























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