Internet DRAFT - draft-grundemann-homenet-hipnet

draft-grundemann-homenet-hipnet






Network Working Group                                      C. Grundemann
Internet-Draft                                                 C. Donley
Intended status: Informational                                 CableLabs
Expires: August 29, 2013                                   J. Brzozowski
                                            Comcast Cable Communications
                                                               L. Howard
                                                       Time Warner Cable
                                                            V. Kuarsingh
                                                   Rogers Communications
                                                       February 25, 2013


          A Near Term Solution for Home IP Networking (HIPnet)
                   draft-grundemann-homenet-hipnet-01

Abstract

   Home networks are becoming more complex.  With the launch of new
   services such as home security, IP video, Smart Grid, etc., many
   Service Providers are placing additional IPv4/IPv6 routers on the
   subscriber network.  This document describes a self-configuring home
   router that is capable of operating in such an environment, and that
   requires no user interaction to configure it.  Compliant with
   draft-ietf-homenet-arch, it uses existing protocols in new ways
   without the need for a routing protocol.

Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on August 29, 2013.



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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     1.1.  Requirements Language  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     3.1.  Current End-User Network Architecture  . . . . . . . . . .  5
     3.2.  HIPNet End-User Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   4.  Network Detection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.1.  Edge Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.2.  Directionless Home Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   5.  Routing and Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.1.  Recursive Prefix Delegation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     5.2.  Prefix Sub-Delegation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     5.3.  Multiple Address Family Support  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     5.4.  Hierarchical Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   6.  Multiple ISPs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     6.1.  Backup Connection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     6.2.  Multi-homing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
       6.2.1.  Multihoming Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   7.  Mulicast Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     7.1.  Service Discovery  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     7.2.  Multicast Proxy Support  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     7.3.  Multicast Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   8.  Firewall Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     8.1.  Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
   9.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
   10. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
   11. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
   12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20



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   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22


















































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1.  Introduction

   This document expands upon [I-D.ietf-v6ops-6204bis] to describe IPv6/
   IPv4 features for a residential or small-office router, referred to
   as a HIPnet router.  Consistent with [I-D.ietf-homenet-arch], it
   focuses on network technology evolution to support increasingly large
   residential/SoHo networks.  While the primary focus is on IPv6
   support, this document also describes how to leverage IPv6 to
   configure IPv4 in a manner better than nested NATs in operation on
   many networks today.

   This document specifies how a HIPnet router automatically detects
   both the edge of the customer network and its upstream interface, how
   it subdivides an IPv6 prefix to distribute to downstream routers, and
   how it leverages IPv6 address assignment to distribute IPv4
   addresses.  It also discusses how such a router can operate with a
   backup ISP or limited multihoming across two ISPs.

1.1.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].


2.  Terminology

   End-User Network          one or more links attached to the HIPnet
                             router that connect IPv6 and IPv4 hosts.

   Home IP Network (HIPnet) Router  a node intended for home or small-
                             office use that forwards packets not
                             explicitly addressed to itself.

   Customer Edge Router (CER)  a HIPnet router that connects the end-
                             user network to a service provider network.

   Internal Router           an additional HIPnet router deployed in the
                             home or small-office network that is not
                             attached to a service provider network.
                             Note that this is a functional role; it is
                             expected that there will not be a
                             difference in hardware or software between
                             a CER and IR, except in such cases when a
                             CER has a dedicated non-Ethernet WAN
                             interface (e.g.  DSL/cable/ LTE modem) that
                             would preclude it from operating as an IR.




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   Down Interface            a HIPnet router's attachment to a link in
                             the end-user network on which it
                             distributes addresses and/or prefixes.
                             Examples are Ethernet (simple or bridged),
                             802.11 wireless, or other LAN technologies.
                             A HIPnet router may have one or more
                             network-layer down interfaces.

   downstream router         a router directly connected to a HIPnet
                             router's Down Interface.

   Service Provider          an entity that provides access to the
                             Internet.  In this document, a service
                             provider specifically offers Internet
                             access using IPv6, and may also offer IPv4
                             Internet access.  The service provider can
                             provide such access over a variety of
                             different transport methods such as DSL,
                             cable, wireless, and others.

   Up Interface              a HIPnet router's attachment to a link
                             where it receives one or more IP addresses
                             and/or prefixes.  This is also the link to
                             which the HIPnet router points its default
                             route.

   depth                     the number of layers of routers in a
                             network.  A single router network would
                             have a depth of 1, while a router behind a
                             router behind a router would have a depth
                             of 3.

   width                     The number of routers that can be directly
                             subtended to an upstream router.  A network
                             with three directly attached routers behind
                             the CER would have a width of 3.


3.  Architecture

3.1.  Current End-User Network Architecture

   An end-user network will likely support both IPv4 and IPv6.  A
   typical end-user network consists of a "plug and play" router with
   IPv4 NAT functionality and a single link behind it, connected to the
   service provider network.

   A typical IPv4 NAT deployment by default blocks all incoming



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   connections.  Opening of ports is typically allowed using a Universal
   Plug and Play Internet Gateway Device (UPnP IGD) [UPNnP-IGD] or some
   other firewall control protocol.

   Rewriting addresses on the edge of the network allows for some
   rudimentary multihoming, even though using NATs for multihoming does
   not preserve connections during a fail-over event [RFC4864].

   Many existing routers support dynamic routing, and advanced end-users
   can build arbitrary, complex networks using manual configuration of
   address prefixes combined with a dynamic routing protocol.

3.2.  HIPNet End-User Network Architecture

   The end-user network architecture should provide equivalent or better
   capabilities and functionality than the current architecture.
   However, as end-user networks become more complex, the HIPnet
   architecture needs to support more complicated networks.  Figure 1
   illustrates the model topology for the end-user network.
































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                     +-------+-------+                      \
                     |   Service     |                       \
                     |   Provider    |                        | Service
                     |    Router     |                        | Provider
                     +-------+-------+                        | network
                             |                               /
                             | Customer                     /
                             | Internet connection         /
                             |
                      +------+--------+                    \
                      |     IPv6      |                     \
                      | Customer Edge |                      \
                      |    Router     |                      /
                      +---+-------+-+-+                     /
          Network A       |       |   Network B            | End-User
    ---+-------------+----+-    --+--+-------------+---    | network(s)
       |             |               |             |        \
   +----+-----+ +-----+----+     +----+-----+ +-----+----+   \
   |     Host | |Internal  |     |      Host| |Internal  |   /
   |          | | Router   |     |          | | Router   |  /
   +----------+ +-----+----+     +----------+ +----------+ /
         Network C   |              Network D      |       |
    ---+-------------+----+-    --+--+-------------+---    |
       |             |               |             |        \
   +----+-----+ +-----+----+     +----+-----+ +-----+----+   \
   |     Host | |     Host |     |      Host| |     Host |   /
   |          | |          |     |          | |          |  /
   +----------+ +-----+----+     +----------+ +----------+ /

                    Figure 1: Example End-User Network

   This architecture describes the following:

   o  Prefix subdelegation supporting multiple subnets and routers

   o  Border Detection

   o  Router directionality supporting a hierarchical network

   o  Multicast forwarding rules to support common service discovery
      protocols

   While routers described in this document may be manually configured
   in an arbitrary topology with or without a dynamic routing protocol,
   this document only addresses automatic provisioning and
   configuration.





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4.  Network Detection

   In multirouter home networks, routers have to determine where they
   fit in the topology - whether they are at the edge or internal, and
   which interface is up (that is, which interface points out of the
   network).

4.1.  Edge Detection

   Customer Edge Routers (CER) will often be required to behave
   differently from Internal Routers (IR) in several capacities.  Some
   examples include: Firewall settings, IPv4 NAT, ULA generation (if
   supported), name services, multicast forwarding differences, and
   others.  This is a functional role, and will not typically be
   differentiated by hardware/software (i.e. end users will not purchase
   a specific CER model of router distinct from IR models).

   There are three methods that a router can use to determine if it is a
   CER for its given network:

   "/48 Check"  Service providers will provide IPv6 WAN addresses
      (DHCPv6 IA_NA) and IPv6 prefixes (DHCPv6 IA_PD) from different
      pools of addresses.  The largest IPv6 prefix that we can expect to
      be delegated to a home router is a /48.  Combining these two
      observations, a home router can compare the WAN address assigned
      to it with the prefix delegated to it to determine if it is
      attached directly to a service provider network.  If the router is
      a CER, the WAN address will be from a different /48 than the
      prefix.  If the router is an IR, the WAN address will be from the
      same /48 as the prefix.  In this way, the router can determine if
      it is recieving an "external" prefix from a service provider or an
      "internal" prefix from another home router.

   CER_ID  A home router can use the CER_ID DHCPv6 option defined in
      [I-D.donley-dhc-cer-id-option] to determine if it is a CER or an
      IR.  ISPs will not set the CER_ID option, but the first CPE router
      sets its address in the option and other routers forward the
      completed CER_ID to subdelegated routers.

   Physical  Some routers will have a physical differentiator built into
      them by design that will indicate that they are a CER.  Examples
      include mobile routers, DSL routers, and cable eRouters.  In the
      case of a mobile router, the presence of an active cellular
      connection indicates that the router is at the customer edge.
      Likewise, for an eRouter, the presence of an active DOCSIS(R) link
      tells the router that it is at the customer edge.

   HIPnet routers can (and likely will) use more than one of the above



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   techniques in combination to determine the edge.  For example, an
   internal router will check for the CER_ID option, but will also use
   the 48 check in case its upstream router does not support CER_ID.

4.2.  Directionless Home Routers

   As home networks grow in complexity and scale, it will become more
   common for end users to make mistakes with the physical connections
   between multiple routers in their home or small office.  This is
   liklely to produce loops and improper uplink connections.  While we
   can safely assume that home networks will become more complex over
   time, we cannot make the same assumption of the users of home
   networks.  Therefor, home routers will need to mitigate these
   physical topology problems and create a working multi-router home
   network dynamically, without any end user intervention.

   Legacy home routers with a physically differentiated uplink port are
   "directional;" they are pre-set to route from the 'LAN' or Internal
   ports to a single, pre-defined uplink port labeled "WAN" or
   "Internet".  This means that an end-user can make a cabling mistake
   which renders the router unusable (e.g. connecting two router's
   uplink ports together).  On the other hand, in enterprise and service
   provider networks, routers are "directionless;" that is to say they
   do not have a pre-defined 'uplink' port.  While directional routers
   have a pre-set routing path, directionless routers are required to
   determine routing paths dynamically.  Dynamic routing is often
   achieved through the implementation of a dynamic routing protocol,
   which all routers in a given network or network segment must support
   equally.  This section introduces an alternative to dynamic routing
   protocols (such as OSPF) for creating routing paths on the fly in
   directionless home routers.

   Note that some routers (e.g. those with a dedicated wireless/DSL/
   DOCSIS WAN interface) may continue to operate as directional routers.
   The HIPnet mechanism described below is intended for general-purpose
   routers.

   The HIPnet mechanism uses address acquisition as described in
   [I-D.ietf-v6ops-6204bis] and various tiebreakers to determine
   directionality (up vs. down) and by so doing, creates a logical
   hierarchy (cf. [I-D.chakrabarti-homenet-prefix-alloc]) from any
   arbitrary physical topology:

   1. After powering on, the HIPnet router sends Router Solicitations
      (RS) ([RFC4861]on all interfaces (except Wi-Fi*)






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   2. Other routers respond with Router Advertisements (RA)

   3. Router adds any interface on which it receives an RA to the
      candidate 'up' list

   4. The router initiates DHCPv6 PD on all candidate 'up' interfaces.
      If no RAs are received, the router generates a /48 ULA prefix.

   5. The router evaluates the offers received (in order of preference):

   a) Valid GUA preferred (preferred/valid lifetimes >0)

   b) Internal prefix preferred over external (for failover - see
      Section [6.1])

   c) Largest prefix (e.g. /56 preferred to /60)

   d) Link type/bandwidth (e.g.  Ethernet vs. MoCA)

   e) First response (wait 1 s after first response for additional
      offers)

   f) Lowest numerical prefix

   6. The router chooses the winning offer as its Up Interface.

   Once directionality is established, the router continues to listen
   for RAs on all interfaces but doesn't acquire addresses on Down
   Interfaces.  If the router initially receives only a ULA address on
   its Up Interface and GUA addressing becomes available on one of its
   Down Interfaces, it restarts the process.  If the router stops
   receiving RAs on its Up Interface, it restarts the process.

   In all cases, the router's Up Interface becomes its uplink interface;
   the router acts as a DHCP client on this interface.  The router's
   remaining interfaces are Down Interfaces; it acts as a DHCP server on
   these interfaces.  Also, per [I-D.ietf-v6ops-6204bis], the router
   only sends RAs on Down Interfaces.

   *Note: By default, Wi-Fi interfaces are considered to point "down."
   This requires manual configuration to enable a wireless uplink, which
   is preferred to avoid accidental or unwanted linking with nearby
   wireless networks.


5.  Routing and Addressing

   HIPnet routers use DHCPv6 prefix sub-delegation ([RFC3633]) to



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   recursively build a hierarchical network
   ([I-D.chakrabarti-homenet-prefix-alloc]).  This approach requires no
   new protocols to be supported on any home routers.

   Default router settings: Only CER instantiates guest network.  Wifi
   defaults to 'down' direction, default route uses wired interface.
   Firewall considers Wifi an inside port.  Wi-Fi bridged with first
   wired Down Interface.

5.1.  Recursive Prefix Delegation

   Once directionality is established, the home router will acquire a
   WAN IPv6 address and an IPv6 prefix per [I-D.ietf-v6ops-6204bis].  As
   HIPnet routers (other than the CER) do not know their specific
   location in the hierarchical network, all HIPnet routers use the same
   generic rules for recursive prefix delegation to facilitate route
   aggregation, multihoming, and IPv4 support (described below).  This
   methodology expounds upon that previously described in
   [I-D.chakrabarti-homenet-prefix-alloc].

   The process can be illustrated in the following way:

   1.  Per [I-D.ietf-v6ops-6204bis], the HIPnet router assigns a
       separate /64 from its delegated prefix(es) for each of its Down
       Interfaces in numerical order, starting from the numerically
       lowest.

   2.  If the received prefix is too small to number all Down
       Interfaces, the router collapses them into a single interface,
       assigns a single /64 to that interface, and logs an error
       message.

   3.  The HIPnet router subdivides the IPv6 prefix received via DHCPv6
       ([RFC3315]) into sub-prefixes.  To support a suggested depth of
       three routers, with as large a width as possible, it is
       recommended to divide the prefix on 2-, 3-, or 4-bit boundaries.
       If the received prefix is not large enough, it is broken into as
       many /64 sub-prefixes as possible and logs an error message.  By
       default, this document suggests that the router divide the
       delegated prefix based on the aggregate prefix size and the
       HIPnet router's number of physical Down Interfaces.  This is to
       allow for enough prefixes to support a downstream router on each
       down port.

       *  If the received prefix is smaller than a /56 (e.g. a /60),

          +  8 or more port routers divide on 3-bit boundaries (e.g.
             /63).



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          +  7 or fewer port routers divide on 2-bit boundaries (e.g.
             /62).

       *  If the received prefix is a /56 or larger,

          +  8 or more port routers divide on 4-bit boundaries (e.g.
             /60).

          +  7 or fewer port routers divide on 3-bit boundaries (e.g.
             /59).

   4.  The HIPnet router delegates remaining prefixes to downstream
       routers per [RFC3633]in reverse numerical order, starting with
       the numerically highest.  This is to minimize the renumbering
       impact of enabling an inactive interface.

   For example, a four port router with two LANs (two Down Interfaces)
   that receives 2001:db8:0:b0::/60 would start by numbering its two
   Down Interfaces with 2001:db8:0:b0::/64 and 2001:db8:0:b1::/64
   respectively, and then begin prefix delegation by giving 2001:db8:0:
   bc::/62 to the first directly attached downstream router.

5.2.  Prefix Sub-Delegation Requirements

   PSD-1:   The HIPnet router MUST support [I-D.ietf-v6ops-6204bis]
            address acquisition and LAN addressing.

   PSD-2:   The HIPnet router MUST support Delegating Router behavior
            for the IA-PD Option [RFC3633] on all Down Interfaces.

   PSD-3:   HIPnet routers MUST NOT act as both a DHCP client and server
            on the same link.

   PSD-4:   The HIPnet router MAY support other methods of dividing the
            received prefix.

   PSD-5:   The HIPnet router MUST delegate prefixes of the same size to
            downstream routers.

   PSD-6:   Per [I-D.ietf-v6ops-6204bis] L-2, the HIPnet router
            allocates a /64 to each Down Interface.  The HIPnet router
            SHOULD allocate these /64 interface-prefixes in numerical
            order, starting with the lowest.

   PSD-7:   If there are insufficient /64s for each Down Interface, the
            HIPnet router SHOULD assign the lowest numbered /64 for all
            Down Interfaces and log an error message.




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   PSD-8:   The HIPnet router MAY reserve additional /64 interface-
            prefixes for interfaces that will be enabled in the future.

   PSD-9:   The HIPnet router SHOULD delegate sub-prefixes to downstream
            routers starting from the numerically highest sub-prefix and
            working down in reverse numerical order.

   PSD-10:  If there are not enough sub-prefixes remaining to delegate
            to all downstream routers, the HIPnet router SHOULD log an
            error message.

5.3.  Multiple Address Family Support

   The recursive prefix delegation method described above can be
   extended to support additional address types such as IPv4, additional
   GUAs, or ULAs.  When the HIPnet router receives its prefix via DHCPv6
   ([RFC3633]), it computes its 8-bit router ID (bits 56-64) from the
   received IA_PD.  It then prepends additional prefixes received in one
   or more IPv6 Router Advertisements ([RFC4861]) or from the DHCPv4-
   assigned ([RFC2131]) IPv4 network address received on the Up
   Interface.

   As the network is hierarchical, upstream routers know the router ID
   for each downstream router, and know the prefix(es) on each LAN
   segment.  Accordingly, HIPnet routers automatically calculate
   downstream routes to all downstream routers.

   In networks using this mechanism for IPv4 provisioning, it is
   suggested that the CER use addresses in the 10.0.0.0/8 ([RFC1918])
   range for downstream interface provisioning.

5.4.  Hierarchical Routing

   The recursive prefix delegation method described above, coupled with
   "up detection", enables very simple hierarchical routing.  By this we
   mean that each router installs a single default 'up' route and a more
   specific 'down' route for each prefix delegated to a downstream IR.
   Each of these 'down' routes simply points all packets destined to a
   given prefix to the WAN IP address of the router to which that prefix
   was delegated.  This combination of a default 'up' route and more
   specific 'down' routes provides complete reachability within the home
   network with no need for any additional message exchange or routing
   protocol support.


6.  Multiple ISPs

   HIPnet routers can support either active/standby multihoming with



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   multiple ISPs or limited active/active multihoming without a routing
   protocol.

6.1.  Backup Connection

   Using the procedure described above, multi-router home networks with
   multiple ISP connections can easily operate in an active/standby
   manner, switching from one Internet connection to the other when the
   active connection fails.  Lacking a default priority, HIPnet routers
   will have to default to a "first online" method of primary CER
   selection.  In other words, by default, the first CER to come online
   becomes the primary CER and the second CER to turn on becomes the
   backup.  In this text, the primary ISP is the ISP connected to the
   primary CER and the backup ISP is simply the ISP atached to the
   backup CER.

   In an active/standby multi-ISP scenario, a backup CER sets its Up
   Interface to point to the primary CER, not the backup ISP.  Hence, it
   does not acquire or advertise the backup ISP prefix.  Instead, it
   discovers the internally advertised GUA prefix being distributed by
   the currently active primary CER.

   In the case of a primary ISP failure, per [I-D.ietf-v6ops-6204bis],
   the CER sends an RA advertising the preferred lifetime as 0 for the
   ISP-provided prefix, and its router lifetime as 0.  The backup CER
   becomes active when it sees the primary ISP GUA prefix advertised
   with a preferred lifetime of 0.  In the case of CER failure, if the
   backup CER sees the Primary CER stop sending RAs altogether, the
   Backup CER becomes active.

   When the backup CER becomes active, it obtains and advertises its own
   external GUA.  When advertising the GUA delegated by its ISP, the
   backup CER sets the valid, prefered, and router lifetimes to a value
   greater than 0.  Other routers see this and re-determine the network
   topology via "up" detection, placing the new CER at the root of the
   new hiearchical tree.

   Using this approach, manual intervention may be required to
   transition back to the primary ISP.  This prevents flapping in the
   event of intermittent network failures.  Another alternative is to
   have a user-defined priority, which would facilitate pre-emption.

6.2.  Multi-homing

   The HIPnet algorithm also allows for limited active/active
   multihoming in two cases:





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   1.  When one ISP router is used as the primary connection and the
       second ISP router is used for limited connectivity e.g. for a
       home office

   2.  When both ISP routers are connected to the same LAN segment at
       the top of the tree.

   In case 1, the subscriber has a primary ISP connection and a
   secondary connection used for a limited special purpose. (e.g. for
   work VPN, video network, etc.).  Devices connected under the
   secondary network router access the Internet through the secondary
   ISP.  All devices still have access to all network resources in the
   home.  Devices under the secondary connection can use the primary ISP
   if the secondary fails, but other devices do not use the secondary
   ISP.

                     +-------+-------+                      \
                     |   Service     |                       \
                     |   Provider    |                        | Service
                     |    Router     |                        | Provider
                     +-------+-------+                        | network
     +------------+          |                               /
     |    ISP 2   |          | Customer                     /
     +------------+          | Internet connection         /
          |                  |
          |           +------+--------+                    \
          |           |     IPv6      |                     \
          |           | Customer Edge |                      \
          |           |    Router     |                      /
          |           +---+-------+---+                     /
          |        Network A  |       |   Network B            | End-User
          |    -------+----+-    --+--+-------------+---    | network(s)
          |           |               |             |        \
          |     +-----+----+     +----+-----+ +-----+----+   \
          +-----|Secondary |     |    Host 1| |Internal  |   /
                | CER      |     |          | | Router   |  /
                +-----+----+     +----------+ +----------+ /
         Network C   |              Network D      |       |
    ---+-------------+----+-    --+--+-------------+---    |
       |             |               |             |        \
   +----+-----+ +-----+----+     +----+-----+ +-----+----+   \
   |    Host 2| |   Host 3 |     |    Host 4| |   Host 5 |   /
   |          | |          |     |          | |          |  /
   +----------+ +-----+----+     +----------+ +----------+ /

           Figure 2: An Example of a multihomed End-User Network

   As described above, the primary CER performs prefix sub-delegation to



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   create the hierarchical tree network.  The secondary edge router then
   obtains a second prefix from ISP2 and advertises the ISP2 prefix as
   part of its RA.  The Secondary CER thus includes sub-prefixes from
   both ISPs in all IA_PD messages to downstream routers with the same
   "router id.".  In a change from the single-homing (or backup router)
   case, the secondary CER points its default route to ISP2, and adds an
   internal /48 route to its upstream internal router (e.g.  R1).
   Devices below the the secondary CER (e.g.  Host 2, Host 3) use ISP2,
   but have full access to all internal devices using the ISP1 prefix
   (and/or ULAs).  If the ISP2 link fails, the secondary CER points its
   default route 'up' and traffic flows to ISP1.  Devices not below the
   secondary CER (e.g.  Hosts 1, 4, 5) use ISP1, but have full access to
   all internal devices using the ISP1 prefix (or ULAs).

   In case 2, the secondary CER is installed on the same LAN segment as
   the primary CER.  As above, it acquires a prefix from both the CER
   and secondary ISP.  Since it is on the same LAN segment as the CER,
   the secondary CER does not delegate prefixes to that interface via
   DHCP.  However, it does generate an RA for the ISP2 prefix on the
   LAN.

   As described above, downstream routers receiving the secondary CER RA
   acquire an address using SLAAC and generate a prefix for sub-
   delegation by prepending the secondary CER prefix with the router ID
   generated during the receipt of the prefix from the CER.  Such
   routers then generate their own RAs on downstream interfaces and
   include the secondary prefix as an IA_PD option in future prefix
   delegations.

6.2.1.  Multihoming Requirements

   MH-1:  HIPnet routers configured for active multi-ISP support MUST
          support DHCP address/prefix acquisition (per
          [I-D.ietf-v6ops-6204bis] on two interfaces (their WAN and
          upstream LAN interfaces).

   MH-2:  HIPnet routers configured for active multi-ISP support MAY
          route packets based on the source IP address of incoming
          packets using [RFC6724] logic.  This allows traffic sourced
          from the first ISP prefix to be directed to the first ISP, and
          traffic sourced from the second ISP prefix to be directed to
          the second ISP.

   MH-3:  HIPnet routers configured for active multi-ISP support MUST
          advertise RAs for prefixes on all interfaces except the one
          from which the prefix was acquired or one directly attached to
          a Service Provider network.




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7.  Mulicast Support

7.1.  Service Discovery

   There are several common service discovery protocols such as mDNS
   [I-D.cheshire-dnsext-multicastdns]/DNS-SD
   [I-D.cheshire-dnsext-dns-sd] and SSDP [SSDP].  In a multirouter
   network, service discovery needs to work across the entire home
   network (e.g. site-scoped rather than link-scoped).  This requires
   that HIPnet routers forward relevant multicast traffic appropriately,
   to enable service discovery across the home network.

7.2.  Multicast Proxy Support

   In addition to multicast support for service discovery, it is
   recommended that HIPnet routers support external multicast traffic.

7.3.  Multicast Requirements

   MULTI-1:  A HIPnet router MUST discard IP multicast packets that fail
             a Reverse Path Forwarding Check (RPFC).

   MULTI-2:  A HIPnet router that determines itself to be at the edge of
             a home network (e.g. via CER_ID option, /48 verification,
             or other mechanism) MUST NOT forward IPv4 administratively
             scoped (239.0.0.0/8) packets onto the WAN interface.

   MULTI-3:  HIPnet Routers MUST forward IPv4 Local Scope multicast
             packets (239.255.0.0/16) to all LAN interfaces except the
             one from which they were received.

   MULTI-4:  A HIPnet router that determines itself to be at the edge of
             a home network (e.g. via CER_ID option, /48 verification,
             or other mechanism) MUST NOT forward site-scope (FF05::)
             IPv6 multicast packets onto the WAN interface.

   MULTI-5:  HIPnet routers MUST forward site-scoped (FF05::/16) IPv6
             multicast packets to all LAN interfaces except the one from
             which they were received.

   MULTI-6:  A home router MAY discard IP multicast packets sent between
             Down Interfaces (different VLANs).

   MULTI-7:  HIPnet routers SHOULD support an IGMP/MLD proxy, as
             described in [RFC4605].






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8.  Firewall Support

   In a home network, routers need to be equipped with stateful firewall
   capabilities.  Home routers will need to provide "on by default"
   security where incoming traffic is limited to return traffic
   resulting from outgoing packets.  They also need to allow users to
   create inbound 'pinholes' for specific purposes, such as online
   gaming, manually similar to those described in Simple Security
   ([RFC6092]).  "Advanced Security" [I-D.vyncke-advanced-ipv6-security]
   features optionally could be added to provide intrusion detection
   (IDS/IPS) support.

   Local Network Protection for IPv6 [RFC4864] recommends firewall
   functions that replace NAT security and calls for simple security.
   Simple Security [RFC6092] defines firewall filtering rules for IPv6
   traffic.  Advanced Security [I-D.vyncke-advanced-ipv6-security]
   supports the concept of end-to-end IPv6 reachability and uses
   adaptive filtering based on Intrusion Prevention System (IPS)
   functions.

   It is recommended that the CER enable a stateful [RFC6092] firewall
   by default.  IRs have three options described below:

   IR Firewall Option 1 - Filtering Disabled: Once a home router
   determines that it is not the CER, it disables its firewall and
   allows all traffic to pass.  The advantages of this approach are that
   is is simple and easy to troubleshoot and it facilitates whole-home
   service discovery and media sharing.  The disadvantages are that it
   does not protect home devices from each other (e.g. infected machines
   could affect entire home network).

   IR Firewall Option 2 - Simple Security + PCP: Home routers have a
   [RFC6092] firewall on by default, regardless of CER/IR status but IRs
   allow "pin-holing" using PCP [I-D.ietf-pcp-base].  CERs can restrict
   opening PCP pinholes on the up interface.  The advantages of this
   approach are that it protects the home network from internal threats
   in other LAN segments and it mirrors legacy IPv4 router behavior.
   The disadvantages to this approach are that it is less predictable;
   it relies on application "pin-holing", a "default deny" rule that may
   interfere with service discovery and/or content sharing, and requires
   PCP clients (e.g. on PCs and CPE devices).

   IR Firewall Option 3 - Advanced Security: Once a home router
   determines that it is not the CER, it disables its [RFC6092] firewall
   but activates an [I-D.vyncke-advanced-ipv6-security] firewall (IPS).
   The advantages to this approach are that it protects the home network
   from internal threats in other segments and is more predictable than
   Option 2, since internal traffic is allowed by default.  The



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   disadvantages are that adaptive filtering is more complex than static
   filtering and typically requires a "fingerprint" subscription to work
   well.

   It is recommended that dual-stack routers configure IPv4 support to
   mirror IPv6, as described above.

   While this section describes default router behavior, device
   manufacturers are encouraged to make router security options user-
   configurable.

8.1.  Requirements

   SEC-1:  The CER MUST enable a stateful [RFC6092] firewall by default.

   SEC-2:  HIPnet routers MUST only perform IPv4 NAT when serving as the
           CER.

   SEC-3:  By default, HIPnet routers SHOULD configure IPv4 firewalling
           rules to mirror IPv6.

   SEC-4:  HIPnet routers serving as CER SHOULD NOT enable UPnP IGD
           ([UPnP-IGD]) control by default.


9.  IANA Considerations

   This document makes no request of IANA.

   Note to RFC Editor: this section may be removed on publication as an
   RFC.


10.  Security Considerations

   Security considerations are discussed in the Firewall Support section
   above.


11.  Acknowledgements

   TBD


12.  References






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12.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-v6ops-6204bis]
              Singh, H., Beebee, W., Donley, C., and B. Stark, "Basic
              Requirements for IPv6 Customer Edge Routers",
              draft-ietf-v6ops-6204bis-12 (work in progress),
              October 2012.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC3315]  Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C.,
              and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for
              IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003.

   [RFC3633]  Troan, O. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic
              Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6", RFC 3633,
              December 2003.

   [RFC4605]  Fenner, B., He, H., Haberman, B., and H. Sandick,
              "Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) / Multicast
              Listener Discovery (MLD)-Based Multicast Forwarding
              ("IGMP/MLD Proxying")", RFC 4605, August 2006.

   [RFC4864]  Van de Velde, G., Hain, T., Droms, R., Carpenter, B., and
              E. Klein, "Local Network Protection for IPv6", RFC 4864,
              May 2007.

   [RFC6092]  Woodyatt, J., "Recommended Simple Security Capabilities in
              Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) for Providing
              Residential IPv6 Internet Service", RFC 6092,
              January 2011.

12.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.chakrabarti-homenet-prefix-alloc]
              Nordmark, E., Chakrabarti, S., Krishnan, S., and W.
              Haddad, "Simple Approach to Prefix Distribution in Basic
              Home Networks", draft-chakrabarti-homenet-prefix-alloc-01
              (work in progress), October 2011.

   [I-D.cheshire-dnsext-dns-sd]
              Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "DNS-Based Service
              Discovery", draft-cheshire-dnsext-dns-sd-11 (work in
              progress), December 2011.

   [I-D.cheshire-dnsext-multicastdns]
              Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS",



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              draft-cheshire-dnsext-multicastdns-15 (work in progress),
              December 2011.

   [I-D.donley-dhc-cer-id-option]
              Donley, C. and C. Grundemann, "Customer Edge Router
              Identification Option", draft-donley-dhc-cer-id-option-01
              (work in progress), September 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-homenet-arch]
              Chown, T., Arkko, J., Brandt, A., Troan, O., and J. Weil,
              "Home Networking Architecture for IPv6",
              draft-ietf-homenet-arch-07 (work in progress),
              February 2013.

   [I-D.ietf-pcp-base]
              Wing, D., Cheshire, S., Boucadair, M., Penno, R., and P.
              Selkirk, "Port Control Protocol (PCP)",
              draft-ietf-pcp-base-29 (work in progress), November 2012.

   [I-D.vyncke-advanced-ipv6-security]
              Vyncke, E., Yourtchenko, A., and M. Townsley, "Advanced
              Security for IPv6 CPE",
              draft-vyncke-advanced-ipv6-security-03 (work in progress),
              October 2011.

   [RFC1918]  Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and
              E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
              BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996.

   [RFC2131]  Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol",
              RFC 2131, March 1997.

   [RFC4861]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
              "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
              September 2007.

   [RFC6724]  Thaler, D., Draves, R., Matsumoto, A., and T. Chown,
              "Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol Version 6
              (IPv6)", RFC 6724, September 2012.

   [SSDP]     UPnP Forum, "Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) Device
              Architecture 1.1", October 2008, <http://www.upnp.org/>.

   [UPnP-IGD]
              UPnP Forum, "Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) Internet
              Gateway Device (IGD)", November 2001,
              <http://www.upnp.org/>.




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Authors' Addresses

   Chris Grundemann
   CableLabs
   858 Coal Creek Circle
   Louisville, CO  80027
   USA

   Phone: +1-303-351-1539
   Email: c.grundemann@cablelabs.com


   Chris Donley
   CableLabs
   858 Coal Creek Circle
   Louisville, CO  80027
   USA

   Email: c.donley@cablelabs.com


   John Jason Brzozowski
   Comcast Cable Communications
   1306 Goshen Parkway
   Chester, PA  19380
   USA

   Email: john_brzozowski@cable.comcast.com


   Lee Howard
   Time Warner Cable
   13241 Woodland Park Rd
   Herndon, VA  20171
   USA

   Email: william.howard@twcable.com


   Victor Kuarsingh
   Rogers Communications
   8200 Dixie Road
   Brampton, ON  L6T 0C1
   Canada

   Email: victor.kuarsingh@rci.rogers.com





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