Internet DRAFT - draft-fleischman-corp-view

draft-fleischman-corp-view




Network Working Group                                        Eric Fleischman 
Internet draft                                      Boeing Computer Services
IPng White Paper                                            February 1, 1994

                   A Large Corporate User's View of IPng
                  <draft-fleischman-ipng-corp-view-00.txt>

Status of this Memo
   This document was submitted to the IETF IPng area in response to
   RFC 1550  Publication of this document does not imply acceptance 
   by the IPng area of any ideas expressed within.  Comments should
   be submitted to the big-internet@munnari.oz.au mailing list.

   Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

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Disclaimer and Acknowledgments
  Much of this draft has been adapted from the article "A User's View of 
  IPng" by Eric Fleischman which was published in the September 1993 edition
  of ConneXions Magazine (Volume 7, Number 9, pages 36 - 40).  The original 
  ConneXions article represented an official position of The Boeing Company 
  on IPng issues.  This working draft is an expansion of that original 
  treatment.  This version also represents a Boeing corporate opinion which
  we hope will be helpful to the on-going IPng discussions.  An assumption 
  of this paper is that other Fortune 100 companies which have non-computing-
  related products and services will tend to have a viewpoint about IPng 
  which is similar to the one presented by this paper.

Executive Summary
  Key points:
  1)  Large corporate users generally view IPng with disfavor.
  2)  Industry and the IETF community have very different values and
      viewpoints which lead to orthogonal assessments concerning
      the desirability of deploying IPng.
  3)  This paper provides insight into the mindset of a large corporate 
      user concerning the relevant issues surrounding an IPng deployment.
      The bottom line is that a new deployment of IPng runs counter to 
      several business drivers.  A key point to highlight is that end 
      users actually buy applications -- not networking technologies.
  4)  There are really only two compelling reasons for a large end user
      to deploy IPng:
      A) The existence of must-have products which are tightly coupled with 
         IPng.  
      B) Receipt of a command to deploy IPng from senior management.
      The former would probably be a function of significant technological
      advances.  The latter probably would be a function of a convergence
      of IPng with International Standards (OSI).

Fleischman                                                        [Page 1]

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  5)  Five end user requirements for IPng are presented:
      A) The IPng approach must permit piecemeal transitions.
      B) The IPng approach must not hinder technological advances.
      C) The IPng approach is expected to foster synergy with International 
         Standards (OSI).
      D) The IPng approach should have "Plug and Play" networking capabilities.
      E) The IPng approach must have network security characteristics which 
         are better than existing IPv4 protocols.

Introduction
  The goal of this paper is to examine the implications of IPng from the 
  point of view of Fortune 100 corporations which have heavily invested in 
  TCP/IP technology in order to achieve their (non-computer related) 
  business goals.

  It is our perspective that End Users currently view IPng with disfavor.  
  This note seeks to explain some of the reasons why an end user's 
  viewpoint may differ significantly from a "traditional IETF"
  perspective.  It addresses some of the reasons which cause IPng to 
  be viewed by end users as a "threat" rather than as an "opportunity".
  It enumerates some existing End User dissatisfactions with IPv4 
  (i.e., current TCP/IP network layer).  These dissatisfactions may 
  perhaps be eventually exploited to "sell" IPng to users.  Finally, it 
  identifies the most compelling reasons for end users to deploy IPng.
  In any case, the IETF community should be warned that their own 
  enthusiasm for IPng is generally not shared by end users and that 
  convincing end users to deploy IPng technologies may be very difficult 
  -- assuming it can be done at all.

The Internet and TCP/IP Protocols are not Identical
  The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) community closely associates 
  TCP/IP protocols with the Internet.  In many cases it is difficult to 
  discern from the IETF perspective where the world-wide Internet 
  infrastructure ends and the services of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite begin -- 
  they are not always distinguishable from each other.  Historically they 
  both stem from the same roots:  DARPA was the creator of TCP/IP and of 
  the seminal "Internet".  The services provided by the Internet have been 
  generally realized by the "TCP/IP protocol family".  The Internet has, 
  in turn, become a primary vehicle for the definition, development, and 
  transmission of the various TCP/IP protocols in their various stages of 
  maturity.  Thus, the IETF community has a mindset which assumes that 
  there is a strong symbiotic relationship between the two.

  End users do not share this assumption -- despite the fact that many 
  end users have widely deployed TCP/IP protocols and extensively use 
  the Internet.  It is important for the IETF community to realize, 
  however, that TCP/IP protocols and the Internet are generally 
  viewed to be two quite dissimilar things by the large end user.  That is, 
  while the Internet may be a partial selling point for some TCP/IP 
  purchases, it is rarely even a primary motivation for the majority of
  purchases.  Many end users, in fact, have sizable TCP/IP deployments with
  no Internet connectivity at all.  Thus, many end users view the relation-
  ship between the Internet and TCP/IP protocols to be tenuous at best.  

Fleischman                                                        [Page 2]

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  More importantly, many corporations have made substantial investments 
  in (non-Internet) external communications infrastructures.  A variety of 
  reasons account for this including the fact that until recently the 
  Internet was excluded from the bilateral agreements and international 
  tariffs necessary for international commerce.  In any case, end users 
  today are not (in the general case) dependent upon the Internet to support
  their business processes.  [Note: the previous sentence does not deny 
  that many Fortune 100 employees (such as the author) are directly 
  dependent upon the Internet to fulfill their job responsibilities:  
  The Internet has become an invaluable tool for many corporations'
  "research and education" activities.  However, it is rarely used
  today for activities which directly affect the corporations' financial
  "bottom line":  commerce.]  By contrast, large End Users with extensive
  internal TCP/IP deployments may perhaps view TCP/IP technology to be
  critically important to their corporation's core business processes.  

Security Islands
  Another core philosophical difference between large end users and the 
  IETF is concerning the importance of Security Islands (i.e., firewalls).
  The prevalent IETF perspective is that Security Islands are "A Bad Thing".
  The basic IETF assumption is that the applications they are designing are 
  universally needed and that Security Islands provide undesirable filters
  for that usage.  That is, the IETF generally has a world view which
  presupposes that data access should be unrestricted and widely available.

  By contrast, corporations generally regard data as being a "sensitive"
  corporate asset:  If compromised the very viability of the corporation 
  itself may in some cases be at risk.  Corporations therefore presuppose 
  that data exchange should be restricted.  

  Large end users also tend to believe that their employees have differing 
  data access needs:  Factory workers have different computing needs than 
  accountants who have different needs than aeronautical engineers who have
  different needs than research scientists.  A corporation's networking 
  department(s) seeks to ensure that each class of employee actually 
  receives the type of services they require.  A security island is one 
  of the mechanisms by which the appropriate service levels may be
  provided to the appropriate class of employee, particularly in regards
  to external access capabilities.

  More importantly, there are differing classes of computer resources 
  within a corporation.  A certain percentage of these resources are 
  absolutely critical to the continuing viability of that corporation.  
  These systems should never (ever) be accessible from outside of the 
  company.  These "corporate jewels" must be protected by viable security
  mechanisms.  Security islands are one very important component within a 
  much larger total security solution.  

  For these reasons we concur with the observation made by Yakov Rekhter 
  (of IBM) and Bob Moskowitz (of Chrysler) in their joint electronic mail 
  message of January 28, 1994.  They wrote:
  "Hosts within sites that use IP can be partitioned into three categories:
   -    hosts that do not require Internet access.
   -    hosts that need access to a limited set of Internet services (e.g., 
        Email, FTP, netnews, remote login) which can be handled by application 
        layer relays.
   -    hosts that need unlimited access (provided via IP connectivity) to the 
        Internet."

Fleischman                                                        [Page 3]

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  The exact mechanism by which a corporation will satisfy the differing 
  needs of these three classes of devices must be independently determined 
  by that corporation based upon a number of internal factors.  Each 
  independent solution will determine how that corporation defines their 
  own version of "security island".

  Thus, if end users use the Internet at all, they will generally do so 
  through a "security island" of their own devising.  The existence of the 
  security island is yet another element to (physically and emotionally) 
  decouple the End User from the Internet.  That is, while the end user 
  may use the Internet, their networks (in the general case) are neither 
  directly attached to it nor are their core business processes today 
  critically dependent upon it.

Networking from a Large End User's Perspective
  The following five key characteristics describe Boeing's environment and 
  are probably generally representative of other large TCP/IP deployments.  
  The author believes that an understanding of these characteristics is very 
  important for obtaining insight into how the large end user is likely to 
  view IPng.

  1)  Host Ratio
  Many corporations explicitly try to limit the number of their TCP/IP 
  hosts that are directly accessible from the Internet.  This is done for 
  a variety of reasons (e.g., security).   While the ratio of those hosts 
  that have direct Internet access capabilities to those hosts without such 
  capabilities will vary from company to company, ratios ranging from 1:1000
  to 1:10,000 (or more) are not uncommon.  The implication of this point is
  that the state of the world-wide (IPv4) Internet address space only 
  directly impacts a tiny percentage of the currently deployed TCP/IP hosts
  within a large corporation.  This is true even if the entire population is
  currently using Internet-assigned addresses.

  2) Router-to-Host Ratio
  Most corporations have significantly more TCP/IP hosts than they have IP 
  routers.  Ratios ranging between 100:1 to 600:1 (or more) are common.  
  The implication of this point is that a transition approach which solely
  demands changes to routers is generally much less disruptive to a
  corporation than an approach which demands changes to both routers and 
  hosts.

  3) Business Factor
  Large corporations exist to fulfill some business purpose such as the 
  construction of airplanes, baseball bats, cars, or some other product 
  or service offering.  Computing is an essential tool to help automate
  business processes in order to more efficiently accomplish the business
  goals of the corporation.  Automation is accomplished via applications.
  Data communications, operating systems, and computer hardware are
  the tools used by applications to accomplish their goals.  Thus, users 
  actually buy applications and not networking technologies.  The central
  lesson of this point is that IPng will be deployed according to the 
  applications which use it and not because it is a better technology.

Fleischman                                                        [Page 4]

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  4) Integration Factor
  Large corporations currently support many diverse computing environments.  
  This diversity limits the effectiveness of a corporation's computing 
  assets by hindering data sharing, application interoperability, 
  "application portability", and software re-usability.  The net effect 
  is stunted application life cycles and increased support costs.  Data 
  communications is but one of the domains which contribute towards this 
  diversity.  For example, The Boeing Company currently has deployed at 
  least sixteen different protocol families within its networks (e.g., 
  TCP/IP, SNA, DECnet, OSI, IPX/SPX, AppleTalk, XNS, etc.).  Each distinct 
  Protocol Family population potentially implies unique training, 
  administrative, support, and infrastructure requirements.  Consequently, 
  corporate goals often exist to eliminate or merge diverse Data 
  Communications Protocol Family deployments in order to reduce network 
  support costs and to increase the number of devices which can communicate 
  together (i.e., foster interoperability).  This results in a basic 
  abhorrence to the possibility of introducing "Yet Another Protocol" (YAP).
  Consequently, an IPng solution which introduces an entirely new set of 
  protocols will be negatively viewed simply because its by-products are 
  more roadblocks to interoperability coupled with more work, expense, and 
  risk to support the end users' computing resources and business goals.  
  Having said this, it should be observed that this abhorrence may be 
  partially overcome by "extenuating circumstances" such as applications 
  using IPng which meet critical end-user requirements or by broad 
  (international) commercial support.  

  5) Inertia Factor
  There is a natural tendency to continue to use the current IP protocol 
  (IPv4) regardless of the state of the Internet's IPv4 address space.  
  Motivations supporting inertia include the following:  existing 
  application dependencies (including Application Programming Interface 
  (API) dependencies); opposition to additional protocol complexity; 
  budgetary constraints limiting additional hardware/software expenses; 
  additional address management and naming service costs; transition 
  costs; support costs; training costs; etc.  As the number of Boeing's 
  deployed TCP/IP hosts continues to grow towards the 100,000 mark, the 
  inertial power of this population becomes increasingly strong.  However,
  inertia even exists with smaller populations simply because the cost to 
  convert or upgrade the systems are not warranted.  Consequently, pockets of 
  older "legacy system" technologies often exist in specific environments 
  (e.g., we still have pockets of the archaic BSC protocol).  The 
  significance of this point is that unless there are significant business 
  benefits to justify an IPng deployment, economics will oppose such a 
  deployment.  Thus, even if the forthcoming IPng protocol proves to be 
  "the ultimate and perfect protocol", it is unrealistic to imagine that the 
  entire IPv4 population will ever transition to IPng.  This means that 
  should we deploy IPng within our network, there will be an ongoing 
  requirement for our internal IPng deployment to be able to communicate 
  with our internal IPv4 community.  This requirement is unlikely to go 
  away with time.

Address Depletion Doesn't Resonate With Users
  Thus, the central, bottom-line question concerning IPng from the large
  corporate user perspective is:  What are the benefits which will justify 
  the expense of deploying IPng?  

  At this time we can conceive of only four possible causes which may 
  motivate us to consider deploying IPng:

Fleischman                                                        [Page 5]

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  Possible Cause:                         Possible Corporate Response:

  1) Many Remote (external) Peers         Gateway external systems only.
     solely use IPng.

  2) Internet requires IPng usage.        Gateway external systems only.
  
  3) "Must have" products are tightly     Upgrade internal corporate network 
     coupled with IPng (e.g., "flows"     to support IPng where that 
     for real-time applications).         functionality is needed.

  4) Senior management directs IPng       Respond appropriately.
     usage.

  It should explicitly be noted that the reasons which are compelling the 
  Internet Community to create IPng (i.e., the scalability of IPv4 over the 
  Internet) are not themselves adequate motivations for users to deploy IPng 
  within their own private networks.  That is, should IPng usage become 
  mandated as a prerequisite for Internet usage, a probable response to this 
  mandate would be to convert our few hosts with external access capabilities
  to become IPng-to-IPv4 application-layer gateways.  This would leave the 
  remainder of our vast internal TCP/IP deployment unchanged.  Consequently, 
  given gateways for external access, there may be little motivation for a 
  company's internal network to support IPng.  

User's IPv4 "Itches" Needing Scratching
  The end user's "loyalty" to IPv4 should not be interpreted to mean that 
  everything is necessarily "perfect" with existing TCP/IP deployments and
  that there are therefore no "itches" which an improved IPv4 network layer 
  -- or an IPng -- can't "scratch".  The purpose of this section is to 
  address some of the issues which are very troubling to many end users: 
  A)  Security.  TCP/IP protocols are commonly deployed upon broadcast media 
      (e.g., Ethernet Version 2).  However, TCP/IP mechanisms to encrypt 
      passwords or data which traverse this media are inadequate.  This is 
      a very serious matter which needs to be expeditiously resolved.  An 
      integrated and effective TCP/IP security architecture needs to be 
      defined and become widely implemented across all venders' TCP/IP 
      products.
  B)  User Address Space privacy.  Current IPv4 network addressing 
      policies require that end users go to external entities to obtain IP 
      network numbers for use in their own internal networks.  These 
      external entities have the hubris to determine whether these network 
      requests are "valid" or not.  It is our belief that a corporation's 
      internal addressing policies are their own private affair -- except
      in the specific instances in which they may affect others.  
      Consequently, a real need exists for two classes of IPv4 network 
      numbers:  those which are (theoretically) visible to the Internet 
      today (and thus are subject to external requirements) and those 
      which will never be connected to the Internet (and thus are strictly 
      private).  We believe that the concept of "local addresses" is a 
      viable compromise between the justifiable need of the Internet to 
      steward scarce global resources and the corporate need for privacy.  
      "Local addresses" by definition are non-globally-unique addresses 
      which should never be routed (or seen) by the Internet infrastructure.

Fleischman                                                        [Page 6]

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      We believe that 16 contiguous Class B "local addresses" need to 
      immediately be made available for internal corporate usage.  Such an 
      availability may also reduce the long-term demand for new IPv4 
      network numbers.
  C)  Self-Defining Networks.  Large End Users have a pressing need for plug-
      and-play TCP/IP networks which auto-configure, auto-address, and auto-
      register.  End users have repeatedly demonstrated our inability to make
      the current manual methods work (i.e., heavy penalties for human error).
      We believe that the existing DHCP technology is a good beginning in this
      direction.   
  D)  APIs and network integration.  End users have deployed many differing 
      complex protocol families.  We need tools by which these diverse 
      deployments may become integrated together along with viable transition 
      tools to migrate proprietary alternatives to TCP/IP-based solutions.
      We also desire products to use "open" multi-vendor, multi-platform,
      exposed Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) which are supported
      across several data communications protocol "families" to aid in this
      integration effort.

  E)  International Commerce.  End users are generally unsure as to what 
      extent TCP/IP can be universally used for international commerce 
      today and whether this is a cost-effective and "safe" option to 
      satisfy our business requirements.
  F)  Technological Advances.  We have ongoing application needs which demand
      a continual "pushing" of the existing technology.  Among these needs are
      viable (e.g., integratable into our current infrastructures) solutions
      to the following:  mobile hosts, multimedia applications, real-time
      applications, very high-bandwidth applications, improved very low-
      bandwidth (e.g., radio based) applications, standard-TCP/IP-based 
      transaction processing applications (e.g., multi-vendor distributed 
      databases).

Only Two Motivations For Users To Deploy IPng
  Despite this list of IPv4 problem areas, we suspect that there are only two
  causes which may motivate users to widely deploy IPng:  
 
  (1) If IPng products add critical functionality which IPv4 can't provide
  (e.g., real time applications, multimedia applications, genuine (scalable) 
  plug-and-play networking, etc.), users would be motivated to deploy IPng 
  where that functionality is needed.  However, these deployments must combat 
  the "Integration Factor" and the "Inertia Factor" forces which have 
  previously been described.  This implies that there must be a significant
  business gain to justify such a deployment.  While it is impossible to
  predict exactly how this conflict would "play out", it is reasonable to
  assume that IPng would probably be deployed according to an "as needed only"
  policy.  Optimally, specific steps would be taken to protect the remainder 
  of the network from the impact of these localized changes.  Of course, 
  should IPng become bundled with "killer applications" (i.e., applications
  which are extremely important to significantly many key business processes)
  then all bets are off:  IPng will become widely deployed.  However, it also
  should be recognized that virtually all (initial) IPng applications, unless
  they happen to be "killer applications", will have to overcome significant
  hurdles to be deployed simply because they represent risk and substantially
  increased deployment and support costs for the end user.

Fleischman                                                        [Page 7]

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  (2) Should IPng foster a convergence between Internet Standards and
  International Standards (i.e., OSI), this convergence could change IPng's
  destiny.  That is, the networks of many large corporations are currently
  being driven by sets of strong, but contradictory, requirements:  one set 
  demanding compliance with Internet Standards (i.e., TCP/IP) and another set 
  demanding compliance with International Standards.  This paper assumes that
  the reader is already familiar with the many reasons why end users seek to
  deploy and use Internet Standards.  The following is a partial list as to
  why End Users may be motivated to use International Standards (i.e., OSI) as
  well: 
  A)  World-wide commerce is regulated by governments in accordance with 
      their treaties and legal agreements.  World-wide telecommunications 
      are regulated by the ITU (a United Nations chartered/authorized 
      organization).  International Standards (i.e., OSI) are the only 
      government-sanctioned method for commercial data communications.  
      Aspects of this picture are currently in the process of changing.  
  B)  The currently proprietary aeronautical world-wide air-to-ground and 
      ground-to-ground communications are being replaced by an OSI-based 
      (CLNP) Aeronautical Telecommunications Network (ATN) internet which is
      being built in a number of different national and international forums
      including:
      *  International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
      *  International Air Transport Association (IATA)
      *  Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC)
      "Civil Aviation Authorities, airlines, and private aircraft will use the
      ATN to convey two major categories of data traffic among their 
      computers:  Air Traffic Services Communications (ATSC) and Aeronautical
      Industry Services Communication (AISC)." [Note:  The data communications
      of airline passengers are not addressed by the directive.]
  C)  A corporation's customers may have data communications requirements 
      which are levied upon them by the governments in which they operate 
      which they, in turn, must support in their own products in order to 
      fulfill their customers' needs.  For example, Boeing is influenced by 
      existing:
      *  Computer Aided Logistics Support (CALS; i.e., these are GOSIP (OSI)-
         based) requirements for US Department of Defense contractors.
      *  Airline requirements emanating from A and B above.
  D)  The end user perception that once we have deployed International 
      Standards we will not subsequently be compelled to migrate by external 
      factors to another technology.  Thus, we would have a "safe" foundation 
      to concentrate upon our real computing issues such as increased customer
      satisfaction, business process flow-time improvements, legacy system 
      modernization, and cost avoidance.
  E)  The proposals of entities desiring to obtain contracts with Governments 
      are evaluated on many subjective and objective bases.  One of the 
      subjective issues may well be the "responsibility" and "dependability"
      of the bidder company including such intangibles as its corporate like-
      mindedness.  For this reason, as long as the Government has OSI as their 
      official standard, the bidder may have a subjective advantage if its 
      corporate policy also includes a similar standard, particularly if data
      communications services are being negotiated.

Fleischman                                                        [Page 8]

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  F)  The perception that the need for IPng may imply that IPv4 is unfit to be
      a strategic end user alternative.  Also, IPng is not a viable deployment
      option at this time.  
  G)  Doubts concerning IPv4 scalability (e.g., toasternet: an algorithmic 
      change in which currently "dumb devices" become intelligent and 
      suddenly require Internet connectivity).
  It currently appears that many of these "OSI motivations" are undergoing
  change at this time.  This possibility must be tracked with interest.
  However, a key point of this section is that a corporation must base its
  data communications decisions upon business requirements.  That is, 
  corporations exist to sell products and services, not to play "networking
  games".

  Thus, if a means could be found to achieve greater synergy (integration/
  adoption) between Internet Standards and International Standards then
  corporate management may be inclined to mandate internal deployment of the
  merged standards and promote their external use.  Optimally, such a synergy
  should offer the promise of reducing currently deployed protocol diversity
  (i.e., supports the "Integration Factor" force).  Depending on the specific
  method by which this convergence is achieved, it may also partially offset
  the previously mentioned "Inertia Factor" force, especially if IPng proves
  to be a protocol which has already been deployed.

User-based IPng Requirements
  From the above one can see that a mandate to use IPng to communicate over
  the Internet does not correspondingly imply the need for large corporate
  networks to generally support IPng within their networks.  Thus, while the
  IPv4 scalability limitations are a compelling reason to identify a specific
  IPv4 replacement protocol for the Internet, other factors are at work within
  private corporate networks.  These factors imply that large TCP/IP end users
  will have a continuing need to purchase IPv4 products even after IPng
  products have become generally available.  

  However, since the IETF community is actively engaged in identifying an IPng
  solution, it is desirable that the solution satisfy as many end user needs
  as possible.  For this reason, we would like to suggest that the following
  are important "user requirements" for any IPng solution:
  1)  The IPng approach must permit users to slowly transition to IPng in a
      piecemeal fashion.  Even if IPng becomes widely deployed, it is
      unrealistic to expect that users will ever transition all of the
      extensive IPv4 installed base to IPng.  Consequently, the approach 
      must indefinitely support corporate-internal communication between IPng
      hosts and IPv4 hosts regardless of the requirements of the world-wide
      Internet.
  2)  The IPng approach must not hinder technological advances from being
      implemented.
  3)  The IPng approach is expected to eventually foster greater synergy 
      (integration/adoption) between Internet Standards and International 
      Standards (i.e., OSI).  [Note: This may be accomplished in a variety of 
      ways including having the Internet Standards adopted as International 
      Standards or else having the International Standards adopted as Internet 
      Standards.]
  4)  The IPng approach should have "self-defining network" (i.e., "plug & 
      play") capabilities.  That is, large installations require device
      portability in which one may readily move devices within one's corporate
      network and have them autoconfigure, autoaddress, autoregister, etc.

Fleischman                                                        [Page 9]

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      without explicit human administrative overhead at the new location  -- 
      assuming that the security criteria of the new location have been met.
  5)  The approach must have network security characteristics which are better
      than existing IPv4 protocols.

Conclusion
  In summary, the key factor which will determine whether -- and to what
  extent -- IPng will be deployed by large end users is whether IPng will
  become an essential element for the construction of applications which are
  critically needed by our businesses.  If IPng is bundled with applications
  which satisfy critical business needs, it will be deployed.  If it isn't, it
  is of little relevance to the large end user.  Regardless of what happens to
  IPng, the large mass of IPv4 devices will ensure that IPv4 will remain an
  important protocol for the foreseeable future and that continued development
  of IPv4 products is advisable.

Author's Address:
  Eric Fleischman
  Network Architect
  Boeing Computer Services
  P.O. Box 24346, MS 7M-HA
  Seattle, Wa 98124-0346 USA

Email:  ericf@atc.boeing.com






























Fleischman                                                       [Page 10]