Internet DRAFT - draft-chunduri-isis-preferred-path-routing

draft-chunduri-isis-preferred-path-routing







LSR Working Group                                            U. Chunduri
Internet-Draft                                                     R. Li
Intended status: Standards Track                              Huawei USA
Expires: December 18, 2018                                      R. White
                                                                LinkedIn
                                                             J. Tantsura
                                                          Nuage Networks
                                                            L. Contreras
                                                              Telefonica
                                                                   Y. Qu
                                                              Huawei USA
                                                           June 16, 2018


                 Preferred Path Routing (PPR) in IS-IS
             draft-chunduri-isis-preferred-path-routing-00

Abstract

   This document specifies a Preferred Path Routing (PPR) mechanism to
   simplify the path description of data plane traffic in Segment
   Routing (SR) deployments.  PPR aims to mitigate the MTU and data
   plane processing issues that may result from SR packet overheads; and
   also supports traffic measurement, accounting statistics and further
   attribute extensions along the paths.  Preferred Path Routing is
   achieved through the addition of descriptions to IS-IS advertised
   prefixes, and mapping those to a PPR data-plane identifier.

Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119 [RFC2119],
   RFC8174 [RFC8174] when, and only when they appear in all capitals, as
   shown here.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any



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   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on December 18, 2018.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Acronyms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.2.  Challenges with Increased SID Depth . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.3.  Mitigation with MSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   2.  Preferred Path Routing (PPR)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     2.1.  PPR-ID and PPR Path Description . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   3.  PPR Related TLVs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.1.  PPR-Prefix Sub-TLV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     3.2.  PPR-ID Sub-TLV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     3.3.  PPR-PDE Sub-TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     3.4.  PPR-Attributes Sub-TLV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   4.  PPR Processing Procedure Example  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.1.  PPR TLV Processing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   5.  PPR Data Plane aspects  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     5.1.  SR-MPLS with PPR  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     5.2.  SRv6 with PPR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     5.3.  PPR Native IP Data Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   6.  PPR Traffic Accounting  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   7.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   9.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   10. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     10.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     10.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23




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1.  Introduction

   In a network implementing Segment Routing (SR), packets are steered
   through the network using Segment Identifiers (SIDs) carried in the
   packet header.  Each SID uniquely identifies a segment as defined in
   [I-D.ietf-spring-segment-routing].  SR capabilities are defined for
   MPLS and IPv6 data planes called SR-MPLS and SRv6 respectively.

   In SR-MPLS, each segment is encoded as a label, and an ordered list
   of segments are encoded as a stack of labels.  This stack of labels
   is carried as part of the packet header.  In SRv6, a segment is
   encoded as an IPv6 address, within a new type of IPv6 hop-by-hop
   routing header/extension header (EH) called SRH
   [I-D.ietf-6man-segment-routing-header]; an ordered list of IPv6
   addresses/segments are encoded in SRH.

   Section 1.2 and Section 1.3 describe performance, hardware
   capabilities and various associated issues which may result in SR
   deployments.  These motivate the proposed solution, Preferred Path
   Routing, which is specified in Section 2.

1.1.  Acronyms

   EL       -  Entropy Label

   ELI      -  Entropy Label Indicator

   LSP      -  IS-IS Link State PDU

   MPLS     -  Multi Protocol Label Switching

   MSD      -  Maximum SID Depth

   MTU      -  Maximum Transferrable Unit

   PPR      -  Preferred Path Routing/Route

   PPR-ID   -  Preferred Path Route Identifier, a data plane identifier

   SID      -  Segment Identifier

   SPF      -  Shortest Path First

   SR-MPLS  -  Segment Routing with MPLS data plane

   SRH      -  Segment Routing Header - IPv6 routing Extension headr

   SRv6     -  Segment Routing with Ipv6 data plane with SRH



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   TE       -  Traffic Engineering

1.2.  Challenges with Increased SID Depth

   SR label stacks carried in the packet header create challenges in the
   design and deployment of networks and networking equipment.
   Following examples illustrates the need for increased SID depth in
   various use cases:

   (a).  Consider the following network where SR-MPLS data plane is in
   use and with same SRGB (5000-6000) on all nodes i.e., A1 to A7 and B1
   to B7 for illustration:

    SID:10   SID:20   SID:30   SID:40  SID:50 SID:300(Ax)  SID:60 SID:70
    A1-------A2-------A3-------A4-------A5===============A6----------A7
             \               /  \5     5/ \   SID:310(Ay) \          /
              \ 10        10/    +-A10-+   \               \10      /10
               \           /      SID:100   \               \      /
         SID:80 \A8-----A9/SID:90            \  40           \    /
                /         \                   +---+           \  /
               /10 B2x:125 \10                     \           \/
    B1--------B2============B3----B4--------B5-------B6----------B7
    SID:110   SID:120  SID:130   SID:140   SID:150  SID:160  SID:170


                         Figure 1: SR-MPLS Network

      Global ADJ SIDs are provisioned between A5-A6 and B2-B3.  All
      other SIDs shown are nodal SID indices.

      All metrics of the links are set to 1, unless marked otherwise.

      Shortest Path from A1 to A7: A2-A3-A4-A5-A6-A7

      Path-x: From A1 to A7 - A2-A8-B2-B2x-A9-A10-Ax-A7; Pushed Label
      Stack @A1: 5020:5080:5120:5125:5090:5100:5300:5070 (where B2x is a
      local ADJ-SID and Ax is a global ADJ-SID).

      In this example, the traffic engineered path is represented with a
      combination of Adjacency and Node SIDs with a stack of 8 labels.
      However, this value can be larger, if the use of entropy label
      [RFC6790] is desired and based on the Readable Label Depth
      (Section 1.3) capabilities of each node and additional labels
      required to insert ELI/EL at appropriate places.

      Though above network is shown with SR-MPLS data plane, if the
      network were to use SR-IPv6 data plane, path size would be




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      increased even more because of the size of the IPv6 SID (16 bytes)
      in SRH.

   (b).  Apart from the TE case above, when deploying
   [I-D.ietf-mpls-sfc] or [I-D.xuclad-spring-sr-service-chaining], with
   the inclusion of services, or non-topological segments on the label
   stack, can also make the size of the stack much larger.

   (c).  Some SR-MPLS deployments need accounting statistics for path
   monitoring and traffic re-optimizations.
   [I-D.hegde-spring-traffic-accounting-for-sr-paths] and
   [I-D.cheng-spring-mpls-path-segment] propose solutions with various
   forms of path segments (either with special labels or PATH segment
   encoded at the bottom of the stack respectively).  However, these
   proposals further increases the depth of SID stack, when it is
   compounded with MSD/RLDs of various nodes in the path.

   Overall the additional path overhead in various SR deployments may
   cause the following issues:

   a.  HW Capabilities: Not all nodes in the path can support the
       ability to push or read label stack needed
       [I-D.ietf-isis-segment-routing-msd] to satisfy user/operator
       requirements, Alternate paths which meet these user/operator
       requirements may not be available.

   b.  Line Rate: Potential performance issues in deployments, which use
       SRH data plane with the increased size of the SRH with 16 byte
       SIDs.

   c.  MTU: Larger SID stacks on the data packet can cause potential
       MTU/fragmentation issues.

   d.  Header Tax: Some deployments, such as 5G, require minimal packet
       overhead in order to conserve network resources.  Carrying 40 or
       50 octets of data in a packet with hundreds of octet of header
       would be an unacceptable use of available bandwidth.

   With the solution proposed in this document (Section 5) and
   Section 4), for Path-x in the example network Figure 1 above, SID
   stack would be reduced from 8 SIDs to a single SID.

1.3.  Mitigation with MSD

   The number of SIDs in the stack a node can impose is referred as
   Maximum SID Depth (MSD) capability
   [I-D.ietf-isis-segment-routing-msd], which must be taken into
   consideration when computing a path to transport a data packet in a



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   network implementing segment routing.  [I-D.ietf-isis-mpls-elc]
   defines another MSD type, Readable Label Depth (RLD) that is used by
   a head-end to insert Entropy Label pair (ELI/EL) at appropriate
   depth, so it could be read by transit nodes.  There are situations
   where the source routed path can be excessive as path represented by
   SR SIDs need to describe all the nodes and ELI/EL based on the
   readability of the nodes in that path.

   MSDs (and RLD type) capabilities advertisement help mitigate the
   problem for a central entity to create the right source routed path
   per application/operator requirements.  However the availability of
   actual paths meeting these requirements are still limited by the
   underlying hardware and their MSD capabilities in the data path.

2.  Preferred Path Routing (PPR)

   PPR mitigates the issues described in Section 1.2, while continuing
   to allow the direction of traffic along an engineered path through
   the network by replacing the label stack with a PPR-ID.  The PPR-ID
   can either be a single label or a native destination address.  To
   facilitate the use of a single label to describe an entire path, a
   new TLV is added to IS-IS, as described below in Section 3.

   A PPR could be an SR path, a traffic engineered path computed based
   on some constraints, an explicitly provisioned Fast Re-Route (FRR)
   path or a service chained path.  A PPR can be signaled by any node,
   computed by a central controller, or manually configured by an
   operator.  PPR extends the source routing and path steering
   capabilities to native IP (IPv4 and IPv6) data planes without
   hardware upgrades; see Section 5.

2.1.  PPR-ID and PPR Path Description

   The PPR-ID describes a path through the network.  For SR- MPLS this
   is an MPLS Label/SID and for SRv6 this is an IPv6-SID.  For native IP
   data planes this is either IPv4 or IPv6 address/prefix.

   The path identified by the PPR-ID is described as a set of Path
   Description Elements (PDEs), each of which represents a segment of
   the path.  Each node determines location in the path as described,
   and forwards to the next segment/hop or label of the path description
   (see the Forwarding Procedure Example later in this document).

   These PPR-PDEs as defined in Section 3.3, like SR SIDs, can represent
   topological elements like links/nodes, backup nodes, as well as non-
   topological elements such as a service, function, or context on a
   particular node.  PPR-PDE optionally, can also have more information
   as described with in their Sub-TLVs.



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   A PPR path can be described as a Strict-PPR or a Loose-PPR.  In a
   Strict-PPR all nodes/links on the path are described with SR SIDs for
   SR data planes or IPv4/IPV6 addresses for native IP data planes.  In
   a Loose-PPR only some of the nodes/links from source to destination
   are described.  More specifics and restrictions around Strict/Loose
   PPRs are described in respective data planes in Section 5.  Each PDE
   is described as either an MPLS label towards the next hop in MPLS
   enabled networks, or as an IP next hop, in the case of either
   "plain"/"native" IP or SRv6 enabled networks.  A PPR path is related
   to a set of PDEs using the following TLVs.

3.  PPR Related TLVs

   This section describes the encoding of PPR TLV.  This TLV can be seen
   as having 4 logical section viz., encoding of the PPR-Prefix (IS-IS
   Prefix), encoding of PPR-ID, encoding of path description with an
   ordered PDE Sub-TLVs and a set of optional PPR attribute Sub-TLVs,
   which can be used to describe one or more parameters of the path.
   Multiple instances of this TLV MAY be advertised in IS-IS LSPs with
   different PPR-ID Type and with corresponding PDE Sub-TLVS.  The PPR
   TLV has Type TBD (suggested value xxx), and has the following format:

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |      Type     |     Length    |  PPR-Flags                    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |          PPR-Prefix Sub-TLV (variable size)                   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |          PPR-ID Sub-TLV (variable size)                       |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |          PPR-PDE Sub-TLVs (variable)                          |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |          PPR-Attribute Sub-TLVs (variable)                    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                         Figure 2: PPR TLV Format

   o  Type: TBD (IANA) from IS-IS top level TLV registry.

   o  Length: Total length of the value field in bytes.

   o  PPR-Flags: 2 Octet bit-field of flags for this TLV; described
      below.

   o  PPR-Prefix: A variable size sub-TLV representing the destination
      of the path being described.  This is defined in Section 3.1.




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   o  PPR-ID: A variable size Sub-TLV representing the data plane or
      forwarding identifier of the PPR.  Defined in Section 3.2.

   o  PPR-PDEs: Variable number of ordered PDE Sub-TLVs which represents
      the path.  This is defined in Section 3.3.

   o  PPR-Attributes: Variable number of PPR-Attribute Sub-TLVs which
      represent the path attributes.  These are defined in Section 3.4.

   The Flags field has the following flag bits defined:

        PPR TLV Flags Format

            0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7               15
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
           |S|D|A| Reserved                |
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   1.  S: If set, the PPR TLV MUST be flooded across the entire routing
       domain.  If the S flag is not set, the PPR TLV MUST NOT be leaked
       between IS-IS levels.  This bit MUST NOT be altered during the
       TLV leaking

   2.  D: When the PPR TLV is leaked from IS-IS level-2 to level-1, the
       D bit MUST be set.  Otherwise, this bit MUST be clear.  PPR TLVs
       with the D bit set MUST NOT be leaked from level-1 to level-2.
       This is to prevent TLV looping across levels.

   3.  A: The originator of the PPR TLV MUST set the A bit in order to
       signal that the prefixes and PPR-IDs advertised in the PPR TLV
       are directly connected to the originators.  If this bit is not
       set, this allows any other node in the network advertise this TLV
       on behalf of the originating node of the PPR-Prefix.  If PPR TLV
       is leaked to other areas/levels the A-flag MUST be cleared.  In
       case if the originating node of the prefix must be disambiguated
       for any reason including, if it is a Multi Homed Prefix (MHP) or
       leaked to a different IS-IS level or because [RFC7794] X-Flag is
       set, then PPR-Attribute Sub-TLV Source Router ID SHOULD be
       included.

   4.  Reserved: For future use; MUST be set to 0 on transmit and
       ignored on receive.

   The following sub-TLVs draw from a new registry for sub-TLV numbers;
   this registry is to be created by IANA, and administered using the
   first come first serve process.




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3.1.  PPR-Prefix Sub-TLV

   The structure of PPR-Prefix is:

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       | Type          |  Length       | MT-ID                         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       | Prefix Length |  Mask Length  |  IS-IS Prefix                 |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       //           IS-IS Prefix (continued, variable)                //
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |            PPR-Prefix  Sub-TLVs (variable)                    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                    Figure 3: PPR-Prefix Sub-TLV Format

   o  Type: TBD (IANA to assign from sub-TLV registry described above).

   o  Length: Total length of the value field in bytes.

   o  MT-ID: The multi-topology identifier defined in [RFC5120]; the 4
      most significant bits MUST be set to 0 on transmit and ignored on
      receive.  The remaining 12-bit field contains the MT-ID.

   o  Prefix Length: The length of the prefix in bytes.  For IPv4 it
      MUST be 4 and IPv6 it MUST be 16 bytes.

   o  Mask Length: The length of the prefix in bits.  Only the most
      significant octets of the Prefix are encoded.

   o  IS-IS Prefix: The IS-IS prefix at the tail-end of the advertised
      PPR.  This corresponds to a routable prefix of the originating
      node and it MAY have one of the [RFC7794] flags set (X-Flag/R-
      Flag/N-Flag).  Value of this field MUST be 4 octets for IPv4
      Prefix and MUST be 16 octets for IPv6 Prefix.  Encoding is similar
      to TLV 135 [RFC5305] and TLV 236 [RFC5308] or MT-Capable [RFC5120]
      IPv4 (TLV 235) and IPv6 Prefixes (TLV 237) respectively.

   o  PPR-Prefix Sub-TLVs - TBD.  These have 1 octet type, 1 octet
      length and value field is defined per the type field.

3.2.  PPR-ID Sub-TLV

   This is the actual data plane identifier in the packet header and
   could be of any data plane as defined in PPR-ID Type field.  Both
   PPR-Prefix and PPR-ID MUST belong to a same node in the network.



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        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       | Type          |  Length       |PPR-ID Flags                   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       | PPR-ID Type   | PPR-ID Length |PPR-ID Mask Len| Algo          |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       //                 PPR-ID (variable size)                      //
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                      Figure 4: PPR-ID Sub-TLV Format

   o  Type: TBD (IANA to assign from sub-TLV registry described above).

   o  Length: Total length of the value field in bytes.

   o

      *  PPR-ID Flags: 2 Octet field for PPR-ID flags:

   o

        PPR-ID Flags Format

            0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7..             15
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
           |L|A|Reserved                   |
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   o

      1.  L: If set, the PPR path is a Loose-PPR.  If the this flag is
          unset, then the PPR path is a Strict-PPR.  A Strict-PPR lists
          every single node or adjacency in the path description from
          source to the destination.

      2.  A: If set, all non-PPR path nodes in the IS-IS area/domain
          MUST add a FIB entry for the PPR-ID with NH set to the
          shortest path NH for the prefix being advertised.  The use of
          this is TBD.  By default this flag MUST be unset.

      3.  Reserved: For future use; MUST be set to 0 on transmit and
          ignored on receive.

   o





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      *  PPR-ID Type: Data plane type of PPR-ID.  This is a new registry
         (TBD IANA - Suggested values as below) for this Sub-TLV and the
         defined types are as follows:

   o

      A.  Type: 1 MPLS SID/Label

      B.  Type: 2 Native IPv4 Address/Prefix

      C.  Type: 3 Native IPv6 Address/Prefix

      D.  Type: 4 IPv6 SID in SRv6 with SRH

   o  PPR-ID Length: Length of the PPR-ID field in octets and this
      depends on the PPR-ID type.  See PPR-ID below for the length of
      this field and other considerations.

   o  PPR-ID Mask Length: It is applicable for only for PPR-ID Type 2, 3
      and 4.  For Type 1 this value MUST be set to zero.  It contains
      the length of the PPR-ID Prefix in bits.  Only the most
      significant octets of the Prefix are encoded.  This is needed, if
      PPR-ID followed is an IPv4/IPv6 Prefix instead of 4/16 octet
      Address respectively.

   o  Algo: 1 octet value represents the SPF algorithm.  Algorithm
      registry is as defined in
      [I-D.ietf-isis-segment-routing-extensions].

   o  PPR-ID: This is the Preferred Path forwarding identifier that
      would be on the data packet.  The value of this field is variable
      and it depends on the PPR-ID Type - for Type 1, this is and MPLS
      SID/Label.  For Type 2 this is a 4 byte IPv4 address.  For Type 3
      this is a 16 byte IPv6 address.  For Type 2 and Type 3 encoding is
      similar to "IS-IS Prefix" as specified in Section 3.1.  For Type
      4, it is a 16 byte IPv6 SID.

   For PPR-ID Type 2, 3 or 4, if the PPR-ID Len is set to non-zero
   value, then the PPR-ID MUST NOT be advertised as a routable prefix in
   TLV 135, TLV 235, TLV 236 and TLV 237.  Also PPR-ID MUST belong to
   the node where Prefix is advertised from.  PPR-ID Len = 0 case is a
   special case and is discussed in Section 4.1.

3.3.  PPR-PDE Sub-TLV

   This Sub-TLV represents the PPR Path Description Element (PDE).  PPR-
   PDEs are used to describe the path in the form of set of contiguous
   and ordered Sub-TLVs, where first Sub-TLV represents (the top of the



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   stack in MPLS data plane or) first node/segment of the path.  These
   set of ordered Sub-TLVs can have both topological elements and non-
   topological elements (e.g., service segments).

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       | Type          |  Length       | PPR-PDE Type  | Reserved      |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       | PDE-ID Type   |  PDE-ID Len   | PPR-PDE Flags                 |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       //                 PDE-ID Value (continued, variable size)     //
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                  PPR-PDE  Sub-TLVs (variable)                 |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                     Figure 5: PPR-PDE Sub-TLV Format

   o  Type: TBD (See IANA for suggested value) from IS-IS PPR TLV
      Section 3 Sub-TLV registry.

   o  Length: Total length of the value field in bytes.

   o  PPR-PDE Type: A new registry (TBD IANA) for this Sub-TLV and the
      defined types are as follows:

   a.  Type: 1 Topological

   b.  Type: 2 Non-Topological

   o  PDE-ID Type: 1 Octet PDE-forwarding IDentifier Type.  A new
      registry (TBD IANA) for this Sub-TLV and the defined types and
      corresponding PDE-ID Len, PDE-ID Value are as follows:

   a.  Type 1: SID/Label type as defined in
       [I-D.ietf-isis-segment-routing-extensions].  PDE-ID Len and PDE-
       ID Value fields are per Section 2.3 of the referenced document.

   b.  Type 2: SR-MPLS Prefix SID.  PDE-ID Len and PDE-ID Value are same
       as Type 1.

   c.  Type 3: SR-MPLS Adjacency SID.  PDE-ID Len and PDE-ID Value are
       same as Type 1.

   d.  Type 4: IPv4 Address.  PDE-ID Len is 4 bytes and PDE-ID Value is
       4 bytes IPv4 address encoded similar to IPv4 Prefix described in
       Section 3.1.




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   e.  Type 5: IPv6 Address.  PDE-ID Len is 16 bytes and PDE-ID Value is
       16 bytes IPv6 address encoded similar to IPv6 Prefix described in
       Section 3.1.

   f.  Type 6: SRv6 Node SID as defined in
       [I-D.bashandy-isis-srv6-extensions].  PDE-ID Len and PDE-ID Value
       are as defined in SRv6 SID from the refrenced draft.

   g.  Type 7: SRv6 Adjacency-SID.  PDE-ID Len and PDE-ID Values are
       similar to SRv6 Node SID above.

   o  PPR-PDE Flags: 2 Octet bit-field of flags; described below:

        PPR-PDE Flags Format

            0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ..            15
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
           |L|D|Reserved                   |
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   1.  L: Loose Bit. Indicates the type of next "Topological PDE-ID" in
       the path description and overrides the L bit in Section 3.2.  If
       set, the next PDE is Loose.  If this flag is unset, the next
       Topological PDE is Strict Type.

   2.  D: Destination bit.  By default this bit MUST be unset.  This bit
       MUST be set only for PPR-PDE Type is 1 i.e., Topological and this
       PDE represents the node PPR-Prefix Section 3.1 belongs to, if
       there is no sub-sub-TLV to override PPR-Prefix and PPR-ID values.

   3.  Reserved: 1 Octet reserved bits for future use.  Reserved bits
       MUST be reset on transmission and ignored on receive.

   o  PPR-PDE Sub-TLVs: TBD.  These have 1 octet type, 1 octet length
      and value field is defined per the type field.

3.4.  PPR-Attributes Sub-TLV

   PPR-Attribute Sub-TLVs describe the attributes of the path.  The
   following sub-TLVs draw from a new registry for sub-TLV numbers; this
   registry is to be created by IANA, and administered using the first
   come first serve process:

   o  Type 1 (Suggested Value - IANA TBD): Packet Traffic accounting
      Sub-TLV.  Length 0 and no value field.  Specifies to create a
      counter to count number of packets forwarded on this PPR-ID on
      each node in the path description.



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   o  Type 2 (Suggested Value - IANA TBD): Traffic statistics in Bytes
      Sub-TLV.  Length 0 and no value field.  Specifies to create a
      counter to count number of bytes forwarded on this PPR-ID
      specified in the network header (e.g.  IPv4, IPv6) on each node in
      the path description.

   o  Type 3 (Suggested Value - IANA TBD): PPR-Prefix originating node's
      IPv4 Router ID Sub-TLV.  Length and Value field are as specified
      in [RFC7794].

   o  Type 4 (Suggested Value - IANA TBD): PPR-Prefix originating node's
      IPv6 Router ID Sub-TLV.  Length and Value field are as specified
      in [RFC7794].

   o  Type 5 (Suggested Value - IANA TBD): PPR-Metric Sub-TLV.  Length 4
      bytes, and Value is metric of this path represented through the
      PPR-ID.  Different nodes can advertise the same PPR-ID for the
      same Prefix with a different set of PPR-PDE Sub-TLVs and the
      receiving node MUST consider the lowest metric value (TBD more, on
      what happens when metric is same for two different set of PPR-PDE
      Sub-TLVs).

4.  PPR Processing Procedure Example

   As specified in Section 2, a PPR can be a TE path, locally
   provisioned by the operator or by a controller.  Consider the
   following IS-IS network to describe the operation of PPR TLV as
   defined in Section 3:























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                                           1
                                        _______
                                       /   1   \
                                   +---R2-------R3---+
                                  /    \_______/      \
                                 /         1           \
                              1 /                       \ 1
                               /      1__R13__1          \
                              /       /       \           \
                            R1------R6        R7-----------R4
                              \ 2     \__R14__/       2   /\
                               \      2       2          /  \
                              3 \                       / 3  \1
                                 \                 4   /      \
                                  +----R8------R9-----R10------R12
                                                \          1   /
                                               1 \            / 1
                                                  +----R11---+


                          Figure 6: IS-IS Network

   In the (Figure 6) shown, consider node R1 as an ingress node, or a
   head-end node, and the node R4 MAY be an egress node or another head-
   end node.  The numbers shown on links between nodes R1-R14 indicate
   the bi-directional IS-IS metric as provisioned.  R1 may be configured
   to receive TE source routed path information from a central entity
   (PCE [RFC5440], Netconf [RFC6241] or a Controller) that comprises of
   PPR information which relates to sources that are attached to R1.  It
   is also possible to have a PPR provisioned locally by the operator
   for non-TE needs (FRR or for chaining certain services).

   The PPR TLV (as specified in Section 3) is encoded as an ordered list
   of PPR-PDEs from source to a destination node in the network and is
   represented with a PPR-ID Section 3.2.  The PPR TLV includes PPR-PDE
   Sub-TLVS Section 3.3, which represent both topological and non-
   topological elements and specifies the actual path towards a PPR-
   Prefix at R4.

   o  The shortest path towards R4 from R1 are through the following
      sequence of nodes: R1-R2-R3-R4 based on the provisioned metrics.

   o  The central entity can define a few PPRs from R1 to R4 that
      deviate from the shortest path based on other network
      characteristic requirements as requested by an application or
      service.  For example, the network characteristics or performance
      requirements may include bandwidth, jitter, latency, throughput,
      error rate, etc.



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   o  A first PPR may be identified by PPR-ID = 1 (value) and may
      include the path of R1-R6-R7-R4 for a Prefix advertised by R4.
      This is an example for a Loose-PPR and 'L' bit MUST be set on
      Section 3.2.

   o  A second PPR may be identified by PPR-ID = 2 (value) and may
      include the path of R1-R8-R9-R10-R4.  This is an example for a
      Strict-PPR and 'L' bit MUST be unset on Section 3.2.  Though this
      example shows PPR with all nodal SIDs, it is possible to have a
      PPR with combination of node and adjacency SIDs (local or global)
      or with PPR-PDE Type set to Non-Topological as defined in
      Section 3.3 elements along with these.

4.1.  PPR TLV Processing

   The first topological sub-object or PDE (Section 3.3) relative to the
   beginning of PPR Path contains the information about the first node
   (e.g. in SR-MPLS it's the topmost label).  The last topological sub-
   object or PDE contains information about the last node (e.g. in SR-
   MPLS it's the bottommost label).

   Each receiving node, determine whether an advertised PPR includes
   information regarding the receiving node.  Before processing any
   further, validation MUST be done to see if any PPR topological PDE is
   seen more than once (possible loop), if yes, this PPR TLV MUST be
   ignored.  Processing of PPR TLVs can be done, during the end of the
   SPF computation (for MTID that is advertised in this TLV) and for the
   each prefix described through PPR TLV.  For example, node R9 receives
   the PPR information, and ignores the PPR-ID=1 (Section 4) because
   this PPR TLV does not include node R9 in the path description/ordered
   PPR-PDE list.

   However, node R9 may determine that the second PPR identified by PPR-
   ID = 2 does include the node R9 in its PDE list.  Therefore, node R9
   updates the local forwarding database to include an entry for the
   destination address of R4 indicates, that when a data packet
   comprising a PPR-ID of 2 is received, forward the data packet to node
   R10 instead of R11.  This is even though from R9 the shortest path to
   reach R4 via R11 (Cost 3: R9-R11-R12-R4) it chooses the nexthop to
   R10 to reach R4 as specified in the PPR path description.  Same
   process happens to all nodes or all topological PDEs as described in
   the PPR TLV.

   In summary, the receiving node checks first, if this node is on the
   path by checking the node's topological elements (with PPR-PDE Type
   set to Topological) in the path list.  If yes, it adds/adjusts the
   shortest path nexthop computed towards PPR Prefix to the shortest
   path nexthop towards the next topological PDE in the PPR's Path.



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   For PPR-ID (Section 3.2) Type 2, 3 or 4, if the PPR-ID Len is set to
   0, then Prefix would also become the PPR-ID (a special case).  This
   can be used for some situations, where certain optimizations are
   required in the network.  For this, path described in the PPR TLV
   SHOULD be completely dis-joint from the shortest path route to the
   prefix.  If the disjoint-ness property is not maintained then the
   traffic MAY not be using the PPR path, as and when it encounters any
   node which is not in the path description.

5.  PPR Data Plane aspects

   Data plane for PPR-ID is selected by the entity (e.g., a controller,
   locally provisioned by operator), which selects a particular PPR in
   the network.  Section 3.2 defines various data plane identifier types
   and a corresponding data plane identifier is selected by the entity
   which selects the PPR.  Other data planes other than described below
   can also use this TLV to describe the PPR.  Further details TBD.

5.1.  SR-MPLS with PPR

   If PPR-ID Type is 1, then the PPR belongs to SR-MPLS data plane and
   the complete PPR stack is represented with a unique SR SID/Label and
   this gets programmed on the data plane of each node, with the
   appropriate nexthop computed as specified in Section 4.  PPR-ID here
   is a label/index from the SRGB (like another node SID or global-ADJ
   SID).  PPR path description here is a set of ordered SIDs represented
   with PPR-PDE (Section 3.2) Sub-TLVs.  Non-Topological segments also
   programmed in the forwarding to enable specific function/service,
   when the data packet hits with corresponding PPR-ID.

   Based on 'L' flag in PPR-ID Flags (Section 3.2), for SR-MPLS data
   plane either 1 label or 2 labels need to be provisioned on individual
   nodes on the path description.  For the example network in Section 4,
   for PPR-ID=1, which is a loose path, node R6 programs the bottom
   label as PPR-ID and the top label as the next topological PPR-PDE in
   the path, which is a node SID of R7.  The NH computed at R6 would be
   the shortest path towards R7 i.e., the interface towards R13.  If 'L'
   flag is unset only PPR-ID is programmed on the data plane with NH set
   to the shortest path towards next topological PPR-PDE.

5.2.  SRv6 with PPR

   If PPR-ID Type is 4, the PPR belongs to SRv6 with SRH data plane and
   the complete PPR stack is represented with IPv6 SIDs and this gets
   programmed on the data plane with the appropriate nexthop computed as
   specified in Section 4.  PPR-ID here is a SRv6 SID.  PPR path
   description here is a set of ordered SID TLVs similar to as specified
   in Section 5.1.  One way PPR-ID would be used in this case is by



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   setting the same as the destination IPv6 address and SL field in SRH
   would be set to 0; however SRH [I-D.ietf-6man-segment-routing-header]
   can contain any other TLVs and non-topological SIDs as needed.

5.3.  PPR Native IP Data Planes

   If PPR-ID Type is 2 then source routing and packet steering can be
   done in IPv4 data plane (PPR-IPv4), along the path as described in
   PPR Path description.  This is achieved by setting the destination IP
   address as PPR-ID, which is an IPv4 address in the data packet
   (tunneled/encapsulated).  There is no data plane change or upgrade
   needed to support this.  However this is applicable to only Strict-
   PPR paths ('L' bit as specified in Section 3.2 MUST be unset).

   Similarly for PPR-ID Type is 3, then source routing and packet
   steering can be done in IPv6 data plane (PPR-IPv6), along the path as
   described in PPR Path description.  Whatever specified above for IPv4
   applies here too, except that destination IP address of the data
   packet is IPv6 Address (PPR-ID).  This doesn't require any IPv6
   extension headers (EH), if there is no metadata/TLVs need to be
   carried in the data packet.

6.  PPR Traffic Accounting

   Section 3.4 defines few PPR-Attributes to indicate creation of
   traffic accounting statistics in each node of the PPR path
   description.  Presence of "Packet Traffic Accounting" and "Traffic
   Statistics" Sub-TLVs instruct to provision the hardware, to account
   for the respective traffic statistics.  Traffic accounting should
   happen, when the actual data traffic hits for the PPR-ID in the
   forwarding plane.  This allows more granular and dynamic enablement
   of traffic statistics for only certain PPRs as needed.

   This approach, thus is more safe and secure than any mechanism that
   involves creation of the state in the nodes with the data traffic
   itself.  This is because, creation and deletion of the traffic
   accounting state for PPRs happen through IS-IS LSP processing and IS-
   IS protocol control plane security Section 9 options are applicable
   to this TLV.

   How the traffic accounting is distributed to a central entity is out
   of scope of this document.  One can use any method (e.g. gRPC) to
   extract the PPR-ID traffic stats from various nodes along the path.








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7.  Acknowledgements

   Thanks to Alex Clemm, Lin Han, Toerless Eckert and Kiran Makhijani
   for initial discussions on this topic.  Thanks to Kevin Smith and
   Stephen Johnson for various deployment scenarios applicability from
   ETSI WGs perspective.  Authors also acknowledge Alexander Vainshtein
   for detailed discussions and suggestions on this topic.

   Earlier versions of draft-ietf-isis-segment-routing-extensions have a
   mechanism to advertise EROs through Binding SID.

8.  IANA Considerations

   This document requests the following new TLV in IANA IS-IS TLV code-
   point registry.

        TLV #   Name
        -----   --------------
        TBD     PPR TLV


   This document requests IANA to create a new Sub-TLV registry for PPR
   TLV Section 3 with the following initial entries (suggested values):

   Sub-TLV #   Sub-TLV Name
   ---------   ---------------------------------------------------------

    1          PPR-Prefix (Section 3.1)

    2          PPR-ID (Section 3.2)

    3          PPR-PDE (Section 3.3)

   This document also requests IANA to create a new Sub-TLV registry for
   PPR Path attributes with the following initial entries (suggested
   values):

   Sub-TLV #   Sub-TLV Name
   ---------   ---------------------------------------------------------

    1          Packet Traffic Accounting (Section 3.4)

    2          Traffic Statistics (Section 3.4)

    3          PPR-Prefix Source IPv4 Router ID (Section 3.4)

    4          PPR-Prefix Source IPv6 Router ID (Section 3.4)




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    5          PPR-Metric (Section 3.4)

   This document requests additional IANA registries in an IANA managed
   registry "Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) Parameters" for various PPR
   TLV parameters.  The registration procedure is based on the "Expert
   Review" as defined in [RFC8126].  The suggested registry names are:

   o  "PPR-Type" - Types are an unsigned 8 bit numbers.  Values are as
      defined in Section 3 of this document.

   o  "PPR-Flags" - 1 Octet.  Bits as described in Section 3 of this
      document.

   o  "PPR-ID Type" - Types are an unsigned 8 bit numbers.  Values are
      as defined in Section 3.2 of this document.

   o  "PPR-ID Flags" - 1 Octet.  Bits as described in Section 3.2 of
      this document.

   o  "PPR-PDE Type" - Types are an unsigned 8 bit numbers.  Values are
      as defined in Section 3.3 of this document.

   o  "PPR-PDE Flags" - 1 Octet.  Bits as described in Section 3.3 of
      this document.

   o  "PDE-ID Type" - Types are an unsigned 8 bit numbers.  Values are
      as defined in Section 3.3 of this document.

9.  Security Considerations

   Security concerns for IS-IS are addressed in [RFC5304] and [RFC5310].
   Further security analysis for IS-IS protocol is done in [RFC7645]
   with detailed analysis of various security threats and why [RFC5304]
   should not be used in the deployments.  Advertisement of the
   additional information defined in this document introduces no new
   security concerns in IS-IS protocol.  However as this extension is
   related to SR-MPLS and SRH data planes as defined in
   [I-D.ietf-spring-segment-routing], those particular data plane
   security considerations does apply here.

10.  References

10.1.  Normative References








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   [I-D.ietf-isis-segment-routing-msd]
              Tantsura, J., Chunduri, U., Aldrin, S., and L. Ginsberg,
              "Signaling MSD (Maximum SID Depth) using IS-IS", draft-
              ietf-isis-segment-routing-msd-12 (work in progress), May
              2018.

   [I-D.ietf-spring-segment-routing]
              Filsfils, C., Previdi, S., Ginsberg, L., Decraene, B.,
              Litkowski, S., and R. Shakir, "Segment Routing
              Architecture", draft-ietf-spring-segment-routing-15 (work
              in progress), January 2018.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

10.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.bashandy-isis-srv6-extensions]
              Ginsberg, L., Bashandy, A., Filsfils, C., Decraene, B.,
              and Z. Hu, "IS-IS Extensions to Support Routing over IPv6
              Dataplane", draft-bashandy-isis-srv6-extensions-02 (work
              in progress), March 2018.

   [I-D.cheng-spring-mpls-path-segment]
              Cheng, W., Wang, L., Li, H., Chen, M., Zigler, R., and S.
              Zhan, "Path Segment in MPLS Based Sement Routing Network",
              draft-cheng-spring-mpls-path-segment-01 (work in
              progress), March 2018.

   [I-D.hegde-spring-traffic-accounting-for-sr-paths]
              Hegde, S., "Traffic Accounting for MPLS Segment Routing
              Paths", draft-hegde-spring-traffic-accounting-for-sr-
              paths-01 (work in progress), October 2017.

   [I-D.ietf-6man-segment-routing-header]
              Previdi, S., Filsfils, C., Leddy, J., Matsushima, S., and
              d. daniel.voyer@bell.ca, "IPv6 Segment Routing Header
              (SRH)", draft-ietf-6man-segment-routing-header-13 (work in
              progress), May 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-isis-mpls-elc]
              Xu, X., Kini, S., Sivabalan, S., Filsfils, C., and S.
              Litkowski, "Signaling Entropy Label Capability and
              Readable Label-stack Depth Using IS-IS", draft-ietf-isis-
              mpls-elc-03 (work in progress), January 2018.




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   [I-D.ietf-isis-segment-routing-extensions]
              Previdi, S., Ginsberg, L., Filsfils, C., Bashandy, A.,
              Gredler, H., Litkowski, S., Decraene, B., and J. Tantsura,
              "IS-IS Extensions for Segment Routing", draft-ietf-isis-
              segment-routing-extensions-17 (work in progress), June
              2018.

   [I-D.ietf-mpls-sfc]
              Farrel, A., Bryant, S., and J. Drake, "An MPLS-Based
              Forwarding Plane for Service Function Chaining", draft-
              ietf-mpls-sfc-01 (work in progress), May 2018.

   [I-D.xuclad-spring-sr-service-chaining]
              Clad, F., Xu, X., Filsfils, C., daniel.bernier@bell.ca,
              d., Li, C., Decraene, B., Ma, S., Yadlapalli, C.,
              Henderickx, W., and S. Salsano, "Segment Routing for
              Service Chaining", draft-xuclad-spring-sr-service-
              chaining-01 (work in progress), March 2018.

   [RFC5120]  Przygienda, T., Shen, N., and N. Sheth, "M-ISIS: Multi
              Topology (MT) Routing in Intermediate System to
              Intermediate Systems (IS-ISs)", RFC 5120,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5120, February 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5120>.

   [RFC5304]  Li, T. and R. Atkinson, "IS-IS Cryptographic
              Authentication", RFC 5304, DOI 10.17487/RFC5304, October
              2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5304>.

   [RFC5305]  Li, T. and H. Smit, "IS-IS Extensions for Traffic
              Engineering", RFC 5305, DOI 10.17487/RFC5305, October
              2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5305>.

   [RFC5308]  Hopps, C., "Routing IPv6 with IS-IS", RFC 5308,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5308, October 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5308>.

   [RFC5310]  Bhatia, M., Manral, V., Li, T., Atkinson, R., White, R.,
              and M. Fanto, "IS-IS Generic Cryptographic
              Authentication", RFC 5310, DOI 10.17487/RFC5310, February
              2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5310>.

   [RFC5440]  Vasseur, JP., Ed. and JL. Le Roux, Ed., "Path Computation
              Element (PCE) Communication Protocol (PCEP)", RFC 5440,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5440, March 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5440>.





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   [RFC6241]  Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
              and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
              (NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.

   [RFC6790]  Kompella, K., Drake, J., Amante, S., Henderickx, W., and
              L. Yong, "The Use of Entropy Labels in MPLS Forwarding",
              RFC 6790, DOI 10.17487/RFC6790, November 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6790>.

   [RFC7645]  Chunduri, U., Tian, A., and W. Lu, "The Keying and
              Authentication for Routing Protocol (KARP) IS-IS Security
              Analysis", RFC 7645, DOI 10.17487/RFC7645, September 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7645>.

   [RFC7794]  Ginsberg, L., Ed., Decraene, B., Previdi, S., Xu, X., and
              U. Chunduri, "IS-IS Prefix Attributes for Extended IPv4
              and IPv6 Reachability", RFC 7794, DOI 10.17487/RFC7794,
              March 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7794>.

   [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
              Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
              RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

Authors' Addresses

   Uma Chunduri
   Huawei USA
   2330 Central Expressway
   Santa Clara, CA  95050
   USA

   Email: uma.chunduri@huawei.com


   Richard Li
   Huawei USA
   2330 Central Expressway
   Santa Clara, CA  95050
   USA

   Email: richard.li@huawei.com




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Internet-Draft    Preferred Path Routing (PPR) in IS-IS        June 2018


   Russ White
   LinkedIn
   Oak Island, NC  28465
   USA

   Email: russ@riw.us


   Jeff Tantsura
   Nuage Networks
   755 Ravendale Drive
   Mountain View, CA  94043
   USA

   Email: jefftant.ietf@gmail.com


   Luis M. Contreras
   Telefonica
   Sur-3 building, 3rd floor
   Madrid  28050
   Spain

   Email: luismiguel.contrerasmurillo@telefonica.com


   Yingzhen Qu
   Huawei USA
   2330 Central Expressway
   Santa Clara, CA  95050
   USA

   Email: yingzhen.qu@huawei.com


















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