Internet DRAFT - draft-baushke-ssh-dh-group-sha2

draft-baushke-ssh-dh-group-sha2







Internet Engineering Task Force                               M. Baushke
Internet-Draft                                    Juniper Networks, Inc.
Updates: 4253, 4419, 4432, 4462, 5656                      March 1, 2016
         (if approved)
Intended status: Standards Track
Expires: September 2, 2016


 More Modular Exponential (MODP) Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange Groups for
                           Secure Shell (SSH)
                   draft-baushke-ssh-dh-group-sha2-06

Abstract

   This document defines two added Modular Exponential (MODP) Groups for
   the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol.  It also updates [RFC4253],
   [RFC4419], [RFC4462], and [RFC5656] by specifying the set key
   exchange algorithms that currently exist and which ones MUST, SHOULD,
   MAY, and SHOULD NOT be implemented including two new Diffie-Hellman
   key exchange algorithms using SHA-2 hashes.

Status of This Memo

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 2, 2016.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect



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   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

1.  Overview and Rationale

   Secure Shell (SSH) is a common protocol for secure communication on
   the Internet.  In [RFC4253], SSH originally defined the Key Exchange
   Method Name diffie-hellman-group1-sha1 which used [RFC2409] Oakley
   Group 1 (a MODP group with 768 bits) and SHA-1 [RFC3174].  Due to
   recent security concerns with SHA-1 [RFC6194] and with MODP groups
   with less than 2048 bits [NIST-SP-800-131Ar1] implementer and users
   request support for larger MODP group sizes with data integrity
   verification using the SHA-2 family of secure hash algorithms as well
   as MODP groups providing more security.

   The United States Information Assurance Directorate at the National
   Security Agency has published a FAQ [MFQ-U-OO-815099-15] suggesting
   that the use of ECDH using the nistp256 curve and SHA-2 based hashes
   less than SHA2-384 are no longer sufficient for transport of Top
   Secret information.  It is for this reason that this draft moves
   ecdh-sha2-nistp256 from a REQUIRED to OPTIONAL as a key exchange
   method.  This is the same reason that the stronger MODP groups being
   introduced are using SHA2-512 as the hash algorithm.  Group14 is
   already present in most SSH implementations and most implementations
   already have a SHA2-256 implementation, so diffie-hellman-
   group14-sha256 is provided as an easy to implement and faster to use
   key exchange for small embedded applications.

   It has been observed in [safe-curves] that the NIST recommended
   Elliptic Curve Prime Curves (P-256, P-384, and P-521) are perhaps not
   the best available for Elliptic Curve Cryptography Security.  For
   this reason, none of the [RFC5656] curves are marked as a MUST
   implement.  However, the requirement that "every compliant SSH ECC
   implementation MUST implement ECDH key exchange" is now taken to mean
   that if ecdsa-sha2-[identifier] is implemented, then ecdh-
   sha2-[identifier] MUST be implemented.

   Please send comments on this draft to ietf-ssh@NetBSD.org.

2.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].





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3.  Key Exchange Algorithms

   This memo adopts the style and conventions of [RFC4253] in specifying
   how the use of new data key exchange is indicated in SSH.

   The following new key exchange algorithms are defined:

   Key Exchange Method Name          Note
   diffie-hellman-group14-sha256     MAY/OPTIONAL
   diffie-hellman-group16-sha512     SHOULD/RECOMMENDED
   diffie-hellman-group18-sha512     MAY/OPTIONAL

                                 Figure 1

   The SHA-2 family of secure hash algorithms are defined in
   [FIPS-180-4].

   The method of key exchange used for the name "diffie-hellman-
   group14-sha256" is the same as that for "diffie-hellman-group14-sha1"
   except that the SHA2-256 hash algorithm is used.

   The group16 and group18 names are the same as those specified in
   [RFC3526] 4096-bit MODP Group 16 and 8192-bit MODP Group 18.

   The SHA2-512 algorithm is to be used when "sha512" is specified as a
   part of the key exchange method name.

4.  IANA Considerations

   This document augments the Key Exchange Method Names in [RFC4253].
   It downgrades the use of SHA-1 hashing for key exchange methods in
   [RFC4419], [RFC4432], and [RFC4462].  It also moves from MUST to MAY
   the ecdh-sha2-nistp256 given in [RFC5656].

   It is desirable to also include the ssh-curves from the
   [I-D.josefsson-ssh-curves] in this list.  The "curve25519-sha256" is
   currently available in some Secure Shell implementations under the
   name "curve25519-sha256@libssh.org" and is the best candidate for a
   fast, safe, and secure key exchange method.












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   IANA is requested to update the SSH algorithm registry with the
   following entries:

   Key Exchange Method Name              Reference     Note
   diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1    RFC4419       SHOULD NOT
   diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256  RFC4419       MAY
   diffie-hellman-group1-sha1            RFC4253       SHOULD NOT
   diffie-hellman-group14-sha1           RFC4253       SHOULD
   ecdh-sha2-nistp256                    RFC5656       MAY
   ecdh-sha2-nistp384                    RFC5656       SHOULD
   ecdh-sha2-nistp521                    RFC5656       SHOULD
   ecdh-sha2-*                           RFC5656       MAY
   ecmqv-sha2                            RFC5656       MAY
   gss-gex-sha1-*                        RFC4462       SHOULD NOT
   gss-group1-sha1-*                     RFC4462       SHOULD NOT
   gss-group14-sha1-*                    RFC4462       MAY
   gss-*                                 RFC4462       MAY
   rsa1024-sha1                          RFC4432       SHOULD NOT
   rsa2048-sha256                        RFC4432       MAY
   diffie-hellman-group14-sha256         This Draft    MAY
   diffie-hellman-group16-sha512         This Draft    SHOULD
   diffie-hellman-group18-sha512         This Draft    MAY
   curve25519-sha256                     ssh-curves    MUST
   curve448-sha512                       ssh-curves    MAY

                                 Figure 2

   The Note in the above table is an implementation suggestion/
   recommendation for the listed key exchange method.  It is up to the
   end-user as to what algorithms they choose to be able to negotiate.

   The guidance of his document is that the SHA-1 algorithm hashing
   SHOULD NOT be used.  If it is used, it should only be provided for
   backwards compatibility, should not be used in new designs, and
   should be phased out of existing key exchanges as quickly as possible
   because of its known weaknesses.  Any key exchange using SHA-1 SHOULD
   NOT be in a default key exchange list if at all possible.  If they
   are needed for backward compatibility, they SHOULD be listed after
   all of the SHA-2 based key exchanges.

   The RFC4253 REQUIRED diffie-hellman-group14-sha1 method SHOULD be
   retained for compatibility with older Secure Shell implementations.
   It is intended that this key exchange be phased out as soon as
   possible.







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5.  Acknowledgements

   Thanks to the following people for review and comments: Denis Bider,
   Peter Gutmann, Damien Miller, Niels Moeller, Matt Johnston, Iwamoto
   Kouichi, Simon Josefsson, Dave Dugal.

   Thanks to the following people for code to implement interoperable
   exchanges using some of these groups as found in an the -01 draft:
   Darren Tucker for OpenSSH and Matt Johnston for Dropbear.  And thanks
   to Iwamoto Kouichi for information about RLogin, Tera Term (ttssh)
   and Poderosa implementations also adopting new Diffie-Hellman groups
   based on the -01 draft.

6.  Security Considerations

   The security considerations of [RFC4253] apply to this document.

   The security considerations of [RFC3526] suggest that these MODP
   groups have security strengths given in this table.  They are based
   on [RFC3766] Determining Strengths For Public Keys Used For
   Exchanging Symmetric Keys.

   Group modulus security strength estimates (RFC3526)

   +--------+----------+---------------------+---------------------+
   | Group  | Modulus  | Strength Estimate 1 | Strength Estimate 2 |
   |        |          +----------+----------+----------+----------+
   |        |          |          | exponent |          | exponent |
   |        |          | in bits  | size     | in bits  | size     |
   +--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
   |  14    | 2048-bit |      110 |     220- |      160 |     320- |
   |  15    | 3072-bit |      130 |     260- |      210 |     420- |
   |  16    | 4096-bit |      150 |     300- |      240 |     480- |
   |  17    | 6144-bit |      170 |     340- |      270 |     540- |
   |  18    | 8192-bit |      190 |     380- |      310 |     620- |
   +--------+----------+---------------------+---------------------+

                                 Figure 3

   Many users seem to be interested in the perceived safety of using
   larger MODP groups and hashing with SHA2-based algorithms.

7.  References








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7.1.  Normative References

   [FIPS-180-4]
              National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Secure
              Hash Standard (SHS)", FIPS PUB 180-4, August 2015,
              <http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/
              NIST.FIPS.180-4.pdf>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3526]  Kivinen, T. and M. Kojo, "More Modular Exponential (MODP)
              Diffie-Hellman groups for Internet Key Exchange (IKE)",
              RFC 3526, DOI 10.17487/RFC3526, May 2003,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3526>.

   [RFC4253]  Ylonen, T. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH)
              Transport Layer Protocol", RFC 4253, DOI 10.17487/RFC4253,
              January 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4253>.

7.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.josefsson-ssh-curves]
              Adamantiadis, A. and S. Josefsson, "Secure Shell (SSH) Key
              Exchange Method using Curve25519 and Curve448", draft-
              josefsson-ssh-curves-04 (work in progress), March 2016.

   [MFQ-U-OO-815099-15]
              "National Security Agency/Central Security Service", "CNSA
              Suite and Quantum Computing FAQ", January 2016,
              <https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/ia-solutions-
              for-classified/algorithm-guidance/cnsa-suite-and-quantum-
              computing-faq.cfm>.

   [NIST-SP-800-131Ar1]
              Barker, and Roginsky, "Transitions: Recommendation for the
              Transitioning of the Use of Cryptographic Algorithms and
              Key Lengths", NIST Special Publication 800-131A Revision
              1, November 2015,
              <http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/
              NIST.SP.800-131Ar1.pdf>.

   [RFC2409]  Harkins, D. and D. Carrel, "The Internet Key Exchange
              (IKE)", RFC 2409, DOI 10.17487/RFC2409, November 1998,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2409>.




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   [RFC3174]  Eastlake 3rd, D. and P. Jones, "US Secure Hash Algorithm 1
              (SHA1)", RFC 3174, DOI 10.17487/RFC3174, September 2001,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3174>.

   [RFC3766]  Orman, H. and P. Hoffman, "Determining Strengths For
              Public Keys Used For Exchanging Symmetric Keys", BCP 86,
              RFC 3766, DOI 10.17487/RFC3766, April 2004,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3766>.

   [RFC4419]  Friedl, M., Provos, N., and W. Simpson, "Diffie-Hellman
              Group Exchange for the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer
              Protocol", RFC 4419, DOI 10.17487/RFC4419, March 2006,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4419>.

   [RFC4432]  Harris, B., "RSA Key Exchange for the Secure Shell (SSH)
              Transport Layer Protocol", RFC 4432, DOI 10.17487/RFC4432,
              March 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4432>.

   [RFC4462]  Hutzelman, J., Salowey, J., Galbraith, J., and V. Welch,
              "Generic Security Service Application Program Interface
              (GSS-API) Authentication and Key Exchange for the Secure
              Shell (SSH) Protocol", RFC 4462, DOI 10.17487/RFC4462, May
              2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4462>.

   [RFC5656]  Stebila, D. and J. Green, "Elliptic Curve Algorithm
              Integration in the Secure Shell Transport Layer",
              RFC 5656, DOI 10.17487/RFC5656, December 2009,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5656>.

   [RFC6194]  Polk, T., Chen, L., Turner, S., and P. Hoffman, "Security
              Considerations for the SHA-0 and SHA-1 Message-Digest
              Algorithms", RFC 6194, DOI 10.17487/RFC6194, March 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6194>.

   [safe-curves]
              Bernstein, and Lange, "SafeCurves: choosing safe curves
              for elliptic-curve cryptography.", February 2016,
              <https://safecurves.cr.yp.to/>.

Author's Address











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   Mark D.     Baushke
   Juniper Networks, Inc.
   1133 Innovation Way
   Sunnyvale, CA  94089-1228
   US

   Phone: +1 408 745 2952
   Email: mdb@juniper.net
   URI:   http://www.juniper.net/










































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