Network Working Group P. Saint-Andre Internet-Draft Cisco Systems, Inc. Intended status: BCP J. Hodges Expires: January 13, 2011 PayPal July 12, 2010 Representation and Verification of Domain-Based Application Service Identity in Certificates Used with Transport Layer Security draft-saintandre-tls-server-id-check-08 Abstract Many application technologies enable a secure connection between two entities using certificates in the context of Transport Layer Security (TLS). This document specifies best current practices for representing and verifying the identity of application services in such interactions. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on January 13, 2011. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1. Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.1. In Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.2. Out of Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.5. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.6. Discussion Venue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2. Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.1. Naming Application Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2. Subject Naming in PKIX Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3. Representation of Server Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4. Verification of Server Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.2. Constructing an Ordered List of Reference Identifiers . . 16 4.3. Seeking a Match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.4. Verifying a Domain Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.4.1. Checking of Traditional Domain Names . . . . . . . . . 18 4.4.2. Checking of Internationalized Domain Names . . . . . . 18 4.4.3. Checking of Wildcard Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.4.4. Checking of Common Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.5. Verifying an Application Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.5.1. SRV-ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.5.2. URI-ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.6. Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.6.1. Case #1: Match Found . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.6.2. Case #2: No Match Found, Cached Certificate . . . . . 20 4.6.3. Case #3: No Match Found, Uncached Certificate . . . . 21 4.6.3.1. Interactive User Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.6.3.2. Automated Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 5.1. Service Delegation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 5.2. Wildcard Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 5.3. Internationalized Domain Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 7.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 7.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Appendix A. Prior Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 A.1. IMAP, POP3, and ACAP (1999) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 A.2. HTTP (2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 A.3. LDAP (2000/2006) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 A.4. SMTP (2002/2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 A.5. XMPP (2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 A.6. NNTP (2006) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 A.7. NETCONF (2006/2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 A.8. Syslog (2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 A.9. SIP (2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 A.10. GIST (2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 1. Introduction 1.1. Motivation The visible face of the Internet consists of services that employ a client-server architecture in which an interactive or automated client connects to an application services in order to retrieve or upload information, communicate with other entities, or access a broader network of services. When a client connects to an application services using Transport Layer Security [TLS] (or, less commonly, [DTLS]), it references some conception of the server's identity while attempting to establish a secure connection (e.g., "the web site at example.com"). Likewise, during TLS negotiation the server presents its conception of the server's identity in the form of a public-key certificate that was issued by a certification authority (CA) in the context of the Internet Public Key Infrastructure using X.509 [PKIX]. Informally, we can think of these identities as the client's "reference identity" and the server's "presented identity" (these rough ideas are defined more precisely later in this document through the concept of particular identifiers). In general, a client needs to verify that the server's presented identity matches its reference identity so that it can be sure that the certificate can legitimately be used to authenticate the connection. Many application technologies adhere to the pattern outlined here, including but not limited to the following: o The Internet Message Access Protocol [IMAP] and the Post Office Protocol [POP3], for which see also [USINGTLS] o The Hypertext Transfer Protocol [HTTP], for which see also [HTTP-TLS] o The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol [LDAP], for which see also [LDAP-AUTH] and its predecessor [LDAP-TLS] o The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol [SMTP], for which see also [SMTP-AUTH] and [SMTP-TLS] o The Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol [XMPP], for which see also [XMPPBIS] o The Network News Transfer Protocol [NNTP], for which see also [NNTP-TLS] Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 o The NETCONF Configuration Protocol [NETCONF], for which see also [NETCONF-SSH] and [NETCONF-TLS] o The Syslog Protocol [SYSLOG], for which see also [SYSLOG-TLS] o The Session Initiation Protocol [SIP], for which see also [SIP-CERTS] o The General Internet Signalling Transport [GIST] Application protocols have traditionally specified their own rules for representing and verifying server identities. Unfortunately, this divergence of approaches has caused some confusion among certification authorities, application developers, and protocol designers. Therefore, to codify best current practices regarding the implementation and deployment of secure PKIX-based authentication, this document specifies recommended procedures for representing and verifying server identities in certificates intended for use in applications employing TLS. 1.2. Scope 1.2.1. In Scope This document applies only to server identities associated with fully-qualified DNS domain names, only to TLS, and only to PKIX-based systems. As a result, the scenarios described in the following section are out of scope for this specification (although they might be addressed by future specifications). 1.2.2. Out of Scope The following topics are out of scope for this specification: o Client or end-user identities. Certificates representing client or end-user identities (e.g., the rfc822Name identifier) can be used for mutual authentication between a client and server or between two clients, thus enabling stronger client-server security or end-to-end security. However, certification authorities, application developers, and service operators have less experience with client certificates than with server certificates, thus gives us fewer models from which to generalize and a less solid basis for defining best practices. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 o Identifiers other than fully-qualified DNS domain names. Some certification authorities issue server certificates based on IP addresses, but preliminary evidence indicates that such certificates are a very small percentage of issued certificates (e.g., less than 1%). Furthermore, IP addresses are not necessarily reliable identifiers for application services because of the existence of private internets [PRIVATE], host mobility, multiple interfaces on a given host, Network Address Translators (NATs) resulting in different addresses for a host from different locations on the network, the practice of grouping many hosts together behind a single IP address, etc. Most fundamentally, most users find DNS domain names much easier to work with than IP addresses, which is why the domain name system was designed in the first place. We prefer to define best practices for the much more common use case and not to complicate the rules in this specification. Furthermore, we do not discuss attributes unrelated to DNS domain names, such as those defined in [X.520] and other such specification (e.g., organizational attributes, geographical attributes, company logos, and the like). o Security protocols other than [TLS] or [DTLS]. Although other secure, lower-layer protocols exist and even employ PKIX certificates at times, e.g. [IPSEC], their use cases can differ from those of TLS-based or DTLS-based application technologies. Furthermore, application technologies have less experience with IPsec than with TLS, thus making it more difficult to gather feedback on proposed best practices. o Keys or certificates employed outside the context of PKIX-based systems. Some deployed application technologies use a web of trust model based on or similar to [OPENPGP], or use self-signed certificates, or are deployed on networks are not directly connected to the public Internet and therefore cannot depend on Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) or the Online Certificate Status Protocol [OCSP] to check CA-issued certificates. However, the syntax of OpenPGP keys differs essentially from X.509 certificates, the data in self-signed certificates has not been certified by a third party in any way, and checking of CA-issued certificates via CRLs or OSCP is critically important to maintaining the security of PKIX-based systems. Attempting to define best practices for such technologies would unduly complicate the rules defined in this specification. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 Furthermore, this document also does not address various certification authority policies, such as: o What classes and types of certificates to issue and whether to apply different policies for them (e.g., allow the wildcard character in Class 2 certificates but not in Class 1 or Extended Validation certificates). o Whether to issue certificates based on IP addresses (or some other form, such as relative domain names) in addition to fully- qualified DNS domain names. o Which identifiers to include (e.g., whether to include the SRVName and uniformResourceIdentifier extensions). o How to certify or validate fully-qualified domain names and application service types. o How to certify or validate other kinds of information that might be included in a certificate (e.g., organization name). Finally, this specification is mostly silent about user interface issues, which in general are properly the responsibility of client software developers and standards development organizations dedicated to particular application technologies (see for example [WSC-UI]). 1.3. Terminology Because many concepts related to "identity" are often too vague to be actionable in application protocols, we define a set of more concrete terms for use in this specification. application service: A service on the Internet that enables interactive and automated clients to connect for the purpose of retrieving or uploading information, communicating with other entities, or connecting to a broader network of services. application service provider: An organization or individual that hosts or deploys an application service. attribute-type-and-value pair: A colloquial name for the ASN.1-based construction comprising a Relative Distinguished Name (RDN), which itself is a building-block component of Distinguished Names. See Section 2 of [LDAP-DN]. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 automated client: A software agent or device that is not directly controlled by a natural person. direct name: A name for an application service that is provided directly to a client by a user, resulting in a source domain and (optionally) a service type. identifier: A particular instance of an identifier type that is either presented by a server in a certificate or referenced by a client for matching purposes. identifier type: A formally defined category of identifier that can be included in a certificate and therefore also used for matching purposes; the types covered in this specification are: * CN-ID = a Relative Distinguished Name (RDN) in the certificate subject that contains one and only one attribute-type-and-value pair of type Common Name (CN); see [PKIX] and also [LDAP-SCHEMA] * DNS-ID = a subjectAltName entry of type dNSName; see [PKIX] * SRV-ID = a subjectAltName entry of type otherName whose name form is SRVName; see [SRVNAME] * URI-ID = a subjectAltName entry of type uniformResourceIdentifier; see [PKIX] indirect name: A name for an application service that is resolved by a client based on a direct name provided by a user, resulting in a target domain and (optionally) a service type. interactive client: A software agent or device that is directly controlled by a natural person. (Other specifications related to security and application protocols often refer to this as a "user agent", e.g., [WSC-UI].) PKIX certificate: An X.509v3 certificate generated and employed in the context of the Internet Public Key Infrastructure using X.509 [PKIX]. presented identifier: An identifier that is presented by a server to a client within the server's PKIX certificate when the client attempts to establish a secure connection with the server; the certificate can include one or more presented identifiers of different types. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 reference identifier: An identifier that is used by the client for matching purposes when checking the presented identifiers; the client can attempt to match multiple reference identifiers of different types. restricted name: A name that can be used only for one type of service at an application service provider. service type: A formal identifier for the application protocol used to provide a particular kind of service at a domain; the service type typically takes the form of a Uniform Resource Identifier scheme [URI] or a DNS SRV Service [DNS-SRV]. source domain: The fully-qualified DNS domain name that a client expects an application service to present in the certificate. subjectAltName entry: A specific identifier placed in a subjectAltName extension. subjectAltName extension: A standard PKIX certificate extension as described in [PKIX]. The subject alternative name extension allows various identifiers of various types to be bound to the certificate subject, in addition or in place of the subject name. subject name: The name of a PKIX certificate's subject, encoded as the X.501 type Name, and conveyed in a certificate's subject field (see Section 4.1.2.6 of [PKIX]). Note that a subject's name(s) can be represented in the subject field, the subjectAltName extension, or both (see [PKIX] for details). TLS client: An entity that assumes the role of a client in a Transport Layer Security [TLS] negotiation; in this specfication we generally assume that the TLS client is an (interactive or automated) application client, however in application protocols that enable server-to-server communication the TLS client could be a peer application service. TLS server: An entity that assumes the role of a server in a Transport Layer Security [TLS] negotiation; in this specfication we assume that the TLS server is an application service. target domain: A domain name or host name that a client has derived from the source domain in an automated fashion (e.g., by means of a [DNS-SRV] lookup) or that a natural person directly controlling an interactive client has explicitly configured for connecting to the source domain. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 unrestricted name: A name that can be used for any service type at an application service provider. Most security-related terms in this document are to be understood in the sense defined in [SECTERMS]; such terms include, but are not limited to, "attack", "authentication", "authorization", "certification authority", "certification path", "certificate", "credential", "identity", "self-signed certificate", "trust", "trust anchor", "trust chain", "validate", and "verify". The following capitalized keywords are to be interpreted as described in [KEYWORDS]: "MUST", "SHALL", "REQUIRED"; "MUST NOT", "SHALL NOT"; "SHOULD", "RECOMMENDED"; "SHOULD NOT", "NOT RECOMMENDED"; "MAY", "OPTIONAL". 1.4. Contributors The following individuals made important contributions to the text of this document: Shumon Huque, RL 'Bob' Morgan, and Kurt Zeilenga. 1.5. Acknowledgements The editors and contributors wish to thank the following individuals for their feedback and suggestions: Nelson Bolyard, Kaspar Brand, Ben Campbell, Scott Cantor, Dave Crocker, Cyrus Daboo, Charles Gardiner, Philip Guenther, Bruno Harbulot, David Harrington, Paul Hoffman, Love Hornquist Astrand, Harry Hotz, Geoff Keating, Scott Lawrence, Matt McCutchen, Alexey Melnikov, Eddy Nigg, Ludwig Nussel, Joe Orton, Tom Petch, Yngve Pettersen, Tim Polk, Eric Rescorla, Pete Resnick, Martin Rex, Joe Salowey, Rob Stradling, Peter Sylvester, Dan Wing, and Dan Winship. 1.6. Discussion Venue [[ RFC Editor: please remove this section. ]] The editors are actively seeking input from certification authorities, application developers, and protocol designers regarding the recommendations in this document. Please send feedback to the editors directly or post to the mailing list, for which archives and subscription information are available at . 2. Names This section discusses naming of application services on the Internet, followed by a brief tutorial about subject naming in PKIX. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 2.1. Naming Application Services This specification assumes that the name of an application service is based on a DNS domain name (e.g., "example.com") -- supplemented in some circumstances by a service type (e.g., "the IMAP server at example.com"). From the perspective of the application client or user, some names are direct because they are provided directly by the user (e.g., via runtime input or prior configuration) whereas other names are indirect because they are resolved by the client based on input provided directly by the user (e.g., a target name resolved from a source name using DNS SRV records). This dimension matters for certificate verification. From the perspective of the application service, some names are unrestricted because they can be used in any type of service (e.g., a certificate might be re-used for both the HTTP service and the IMAP service at example.com) whereas other names are restricted because they can be used in only one type of service (e.g., a special-purpose certificate that can be used only for an IMAP service). This dimension matters for certificate issuance. Therefore: o A CN-ID identifier is direct (provided by a user) and unrestricted (can be used for any application). o A DNS-ID identifier is direct (provided by a user) and unrestricted (can be used for any application). o An SRV-ID identifier is indirect (resolved by a client) and restricted (can be used for only a single application). o A URI-ID identifier is direct (provided by a user) and restricted (can be used for only a single application). We summarize this taxonomy in the following table. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 +-----------+-----------+---------------+ | | Direct | Restricted | +-----------+-----------+---------------+ | CN-ID | Yes | No | +-----------+-----------+---------------+ | DNS-ID | Yes | No | +-----------+-----------+---------------+ | SRV-ID | No | Yes | +-----------+-----------+---------------+ | URI-ID | Yes | Yes | +-----------+-----------+---------------+ When implementing software, deploying services, and issuing certificates for secure PKIX-based authentication, it is important to keep these distinctions in mind. In particular, best practices differ somewhat for application server implementations, application client implementations, application service providers, and certification authorities. Protocol specifications that reference this document MUST specify which identifiers are mandatory-to- implement by servers and clients, which identifiers are to be preferred by application service providers, and which identifiers ought to be supported by certificate issuers. Because these requirements differ across applications, it is impossible to categorically stipulate universal rules (e.g., that all software implementations, service providers, and certification authorities for all application protocols need to use or support DNS-IDs as a baseline for the purpose of interoperability); however, it is preferable that each application protocol will at least define a baseline that applies to the community of software developers, application service providers, and CAs actively using or supporting that technology. 2.2. Subject Naming in PKIX Certificates In theory, the Internet Public Key Infrastructure using X.509 [PKIX] employs the global directory service model defined in [X.500] and [X.501]. In this model, information is held in a directory information base (DIB) and entries in the DIB are organized in a hierarchy called the directory information tree (DIT). An entry in that hierarchy consists of a set of attributes (each of which has a defined type and one or more values) and is uniquely identified by a Distinguished Name (DN). The DN of an entry is constructed by combining one or more specially-nominated attributes of the entry itself (which together comprise the Relative Distinguished Name (RDN) of the entry) with the Distinguished Name of its superior entries in the tree, up to the root of the DIT. An RDN is a set (i.e., an unordered group) of attribute-type-and-value pairs (see also [LDAP-DN]), each of which asserts some attribute about the entry. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 In practice, the certificates used in [X.509] and [PKIX] borrow key concepts of X.500 and X.501 (e.g., DNs and RDNs) to identify entities, but such certificates are not necessarily part of a global directory information base. Specifically, the subject field of a PKIX certificate is an X.501 type Name that "identifies the entity associated with the public key stored in the subject public key field" (see Section 4.1.2.6 of [PKIX]). However, it is perfectly acceptable for the subject field to be empty, as long as the certificate contains a subjectAltName extension that includes at least one subjectAltName entry, because the subject alternative name ("subjectAltName") extension allows various identities to be bound to the subject (see Section 4.2.1.6 of [PKIX]). The subjectAltName extension itself is a sequence of typed entries, where each type is a distinct kind of identifier. For our purposes, an application service is identified by a name or names carried in the subject field and/or in one of the following subjectAltName entry types: o dNSName -- a (fully-qualified) DNS domain name [PKIX] o SRVName -- a DNS SRV service name [DNS-SRV] [SRVNAME] o uniformResourceIdentifier -- a Uniform Resource Identifier [URI] [PKIX] We recognize that existing certificates often use a CN-ID in the subject field to represent a fully-qualified DNS domain name; for example, consider the following subjectName, where the attribute of type Common Name contains a string whose form matches that of a fully-qualified DNS domain name of "www.example.com": cn=www.example.com,c=GB,ou=Web Services However, in general, this specification recommends and prefers use of subjectAltName entries over use of the subject field where possible, as more completely described in the following sections. Implementation Note: Confusion sometimes arises from different renderings or encodings of the hierarchical information contained in a certificate. Certificates are binary objects and are encoded using the Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) specified in [X.690]. However, some implementations generate displayable (a.k.a. printable) renderings of certificate issuer, subject, and subject alternative names, and these renderings convert the DER-encoded sequences into a "string representation" before being displayed. Because a Distinguished Name (DN) is an ordered sequence, order is preserved in the string representation of a DN. However, because Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 a Relative Distinguished Name (RDN) is an unordered group of attribute-type-and-value pairs, the string representation of an RDN can differ from the canonical DER encoding. Furthermore, various specifications refer to the order of RDNs using terminology that is not directly related to the information hierarchy, such as "most specific" vs. "least specific", "left- most" vs. "right-most", "first" vs. "last", or "most significant" vs. "least significant" (see for example [LDAP-DN]). In this specification we avoid such terms in an effort to reduce confusion. 3. Representation of Server Identity When a certification authority issues a certificate based on the fully-qualified DNS domain name at which the application service provider will provide the relevant application, the following rules apply to the representation of application service identities. 1. The certificate SHOULD include a "DNS-ID" (i.e., a subjectAltName entry of type dNSName) if possible as a baseline for interoperability. 2. If the service using the certificate deploys a technology in which a server is discovered by means of DNS SRV records [DNS-SRV] (e.g., this is true of [XMPP]), then the certificate SHOULD include an "SRV-ID" (i.e., a subjectAltName entry of type otherName whose name form is SRVName as specified in [SRVNAME]). 3. If the service using the certificate deploys a technology in which a server is typically associated with a URI (e.g., this is true of [SIP]), then the certificate SHOULD include a URI-ID (i.e., a subjectAltName entry of type uniformResourceIdentifier); the scheme SHALL be that of the protocol associated with the service type and the authority component SHALL be the fully- qualified DNS domain name of the service. 4. The certificate MAY include other application-specific identifiers for types that were defined before specification of the SRVName extension (e.g., XmppAddr for [XMPP]) or for which service names or URI schemes do not exist; however, such application-specific identifiers are not generally applicable and therefore are out of scope for this specification. 5. The certificate SHOULD NOT represent the server's fully-qualified DNS domain name in a CN-ID, even though many deployed clients still check for this legacy identifier configuration within certificate subjectName. If a CN-ID is included, the Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 certificate's subject field SHOULD NOT contain more than one CN-ID, and MUST NOT contain RDNs which consist of multiple Common Name attributes. 6. The fully-qualified DNS domain name portion of the DN-ID or CN-ID MAY contain one instance of the wildcard character '*', but only as the left-most label of the domain name component of the identifier (following the definition of "label" from [DNS]). Specifications that profile the rules defined in this document MUST specify whether the wildcard character is or is not allowed in certificates issued under that profile; by default wildcard certificates SHOULD NOT be allowed. 4. Verification of Server Identity 4.1. Overview At a high level, the client verifies the server's identity by performing the following actions: 1. Before connecting to the server, the client constructs an ordered list of reference identifiers against which to check the presented identifiers. 2. The server provides its identifiers in the form of a PKIX certificate. 3. The client checks each of its reference identifiers against the presented identifiers for the purpose of finding a match. 4. When checking a reference identifier against a presented identifier, the client (a) MUST match the source domain (or, in some cases, target domain) of the identifiers and (b) MAY also match the service type of the identifiers. Implementation Note: Naturally, in addition to checking identifiers, a client might complete further checks to ensure that the server is authorized to provide the requested service. However, such checking is not a matter of verifying the server identity presented in a certificate, and therefore methods for doing so (e.g., consulting local policy information) are out of scope for this document. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 15] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 4.2. Constructing an Ordered List of Reference Identifiers Before connecting to the server, the client MUST construct an ordered list of acceptable reference identifiers. The inputs here might be a URI that a user has typed into an interface (e.g., an HTTP URL for a web site), configured account information (e.g., the username of an IMAP or POP3 account for retrieving email), or some other combination of information that can yield a source domain and a service type. The client might need to derive the source domain and service type from the input(s) it has received. The derived data MUST include only information that can be securely parsed out of the inputs (e.g., extracting the fully-qualified DNS domain name from the authority component of a URI or extracting the service type from the scheme of a URI) or information for which the derivation is performed in a secure manner (e.g., using [DNSSEC]). In some cases the inputs might include more than one fully-qualified DNS domain name, because a user might have explicitly configured the client to associate a target domain with the source domain. Such delegation can occur by means of user-approved DNS SRV records (e.g., _xmpp-server._tcp.im.example.com might yield an address of hosting.example.net) or a user-configured lookup table for host-to- address or address-to-host translations (e.g., the Unix "hosts" file). See under Section 5 for further discussion of service delegation. Using the combination of fully-qualified DNS domain name(s) and service type, the client constructs a list of reference identifiers in accordance with the following rules: o The list MUST include a DNS-ID. A reference identifier of type DNS-ID can be directly constructed from a fully-qualified DNS domain name that is (a) contained in or securely derived from the inputs (i.e., the source domain), or (b) explicitly associated with the source domain by means of user configuration (i.e., a target domain). o If a server for the service type is typically discovered by means of DNS SRV records , then the list SHOULD include an SRV-ID. o If a server for the service type is typically associated with a URI, then the list SHOULD include a URI-ID Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 16] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 o The list SHOULD NOT include a CN-ID; however, the CN-ID (if included) MUST be constructed only from the source domain and never from a target domain. The client does not need to actually construct the foregoing identifiers in the formats found in a certificate (e.g., as ASN.1 object identifiers), only the functional equivalent of such identifiers for matching purposes. Security Note: A client MUST NOT construct a reference identifier corresponding to Relative Distinguished Names (RDNs) other than the Common Name and MUST NOT check for such RDNs in the presented identifiers. The client then orders the list in accordance with the following rules: o Reference identifiers that include the source domain MUST be preferred over reference identifiers that include a target domain (if any). o Reference identifiers that include both a fully-qualified DNS domain name and a service type MUST be preferred over reference identifiers that include only a fully-qualified DNS domain name. Therefore an SRV-ID or URI-ID is to be preferred over a DNS-ID. o Notwithstanding any of the foregoing rules, reference identifiers of type CN-ID (if included) MUST always be the lowest-priority reference identifiers in the list. To illustrate the ordering rules, consider the case where the inputs are a source domain of "im.example.com" and a service type of "XMPP" (for which application services are discovered via DNS SRV records) and the user of the client has also explicitly configured a target domain of "hosting.example.net". In this case, the ordered list would be: 1. SRV-ID of "_xmpp.im.example.com" 2. DNS-ID of "im.example.com" 3. SRV-ID of "_xmpp.hosting.example.net" 4. DNS-ID of "hosting.example.net" 5. CN-ID of "im.example.com" 4.3. Seeking a Match Once the client has constructed its order list of reference identifiers and has received the server's presented identifiers in the form of a PKIX certificate, the client checks its reference Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 17] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 identifiers against the presented identifiers for the purpose of finding a match. It does so by seeking a match in preference order and aborting the search if any presented identifier matches one of its reference identifiers. The search fails if the client exhausts its list of reference identifiers without finding a match. Detailed comparison rules for finding a match are provided in the following sections. Security Note: A client MUST NOT seek a match for a reference identifier of CN-ID if the presented identifiers include an SRV-ID, URI-ID, DNS-ID, or any application-specific subjectAltName entry types supported by the client. 4.4. Verifying a Domain Name This document assumes that each reference identifier contains a fully-qualified DNS domain name that is a "traditional domain name" or an "internationalized domain name". The client MUST match the source domain of a reference identifier according to the following rules. 4.4.1. Checking of Traditional Domain Names The term "traditional domain name" is a contraction of this more formal and accurate name: "traditional US-ASCII letter-digit-hyphen DNS domain name". Traditional domain names are defined in [DNS-CONCEPTS] and [DNS] in conjunction with [HOSTS] as further explained in [IDNA2003]. In essence, a traditional domain name consists of a set of one or more labels (e.g., "www", "example", and "com"), with the labels usually shown separated by dots (e.g., "www.example.com"). Labels nominally consist of only [US-ASCII] uppercase and lowercase letters, digits, and hyphen. There are additional qualifications (please refer to the above-referenced specifications for details) but they are not germane to this specification. If the source domain of a reference identifier is a "traditional domain name", then matching of the reference identifier against the presented identifier is performed by comparing the set of domain components using a case-insensitive ASCII comparison, as clarified by [DNS-CASE] (e.g., "WWW.Example.Com" would be lower-cased to "www.example.com" for comparison purposes). Each label MUST match in order for the names to be considered to match. 4.4.2. Checking of Internationalized Domain Names The term "internationalized domain name" refers to a DNS domain name that conforms to the overall form of a domain name (dot-separated Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 18] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 labels) but that can include Unicode code points outside the traditional US-ASCII range, as explained by and [IDNA2008]. If the source domain of a reference identifier is an internationalized domain name, then an implementation MUST convert every label in the domain name to an A-label before checking the domain anme. 4.4.3. Checking of Wildcard Labels Unless forbidden by a specification that profiles the best practices defined herein, a client employing this specification's rules MAY match the reference identifier against a presented identifier containing one instance of the wildcard character '*', but only as the left-most label of the domain name, e.g. *.example.com (following the definition of "label" from [DNS]). If such a wildcard identifier is presented, the wildcard MUST be used to match only the one position-wise corresponding label (thus *.example.com matches foo.example.com but not bar.foo.example.com or example.com). The client MUST fail to match a presented identifier in which the wildcard character is contained within a label fragment (e.g., baz*.example.net is not allowed and MUST NOT be taken to match baz1.example.net and baz2.example.net), or in which the wildcard character does not comprise the left-most label in the presented identifier (e.g., neither bar.*.example.net nor bar.f*o.example.net are allowed). 4.4.4. Checking of Common Names As noted, a client MUST NOT seek a match for a reference identifier of CN-ID if the presented identifiers include an SRV-ID, URI-ID, DNS-ID, or any application-specific subjectAltName entry types supported by the client. Therefore, if and only if the identity set does not include a subjectAltName entry of type dNSName, SRVName, or uniformResourceIdentifier (or any application-specific subjectAltName entry types supported by the client), the client MAY as a fallback check for a string whose form matches that of a fully-qualified DNS domain name in the CN-ID. If the client chooses to compare a reference identifier of type CN-ID against that string, it MUST follow the comparison rules for the source domain of an identifier of type DNS-ID, SRV-ID, or URI-ID, as described under Section 4.4. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 19] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 4.5. Verifying an Application Type As specified under the ordering rules for reference identifiers, a client SHOULD check not only the domain name but also the service type of the service to which it connects. This is a best practice because typically a client is not designed to connect to all kinds of services using all possible application protocols, but instead is designed to connect to one kind of service, such as a web site, an email service, or an instant messaging service. The service type is verified by means of either an SRV-ID or URI-ID. 4.5.1. SRV-ID The service name portion of an SRV-ID (e.g., "xmpp") MUST be matched in a case-insensitive manner, in accordance with [DNS-SRV]. Note that the "_" character is prepended to the service identifier in DNS SRV records. 4.5.2. URI-ID The scheme name portion of a URI-ID (e.g., "sip") MUST be matched in a case-insensitive manner, in accordance with [URI]. Note that the ":" character is a separator between the scheme name and the rest of the URI, and therefore does not need to be included in any comparison. 4.6. Outcome The outcome of the checking procedure is one of the following cases. 4.6.1. Case #1: Match Found If the client has found a presented identifier that matches a reference identifier, matching has succeeded. In this case, the client MUST use the matched reference identifier as the validated identity of the server. 4.6.2. Case #2: No Match Found, Cached Certificate If the client finds no presented identifier that matches any of the reference identifiers but a natural person has permanently accepted the certificate during a previous connection attempt or via configured preferences, the certificate is cached. In this case, the client MUST verify that the presented certificate matches the cached certificate and (if it is an interactive client) MUST notify the user if the certificate has changed since the last time a secure connection was successfully negotiated (where causes of change Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 20] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 include but are not limited to changes in the DNS domain name, identifiers, issuer, certification path, and expiration date). 4.6.3. Case #3: No Match Found, Uncached Certificate If the client finds no presented identifier that matches any of the reference identifiers and a human user has not permanently accepted the certificate for this application service during a previous connection attempt, the client MUST NOT consider the certificate to include a validated identity for the application service. Instead, the client MUST proceed as follows. 4.6.3.1. Interactive User Agent If the client is an interactive client that is directly controlled by a natural person, then it MUST either do one of the following: 1. Automatically terminate the connection with a bad certificate error; or 2. Actively warn the user that the certificate is untrusted and encourage the user to terminate the connection, but give advanced users the option to (a) view the entire certification path, (b) accept the certificate for this application service either temporarily (i.e., for this connection attempt only) or permanently (i.e., for all future connection attempts) despite the identity mismatch, and then (c) continue with the connection attempt. If a user permanently accepts a certificate for this application service despite an identity mismatch (an action referred to in [WSC-UI] as "pinning"), the client MUST cache the certificate (or some non-forgeable representation such as a hash value) and in future connection attempts MUST behave as in "Case #2: No Match Found, Cached Certificate" Section 4.6.2. However, the client MUST provide a method for revoking trust in cached certificates. Security Note: It is the responsibility of the human user to verify the hash value or fingerprint of the certificate with the server over a trusted communication layer. Informational Note: The guidelines provided here are roughly consistent with those provided for web browsers and other HTTP- aware interactive clients in [WSC-UI]. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 21] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 4.6.3.2. Automated Client If the client is an automated application that is not directly controlled by a natural person, then it SHOULD terminate the connection with a bad certificate error and log the error to an appropriate audit log. An automated application MAY provide a configuration setting that disables this check, but MUST enable the check by default. 5. Security Considerations 5.1. Service Delegation When the connecting application is an interactive client, the source domain name and service type MUST be provided by a human user (e.g. when specifying the server portion of the user's account name on the server or when explicitly configuring the client to connect to a particular host or URI as in [SIP-LOC]) and MUST NOT be derived from the user inputs in an automated fashion (e.g., a host name or domain name discovered through DNS resolution of the source domain). This rule is important because only a match between the user inputs (in the form of a reference identifier) and a presented identifier enables the client to be sure that the certificate can legitimately be used to secure the connection. However, an interactive client MAY provide a configuration setting that enables a human user to explicitly specify a particular host name or domain name (called a "target domain") to be checked for connection purposes. 5.2. Wildcard Certificates Allowing the wildcard character in certificates has led to homograph attacks involving non-ASCII characters that look similar to characters commonly included in HTTP URLs, such as "/" and "?"; for discussion, see for example [Defeating-SSL]. 5.3. Internationalized Domain Names In addition to the wildcard certificate attacks previously mentioned, allowing internationalized domain names can lead to the inclusion of visually similar (so-called "confusable") characters in certificates; for discussion, see for example [IDNA-DEFS]. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 22] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 6. IANA Considerations This document specifies no actions for the IANA. 7. References 7.1. Normative References [DNS] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987. [DNS-CONCEPTS] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities", STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987. [DNS-SRV] Gulbrandsen, A., Vixie, P., and L. Esibov, "A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC 2782, February 2000. [IDNA2003] Faltstrom, P., Hoffman, P., and A. Costello, "Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)", RFC 3490, March 2003. [IDNA2008] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol", draft-ietf-idnabis-protocol-18 (work in progress), January 2010. [KEYWORDS] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [LDAP-DN] Zeilenga, K., "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): String Representation of Distinguished Names", RFC 4514, June 2006. [PKIX] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S., Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008. [SRVNAME] Santesson, S., "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Subject Alternative Name for Expression of Service Name", RFC 4985, August 2007. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 23] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 [URI] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986, January 2005. 7.2. Informative References [Defeating-SSL] Marlinspike, M., "New Tricks for Defeating SSL in Practice", February 2009, . [DNS-CASE] Eastlake, D., "Domain Name System (DNS) Case Insensitivity Clarification", RFC 4343, January 2006. [DNSSEC] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S. Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements", RFC 4033, March 2005. [DTLS] Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer Security", RFC 4347, April 2006. [GIST] Schulzrinne, H. and M. Stiemerling, "GIST: General Internet Signalling Transport", draft-ietf-nsis-ntlp-20 (work in progress), June 2009. [HOSTS] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application and Support", STD 3, RFC 1123, October 1989. [HTTP] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999. [HTTP-TLS] Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000. [IMAP] Crispin, M., "INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL - VERSION 4rev1", RFC 3501, March 2003. [IDNA-DEFS] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework", draft-ietf-idnabis-defs-13 (work in progress), January 2010. [IP] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, September 1981. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 24] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 [IPv6] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. [IPSEC] Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, December 2005. [LDAP] Sermersheim, J., "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): The Protocol", RFC 4511, June 2006. [LDAP-AUTH] Harrison, R., "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): Authentication Methods and Security Mechanisms", RFC 4513, June 2006. [LDAP-SCHEMA] Sciberras, A., "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): Schema for User Applications", RFC 4519, June 2006. [LDAP-TLS] Hodges, J., Morgan, R., and M. Wahl, "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (v3): Extension for Transport Layer Security", RFC 2830, May 2000. [NETCONF] Enns, R., "NETCONF Configuration Protocol", RFC 4741, December 2006. [NETCONF-SSH] Wasserman, M. and T. Goddard, "Using the NETCONF Configuration Protocol over Secure SHell (SSH)", RFC 4742, December 2006. [NETCONF-TLS] Badra, M., "NETCONF over Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 5539, May 2009. [NNTP] Feather, C., "Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)", RFC 3977, October 2006. [NNTP-TLS] Murchison, K., Vinocur, J., and C. Newman, "Using Transport Layer Security (TLS) with Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)", RFC 4642, October 2006. [OCSP] Myers, M., Ankney, R., Malpani, A., Galperin, S., and C. Adams, "X.509 Internet Public Key Infrastructure Online Certificate Status Protocol - OCSP", RFC 2560, June 1999. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 25] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 [OPENPGP] Callas, J., Donnerhacke, L., Finney, H., Shaw, D., and R. Thayer, "OpenPGP Message Format", RFC 4880, November 2007. [POP3] Myers, J. and M. Rose, "Post Office Protocol - Version 3", STD 53, RFC 1939, May 1996. [PRIVATE] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets", BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996. [PKIX-OLD] Housley, R., Ford, W., Polk, T., and D. Solo, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and CRL Profile", RFC 2459, January 1999. [SECTERMS] Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2", RFC 4949, August 2007. [SIP] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002. [SIP-CERTS] Gurbani, V., Lawrence, S., and A. Jeffrey, "Domain Certificates in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 5922, June 2010. [SIP-LOC] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP): Locating SIP Servers", RFC 3263, June 2002. [SMTP] Klensin, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", RFC 5321, October 2008. [SMTP-AUTH] Siemborski, R. and A. Melnikov, "SMTP Service Extension for Authentication", RFC 4954, July 2007. [SMTP-TLS] Hoffman, P., "SMTP Service Extension for Secure SMTP over Transport Layer Security", RFC 3207, February 2002. [SYSLOG] Gerhards, R., "The Syslog Protocol", RFC 5424, March 2009. [SYSLOG-TLS] Miao, F., Ma, Y., and J. Salowey, "Transport Layer Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 26] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 Security (TLS) Transport Mapping for Syslog", RFC 5425, March 2009. [TLS] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008. [US-ASCII] American National Standards Institute, "Coded Character Set - 7-bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange", ANSI X3.4, 1986. [USINGTLS] Newman, C., "Using TLS with IMAP, POP3 and ACAP", RFC 2595, June 1999. [WSC-UI] Saldhana, A. and T. Roessler, "Web Security Context: User Interface Guidelines", World Wide Web Consortium LastCall WD-wsc-ui-20100309, March 2010, . [X.500] International Telecommunications Union, "Information Technology - Open Systems Interconnection - The Directory: Overview of concepts, models and services", ITU- T Recommendation X.500, ISO Standard 9594-1, August 2005. [X.501] International Telecommunications Union, "Information Technology - Open Systems Interconnection - The Directory: Models", ITU-T Recommendation X.501, ISO Standard 9594-2, August 2005. [X.509] International Telecommunications Union, "Information Technology - Open Systems Interconnection - The Directory: Public-key and attribute certificate frameworks", ITU- T Recommendation X.509, ISO Standard 9594-8, August 2005. [X.520] International Telecommunications Union, "Information Technology - Open Systems Interconnection - The Directory: Selected attribute types", ITU-T Recommendation X.509, ISO Standard 9594-6, August 2005. [X.690] International Telecommunications Union, "Information Technology - ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)", ITU-T Recommendation X.690, ISO Standard 8825-1, August 2008. [XMPP] Saint-Andre, P., Ed., "Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Core", RFC 3920, October 2004. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 27] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 [XMPPBIS] Saint-Andre, P., "Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Core", draft-ietf-xmpp-3920bis-07 (work in progress), April 2010. Appendix A. Prior Art (This section is non-normative.) The recommendations in this document are an abstraction from recommendations in specifications for a wide range of application protocols. For the purpose of comparison and to delineate the history of thinking about server identity verification within the IETF, this informative section gathers together prior art by including the exact text from various RFCs (the only modifications are changes to the names of several references to maintain coherence with the main body of this document, and the elision of irrelevant text as marked by the characters "[...]"). A.1. IMAP, POP3, and ACAP (1999) In 1999, [USINGTLS] specified the following text regarding server identity verification in IMAP, POP3, and ACAP: ###### 2.4. Server Identity Check During the TLS negotiation, the client MUST check its understanding of the server hostname against the server's identity as presented in the server Certificate message, in order to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks. Matching is performed according to these rules: o The client MUST use the server hostname it used to open the connection as the value to compare against the server name as expressed in the server certificate. The client MUST NOT use any form of the server hostname derived from an insecure remote source (e.g., insecure DNS lookup). CNAME canonicalization is not done. o If a subjectAltName extension of type dNSName is present in the certificate, it SHOULD be used as the source of the server's identity. o Matching is case-insensitive. o A "*" wildcard character MAY be used as the left-most name component in the certificate. For example, *.example.com would match a.example.com, foo.example.com, etc. but would not match example.com. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 28] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 o If the certificate contains multiple names (e.g. more than one dNSName field), then a match with any one of the fields is considered acceptable. If the match fails, the client SHOULD either ask for explicit user confirmation, or terminate the connection and indicate the server's identity is suspect. ###### A.2. HTTP (2000) In 2000, [HTTP-TLS] specified the following text regarding server identity verification in HTTP: ###### 3.1. Server Identity In general, HTTP/TLS requests are generated by dereferencing a URI. As a consequence, the hostname for the server is known to the client. If the hostname is available, the client MUST check it against the server's identity as presented in the server's Certificate message, in order to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks. If the client has external information as to the expected identity of the server, the hostname check MAY be omitted. (For instance, a client may be connecting to a machine whose address and hostname are dynamic but the client knows the certificate that the server will present.) In such cases, it is important to narrow the scope of acceptable certificates as much as possible in order to prevent man in the middle attacks. In special cases, it may be appropriate for the client to simply ignore the server's identity, but it must be understood that this leaves the connection open to active attack. If a subjectAltName extension of type dNSName is present, that MUST be used as the identity. Otherwise, the (most specific) Common Name field in the Subject field of the certificate MUST be used. Although the use of the Common Name is existing practice, it is deprecated and Certification Authorities are encouraged to use the dNSName instead. Matching is performed using the matching rules specified by [PKIX-OLD]. If more than one identity of a given type is present in the certificate (e.g., more than one dNSName name, a match in any one of the set is considered acceptable.) Names may contain the wildcard character * which is considered to match any single domain name component or component fragment. E.g., *.a.com matches foo.a.com but not bar.foo.a.com. f*.com matches foo.com but not bar.com. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 29] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 In some cases, the URI is specified as an IP address rather than a hostname. In this case, the iPAddress subjectAltName must be present in the certificate and must exactly match the IP in the URI. If the hostname does not match the identity in the certificate, user oriented clients MUST either notify the user (clients MAY give the user the opportunity to continue with the connection in any case) or terminate the connection with a bad certificate error. Automated clients MUST log the error to an appropriate audit log (if available) and SHOULD terminate the connection (with a bad certificate error). Automated clients MAY provide a configuration setting that disables this check, but MUST provide a setting which enables it. Note that in many cases the URI itself comes from an untrusted source. The above-described check provides no protection against attacks where this source is compromised. For example, if the URI was obtained by clicking on an HTML page which was itself obtained without using HTTP/TLS, a man in the middle could have replaced the URI. In order to prevent this form of attack, users should carefully examine the certificate presented by the server to determine if it meets their expectations. ###### A.3. LDAP (2000/2006) In 2000, [LDAP-TLS] specified the following text regarding server identity verification in LDAP: ###### 3.6. Server Identity Check The client MUST check its understanding of the server's hostname against the server's identity as presented in the server's Certificate message, in order to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks. Matching is performed according to these rules: o The client MUST use the server hostname it used to open the LDAP connection as the value to compare against the server name as expressed in the server's certificate. The client MUST NOT use the server's canonical DNS name or any other derived form of name. o If a subjectAltName extension of type dNSName is present in the certificate, it SHOULD be used as the source of the server's identity. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 30] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 o Matching is case-insensitive. o The "*" wildcard character is allowed. If present, it applies only to the left-most name component. E.g. *.bar.com would match a.bar.com, b.bar.com, etc. but not bar.com. If more than one identity of a given type is present in the certificate (e.g. more than one dNSName name), a match in any one of the set is considered acceptable. If the hostname does not match the dNSName-based identity in the certificate per the above check, user-oriented clients SHOULD either notify the user (clients MAY give the user the opportunity to continue with the connection in any case) or terminate the connection and indicate that the server's identity is suspect. Automated clients SHOULD close the connection, returning and/or logging an error indicating that the server's identity is suspect. Beyond the server identity checks described in this section, clients SHOULD be prepared to do further checking to ensure that the server is authorized to provide the service it is observed to provide. The client MAY need to make use of local policy information. ###### In 2006, [LDAP-AUTH] specified the following text regarding server identity verification in LDAP: ###### 3.1.3. Server Identity Check In order to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks, the client MUST verify the server's identity (as presented in the server's Certificate message). In this section, the client's understanding of the server's identity (typically the identity used to establish the transport connection) is called the "reference identity". The client determines the type (e.g., DNS name or IP address) of the reference identity and performs a comparison between the reference identity and each subjectAltName value of the corresponding type until a match is produced. Once a match is produced, the server's identity has been verified, and the server identity check is complete. Different subjectAltName types are matched in different ways. Sections 3.1.3.1 - 3.1.3.3 explain how to compare values of various subjectAltName types. The client may map the reference identity to a different type prior to performing a comparison. Mappings may be performed for all Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 31] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 available subjectAltName types to which the reference identity can be mapped; however, the reference identity should only be mapped to types for which the mapping is either inherently secure (e.g., extracting the DNS name from a URI to compare with a subjectAltName of type dNSName) or for which the mapping is performed in a secure manner (e.g., using [DNSSEC], or using user- or admin-configured host-to-address/address-to-host lookup tables). The server's identity may also be verified by comparing the reference identity to the Common Name (CN) [LDAP-SCHEMA] value in the last Relative Distinguished Name (RDN) of the subjectName field of the server's certificate (where "last" refers to the DER-encoded order, not the order of presentation in a string representation of DER- encoded data). This comparison is performed using the rules for comparison of DNS names in Section 3.1.3.1, below, with the exception that no wildcard matching is allowed. Although the use of the Common Name value is existing practice, it is deprecated, and Certification Authorities are encouraged to provide subjectAltName values instead. Note that the TLS implementation may represent DNs in certificates according to X.500 or other conventions. For example, some X.500 implementations order the RDNs in a DN using a left-to-right (most significant to least significant) convention instead of LDAP's right- to-left convention. If the server identity check fails, user-oriented clients SHOULD either notify the user (clients may give the user the opportunity to continue with the LDAP session in this case) or close the transport connection and indicate that the server's identity is suspect. Automated clients SHOULD close the transport connection and then return or log an error indicating that the server's identity is suspect or both. Beyond the server identity check described in this section, clients should be prepared to do further checking to ensure that the server is authorized to provide the service it is requested to provide. The client may need to make use of local policy information in making this determination. 3.1.3.1. Comparison of DNS Names If the reference identity is an internationalized domain name, conforming implementations MUST convert it to the ASCII Compatible Encoding (ACE) format as specified in Section 4 of RFC 3490 [IDNA2003] before comparison with subjectAltName values of type dNSName. Specifically, conforming implementations MUST perform the conversion operation specified in Section 4 of RFC 3490 as follows: Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 32] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 o in step 1, the domain name SHALL be considered a "stored string"; o in step 3, set the flag called "UseSTD3ASCIIRules"; o in step 4, process each label with the "ToASCII" operation; and o in step 5, change all label separators to U+002E (full stop). After performing the "to-ASCII" conversion, the DNS labels and names MUST be compared for equality according to the rules specified in Section 3 of RFC3490. The '*' (ASCII 42) wildcard character is allowed in subjectAltName values of type dNSName, and then only as the left-most (least significant) DNS label in that value. This wildcard matches any left-most DNS label in the server name. That is, the subject *.example.com matches the server names a.example.com and b.example.com, but does not match example.com or a.b.example.com. 3.1.3.2. Comparison of IP Addresses When the reference identity is an IP address, the identity MUST be converted to the "network byte order" octet string representation [IP] [IPv6]. For IP Version 4, as specified in RFC 791, the octet string will contain exactly four octets. For IP Version 6, as specified in RFC 2460, the octet string will contain exactly sixteen octets. This octet string is then compared against subjectAltName values of type iPAddress. A match occurs if the reference identity octet string and value octet strings are identical. 3.1.3.3. Comparison of Other subjectName Types Client implementations MAY support matching against subjectAltName values of other types as described in other documents. ###### A.4. SMTP (2002/2007) In 2002, [SMTP-TLS] specified the following text regarding server identity verification in SMTP: ###### 4.1 Processing After the STARTTLS Command [...] The decision of whether or not to believe the authenticity of the other party in a TLS negotiation is a local matter. However, some general rules for the decisions are: Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 33] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 o A SMTP client would probably only want to authenticate an SMTP server whose server certificate has a domain name that is the domain name that the client thought it was connecting to. [...] ###### In 2006, [SMTP-AUTH] specified the following text regarding server identity verification in SMTP: ###### 14. Additional Requirements When Using SASL PLAIN over TLS [...] After a successful [TLS] negotiation, the client MUST check its understanding of the server hostname against the server's identity as presented in the server Certificate message, in order to prevent man- in-the-middle attacks. If the match fails, the client MUST NOT attempt to authenticate using the SASL PLAIN mechanism. Matching is performed according to the following rules: The client MUST use the server hostname it used to open the connection as the value to compare against the server name as expressed in the server certificate. The client MUST NOT use any form of the server hostname derived from an insecure remote source (e.g., insecure DNS lookup). CNAME canonicalization is not done. If a subjectAltName extension of type dNSName is present in the certificate, it SHOULD be used as the source of the server's identity. Matching is case-insensitive. A "*" wildcard character MAY be used as the leftmost name component in the certificate. For example, *.example.com would match a.example.com, foo.example.com, etc., but would not match example.com. If the certificate contains multiple names (e.g., more than one dNSName field), then a match with any one of the fields is considered acceptable. ###### A.5. XMPP (2004) In 2004, [XMPP] specified the following text regarding server identity verification in XMPP: Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 34] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 ###### 14.2. Certificate Validation When an XMPP peer communicates with another peer securely, it MUST validate the peer's certificate. There are three possible cases: Case #1: The peer contains an End Entity certificate which appears to be certified by a certification path terminating in a trust anchor (as described in Section 6.1 of [PKIX]). Case #2: The peer certificate is certified by a Certificate Authority not known to the validating peer. Case #3: The peer certificate is self-signed. In Case #1, the validating peer MUST do one of two things: 1. Verify the peer certificate according to the rules of [PKIX]. The certificate SHOULD then be checked against the expected identity of the peer following the rules described in [HTTP-TLS], except that a subjectAltName extension of type "xmpp" MUST be used as the identity if present. If one of these checks fails, user-oriented clients MUST either notify the user (clients MAY give the user the opportunity to continue with the connection in any case) or terminate the connection with a bad certificate error. Automated clients SHOULD terminate the connection (with a bad certificate error) and log the error to an appropriate audit log. Automated clients MAY provide a configuration setting that disables this check, but MUST provide a setting that enables it. 2. The peer SHOULD show the certificate to a user for approval, including the entire certification path. The peer MUST cache the certificate (or some non-forgeable representation such as a hash). In future connections, the peer MUST verify that the same certificate was presented and MUST notify the user if it has changed. In Case #2 and Case #3, implementations SHOULD act as in (2) above. ###### At the time of this writing, [XMPPBIS] refers to this document for rules regarding server identity verification in XMPP. A.6. NNTP (2006) In 2006, [NNTP-TLS] specified the following text regarding server identity verification in NNTP: ###### Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 35] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 5. Security Considerations [...] During the TLS negotiation, the client MUST check its understanding of the server hostname against the server's identity as presented in the server Certificate message, in order to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks. Matching is performed according to these rules: o The client MUST use the server hostname it used to open the connection (or the hostname specified in TLS "server_name" extension [TLS]) as the value to compare against the server name as expressed in the server certificate. The client MUST NOT use any form of the server hostname derived from an insecure remote source (e.g., insecure DNS lookup). CNAME canonicalization is not done. o If a subjectAltName extension of type dNSName is present in the certificate, it SHOULD be used as the source of the server's identity. o Matching is case-insensitive. o A "*" wildcard character MAY be used as the left-most name component in the certificate. For example, *.example.com would match a.example.com, foo.example.com, etc., but would not match example.com. o If the certificate contains multiple names (e.g., more than one dNSName field), then a match with any one of the fields is considered acceptable. If the match fails, the client SHOULD either ask for explicit user confirmation or terminate the connection with a QUIT command and indicate the server's identity is suspect. Additionally, clients MUST verify the binding between the identity of the servers to which they connect and the public keys presented by those servers. Clients SHOULD implement the algorithm in Section 6 of [PKIX] for general certificate validation, but MAY supplement that algorithm with other validation methods that achieve equivalent levels of verification (such as comparing the server certificate against a local store of already-verified certificates and identity bindings). ###### A.7. NETCONF (2006/2009) In 2006, [NETCONF-SSH] specified the following text regarding server identity verification in NETCONF: Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 36] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 ###### 6. Security Considerations The identity of the server MUST be verified and authenticated by the client according to local policy before password-based authentication data or any configuration or state data is sent to or received from the server. The identity of the client MUST also be verified and authenticated by the server according to local policy to ensure that the incoming client request is legitimate before any configuration or state data is sent to or received from the client. Neither side should establish a NETCONF over SSH connection with an unknown, unexpected, or incorrect identity on the opposite side. ###### In 2009, [NETCONF-TLS] specified the following text regarding server identity verification in NETCONF: ###### 3.1. Server Identity During the TLS negotiation, the client MUST carefully examine the certificate presented by the server to determine if it meets the client's expectations. Particularly, the client MUST check its understanding of the server hostname against the server's identity as presented in the server Certificate message, in order to prevent man- in-the-middle attacks. Matching is performed according to the rules below (following the example of [NNTP-TLS]): o The client MUST use the server hostname it used to open the connection (or the hostname specified in the TLS "server_name" extension [TLS]) as the value to compare against the server name as expressed in the server certificate. The client MUST NOT use any form of the server hostname derived from an insecure remote source (e.g., insecure DNS lookup). CNAME canonicalization is not done. o If a subjectAltName extension of type dNSName is present in the certificate, it MUST be used as the source of the server's identity. o Matching is case-insensitive. o A "*" wildcard character MAY be used as the leftmost name component in the certificate. For example, *.example.com would match a.example.com, foo.example.com, etc., but would not match example.com. Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 37] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 o If the certificate contains multiple names (e.g., more than one dNSName field), then a match with any one of the fields is considered acceptable. If the match fails, the client MUST either ask for explicit user confirmation or terminate the connection and indicate the server's identity is suspect. Additionally, clients MUST verify the binding between the identity of the servers to which they connect and the public keys presented by those servers. Clients SHOULD implement the algorithm in Section 6 of [PKIX] for general certificate validation, but MAY supplement that algorithm with other validation methods that achieve equivalent levels of verification (such as comparing the server certificate against a local store of already-verified certificates and identity bindings). If the client has external information as to the expected identity of the server, the hostname check MAY be omitted. ###### A.8. Syslog (2009) In 2009, [SYSLOG-TLS] specified the following text regarding server identity verification in Syslog: ###### 5.2. Subject Name Authorization Implementations MUST support certification path validation [PKIX]. In addition, they MUST support specifying the authorized peers using locally configured host names and matching the name against the certificate as follows. o Implementations MUST support matching the locally configured host name against a dNSName in the subjectAltName extension field and SHOULD support checking the name against the common name portion of the subject distinguished name. o The '*' (ASCII 42) wildcard character is allowed in the dNSName of the subjectAltName extension (and in common name, if used to store the host name), but only as the left-most (least significant) DNS label in that value. This wildcard matches any left-most DNS label in the server name. That is, the subject *.example.com matches the server names a.example.com and b.example.com, but does not match example.com or a.b.example.com. Implementations MUST support wildcards in certificates as specified above, but MAY Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 38] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 provide a configuration option to disable them. o Locally configured names MAY contain the wildcard character to match a range of values. The types of wildcards supported MAY be more flexible than those allowed in subject names, making it possible to support various policies for different environments. For example, a policy could allow for a trust-root-based authorization where all credentials issued by a particular CA trust root are authorized. o If the locally configured name is an internationalized domain name, conforming implementations MUST convert it to the ASCII Compatible Encoding (ACE) format for performing comparisons, as specified in Section 7 of [PKIX]. o Implementations MAY support matching a locally configured IP address against an iPAddress stored in the subjectAltName extension. In this case, the locally configured IP address is converted to an octet string as specified in [PKIX], Section 4.2.1.6. A match occurs if this octet string is equal to the value of iPAddress in the subjectAltName extension. ###### A.9. SIP (2010) At the time of this writing, [SIP-CERTS] specified text regarding server identity verification in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). However, that specification has not yet been approved by the IESG and text cannot be considered final. The relevant text follows. ###### 7.2. Comparing SIP Identities When an implementation (either client or server) compares two values as SIP domain identities: Implementations MUST compare only the DNS name component of each SIP domain identifier; an implementation MUST NOT use any scheme or parameters in the comparison. Implementations MUST compare the values as DNS names, which means that the comparison is case insensitive as specified by [DNS-CASE]. Implementations MUST handle Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) in accordance with Section 7.2 of [PKIX]. Implementations MUST match the values in their entirety: Implementations MUST NOT match suffixes. For example, "foo.example.com" does not match "example.com". Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 39] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 Implemenations MUST NOT match any form of wildcard, such as a leading "." or "*." with any other DNS label or sequence of labels. For example, "*.example.com" matches only "*.example.com" but not "foo.example.com". Similarly, ".example.com" matches only ".example.com", and does not match "foo.example.com." [HTTP-TLS] allows the dNSName component to contain a wildcard; e.g., "DNS:*.example.com". [PKIX], while not disallowing this explicitly, leaves the interpretation of wildcards to the individual specification. [SIP] does not provide any guidelines on the presence of wildcards in certificates. Through the rule above, this document prohibits such wildcards in certificates for SIP domains. ###### A.10. GIST (2010) In 2010, [GIST] specified the following text regarding server identity verification in the General Internet Signalling Transport: ###### 5.7.3.1. Identity Checking in TLS After TLS authentication, a node MUST check the identity presented by the peer in order to avoid man-in-the-middle attacks, and verify that the peer is authorised to take part in signalling at the GIST layer. The authorisation check is carried out by comparing the presented identity with each Authorised Peer Database (APD) entry in turn, as discussed in Section 4.4.2. This section defines the identity comparison algorithm for a single APD entry. For TLS authentication with X.509 certificates, an identity from the DNS namespace MUST be checked against each subjectAltName extension of type dNSName present in the certificate. If no such extension is present, then the identity MUST be compared to the (most specific) Common Name in the Subject field of the certificate. When matching DNS names against dNSName or Common Name fields, matching is case- insensitive. Also, a "*" wildcard character MAY be used as the left- most name component in the certificate or identity in the APD. For example, *.example.com in the APD would match certificates for a.example.com, foo.example.com, *.example.com, etc., but would not match example.com. Similarly, a certificate for *.example.com would be valid for APD identities of a.example.com, foo.example.com, *.example.com, etc., but not example.com. Additionally, a node MUST verify the binding between the identity of Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 40] Internet-Draft Server Identity July 2010 the peer to which it connects and the public key presented by that peer. Nodes SHOULD implement the algorithm in Section 6 of [PKIX] for general certificate validation, but MAY supplement that algorithm with other validation methods that achieve equivalent levels of verification (such as comparing the server certificate against a local store of already-verified certificates and identity bindings). For TLS authentication with pre-shared keys, the identity in the psk_identity_hint (for the server identity, i.e. the Responding node) or psk_identity (for the client identity, i.e. the Querying node) MUST be compared to the identities in the APD. ###### Authors' Addresses Peter Saint-Andre Cisco Systems, Inc. 1899 Wyknoop Street, Suite 600 Denver, CO 80202 USA Phone: +1-303-308-3282 Email: psaintan@cisco.com Jeff Hodges PayPal 2211 North First Street San Jose, California 95131 US Email: Jeff.Hodges@PayPal.com Saint-Andre & Hodges Expires January 13, 2011 [Page 41]