TRILL working group L. Dunbar Internet Draft D. Eastlake Category: Informational Huawei Padia Perlman Intel Igor Gashinsky Yahoo January 14, 2013 Expires: April 2013 TRILL (Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links) Edge Directory Assistance Framework draft-ietf-trill-directory-framework-02 Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. 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Abstract Edge RBridges currently learn the mapping between MAC addresses and their egress RBridges by observing the data packets ingressed or egressed and by the TRILL ESADI protocol. When ingress RBridge receives a data frame whose destination address (MAC&VLAN) that RBridge does not know, the data frame is flooded within the VLAN across the TRILL campus. This draft describes the framework for using directory services to assist edge RBridges by reducing multi-destination frames, particularly unknown unicast frames flooding, and ARP/ND, improving TRILL (Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links) network scalability in environments such as data centers. Table of Contents 1. Introduction .................................................. 3 2. Terminology ................................................... 3 3. RBridge Campus Impact of Massive Number of End Stations in a DC 4 3.1. Issues of Flooding Based Learning in DCs ................. 4 3.2. Some Examples ............................................ 6 4. Benefits of Directory Assisted Edge RBridge in DC ............. 7 5. Generic operation of Directory Assistance ..................... 8 5.1. Information in Directory for Edge Bridges ................ 8 5.2. Push Model ............................................... 9 5.3. Pull Model .............................................. 10 6. Conclusion and Recommendation ............................... 12 7. Security Considerations ..................................... 12 8. IANA Considerations .......................................... 12 9. Acknowledgements ............................................. 12 10. References .................................................. 12 10.1. Normative References ................................... 12 10.2. Informative References ................................ 13 Authors' Addresses .............................................. 13 Dunbar, et al [Page 2] Internet-Draft TRILL Directory Assistance Framework Oct 2012 1. Introduction Edge RBridges (devices implementing [RFC6325], also known as TRILL (Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links) Switches) currently learn the mapping between destination MAC addresses and their egress RBridges by observing data packets or by ESADI (End Station Address Distribution Information). When an ingress RBridge receives a data frame for a destination address (MAC&VLAN) that RBridge does not know, the data frame is flooded within that VLAN across the TRILL campus. This draft describes the framework for using directory services to assist edge RBridges by reducing multi-destination frames, particularly ARP [RFC826], ND [RFC4861], and unknown unicast, improving TRILL network scalability in environments, such as data centers. Data center networks are different from enterprise campus networks in several ways, in particular: 1. Data centers, especially Internet and/or multi-tenant data centers tend to have a large number of end stations with a wide variety of applications. 2. Topology is usually based on racks and rows. Guest OS assignment to Servers, Racks, and Rows is orchestrated by a Server/VM Management system, not done at random. 3. Rapid workload shifting in data centers can accelerate the frequency of the physical servers being re-loaded with different applications. Sometimes, the applications loaded into one physical server at different times can belong to different subnets. 4. With server virtualization, there is an increasing trend to dynamically create or delete VMs when demand for resource changes, to move VMs from overloaded servers to less loaded servers, or to aggregate VMs onto fewer servers when demand is light. Both 3) and 4) above can lead to applications in one subnet being placed in different locations (racks or rows) or one rack having applications belonging to different subnets. 2. Terminology The terms "Subnet" and "VLAN" are used interchangeably in this document because it is common to map one subnet to one VLAN. Dunbar, et al [Page 3] Internet-Draft TRILL Directory Assistance Framework Oct 2012 Bridge: IEEE Std 802.1Q-2011 compliant device [802.1Q]. In this draft, Bridge is used interchangeably with Layer 2 switch. DA: Destination Address DC: Data Center EoR: End of Row switches in data center. Also known as aggregation switches. End Station: Guest OS running on a physical server or on a virtual machine. An end station in this document has at least one IP address and at least one MAC address, which could be in DA or SA field of a data frame. RBridge: ''Routing Bridge'', an alternative name for a TRILL switch. SA: Source Address Station: A node, or a virtual node, with IP and/or MAC addresses, which could be in the DA or SA of a data frame. ToR: Top of Rack Switch in data center. It is also known as access switches in some data centers. TRILL: Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links [RFC6325] TRILL switch: A device implementing the TRILL protocol [RFC6325] VM: Virtual Machines 3. TRILL Campus Impact of Massive Number of End Stations in a DC 3.1. Issues of Flooding Based Learning in DCs It is common for Data Center networks to have multiple tiers of switches, for example, one or two Access Switches for each server rack (ToR), aggregation switches for some rows (or EoR switches), and some core switches to interconnect the aggregation switches. Many aggregation switches deployed in data centers have high port density. It is not uncommon to see aggregation switches interconnecting hundreds of ToR switches. Dunbar, et al [Page 4] Internet-Draft TRILL Directory Assistance Framework Oct 2012 +-------+ +------+ +/------+ | +/-----+ | | Aggr11| + ----- |AggrN1| + EoR Switches +---+---+/ +------+/ / \ / \ / \ / \ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ |T11|... |T1x| |T21| .. |T2y| ToR switches +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ | | | | +-|-+ +-|-+ +-|-+ +-|-+ | |... | | | | .. | | +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ Server racks | |... | | | | .. | | +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ | |... | | | | .. | | +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ Figure 1: Typical Data Center Network Design The following problems could occur when TRILL is deployed in a data center with large number of end stations and the end stations in one subnet/VLAN could be placed under multiple edge RBridges: - Unnecessary filling of slots in the MAC learning table of edge RBridges, e.g. RB1 (or T11), due to RB1 receiving broadcast/multicast traffic (e.g. ARP/ND, cluster multicast, etc.) from end stations under other edge RBridges that are not actually communicating with any end stations attached to RB1. - Some edge RBridge ports being blocked for user traffic when there are more than one RBridge ports connected to an edge bridged LAN. When there are multiple RBridge ports connected to a bridged LAN in each VLAN, only one (the Appointed Forwarder port) can forward/receive native traffic for that bridged LAN or VLAN. The rest have to be blocked for forwarding/receiving native traffic for that VLAN. When servers have dual uplinks to two different ToR switches (or edge RBridges), some links may not be fully utilized. - Packets being flooded across TRILL campus when their DAs are not in ingress RBridge's cache. - In an environment where VMs migrates, there is higher chance of cached entries becoming invalid, causing traffic to be black holed by the egress RBridge. If VMs send out gratuitous ARP/ND or [802.1Qbg] VDP messages upon arriving at new locations, the Dunbar, et al [Page 5] Internet-Draft TRILL Directory Assistance Framework Oct 2012 ingress nodes might not have the MAC entries for the newly arrived VMs, causing more unknown flooding. 3.2. Some Examples Consider a data center with 1600 server racks. Each server rack has at least one ToR switch. The ToR switches are further divided into 8 groups, with each group being connected by a set of aggregation switches. There could be 4 to 8 aggregation switches in each set to achieve load sharing for traffic to/from server racks. If TRILL is deployed in this data center environment, let's consider the following two scenarios for the TRILL campus boundary: - Scenario #1: TRILL campus boundary starts at ToR switches: If each server rack has one uplink to one ToR, there are 1600 edge RBridges. If each rack has dual uplinks to two ToR switches, then there will be 3200 edge RBridges In this scenario, the TRILL domain will have more than 1600 (or 3200) + 8*4 (or 8*8) nodes, which is a large IS-IS domain. Even though a mesh IS-IS domain can scale up to thousands of nodes, it is challenging for aggregation switches to handle IS-IS link state advertisement among hundreds of parallel ports. - Scenario #2: TRILL campus boundary starts at the aggregation switches: With the same assumption as before, the number of nodes in the TRILL campus will be less than 100, and aggregation switches don't have to handle IS-IS link state advisements among hundreds of parallel ports. But bridged LANs are formed under the aggregation switches in this scenario. With aggregation switches being the RBridge edge nodes, multiple RBridge edge ports could be connected to one bridged LAN. To avoid potential loops, TRILL requires only one of multiple RBridge edge ports connected to each VLAN being designated as Appointed Forwarder [RFC6439], and other ports being blocked for native frames in that VLAN. In addition, the number of MAC&VLAN<->Egress RBridge Mapping entries to be learned and managed by RBridge edge node can be very large. In the example above, each edge RBridge has 200 edge ports facing the ToR switches. If each ToR has 40 Dunbar, et al [Page 6] Internet-Draft TRILL Directory Assistance Framework Oct 2012 downstream ports facing servers and each server has 10 VMs, there could be 200*40*10 = 80000 end stations attached. If all those end stations belong to 1600 VLANs (i.e. 50 per VLAN) and each VLAN has 200 end stations, then under the worst-case scenario, the total number of MAC&VLAN entries to be learned by the edge RBridge can be 1600*200=320000, which is very large. 4. Benefits of Directory Assisted Edge RBridge in DC In the data center environment, application placement to servers, racks, and rows is orchestrated by Server (or VM) Management System(s). That is, there is a database or multiple databases (distributed model) that have the knowledge of where each application is placed. If the application location information can be fed to RBridge edge nodes, in some form of Directory Service, then there is much less chance of RBridge edge nodes receiving unknown MAC-DA, therefore less chance of flooding. Avoiding unknown unicast MAC-DA flooding to the TRILL campus is especially valuable in the data center environment because there is a higher chance of an edge RBridge receiving packets with unknown unicast DA and broadcast/multicast messages due to VM migration and servers being loaded with different applications. When a VM is moved to a new location or a server is loaded with a new application with a different IP/MAC addresses, it is more likely that the DA of data packets sent out from those VMs are unknown to their attached edge RBridges. In addition, gratuitous ARP (IPv4, [RFC826]) or Unsolicited Neighbor Advertisement (IPv6, [RFC4861]) sent out from those newly migrated or activated VMs have to be flooded to other edge RBridges that have VMs in the same subnets. The benefits of using directory assistance include: - Avoid flooding unknown unicast DA across TRILL campus. The Directory enforced MAC&VLAN <-> Egress RBridge mapping table can determine if a data packet needs to be forwarded across TRILL campus. When multiple RBridge edge ports are connected via a bridged LAN to end stations (servers/VMs), a directory assisted edge RBridge won't need to flood unknown unicast DA data frames to all ports of the edge RBridges in the frame's VLAN when it ingresses a frame. It can depend on the directory to tell it where the DA is. When the directory doesn't have the needed information, the frames can be dropped or flooded depending on the policy configured. Dunbar, et al [Page 7] Internet-Draft TRILL Directory Assistance Framework Oct 2012 - Reduce flooding of decapsulated Ethernet frames with unknown MAC-DA to a bridged LAN connected to RBridge edge ports. When an RBridge receives a TRILL frame whose destination Nickname matches with its own, the normal procedure is for the RBridge to decapsulate the TRILL header and forward the decapsulated Ethernet frame to the directly attached bridged LAN. If the destination MAC is unknown, the normal Ethernet switch's flooding will occur with the decapsulated Ethernet frame. With directory assistance, the egress RBridge can determine if the MAC-DA in a frame matches with any end stations attached via the bridged LAN. Frames can be discarded if their DAs do not match. - Reduce the amount of MAC&VLAN <-> Egress RBridge mapping maintained by edge RBridges. There is no need for an edge RBridge to keep MAC entries of remote end stations that don't communicate with the end stations locally attached. - Eliminate ARP/ND being broadcasted or multi-casted through the TRILL core. 5. Generic operation of Directory Assistance 5.1. Information in Directory for Edge RBridges To achieve the benefits of directory assistance for TRILL, the corresponding directory server entries will need, at a minimum, the following logical attributes: [{IP, MAC/VLAN, {list of attached RBridge nicknames}, {list of interested RBridges}] The {list of attached RBridges} are the RBridges to which the host (or VM) specified by the [IP or MAC/VLAN] in the entry is attached. The {list of interested RBridges} are the remote RBridges that might have attached hosts to communicate with the host in this entry. When a host has multiple IP addresses, there will be multiple entries. The {list of interested RBridges} would get populated when an RBridge queries for information, or pushed down from management systems. The list is used to notify those RBridges when the host (specified by the IP/MAC/VLAN) in the entry connectivity to its Dunbar, et al [Page 8] Internet-Draft TRILL Directory Assistance Framework Oct 2012 attached RBridges changes. An explicit list in the directory is not needed as long as the interested RBridges can be determined. There are two different models for Directory assistance to RBridge edge nodes: Push Model and Pull Model. 5.2. Push Model and Requirements Under this model, Directory Server(s) push down the MAC&VLAN <-> Egress RBridge mapping for all the end stations that might communicate with end stations attached to an RBridge edge node. Under this model, if the packet's destination address can't be found in the MAC&VLAN<->Egress RBridge table, the ingress RBridge can be configured to: - simply drop a data packet, - flooding to TRILL campus, or - Start the pull process to get information from directory server(s) It may not be necessary for every edge RBridge to get the entire mapping table for all the end stations in a data center. There are many ways to narrow the full set down to a smaller set of remote end stations that communicate with end stations attached to an edge RBridge. A simple approach is to only pushing down the mapping for the VLANs that have active end stations under an edge RBridge. This approach can reduce the number of mapping entries being pushed down. However, the Push Model usually will push down more entries of MAC&VLAN<->Egress RBridge mapping to edge RBridges than needed. Under the normal process of edge RBridge cache aging and unknown DA flooding, rarely used mapping entries would have been removed. But it can be difficult for Directory Servers to predict the communication patterns among applications within one VLAN. Therefore, it is likely that the Directory Servers will push down all the MAC&VLAN entries if there are end stations in the VLAN being attached to the edge RBridge. This is a disadvantage of the Push Model compared with the Pull Model described below. In the Push Model, it is necessary to have a way for an RBridge node to request directory server(s) to start pushing down the mapping entries. This method should at least include the VLANs enabled on the RBridge, so that directory server doesn't need to push down the entire mapping entries for all the end stations in the data center. An RBridge must be able to get mapping entries when it is initialized or restarted. Dunbar, et al [Page 9] Internet-Draft TRILL Directory Assistance Framework Oct 2012 The Push Model's detailed method and any hand-shake mechanism between RBridge and Directory Server(s) is beyond the scope of this framework draft. When directory server needs to push down a very large number of entries to edge RBridges, summarization should be considered. For example, with one edge RBridge Nickname being associated with all attached end stations' MAC addresses and VLANs as shown below: +------------+-------+--------------------------------+ | Nickname1 |VID-1 | IP/MAC1, IP/MAC2, ,, IP/MACn | | |------ +--------------------------------+ | |VID-2 | IP/MAC1, IP/MAC2, ,, IP/MACn | | |------ +--------------------------------+ | |... | IP/MAC1, IP/MAC2, ,, IP/MACn | +------------+------ +--------------------------------+ | Nickname2 |VID-1 | IP/MAC1, IP/MAC2, ,, IP/MACn | | |------ +--------------------------------+ | |VID-2 | IP/MAC1, IP/MAC2, ,,IP/MACn | | |------ +--------------------------------+ | | | IP/MAC1, IP/MAC2, ,, IP/MACn | +------------+------ +--------------------------------+ | ------- |------ +--------------------------------+ | | | IP/MAC1, IP/MAC2, ,, IP/MACn | +------------+------ +--------------------------------+ Table 1: Summarized table pushed down from directory Whenever there is any change in MAC&VLAN <-> Egress RBridge mapping, that can be triggered by end stations being added, moved, or de- commissioned, an incremental update can be sent to the edge RBridges which are impacted by the change. Therefore, something like a sequence number has to be maintained by directory servers and RBridges. Detailed mechanisms will be specified in a separate document. 5.3. Pull Model and Requirements Under this model, an RBridge pulls the MAC&VLAN<->Egress RBridge mapping entry from the directory server when its cache doesn't have the entry. There are several options to trigger the pulling process: - The RBridge edge node can send a pull request whenever it receives an unknown MAC-DA, or - The RBridge edge node can simply intercept all ARP/ND requests and forward them to the Directory Server(s) that has the information on where the target stations are located. Dunbar, et al [Page 10] Internet-Draft TRILL Directory Assistance Framework Oct 2012 - The Pull Directory response could indicate that the MAC-DA being queried is unknown or that the requestor is administratively prohibited from getting an informative response. By using a Pull Directory, the frame with unknown MAC-DA doesn't have to be flooded across TRILL domain and the ARP/ND requests don't have to be broadcast or multicast across TRILL domain. The ingress RBridge can cache the response pulled down from the directory. The timer for cache should be short in an environment where VMs move frequently. The cache timer could be configured by management system or could be sent down along with the Pulled reply by the directory server(s). One advantage of the Pull Model is that edge RBridge can age out MAC&VLAN entries if they haven't been used for a certain configured period of time or a period of time provided by the Directory. Therefore, each edge RBridge will only keep the entries that are frequently used, so mapping table size will be smaller. Edge RBridges would query the Directory Server(s) for unknown MAC-DAs in data frames or ARP/ND and cache the response. When end stations attached to remote edge RBridges rarely communicate with the locally attached end stations, the corresponding MAC&VLAN entries would be aged out from the RBridge's cache. An RBridge waiting for response from Directory Servers upon receiving a data frame with an unknown DA is similar to a L2/L3 boundary router waiting for ARP/ND response upon receiving an IP data frame whose DA is not in the router's IP/MAC cache table. Most deployed routers today do hold the packet and send an ARP/ND requests to the target upon receiving a packet with IP DA not in its IP-MAC cache. When ARP/ND replies are received, the router will send the data frame to the target. This practice minimizes flooding when targets don't exist in the subnet. When the target doesn't exist in the subnet, routers generally re- send ARP/ND request a few more times before dropping the packets. So, the holding time by routers to wait for ARP/ND response can be longer than the time taken by the Pull Model to get IP-MAC mapping from directory if target doesn't exist in the subnet. For RBridges with mapping entries being pushed down from directory server, they can be configured to use Pull model for targets which don't exist in the mapping data pushed down. Dunbar, et al [Page 11] Internet-Draft TRILL Directory Assistance Framework Oct 2012 A separate document will specify the detailed messages and mechanism for edge RBridges to pull information from directory server(s). 6. Conclusion and Recommendation The traditional RBridge learning approach of observing data plane will have difficulty keep pace with the ever growing number of end stations in Data centers. Therefore, TRILL should provide a directory assisted approach. This document describes the basic framework of using a directory assisted approach for RBridge edge nodes. More detailed mechanisms will be described in separate drafts. 7. Security Considerations Accurate mapping of IP addresses into MAC addresses is important to the correct delivery of information. The security of specific directory assisted mechanisms will be discussed in the document or documents specifying those mechanisms. For general TRILL security considerations, see [RFC6325]. 8. IANA Considerations This document requires no IANA actions. RFC Editor: please delete this section before publication. 9. Acknowledgements This document was prepared using 2-Word-v2.0.template.dot. 10. References 10.1. Normative References [RFC6352] Perlman, et, al ''RBridge: Base Protocol Specification'', https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc6325/, July, 2011 [RFC6439] Perlman, et, al ''RBridges: Appointed Forwarders'', https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc6439/, Nov 2011 Dunbar, et al [Page 12] Internet-Draft TRILL Directory Assistance Framework Oct 2012 [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997 10.2. Informative References [802.1Q] IEEE Std 802.1Q-2011, "IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks - Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks", May 2011. [802.1Qbg] IEEE Std 802.1Qbg-2012, ''Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges and Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks-Edge Virtual Bridging'', July 2012. [RFC826] Plummer, D., "An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol", RFC 826, November 1982. [RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman, "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861, September 2007. Authors' Addresses Linda Dunbar Huawei Technologies 5430 Legacy Drive, Suite #175 Plano, TX 75024, USA Phone: (469) 277 5840 Email: ldunbar@huawei.com Donald Eastlake Huawei Technologies 155 Beaver Street Milford, MA 01757 USA Phone: 1-508-333-2270 Email: d3e3e3@gmail.com Dunbar, et al [Page 13] Internet-Draft TRILL Directory Assistance Framework Oct 2012 Radia Perlman Intel Labs 2200 Mission College Blvd. Santa Clara, CA 95054-1549 USA Phone: +1-408-765-8080 Email: Radia@alum.mit.edu Igor Gashinsky Yahoo 45 West 18th Street 6th floor New York, NY 10011 Email: igor@yahoo-inc.com Dunbar, et al [Page 14]