OSPF Working Group M. Bhatia Internet-Draft Alcatel-Lucent Intended status: Standards Track S. Hartman Expires: May 29, 2014 Painless Security D. Zhang Huawei Technologies co., LTD. A. Lindem Ericsson November 25, 2013 Security Extension for OSPFv2 when using Manual Key Management draft-ietf-ospf-security-extension-manual-keying-06 Abstract The current OSPFv2 cryptographic authentication mechanism as defined in RFC 2328 and RFC 5709 is vulnerable to both inter-session and intra-session replay attacks when using manual keying. Additionally, the existing cryptographic authentication schemes do not cover the IP header. This omission can be exploited to carry out various types of attacks. This draft proposes changes to the authentication sequence number mechanism that will protect OSPFv2 from both inter-session and intra- session replay attacks when using manual keys for securing OSPFv2 protocol packets. Additionally, we also describe some changes in the cryptographic hash computation so that we eliminate most attacks that result from OSPFv2 not protecting the IP header. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on May 29, 2014. Copyright Notice Bhatia, et al. Expires May 29, 2014 [Page 1] Internet-Draft OSPF Manual Key Management November 2013 Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. Requirements Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Replay Protection using Extended Sequence Numbers . . . . . . 4 3. OSPF Packet Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. OSPF Packet Key Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.1. Key Selection for Unicast OSPF Packet Transmission . . . . 7 4.2. Key Selection for Multicast OSPF Packet Transmission . . . 8 4.3. Key Selection for OSPF Packet Reception . . . . . . . . . 8 5. Securing the IP header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6. Mitigating Cross-Protocol Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Bhatia, et al. Expires May 29, 2014 [Page 2] Internet-Draft OSPF Manual Key Management November 2013 1. Introduction The OSPFv2 cryptographic authentication mechanism as described in [RFC2328] uses per-packet sequence numbers to provide protection against replay attacks. The sequence numbers increase monotonically so that attempts to replay the stale packets can be thwarted. The sequence number values are maintained as a part of adjacency states. Therefore, if an adjacency is taken down, the associated sequence numbers get reinitialized and the neighbors start all over again. Additionally, the cryptographic authentication mechanism does not specify how to deal with the rollover of a sequence number when its value wraps. These omissions can be taken advantage of by attackers to implement various replay attacks ([RFC6039]). In order to address these issues, we propose extensions to the authentication sequence number mechanism. The cryptographic authentication as described in [RFC2328] and later updated in [RFC5709] does not include the IP header. This also can be exploited to launch several attacks as the source address in the IP header is no longer protected. The OSPF specification, for broadcast and NBMA (Non-Broadcast Multi-Access Networks), requires implementations to look at the source address in the IP header to determine the neighbor from which the packet was received. Changing the IP source address of a packet that confuses the receiver and can be exploited to produce a number of denial of service attacks [RFC6039]. If the packet is interpreted as coming from a different neighbor, the sequence number received from the neighbor may be updated. This may disrupt communication with the legitimate neighbor. Hello packets may be reflected to cause a neighbor to appear to have one-way communication. Additionally, Database Description packets may be reflected in cases where the per-packet sequence numbers are sufficiently divergent in order to disrupt an adjacency [RFC6863]. This is referred to as the IP layer issue in [RFC6862]. [RFC2328] states that implementations MUST offer keyed MD5 authentication. It is likely that this will be deprecated in favor of the stronger algorithms described in [RFC5709] and required in [RFC6094]. This draft proposes a few simple changes to the cryptographic authentication mechanism, as currently described in [RFC5709], to prevent such IP layer attacks. 1.1. Requirements Section The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this Bhatia, et al. Expires May 29, 2014 [Page 3] Internet-Draft OSPF Manual Key Management November 2013 document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119 [RFC2119]. When used in lowercase, these words convey their typical use in common language, and are not to be interpreted as described in RFC2119 [RFC2119]. 1.2. Acknowledgments Thanks to Ran Atkinson for help in the analysis of RFC 6506 errata leading to clarifications in this document. 2. Replay Protection using Extended Sequence Numbers In order to provide replay protection against both inter-session and intra-session replay attacks, the OSPFv2 sequence number is expanded to 64-bits with the least significant 32-bit value containing a strictly increasing sequence number and the most significant 32-bit value containing the boot count. OSPFv2 implementations are required to retain the boot count in non-volatile storage for the deployment life the OSPF router. The requirement to preserve the boot count is also placed on SNMP agents by the SNMPv3 security architecture (refer to snmpEngineBoots in [RFC4222]). Since there is no room in the OSPFv2 packet for a 64-bit sequence number, it will occupy the 8 octets following the OSPFv2 packet and MUST be included when calculating the OSPFv2 packet digest. These additional 8 bytes are not included in the OSPFv2 packet header length but are included in the OSPFv2 header Authentication Data length and the IPv4 packet header length. The lower order 32-bit sequence number MUST be incremented for every OSPF packet sent by the OSPF router. Upon reception, the sequence number MUST be greater than the sequence number in the last OSPF packet of that type accepted from the sending OSPF neighbor. Otherwise, the OSPF packet is considered a replayed packet and dropped. OSPF packets of different types may arrive out of order if they are prioritized as recommended in [RFC3414]. OSPF routers implementing this specification MUST use available mechanisms to preserve the sequence number's strictly increasing property for the deployed life of the OSPFv3 router (including cold restarts). This is achieved by maintaining a boot count in non- volatile storage and incrementing it each time the OSPF router loses its prior sequence number state. The SNMPv3 snmpEngineBoots variable [RFC4222] MAY be used for this purpose. However, maintaining a separate boot count solely for OSPF sequence numbers has the advantage of decoupling SNMP reinitialization and OSPF Bhatia, et al. Expires May 29, 2014 [Page 4] Internet-Draft OSPF Manual Key Management November 2013 reinitialization. Also, in the rare event that the lower order 32- bit sequence number wraps, the boot count can be incremented to preserve the strictly increasing property of the aggregate sequence number. Hence, a separate OSPF boot count is RECOMMENDED. 3. OSPF Packet Extensions The OSPF packet header includes an authentication type field, and 64- bits of data for use by the appropriate authentication scheme (determined by the type field). Authentication types 0, 1 and 2 are defined [RFC2328]. This section of this defines Authentication type TBD (3 is recommended). When using this authentication scheme, the 64-bit Authentication field in the OSPF packet header as defined in section D.3 of [RFC2328] is changed as shown below. The sequence number is removed and the Key ID is extended to 32 bits and moved to the former position of the sequence number. Additionally, the 64-bit sequence number is moved to the first 64- bits following the OSPFv2 packet and is protected by the authentication digest. These additional 64 bits or 8 octets are included in the IP header length but not the OSPF header packet length. Bhatia, et al. Expires May 29, 2014 [Page 5] Internet-Draft OSPF Manual Key Management November 2013 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Version # | Type | Packet length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Router ID | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Area ID | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Checksum | AuType | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | 0 | Auth Data Len | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Key ID | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | | OSPF Protocol Packet | ~ ~ | | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Sequence Number (Boot Count) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Sequence Number (Strictly Increasing Packet Counter) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | ~ Authentication Data ~ | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 1 - Extended Sequence Number Packet Extensions 4. OSPF Packet Key Selection This section describes how the proposed security solution selects long-lived keys from key tables. [I-D.ietf-karp-crypto-key-table]. Generally, a key used for OSPFv2 packet authentication should satisfy the following requirements: o For packet transmission, the key validity interval as defined by SendLifetimeStart and SendLifetimeEnd must include the current time. o For packet reception, the key validity interval as defined by AcceptLifetimeStart and AcceptLifetimeEnd must include the current time. Bhatia, et al. Expires May 29, 2014 [Page 6] Internet-Draft OSPF Manual Key Management November 2013 o The key must be valid for the desired security algorithm. In the remainder of this section, additional requirements for keys are enumerated for different scenarios. 4.1. Key Selection for Unicast OSPF Packet Transmission Assume that a router R1 tries to send a unicast OSPF packet from its interface I1 to the interface R2 of a remote router R2 using security protocol P via interface I at time T. First, consider the circumstances where R1 and R2 are not connected with a virtual link. R1 then needs to select a long long-lived symmetric key from its key table. Because the key should be shared by the by both R1 and R2 to protect the communication between I1 and I2, the key should satisfy the following requirements: o The Peers field is unused. OSPF authentication is interface based. o The Interfaces field includes the local IP address of the interface for numbered interfaces or the MIB-II [RFC1213], ifIndex for unnumbered interfaces. o The Direction field is either "out" or "both". o If multiple keys match the Interface, the key with the most recent SendLifetimeStart time will be selected. This will facilitate graceful key rollover. o The Key ID field in the OSPFv2 header (refer to figure 1) will be set to the selected key's LocalKeyName. When R1 and R2 are connected to a virtual link, the interfaces field must identify the virtual endpoint rather than the virtual link. Since there may be virtual links to the same router, the transit area ID must be part of the identifier. Hence, the key should satisfy the following requirements: o The Peers field is unused. OSPF authentication is interface based. o The Interfaces field includes both the virtual endpoint's OSPF router ID and the transit area ID for the virtual link. o The Direction field is either "out" or "both". o If multiple keys match the Interface, the key with the most recent SendLifetimeStart time will be selected. This will facilitate Bhatia, et al. Expires May 29, 2014 [Page 7] Internet-Draft OSPF Manual Key Management November 2013 graceful key rollover. o The Key ID field in the OSPFv2 header (refer to figure 1) will be set to the selected key's LocalKeyName. 4.2. Key Selection for Multicast OSPF Packet Transmission If a router R1 sends an OSPF packet from its interface I1 to a multicast address (e.g., AllSPFRouters, AllDRouters), it needs to select a key according to the following requirements: o The Peers field is unused. OSPF authentication is interface based. o The Interfaces field includes the local IP address of the interface for numbered interfaces or the MIB-II [RFC1213], ifIndex for unnumbered interfaces. o The Direction field is either "out" or "both". o If multiple keys match the Interface, the key with the most recent SendLifetimeStart time will be selected. This will facilitate graceful key rollover. o The Key ID field in the OSPFv2 header (refer to figure 1) will be set to the selected key's LocalKeyName. 4.3. Key Selection for OSPF Packet Reception When Cryptographic Authentication is used, the ID of the authentication key is included in the authentication field of the OSPF packet header. Using this key ID, it is relatively easy for a receiver to locate the key. The simple requirements are: o The interface on which the key was received is associated with the key's interface. o The Key ID obtained from the OSPFv2 packet header corresponds to the neighbor's PeerKeyName. Since OSPFv2 keys are symmetric, the LocalKeyName and PeerKeyName for OSPFv2 keys will be identical. Hence, the Key ID will be used to select the correct local key. o The Direction field is either "in" or "both". Bhatia, et al. Expires May 29, 2014 [Page 8] Internet-Draft OSPF Manual Key Management November 2013 5. Securing the IP header This document updates the definition of Apad which is currently a constant defined in [RFC5709] to the source address from the IP header of the OSPFv2 protocol packet. The overall cryptographic authentication process defined in [RFC5709] remains unchanged. To reduce the potential for confusion, this section minimizes the repetition of text from RFC 5709 and is incorporated here by reference [RFC5709]. RFC 5709, Section 3.3, describes how the cryptographic authentication must be computed. It requires OSPFv2 packet's Authentication Trailer (which is the appendage described in RFC 2328, Section D.4.3, Page 233, items (6)(a) and (6)(d)) to be filled with the value Apad where Apad is a hexadecimal constant value 0x878FE1F3 repeated (L/4) times, where L is the length of the hash being used and is measured in octets rather than bits. Routers at the sending side must initialize Apad to a value of the source address that would be used when sending out the OSPFv2 packet, repeated L/4 times, where L is the length of the hash, measured in octets. The basic idea is to incorporate the source address from the IP header in the cryptographic authentication computation so that any change of IP source address in a replayed packet can be detected. At the receiving end, implementations MUST initialize Apad as the source address from IP Header of the incoming OSPFv2 packet, repeated L/4 times, instead of the constant that's currently defined in [RFC5709]. Besides changing the value of Apad, this document does not introduce any other changes to the authentication mechanism described in [RFC5709]. This would prevent all attacks where a rogue OSPF router changes the IP source address of an OSPFv2 packet and replays it on the same multi-access interface or another interface since the IP source address is now protected and modification would result in the OSPFv2 packet being dropped due to an authentication failure. 6. Mitigating Cross-Protocol Attacks In order to prevent cross protocol replay attacks for protocols sharing common keys, the two octet OSPFv2 Cryptographic Protocol ID is appended to the authentication key prior to use. Refer to IANA Considerations (Section 8). [RFC5709], Section 3.3 describes the mechanism to prepare the key used in the hash computation. This document updates the sub section "PREPARATION OF KEY" as follows: Bhatia, et al. Expires May 29, 2014 [Page 9] Internet-Draft OSPF Manual Key Management November 2013 The OSPFv2 Cryptographic Protocol ID is appended to the Authentication Key (K) yielding a Protocol-Specific Authentication Key (Ks). In this application, Ko is always L octets long. While [RFC2104] supports a key that is up to B octets long, this application uses L as the Ks length consistent with [RFC4822], [RFC5310], and [RFC5709]. According to [FIPS-198], Section 3, keys greater than L octets do not significantly increase the function strength. Ks is computed as follows: If the Protocol-Specific Authentication Key (Ks) is L octets long, then Ko is equal to Ks. If the Protocol-Specific Authentication Key (Ks) is more than L octets long, then Ko is set to H(Ks). If the Protocol-Specific Authentication Key (Ks) is less than L octets long, then Ko is set to the Protocol-Specific Authentication Key (Ks) with zeros appended to the end of the Protocol-Specific Authentication Key (Ks) such that Ko is L octets long. Once the cryptographic key (Ko) used with the hash algorithm is derived the rest of the authentication mechanism described in [RFC5709] remains unchanged other than one detail that was unspecified. When XORing Ko and Ipad of Opad, Ko MUST be padded with zeros to the length of Ipad or Opad. It is expected that RFC 5709 [RFC5709] implementations perform this padding implicitly. 7. Security Considerations This document rectifies the manual key management procedure that currently exists within OSPFv2, as part of the Phase 1 of the KARP Working Group. Therefore, only the OSPFv2 manual key management mechanism is considered. Any solution that takes advantage of the automatic key management mechanism is beyond the scope of this document. The proposed sequence number extension offers most of the benefits of more complicated mechanisms involving challenges. There are, however, a couple drawbacks to this approach. First, it requires the OSPF implementation to be able to save its boot count in non-volatile storage. If the non-volatile storage is ever repaired or upgraded such that the contents are lost or the OSPFv2 router is replaced, the keys MUST be changed to prevent replay attacks. Second, if a router is taken out of service completely (either intentionally or due to a persistent failure), the potential exists for reestablishment of an OSPFv2 adjacency by replaying the entire OSPFv2 session establishment. This scenario is however, extremely unlikely, since it would imply an identical OSPFv2 adjacency formation packet exchange. Without adjacency formation, the replay Bhatia, et al. Expires May 29, 2014 [Page 10] Internet-Draft OSPF Manual Key Management November 2013 of OSPFv2 hello packets alone for an OSPFv2 router that has been taken out of service should not result in any serious attack as the only consequence is superfluous processing. Of course, this attack could also be thwarted by changing the relevant manual keys. This document also provides a solution to prevent certain denial of service attacks that can be launched by changing the source address in the IP header of an OSPFv2 protocol packet. 8. IANA Considerations This document requests a new code point from the "OSPF Shortest Path First (OSPF) Authentication Codes" registry: o 3 - Cryptographic Authentication with Extended Sequence Numbers. This document also requests a new code point from the "Authentication Cryptographic Protocol ID" registry defined under "Keying and Authentication for Routing Protocols (KARP) Parameters": o 2 - OSPFv2. 9. References 9.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2328] Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", STD 54, RFC 2328, April 1998. [RFC5709] Bhatia, M., Manral, V., Fanto, M., White, R., Barnes, M., Li, T., and R. Atkinson, "OSPFv2 HMAC-SHA Cryptographic Authentication", RFC 5709, October 2009. 9.2. Informative References [FIPS-198] US National Institute of Standards & Technology, "The Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC)", FIPS PUB 198 , March 2002. [I-D.ietf-karp-crypto-key-table] Housley, R., Polk, T., Hartman, S., and D. Zhang, "Database of Long-Lived Symmetric Cryptographic Keys", draft-ietf-karp-crypto-key-table-07 (work in progress), Bhatia, et al. Expires May 29, 2014 [Page 11] Internet-Draft OSPF Manual Key Management November 2013 March 2013. [RFC1213] McCloghrie, K. and M. Rose, "Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-based internets:MIB-II", STD 17, RFC 1213, March 1991. [RFC2104] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed- Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, February 1997. [RFC3414] Blumenthal, U. and B. Wijnen, "User-based Security Model (USM) for version 3 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv3)", STD 62, RFC 3414, December 2002. [RFC4222] Choudhury, G., "Prioritized Treatment of Specific OSPF Version 2 Packets and Congestion Avoidance", BCP 112, RFC 4222, October 2005. [RFC4822] Atkinson, R. and M. Fanto, "RIPv2 Cryptographic Authentication", RFC 4822, February 2007. [RFC5310] Bhatia, M., Manral, V., Li, T., Atkinson, R., White, R., and M. Fanto, "IS-IS Generic Cryptographic Authentication", RFC 5310, February 2009. [RFC6039] Manral, V., Bhatia, M., Jaeggli, J., and R. White, "Issues with Existing Cryptographic Protection Methods for Routing Protocols", RFC 6039, October 2010. [RFC6094] Bhatia, M. and V. Manral, "Summary of Cryptographic Authentication Algorithm Implementation Requirements for Routing Protocols", RFC 6094, February 2011. [RFC6862] Lebovitz, G., Bhatia, M., and B. Weis, "Keying and Authentication for Routing Protocols (KARP) Overview, Threats, and Requirements", RFC 6862, March 2013. [RFC6863] Hartman, S. and D. Zhang, "Analysis of OSPF Security According to the Keying and Authentication for Routing Protocols (KARP) Design Guide", RFC 6863, March 2013. Bhatia, et al. Expires May 29, 2014 [Page 12] Internet-Draft OSPF Manual Key Management November 2013 Authors' Addresses Manav Bhatia Alcatel-Lucent Bangalore, India Phone: Email: manav.bhatia@alcatel-lucent.com Sam Hartman Painless Security Email: hartmans@painless-security.com Dacheng Zhang Huawei Technologies co., LTD. Beijing, China Phone: Fax: Email: zhangdacheng@huawei.com URI: Acee Lindem Ericsson 301 Midenhall Way Cary, NC 27513 USA Phone: Email: acee.lindem@ericsson.com Bhatia, et al. Expires May 29, 2014 [Page 13]