Network File System Version 4 T. Myklebust Internet-Draft Hammerspace Updates: 5531 (if approved) C. Lever, Ed. Intended status: Standards Track Oracle Expires: May 20, 2020 November 17, 2019 Towards Remote Procedure Call Encryption By Default draft-ietf-nfsv4-rpc-tls-04 Abstract This document describes a mechanism that, through the use of opportunistic Transport Layer Security (TLS), enables encryption of in-transit Remote Procedure Call (RPC) transactions while interoperating with ONC RPC implementations that do not support this mechanism. This document updates RFC 5531. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on May 20, 2020. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 1] Internet-Draft RPC-Over-TLS November 2019 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF Contributions published or made publicly available before November 10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process. Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other than English. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. RPC-Over-TLS in Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4.1. Discovering Server-side TLS Support . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4.2. Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.2.1. Using TLS with RPCSEC GSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5. TLS Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.1. Base Transport Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.1.1. Operation on TCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.1.2. Operation on UDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.1.3. Operation on Other Transports . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.2. TLS Peer Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.2.1. X.509 Certificates Using PKIX trust . . . . . . . . . 10 5.2.2. X.509 Certificates Using Fingerprints . . . . . . . . 11 5.2.3. Pre-Shared Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.2.4. Token Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 6. Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.1. DESY NFS server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.2. Hammerspace NFS server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.3. Linux NFS server and client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7.1. Limitations of an Opportunistic Approach . . . . . . . . 13 7.1.1. STRIPTLS Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7.2. Multiple User Identity Realms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7.3. Security Considerations for AUTH_SYS on TLS . . . . . . . 14 7.4. Best Security Policy Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 2] Internet-Draft RPC-Over-TLS November 2019 Appendix A. Known Weaknesses of the AUTH_SYS Authentication Flavor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1. Introduction In 2014 the IETF published [RFC7258] which recognized that unauthorized observation of network traffic had become widespread and was a subversive threat to all who make use of the Internet at large. It strongly recommended that newly defined Internet protocols make a real effort to mitigate monitoring attacks. Typically this mitigation is done by encrypting data in transit. The Remote Procedure Call version 2 protocol has been a Proposed Standard for three decades (see [RFC5531] and its antecedants). Eisler et al. first introduced an in-transit encryption mechanism for RPC with RPCSEC GSS over twenty years ago [RFC2203]. However, experience has shown that RPCSEC GSS can be difficult to deploy: o Per-client deployment and administrative costs are not scalable. Keying material must be provided for each RPC client, including transient clients. o Parts of each RPC header remain in clear-text, and can constitute a significant security exposure. o Host identity management and user identity management must be carried out in the same security realm. In certain environments, different authorities might be responsible for provisioning client systems versus provisioning new users. o On-host cryptographic manipulation of data payloads can exact a significant CPU and memory bandwidth cost on RPC peers. Offloadng does not appear to be practical using GSS privacy since each message is encrypted using its own key based on the issuing RPC user. However strong a privacy service is, it cannot provide any security if the challenges of using it result in it not being used at all. An alternative approach is to employ a transport layer security mechanism that can protect the privacy of each RPC connection transparently to RPC and Upper Layer protocols. The Transport Layer Security protocol [RFC8446] (TLS) is a well-established Internet building block that protects many common Internet protocols such as the Hypertext Transport Protocol (http) [RFC2818]. Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 3] Internet-Draft RPC-Over-TLS November 2019 Encrypting at the RPC transport layer enables several significant benefits. Encryption By Default In-transit encryption by itself may be enabled without additional administrative actions such as identifying client systems to a trust authority, generating additional key material, or provisioning a secure network tunnel. Protection of Existing Protocols The imposition of encryption at the transport layer protects any Upper Layer protocol that employs RPC, without alteration of that protocol. RPC transport layer encryption can protect recent versions of NFS such as NFS version 4.2 [RFC7862] and indeed legacy NFS versions such as NFS version 3 [RFC1813], and NFS side- band protocols such as the MNT protocol [RFC1813]. Decoupled User and Host Identities TLS can be used to authenticate peer hosts while other security mechanisms can handle user authentictation. Cryptographic authentication of hosts can be provided while still using simpler user authentication flavors such as AUTH_SYS. Encryption Offload Whereas hardware support for GSS privacy has not appeared in the marketplace, the use of a well-established transport encryption mechanism that is also employed by other very common network protocols makes it likely that a hardware encryption implementation will be available to offload encryption and decryption. Securing AUTH_SYS Most critically, several security issues inherent in the current widespread use of AUTH_SYS (i.e., acceptance of UIDs and GIDs generated by an unauthenticated client) can be significantly ameliorated. This document specifies the use of RPC on a TLS-protected transport in a fashion that is transparent to upper layer protocols based on RPC. It provides policies in line with [RFC7435] that enable RPC-on- TLS to be deployed opportunistically in environments with RPC implementations that do not support TLS. Specifications for RPC- based upper layer protocols are free to require stricter policies to guarantee that TLS with encryption or TLS with host authentication and encryption is used for every connection. Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 4] Internet-Draft RPC-Over-TLS November 2019 Note that the protocol specification in this document assumes that support for RPC, TLS, PKI, GSS-API, and/or DNSSEC is already available in an implementation where RPC-on-TLS is to be added. 2. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. 3. Terminology This document adopts the terminology introduced in Section 3 of [RFC6973] and assumes a working knowledge of the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) version 2 protocol [RFC5531] and the Transport Layer Security (TLS) version 1.3 protocol [RFC8446]. Note also that the NFS community uses the term "privacy" where other Internet communities use "confidentiality". In this document the two terms are synonymous. We adhere to the convention that a "client" is a network host that actively initiates an association, and a "server" is a network host that passively accepts an association request. RPC documentation historically refers to the authentication of a connecting host as "machine authentication" or "host authentication". TLS documentation refers to the same as "peer authentication". In this document there is little distinction between these terms. The term "user authentication" in this document refers specifically to the RPC caller's credential, provided in the "cred" and "verf" fields in each RPC Call. 4. RPC-Over-TLS in Operation 4.1. Discovering Server-side TLS Support The mechanism described in this document interoperates fully with RPC implementations that do not support TLS. The use of TLS is automatically disabled in these cases. To achieve this, we introduce a new RPC authentication flavor called AUTH_TLS. This new flavor is used to signal that the client wants to initiate TLS negotiation if the server supports it. Except for the Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 5] Internet-Draft RPC-Over-TLS November 2019 modifications described in this section, the RPC protocol is largely unaware of security encapsulation. enum auth_flavor { AUTH_NONE = 0, AUTH_SYS = 1, AUTH_SHORT = 2, AUTH_DH = 3, AUTH_KERB = 4, AUTH_RSA = 5, RPCSEC_GSS = 6, AUTH_TLS = 7, /* and more to be defined */ }; The length of the opaque data constituting the credential sent in the call message MUST be zero. The verifier accompanying the credential MUST be an AUTH_NONE verifier of length zero. The flavor value of the verifier received in the reply message from the server MUST be AUTH_NONE. The bytes of the verifier's string encode the fixed ASCII characters "STARTTLS". When an RPC client is ready to begin sending traffic to a server, it starts with a NULL RPC request with an auth_flavor of AUTH_TLS. The NULL request is made to the same port as if TLS were not in use. The RPC server can respond in one of three ways: o If the RPC server does not recognise the AUTH_TLS authentication flavor, it responds with a reject_stat of AUTH_ERROR. The RPC client then knows that this server does not support TLS. o If the RPC server accepts the NULL RPC procedure, but fails to return an AUTH_NONE verifier containing the string "STARTTLS", the RPC client knows that this server does not support TLS. o If the RPC server accepts the NULL RPC procedure, and returns an AUTH_NONE verifier containing the string "STARTTLS", the RPC client SHOULD send a STARTTLS. Once the TLS handshake is complete, the RPC client and server will have established a secure channel for communicating. The client MUST Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 6] Internet-Draft RPC-Over-TLS November 2019 switch to a security flavor other than AUTH_TLS within that channel, presumably after negotiating down redundant RPCSEC_GSS privacy and integrity services and applying channel binding [RFC7861]. If TLS negotiation fails for any reason -- say, the RPC server rejects the certificate presented by the RPC client, or the RPC client fails to authenticate the RPC server -- the RPC client reports this failure to the calling application the same way it would report an AUTH_ERROR rejection from the RPC server. If an RPC client attempts to use AUTH_TLS for anything other than the NULL RPC procedure, the RPC server MUST respond with a reject_stat of AUTH_ERROR. If the client sends a STARTTLS after it has sent other non-encrypted RPC traffic or after a TLS session has already been negotiated, the server MUST silently discard it. 4.2. Authentication Both RPC and TLS have their own variants of authentication, and there is some overlap in capability. The goal of interoperability with implementations that do not support TLS requires that we limit the combinations that are allowed and precisely specify the role that each layer plays. We also want to handle TLS such that an RPC implementation can make the use of TLS invisible to existing RPC consumer applications. Each RPC server that supports RPC-over-TLS MUST possess a unique global identity (e.g., a certificate that is signed by a well-known trust anchor). Such an RPC server MUST request a TLS peer identity from each client upon first contact. There are two different modes of client deployment: Server-only Host Authentication In this type of deployment, RPC-over-TLS clients are essentially anonymous; i.e., they present no globally unique identifier to the server peer. In this situation, the client can authenticate the server host using the presented server peer TLS identity, but the server cannot authenticate the client. Mutual Host Authentication In this type of deployment, the client possesses a unique global identity (e.g., a certificate). As part of the TLS handshake, both peers authenticate using the presented TLS identities. If authentication of either peer fails, or if authorization based on those identities blocks access to the server, the client association MUST be rejected. Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 7] Internet-Draft RPC-Over-TLS November 2019 In either of these modes, RPC user authentication is not affected by the use of transport layer security. Once a TLS session is established, the server MUST NOT substitute RPC_AUTH_TLS, or the remote identity used for TLS peer authentication, for existing forms of per-request RPC user authentication specified by [RFC5531]. 4.2.1. Using TLS with RPCSEC GSS RPCSEC GSS can provide per-request integrity or privacy (also known as confidentiality) services. When operating over a TLS session, these services become redundant. A TLS-capable RPC implementation uses GSS channel binding for detecting when GSS integrity or privacy is unnecessary and can therefore be avoided. See Section 2.5 of [RFC7861] for details. When employing GSS above TLS, a GSS service principal is still required on the server, and mutual GSS authentication of server and client still occurs after the TLS session is established. 5. TLS Requirements When a TLS session is negotiated for the purpose of transporting RPC, the following restrictions apply: o Implementations MUST NOT negotiate TLS versions prior to v1.3 [RFC8446]. Support for mandatory-to-implement ciphersuites for the negotiated TLS version is REQUIRED. o Implementations MUST support certificate-based mutual authentication. Support for TLS-PSK mutual authentication [RFC4279] is OPTIONAL. See Section 4.2 for further details. o Negotiation of a ciphersuite providing for confidentiality as well as integrity protection is REQUIRED. Support for and negotiation of compression is OPTIONAL. 5.1. Base Transport Considerations 5.1.1. Operation on TCP RPC over TCP is protected by using TLS [RFC8446]. As soon as a client completes the TCP handshake, it uses the mechanism described in Section 4.1 to discover TLS support and then negotiate a TLS session. After the TLS session is established, all traffic on the connection is encapsulated and protected until the TLS session is terminated. This includes reverse-direction operations (i.e., RPC requests Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 8] Internet-Draft RPC-Over-TLS November 2019 initiated on the server-end of the connection). An RPC client receiving a reverse-direction operation on a connection outside of an existing TLS session MUST reject the request with a reject_stat of AUTH_ERROR. An RPC peer terminates a TLS session by sending a TLS closure alert, or by closing the underlying TCP socket. After TLS session termination, a recipient MUST reject any subsequent RPC requests over the same connection with a reject_stat of AUTH_ERROR. 5.1.2. Operation on UDP RPC over UDP is protected using DTLS [RFC6347]. As soon as a client initializes a socket for use with an unfamiliar server, it uses the mechanism described in Section 4.1 to discover DTLS support and then negotiate a DTLS session. Connected operation is RECOMMENDED. Using a DTLS transport does not introduce reliable or in-order semantics to RPC on UDP. Also, DTLS does not support fragmentation of RPC messages. One RPC message fits in a single DTLS datagram. DTLS encapsulation has overhead which reduces the effective Path MTU (PMTU) and thus the maximum RPC payload size. DTLS does not detect STARTTLS replay. A DTLS session can be terminated by sending a TLS closure alert. Subsequent RPC messages passing between the client and server will no longer be protected until a new TLS session is established. 5.1.3. Operation on Other Transports RPC-over-RDMA can make use of Transport Layer Security below the RDMA transport layer [RFC8166]. The exact mechanism is not within the scope of this document. Because there might not be provisions to exchange client and server certificates, authentication material could be provided by facilites within a future RPC-over-RDMA transport. Transports that provide intrinsic TLS-level security (e.g., QUIC) would need to be accommodated separately from the current document. In such cases, use of TLS might not be opportunitic as it is for TCP or UDP. 5.2. TLS Peer Authentication Peer authentication can be performed by TLS using any of the following mechanisms: Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 9] Internet-Draft RPC-Over-TLS November 2019 5.2.1. X.509 Certificates Using PKIX trust Implementations are REQUIRED to support this mechanism. In this mode, an RPC peer is uniquely identified by the tuple (serial number of presented certificate;Issuer). o Implementations MUST allow the configuration of a list of trusted Certification Authorities for incoming connections. o Certificate validation MUST include the verification rules as per [RFC5280]. o Implementations SHOULD indicate their trusted Certification Authorities (CAs). o Peer validation always includes a check on whether the locally configured expected DNS name or IP address of the server that is contacted matches its presented certificate. DNS names and IP addresses can be contained in the Common Name (CN) or subjectAltName entries. For verification, only one of these entries is to be considered. The following precedence applies: for DNS name validation, subjectAltName:DNS has precedence over CN; for IP address validation, subjectAltName:iPAddr has precedence over CN. Implementors of this specification are advised to read Section 6 of [RFC6125] for more details on DNS name validation. o Implementations MAY allow the configuration of a set of additional properties of the certificate to check for a peer's authorization to communicate (e.g., a set of allowed values in subjectAltName:URI or a set of allowed X509v3 Certificate Policies). o When the configured trust base changes (e.g., removal of a CA from the list of trusted CAs; issuance of a new CRL for a given CA), implementations MAY renegotiate the TLS session to reassess the connecting peer's continued authorization. Authenticating a connecting entity does not mean the RPC server necessarily wants to communicate with that client. For example, if the Issuer is not in a trusted set of Issuers, the RPC server may decline to perform RPC transactions with this client. Implementations that want to support a wide variety of trust models should expose as many details of the presented certificate to the administrator as possible so that the trust model can be implemented by the administrator. As a suggestion, at least the following parameters of the X.509 client certificate SHOULD be exposed: Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 10] Internet-Draft RPC-Over-TLS November 2019 o Originating IP address o Certificate Fingerprint o Issuer o Subject o all X509v3 Extended Key Usage o all X509v3 Subject Alternative Name o all X509v3 Certificate Policies 5.2.2. X.509 Certificates Using Fingerprints This mechanism is OPTIONAL to implement. In this mode, an RPC peer is uniquely identified by the fingerprint of the presented certificate. Implementations SHOULD allow the configuration of a list of trusted certificates, identified via fingerprint of the DER encoded certificate octets. Implementations MUST support SHA-256 or newer as the hash algorithm for the fingerprint. 5.2.3. Pre-Shared Keys This mechanism is OPTIONAL to implement. In this mode, an RPC peer is uniquely identified by key material that has been shared out-of- band or by a previous TLS-protected connection (see [RFC8446] Section 2.2). At least the following parameters of the TLS connection SHOULD be exposed: o Originating IP address o TLS Identifier 5.2.4. Token Binding This mechanism is OPTIONAL to implement. In this mode, an RPC peer is uniquely identified by a token. Versions of TLS subsequent to TLS 1.2 feature a token binding mechanism which is nominally more secure than using certificates. This is discussed in further detail in [RFC8471]. Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 11] Internet-Draft RPC-Over-TLS November 2019 6. Implementation Status This section records the status of known implementations of the protocol defined by this specification at the time of posting of this Internet-Draft, and is based on a proposal described in [RFC7942]. The description of implementations in this section is intended to assist the IETF in its decision processes in progressing drafts to RFCs. Please note that the listing of any individual implementation here does not imply endorsement by the IETF. Furthermore, no effort has been spent to verify the information presented here that was supplied by IETF contributors. This is not intended as, and must not be construed to be, a catalog of available implementations or their features. Readers are advised to note that other implementations may exist. 6.1. DESY NFS server Organization: DESY URL: https://desy.de Maturity: Prototype software based on early versions of this document. Coverage: The bulk of this specification is implemented. The use of DTLS functionality is not implemented. Licensing: LGPL Implementation experience: No comments from implementors. 6.2. Hammerspace NFS server Organization: Hammerspace URL: https://hammerspace.com Maturity: Prototype software based on early versions of this document. Coverage: The bulk of this specification is implemented. The use of DTLS functionality is not implemented. Licensing: Proprietary Implementation experience: No comments from implementors. Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 12] Internet-Draft RPC-Over-TLS November 2019 6.3. Linux NFS server and client Organization: The Linux Foundation URL: https://www.kernel.org Maturity: Prototype software based on early versions of this document. Coverage: The bulk of this specification is implemented. The use of DTLS functionality is not implemented. Licensing: GPLv2 Implementation experience: No comments from implementors. 7. Security Considerations One purpose of the mechanism described in this document is to protect RPC-based applications against threats to the privacy of RPC transactions and RPC user identities. A taxonomy of these threats appears in Section 5 of [RFC6973]. In addition, Section 6 of [RFC7525] contains a detailed discussion of technologies used in conjunction with TLS. Implementers should familiarize themselves with these materials. 7.1. Limitations of an Opportunistic Approach The purpose of using an explicitly opportunistic approach is to enable interoperation with implementations that do not support RPC- over-TLS. A range of options is allowed by this approach, from "no peer authentication or encryption" to "server-only authentication with encryption" to "mutual authentication with encryption". The actual security level may indeed be selected based on a policy and without user intervention. In cases where interoperability is a priority, the security benefits of TLS are partially or entirely waived. Implementations of the mechanism described in this document must take care to accurately represent to all RPC consumers the level of security that is actually in effect. In addition, implementations are REQUIRED to provide an audit log of RPC-over-TLS security mode selection. 7.1.1. STRIPTLS Attacks A classic form of attack on network protocols that initiate an association in plain-text to discover support for TLS is a man-in- the-middle that alters the plain-text handshake to make it appear as Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 13] Internet-Draft RPC-Over-TLS November 2019 though TLS support is not available on one or both peers. Clients implementers can choose from the following to mitigate STRIPTLS attacks: o A TLSA record [RFC6698] can alert clients that TLS is expected to work, and provides a binding of hostname to x.509 identity. If TLS cannot be negotiated or authentication fails, the client disconnects and reports the problem. o Client security policy can be configured to require that a TLS session is established on every connection. If an attacker spoofs the handshake, the client disconnects and reports the problem. If TLSA records are not available, this approach is strongly encouraged. 7.2. Multiple User Identity Realms To maintain the privacy of RPC users on a single client belonging to multiple distinct security realms, the client MUST establish an independent TLS session for each user identity domain, each using a distinct globally unique identity. The purpose of this separation is to prevent even privileged users in each security realm from monitoring RPC traffic emitted on behalf of users in other security realms on the same peer. 7.3. Security Considerations for AUTH_SYS on TLS The use of a TLS-protected transport when the AUTH_SYS authentication flavor is in use addresses a number of longstanding weaknesses (as detailed in Appendix A). TLS augments AUTH_SYS by providing both integrity protection and a privacy service that AUTH_SYS lacks. This protects data payloads, RPC headers, and user identities against monitoring or alteration while in transit. TLS guards against the insertion or deletion of messages, thus also ensuring the integrity of the message stream between RPC client and server. The use of TLS enables strong authentication of the communicating RPC peers, providing a degree of non-repudiation. When AUTH_SYS is used with TLS but the RPC client is unauthenticated, the RPC server is still acting on RPC requests for which there is no trustworthy authentication. In-transit traffic is protected, but the RPC client itself can still misrepresent user identity without server detection. This is an improvement from AUTH_SYS without encryption, but it leaves a critical security exposure. In light of the above, it is RECOMMENDED that when AUTH_SYS is used, RPC clients present authentication material necessary for RPC servers Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 14] Internet-Draft RPC-Over-TLS November 2019 they contact to have a degree of trust that the clients are acting responsibly. The use of TLS does not enable detection of compromise on RPC clients that leads to impersonation of RPC users. In addition, there continues to be a requirement that the mapping of 32-bit user and group ID values to user identities is the same on both the RPC client and server. 7.4. Best Security Policy Practices To achieve the strongest possible security with RPC-over-TLS, RPC- over-TLS implementations and deployments are strongly encouraged to adhere to these policies: When using AUTH_NULL or AUTH_SYS: Both peers are required to have DNS TLSA records and certificate material; a policy that requires mutual peer authentication and rejection of a connection when host authentication fails. When using RPCSEC_GSS: GSS/Kerberos provides adequate host authentication already; a policy that requires GSS mutual authentication and rejection of a connection when host authentication fails. GSS integrity and privacy services should be disabled in favor of TLS encryption without peer authentication. 8. IANA Considerations In accordance with Section 6 of [RFC7301], the authors request that IANA allocate the following value in the "Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) Protocol IDs" registry. The "sunrpc" string identifies SunRPC when used over TLS. Protocol: SunRPC Identification Sequence: 0x73 0x75 0x6e 0x72 0x70 0x63 ("sunrpc") Reference: RFC-TBD 9. References Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 15] Internet-Draft RPC-Over-TLS November 2019 9.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC4279] Eronen, P., Ed. and H. Tschofenig, Ed., "Pre-Shared Key Ciphersuites for Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 4279, DOI 10.17487/RFC4279, December 2005, . [RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S., Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008, . [RFC5531] Thurlow, R., "RPC: Remote Procedure Call Protocol Specification Version 2", RFC 5531, DOI 10.17487/RFC5531, May 2009, . [RFC6125] Saint-Andre, P. and J. Hodges, "Representation and Verification of Domain-Based Application Service Identity within Internet Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX) Certificates in the Context of Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 6125, DOI 10.17487/RFC6125, March 2011, . [RFC6347] Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, DOI 10.17487/RFC6347, January 2012, . [RFC7258] Farrell, S. and H. Tschofenig, "Pervasive Monitoring Is an Attack", BCP 188, RFC 7258, DOI 10.17487/RFC7258, May 2014, . [RFC7301] Friedl, S., Popov, A., Langley, A., and E. Stephan, "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Extension", RFC 7301, DOI 10.17487/RFC7301, July 2014, . [RFC7861] Adamson, A. and N. Williams, "Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Security Version 3", RFC 7861, DOI 10.17487/RFC7861, November 2016, . Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 16] Internet-Draft RPC-Over-TLS November 2019 [RFC7942] Sheffer, Y. and A. Farrel, "Improving Awareness of Running Code: The Implementation Status Section", BCP 205, RFC 7942, DOI 10.17487/RFC7942, July 2016, . [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, . [RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018, . 9.2. Informative References [RFC1813] Callaghan, B., Pawlowski, B., and P. Staubach, "NFS Version 3 Protocol Specification", RFC 1813, DOI 10.17487/RFC1813, June 1995, . [RFC2203] Eisler, M., Chiu, A., and L. Ling, "RPCSEC_GSS Protocol Specification", RFC 2203, DOI 10.17487/RFC2203, September 1997, . [RFC2818] Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, DOI 10.17487/RFC2818, May 2000, . [RFC5661] Shepler, S., Ed., Eisler, M., Ed., and D. Noveck, Ed., "Network File System (NFS) Version 4 Minor Version 1 Protocol", RFC 5661, DOI 10.17487/RFC5661, January 2010, . [RFC6698] Hoffman, P. and J. Schlyter, "The DNS-Based Authentication of Named Entities (DANE) Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol: TLSA", RFC 6698, DOI 10.17487/RFC6698, August 2012, . [RFC6973] Cooper, A., Tschofenig, H., Aboba, B., Peterson, J., Morris, J., Hansen, M., and R. Smith, "Privacy Considerations for Internet Protocols", RFC 6973, DOI 10.17487/RFC6973, July 2013, . [RFC7435] Dukhovni, V., "Opportunistic Security: Some Protection Most of the Time", RFC 7435, DOI 10.17487/RFC7435, December 2014, . Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 17] Internet-Draft RPC-Over-TLS November 2019 [RFC7525] Sheffer, Y., Holz, R., and P. Saint-Andre, "Recommendations for Secure Use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS)", BCP 195, RFC 7525, DOI 10.17487/RFC7525, May 2015, . [RFC7530] Haynes, T., Ed. and D. Noveck, Ed., "Network File System (NFS) Version 4 Protocol", RFC 7530, DOI 10.17487/RFC7530, March 2015, . [RFC7862] Haynes, T., "Network File System (NFS) Version 4 Minor Version 2 Protocol", RFC 7862, DOI 10.17487/RFC7862, November 2016, . [RFC7863] Haynes, T., "Network File System (NFS) Version 4 Minor Version 2 External Data Representation Standard (XDR) Description", RFC 7863, DOI 10.17487/RFC7863, November 2016, . [RFC8166] Lever, C., Ed., Simpson, W., and T. Talpey, "Remote Direct Memory Access Transport for Remote Procedure Call Version 1", RFC 8166, DOI 10.17487/RFC8166, June 2017, . [RFC8471] Popov, A., Ed., Nystroem, M., Balfanz, D., and J. Hodges, "The Token Binding Protocol Version 1.0", RFC 8471, DOI 10.17487/RFC8471, October 2018, . 9.3. URIs [1] https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/encrypting-nfsv4-stunnel-tls Appendix A. Known Weaknesses of the AUTH_SYS Authentication Flavor The ONC RPC protocol as specified in [RFC5531] provides several modes of security, traditionally referred to as "authentication flavors", though some of these flavors provide much more than an authentication service. We will refer to these as authentication flavors, security flavors, or simply, flavors. One of the earliest and most basic flavor is AUTH_SYS, also known as AUTH_UNIX. AUTH_SYS is currently specified in Appendix A of [RFC5531]. AUTH_SYS assumes that both the RPC client and server use POSIX-style user and group identifiers (each user and group can be distinctly represented as a 32-bit unsigned integer), and that both client and server use the same mapping of user and group to integer. One user ID, one main group ID, and up to 16 supplemental group IDs are Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 18] Internet-Draft RPC-Over-TLS November 2019 associated with each RPC request. The combination of these identify the entity on the client that is making the request. Peers are identified by a string in each RPC request. RFC 5531 does not specify any requirements for this string other than that is no longer than 255 octets. It does not have to be the same from request to request, nor does it have to match the name of the sending host. For these reasons, though most implementations do fill in their hostname in this field, receivers typically ignore its content. RFC 5531 Appendix A contains a brief explanation of security considerations: It should be noted that use of this flavor of authentication does not guarantee any security for the users or providers of a service, in itself. The authentication provided by this scheme can be considered legitimate only when applications using this scheme and the network can be secured externally, and privileged transport addresses are used for the communicating end-points (an example of this is the use of privileged TCP/UDP ports in UNIX systems -- note that not all systems enforce privileged transport address mechanisms). It should be clear, therefore, that AUTH_SYS by itself offers little to no communication security: 1. It does not protect the privacy or integrity of RPC requests, users, or payloads, relying instead on "external" security. 2. It also does not provide actual authentication of RPC peer machines, other than an unprotected domain name. 3. The use of 32-bit unsigned integers as user and group identifiers is problematic because these simple data types are not signed or otherwise verified by any authority. 4. Because the user and group ID fields are not integrity-protected, AUTH_SYS does not offer non-repudiation. Acknowledgments Special mention goes to Charles Fisher, author of "Encrypting NFSv4 with Stunnel TLS" [1]. His article inspired the mechanism described in this document. Many thanks to Tigran Mkrtchyan for his work on the DESY prototype and resulting feedback to this document. Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 19] Internet-Draft RPC-Over-TLS November 2019 Thanks to Derrell Piper for numerous suggestions that improved both the security of this simple mechanism and the security-related discussion in this document. The authors are grateful to Bill Baker, David Black, Alan DeKok, Lars Eggert, Benjamin Kaduk, Olga Kornievskaia, Greg Marsden, Alex McDonald, David Noveck, Justin Mazzola Paluska, Tom Talpey, and Martin Thomson for their input and support of this work. Lastly, special thanks go to Transport Area Director Magnus Westerlund, NFSV4 Working Group Chairs Spencer Shepler and Brian Pawlowski, and NFSV4 Working Group Secretary Thomas Haynes for their guidance and oversight. Authors' Addresses Trond Myklebust Hammerspace Inc 4300 El Camino Real Ste 105 Los Altos, CA 94022 United States of America Email: trond.myklebust@hammerspace.com Charles Lever (editor) Oracle Corporation United States of America Email: chuck.lever@oracle.com Myklebust & Lever Expires May 20, 2020 [Page 20]