NFSv4 S. Shepler Internet-Draft M. Eisler Intended status: Standards Track D. Noveck Expires: April 25, 2007 Editors October 22, 2006 NFSv4 Minor Version 1 draft-ietf-nfsv4-minorversion1-08.txt Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on April 25, 2007. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006). Abstract This Internet-Draft describes NFSv4 minor version one, including features retained from the base protocol and protocol extensions made subsequently. The current draft includes description of the major extensions, Sessions, Directory Delegations, and parallel NFS (pNFS). This Internet-Draft is an active work item of the NFSv4 working group. Active and resolved issues may be found in the issue tracker at: http://www.nfsv4-editor.org/cgi-bin/roundup/nfsv4. New issues Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 1] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 related to this document should be raised with the NFSv4 Working Group nfsv4@ietf.org and logged in the issue tracker. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [1]. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.1. The NFSv4.1 Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.2. NFS Version 4 Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3. Minor Version 1 Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.4. Overview of NFS version 4.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.4.1. RPC and Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.4.2. Protocol Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.4.3. File System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.4.4. Locking Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.5. General Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.6. Differences from NFSv4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2. Core Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2. RPC and XDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.1. RPC-based Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3. COMPOUND and CB_COMPOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4. Client Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4.1. Server Release of Clientid . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.5. Security Service Negotiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.5.1. NFSv4 Security Tuples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.5.2. SECINFO and SECINFO_NO_NAME . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.5.3. Security Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.6. Minor Versioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.7. Non-RPC-based Security Services . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.7.1. Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.7.2. Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.7.3. Intrusion Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.8. Transport Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.8.1. Required and Recommended Properties of Transports . 32 2.8.2. Client and Server Transport Behavior . . . . . . . . 33 2.8.3. Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.9. Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.9.1. Motivation and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.9.2. NFSv4 Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.9.3. Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.9.4. Exactly Once Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 2] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 2.9.5. RDMA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.9.6. Sessions Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.9.7. Session Mechanics - Steady State . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.9.8. Session Mechanics - Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3. Protocol Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.1. Basic Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.2. Structured Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4. Filehandles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.1. Obtaining the First Filehandle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.1.1. Root Filehandle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.1.2. Public Filehandle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.2. Filehandle Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.2.1. General Properties of a Filehandle . . . . . . . . . 71 4.2.2. Persistent Filehandle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.2.3. Volatile Filehandle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.3. One Method of Constructing a Volatile Filehandle . . . . 73 4.4. Client Recovery from Filehandle Expiration . . . . . . . 74 5. File Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.1. Mandatory Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.2. Recommended Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.3. Named Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.4. Classification of Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.5. Mandatory Attributes - Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.6. Recommended Attributes - Definitions . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.7. Time Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.8. Interpreting owner and owner_group . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.9. Character Case Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.10. Quota Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.11. mounted_on_fileid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5.12. send_impl_id and recv_impl_id . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.13. fs_layout_type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.14. layout_type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.15. layout_hint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.16. mdsthreshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.17. Retention Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 6. Access Control Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 6.1. Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 6.2. File Attributes Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 6.2.1. ACL Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 6.2.2. mode Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6.3. Common Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 6.3.1. Interpreting an ACL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 6.3.2. Computing a Mode Attribute from an ACL . . . . . . . 112 6.4. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 6.4.1. Setting the mode and/or ACL Attributes . . . . . . . 114 6.4.2. Retrieving the mode and/or ACL Attributes . . . . . 115 6.4.3. Creating New Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 7. Single-server Name Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 3] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 7.1. Server Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 7.2. Browsing Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 7.3. Server Pseudo File System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 7.4. Multiple Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 7.5. Filehandle Volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 7.6. Exported Root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 7.7. Mount Point Crossing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 7.8. Security Policy and Name Space Presentation . . . . . . 120 8. File Locking and Share Reservations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 8.1. Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 8.1.1. Client and Session ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 8.1.2. State-owner and Stateid Definition . . . . . . . . . 122 8.1.3. Use of the Stateid and Locking . . . . . . . . . . . 124 8.2. Lock Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 8.3. Upgrading and Downgrading Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 8.4. Blocking Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 8.5. Lease Renewal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 8.6. Crash Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 8.6.1. Client Failure and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 8.6.2. Server Failure and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 8.6.3. Network Partitions and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . 132 8.7. Server Revocation of Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 8.8. Share Reservations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 8.9. OPEN/CLOSE Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 8.10. Open Upgrade and Downgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 8.11. Short and Long Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 8.12. Clocks, Propagation Delay, and Calculating Lease Expiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 8.13. Vestigial Locking Infrastructure From V4.0 . . . . . . . 140 9. Client-Side Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 9.1. Performance Challenges for Client-Side Caching . . . . . 142 9.2. Delegation and Callbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 9.2.1. Delegation Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 9.3. Data Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 9.3.1. Data Caching and OPENs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 9.3.2. Data Caching and File Locking . . . . . . . . . . . 147 9.3.3. Data Caching and Mandatory File Locking . . . . . . 149 9.3.4. Data Caching and File Identity . . . . . . . . . . . 149 9.4. Open Delegation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 9.4.1. Open Delegation and Data Caching . . . . . . . . . . 153 9.4.2. Open Delegation and File Locks . . . . . . . . . . . 154 9.4.3. Handling of CB_GETATTR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 9.4.4. Recall of Open Delegation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 9.4.5. Clients that Fail to Honor Delegation Recalls . . . 159 9.4.6. Delegation Revocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 9.5. Data Caching and Revocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 9.5.1. Revocation Recovery for Write Open Delegation . . . 161 9.6. Attribute Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 4] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 9.7. Data and Metadata Caching and Memory Mapped Files . . . 164 9.8. Name Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 9.9. Directory Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 10. Multi-server Name Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 10.1. Location attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 10.2. File System Presence or Absence . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 10.3. Getting Attributes for an Absent File System . . . . . . 170 10.3.1. GETATTR Within an Absent File System . . . . . . . . 170 10.3.2. READDIR and Absent File Systems . . . . . . . . . . 171 10.4. Uses of Location Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 10.4.1. File System Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 10.4.2. File System Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 10.4.3. Referrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 10.5. Additional Client-side Considerations . . . . . . . . . 176 10.6. Effecting File System Transitions . . . . . . . . . . . 177 10.6.1. File System Transitions and Simultaneous Access . . 178 10.6.2. Simultaneous Use and Transparent Transitions . . . . 179 10.6.3. Filehandles and File System Transitions . . . . . . 181 10.6.4. Fileid's and File System Transitions . . . . . . . . 181 10.6.5. Fsid's and File System Transitions . . . . . . . . . 182 10.6.6. The Change Attribute and File System Transitions . . 182 10.6.7. Lock State and File System Transitions . . . . . . . 183 10.6.8. Write Verifiers and File System Transitions . . . . 186 10.7. Effecting File System Referrals . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 10.7.1. Referral Example (LOOKUP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 10.7.2. Referral Example (READDIR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 10.8. The Attribute fs_absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 10.9. The Attribute fs_locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 10.10. The Attribute fs_locations_info . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 10.10.1. The location4_server Structure . . . . . . . . . . . 198 10.10.2. The location4_info Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 10.10.3. The location4_item Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 10.11. The Attribute fs_status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 11. Directory Delegations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 11.1. Introduction to Directory Delegations . . . . . . . . . 209 11.2. Directory Delegation Design (in brief) . . . . . . . . . 210 11.3. Recommended Attributes in support of Directory Delegations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 11.4. Delegation Recall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 11.5. Directory Delegation Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 12. Parallel NFS (pNFS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 12.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 12.2. General Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 12.2.1. Metadata Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 12.2.2. Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 12.2.3. Storage Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 12.2.4. Storage Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 12.2.5. Control Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 5] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 12.2.6. Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 12.2.7. Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 12.3. pNFS protocol semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 12.3.1. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 12.3.2. Guarantees Provided by Layouts . . . . . . . . . . . 220 12.3.3. Getting a Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 12.3.4. Committing a Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 12.3.5. Recalling a Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 12.3.6. Metadata Server Write Propagation . . . . . . . . . 230 12.3.7. Crash Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 12.3.8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 12.4. The NFSv4.1 File Layout Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 12.4.1. Session Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 12.4.2. File Striping and Data Access . . . . . . . . . . . 237 12.4.3. Global Stateid Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 12.4.4. The Layout Iomode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 12.4.5. Storage Device State Propagation . . . . . . . . . . 246 12.4.6. Storage Device Component File Size . . . . . . . . . 249 12.4.7. Crash Recovery Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . 249 12.4.8. Security Considerations for the File Layout Type . . 250 12.4.9. Alternate Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 13. Internationalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 13.1. Stringprep profile for the utf8str_cs type . . . . . . . 253 13.2. Stringprep profile for the utf8str_cis type . . . . . . 254 13.3. Stringprep profile for the utf8str_mixed type . . . . . 256 13.4. UTF-8 Related Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 14. Error Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 14.1. Error Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 14.2. Operations and their valid errors . . . . . . . . . . . 271 14.3. Callback operations and their valid errors . . . . . . . 284 14.4. Errors and the operations that use them . . . . . . . . 285 15. NFS version 4.1 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 15.1. Procedure 0: NULL - No Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 15.2. Procedure 1: COMPOUND - Compound Operations . . . . . . 293 16. NFS version 4.1 Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 16.1. Operation 3: ACCESS - Check Access Rights . . . . . . . 298 16.2. Operation 4: CLOSE - Close File . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 16.3. Operation 5: COMMIT - Commit Cached Data . . . . . . . . 302 16.4. Operation 6: CREATE - Create a Non-Regular File Object . 304 16.5. Operation 7: DELEGPURGE - Purge Delegations Awaiting Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 16.6. Operation 8: DELEGRETURN - Return Delegation . . . . . . 308 16.7. Operation 9: GETATTR - Get Attributes . . . . . . . . . 308 16.8. Operation 10: GETFH - Get Current Filehandle . . . . . . 310 16.9. Operation 11: LINK - Create Link to a File . . . . . . . 311 16.10. Operation 12: LOCK - Create Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 16.11. Operation 13: LOCKT - Test For Lock . . . . . . . . . . 316 16.12. Operation 14: LOCKU - Unlock File . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 6] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.13. Operation 15: LOOKUP - Lookup Filename . . . . . . . . . 318 16.14. Operation 16: LOOKUPP - Lookup Parent Directory . . . . 320 16.15. Operation 17: NVERIFY - Verify Difference in Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 16.16. Operation 18: OPEN - Open a Regular File . . . . . . . . 323 16.17. Operation 19: OPENATTR - Open Named Attribute Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 16.18. Operation 21: OPEN_DOWNGRADE - Reduce Open File Access . 338 16.19. Operation 22: PUTFH - Set Current Filehandle . . . . . . 339 16.20. Operation 23: PUTPUBFH - Set Public Filehandle . . . . . 340 16.21. Operation 24: PUTROOTFH - Set Root Filehandle . . . . . 342 16.22. Operation 25: READ - Read from File . . . . . . . . . . 343 16.23. Operation 26: READDIR - Read Directory . . . . . . . . . 345 16.24. Operation 27: READLINK - Read Symbolic Link . . . . . . 349 16.25. Operation 28: REMOVE - Remove File System Object . . . . 350 16.26. Operation 29: RENAME - Rename Directory Entry . . . . . 352 16.27. Operation 31: RESTOREFH - Restore Saved Filehandle . . . 354 16.28. Operation 32: SAVEFH - Save Current Filehandle . . . . . 355 16.29. Operation 33: SECINFO - Obtain Available Security . . . 355 16.30. Operation 34: SETATTR - Set Attributes . . . . . . . . . 359 16.31. Operation 37: VERIFY - Verify Same Attributes . . . . . 361 16.32. Operation 38: WRITE - Write to File . . . . . . . . . . 362 16.33. Operation 40: BACKCHANNEL_CTL - Backchannel control . . 367 16.34. Operation 41: BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION . . . . . . . . . . . 369 16.35. Operation 42: EXCHANGE_ID - Instantiate Clientid . . . . 373 16.36. Operation 43: CREATE_SESSION - Create New Session and Confirm Clientid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 16.37. Operation 44: DESTROY_SESSION - Destroy existing session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 16.38. Operation 45: FREE_STATEID - Free stateid with no locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 16.39. Operation 46: GET_DIR_DELEGATION - Get a directory delegation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 16.40. Operation 47: GETDEVICEINFO - Get Device Information . . 395 16.41. Operation 48: GETDEVICELIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 16.42. Operation 49: LAYOUTCOMMIT - Commit writes made using a layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 16.43. Operation 50: LAYOUTGET - Get Layout Information . . . . 401 16.44. Operation 51: LAYOUTRETURN - Release Layout Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 16.45. Operation 52: SECINFO_NO_NAME - Get Security on Unnamed Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 16.46. Operation 53: SEQUENCE - Supply per-procedure sequencing and control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 16.47. Operation 54: SET_SSV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 16.48. Operation 55: TEST_STATEID - Test stateids for validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 16.49. Operation 56: WANT_DELEGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 7] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.50. Operation 10044: ILLEGAL - Illegal operation . . . . . . 417 17. NFS version 4.1 Callback Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 17.1. Procedure 0: CB_NULL - No Operation . . . . . . . . . . 418 17.2. Procedure 1: CB_COMPOUND - Compound Operations . . . . . 418 18. NFS version 4.1 Callback Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 18.1. Operation 3: CB_GETATTR - Get Attributes . . . . . . . . 420 18.2. Operation 4: CB_RECALL - Recall an Open Delegation . . . 422 18.3. Operation 5: CB_LAYOUTRECALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 18.4. Operation 6: CB_NOTIFY - Notify directory changes . . . 425 18.5. Operation 7: CB_PUSH_DELEG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 18.6. Operation 8: CB_RECALL_ANY - Keep any N delegations . . 429 18.7. Operation 9: CB_RECALLABLE_OBJ_AVAIL . . . . . . . . . . 432 18.8. Operation 10: CB_RECALL_SLOT - change flow control limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 18.9. Operation 11: CB_SEQUENCE - Supply callback channel sequencing and control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 18.10. Operation 12: CB_WANTS_CANCELLED . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 18.11. Operation 13: CB_NOTIFY_LOCK - Notify of possible lock availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 18.12. Operation 10044: CB_ILLEGAL - Illegal Callback Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 19. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 20. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 20.1. Defining new layout types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 21. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 21.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 21.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 Appendix A. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . 444 Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 8] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 1. Introduction 1.1. The NFSv4.1 Protocol The NFSv4.1 protocol is a minor version of the NFSv4 protocol described in [2]. It generally follows the guidelines for minor versioning model laid in Section 10 of RFC 3530. However, it diverges from guidelines 11 ("a client and server that supports minor version X must support minor versions 0 through X-1"), and 12 ("no features may be introduced as mandatory in a minor version"). These divergences are due to the introduction of the sessions model for managing non-idempotent operations and the RECLAIM_COMPLETE operation. These two new features are infrastructural in nature and simplify implementation of existing and other new features. Making them optional would add undue complexity to protocol definition and implementation. NFSv4.1 accordingly updates the Minor Versioning guidelines (Section 2.6). NFSv4.1, as a minor version, is consistent with the overall goals for NFS Version 4, but extends the protocol so as to better meet those goals, based on experiences with NFSv4.0. In addition, NFSv4.1 has adopted some additional goals, which motivate some of the major extensions in minor version 1. 1.2. NFS Version 4 Goals The NFS version 4 protocol is a further revision of the NFS protocol defined already by versions 2 [17]] and 3 [18]. It retains the essential characteristics of previous versions: design for easy recovery, independent of transport protocols, operating systems and file systems, simplicity, and good performance. The NFS version 4 revision has the following goals: o Improved access and good performance on the Internet. The protocol is designed to transit firewalls easily, perform well where latency is high and bandwidth is low, and scale to very large numbers of clients per server. o Strong security with negotiation built into the protocol. The protocol builds on the work of the ONCRPC working group in supporting the RPCSEC_GSS protocol. Additionally, the NFS version 4 protocol provides a mechanism to allow clients and servers the ability to negotiate security and require clients and servers to support a minimal set of security schemes. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 9] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o Good cross-platform interoperability. The protocol features a file system model that provides a useful, common set of features that does not unduly favor one file system or operating system over another. o Designed for protocol extensions. The protocol is designed to accept standard extensions within a framework that enable and encourages backward compatibility. 1.3. Minor Version 1 Goals Minor version one has the following goals, within the framework established by the overall version 4 goals. o To correct significant structural weaknesses and oversights discovered in the base protocol. o To add clarity and specificity to areas left unaddressed or not addressed in sufficient detail in the base protocol. o To add specific features based on experience with the existing protocol and recent industry developments. o To provide protocol support to take advantage of clustered server deployments including the ability to provide scalable parallel access to files distributed among multiple servers. 1.4. Overview of NFS version 4.1 Features To provide a reasonable context for the reader, the major features of NFS version 4.1 protocol will be reviewed in brief. This will be done to provide an appropriate context for both the reader who is familiar with the previous versions of the NFS protocol and the reader that is new to the NFS protocols. For the reader new to the NFS protocols, there is still a set of fundamental knowledge that is expected. The reader should be familiar with the XDR and RPC protocols as described in [3] and [4]. A basic knowledge of file systems and distributed file systems is expected as well. This description of version 4.1 features will not distinguish those added in minor version one from those present in the base protocol but will treat minor version 1 as a unified whole. See Section 1.6 for a description of the differences between the two minor versions. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 10] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 1.4.1. RPC and Security As with previous versions of NFS, the External Data Representation (XDR) and Remote Procedure Call (RPC) mechanisms used for the NFS version 4.1 protocol are those defined in [3] and [4]. To meet end- to-end security requirements, the RPCSEC_GSS framework [5] will be used to extend the basic RPC security. With the use of RPCSEC_GSS, various mechanisms can be provided to offer authentication, integrity, and privacy to the NFS version 4 protocol. Kerberos V5 will be used as described in [6] to provide one security framework. The LIPKEY and SPKM-3 GSS-API mechanisms described in [7] will be used to provide for the use of user password and client/server public key certificates by the NFS version 4 protocol. With the use of RPCSEC_GSS, other mechanisms may also be specified and used for NFS version 4.1 security. To enable in-band security negotiation, the NFS version 4.1 protocol has operations which provide the client a method of querying the server about its policies regarding which security mechanisms must be used for access to the server's file system resources. With this, the client can securely match the security mechanism that meets the policies specified at both the client and server. 1.4.2. Protocol Structure 1.4.2.1. Core Protocol Unlike NFS Versions 2 and 3, which used a series of ancillary protocols (e.g. NLM, NSM, MOUNT), within all minor versions of NFS version 4 only a single RPC protocol is used to make requests of the server. Facilities that had been separate protocols, such as locking, are now integrated within a single unified protocol. 1.4.2.2. Parallel Access Minor version one supports high-performance data access to a clustered server implementation by enabling a separation of metadata access and data access, with the latter done to multiple servers in parallel. Such parallel data access is controlled by recallable objects known as "layouts", which are integrated into the protocol locking model. Clients direct requests for data access to a set of data servers specified by the layout via a data storage protocol which may be NFSv4.1 or may be another protocol. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 11] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 1.4.3. File System Model The general file system model used for the NFS version 4.1 protocol is the same as previous versions. The server file system is hierarchical with the regular files contained within being treated as opaque byte streams. In a slight departure, file and directory names are encoded with UTF-8 to deal with the basics of internationalization. The NFS version 4.1 protocol does not require a separate protocol to provide for the initial mapping between path name and filehandle. All file systems exported by a server are presented as a tree so that all file systems are reachable from a special per-server global root filehandle. This allows LOOKUP operations to be used to perform functions previously provided by the MOUNT protocol. The server provides any necessary pseudo filesystems to bridge any gaps that arise due unexported gaps between exported file systems. 1.4.3.1. Filehandles As in previous versions of the NFS protocol, opaque filehandles are used to identify individual files and directories. Lookup-type and create operations are used to go from file and directory names to the filehandle which is then used to identify the object to subsequent operations. The NFS version 4.1 protocol provides support for both persistent filehandles, guaranteed to be valid for the lifetime of the file system object designated. In addition it provides support to servers to provide filehandles with more limited validity guarantees, called volatile filehandles. 1.4.3.2. File Attributes The NFS version 4.1 protocol has a rich and extensible attribute structure. Only a small set of the defined attributes are mandatory and must be provided by all server implementations. The other attributes are known as "recommended" attributes. One significant recommended file attribute is the Access Control List (ACL) attribute. This attribute provides for directory and file access control beyond the model used in NFS Versions 2 and 3. The ACL definition allows for specification specific sets of permissions for individual users and groups. In addition, ACL inheritance allows propagation of access permissions and restriction down a directory tree as filesystem objects are created. One other type of attribute is the named attribute. A named Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 12] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 attribute is an opaque byte stream that is associated with a directory or file and referred to by a string name. Named attributes are meant to be used by client applications as a method to associate application specific data with a regular file or directory. 1.4.3.3. Multi-server Namespace NFS Version 4.1 contains a number of features to allow implementation of namespaces that cross server boundaries and that allow to and facilitate a non-disruptive transfer of support for individual file systems between servers. They are all based upon attributes that allow one file system to specify alternate or new locations for that file system. These attributes may be used together with the concept of absent file system which provide specifications for additional locations but no actual file system content. This allows a number of important facilities: o Location attributes may be used with absent file systems to implement referrals whereby one server may direct the client to a file system provided by another server. This allows extensive multi-server namespaces to be constructed. o Location attributes may be provided for present file systems to provide the locations alternate file system instances or replicas to be used in the event that the current file system instance becomes unavailable. o Location attributes may be provided when a previously present file system becomes absent. This allows non-disruptive migration of file systems to alternate servers. 1.4.4. Locking Facilities As mentioned previously, NFS v4.1, is a single protocol which includes locking facilities. These locking facilities include support for many types of locks including a number of sorts of recallable locks. Recallable locks such as delegations allow the client to be assured that certain events will not occur so long as that lock is held. When circumstances change, the lock is recalled via a callback via a callback request. The assurances provided by delegations allow more extensive caching to be done safely when circumstances allow it. o Share reservations as established by OPEN operations. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 13] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o Byte-range locks. o File delegations which are recallable locks that assure the holder that inconsistent opens and file changes cannot occur so long as the delegation is held. o Directory delegations which are recallable delegations that assure the holder that inconsistent directory modifications cannot occur so long as the delegation is held. o Layouts which are recallable objects that assure the holder that direct access to the file data may be performed directly by the client and that no change to the data's location inconsistent with that access may be made so long as the layout is held. All locks for a given client are tied together under a single client- wide lease. All requests made on sessions associated with the client renew that lease. When leases are not promptly renewed lock are subject to revocation. In the event of server reinitialization, clients have the opportunity to safely reclaim their locks within a special grace period. 1.5. General Definitions The following definitions are provided for the purpose of providing an appropriate context for the reader. Client The "client" is the entity that accesses the NFS server's resources. The client may be an application which contains the logic to access the NFS server directly. The client may also be the traditional operating system client remote file system services for a set of applications. In the case of file locking the client is the entity that maintains a set of locks on behalf of one or more applications. This client is responsible for crash or failure recovery for those locks it manages. Note that multiple clients may share the same transport and multiple clients may exist on the same network node. Clientid A 64-bit quantity used as a unique, short-hand reference to a client supplied Verifier and ID. The server is responsible for supplying the Clientid. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 14] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Lease An interval of time defined by the server for which the client is irrevocably granted a lock. At the end of a lease period the lock may be revoked if the lease has not been extended. The lock must be revoked if a conflicting lock has been granted after the lease interval. All leases granted by a server have the same fixed interval. Note that the fixed interval was chosen to alleviate the expense a server would have in maintaining state about variable length leases across server failures. Lock The term "lock" is used to refer any of record (byte- range) locks, share reservations, delegations or layouts unless specifically stated otherwise. Server The "Server" is the entity responsible for coordinating client access to a set of file systems. Stable Storage NFS version 4 servers must be able to recover without data loss from multiple power failures (including cascading power failures, that is, several power failures in quick succession), operating system failures, and hardware failure of components other than the storage medium itself (for example, disk, nonvolatile RAM). Some examples of stable storage that are allowable for an NFS server include: 1. Media commit of data, that is, the modified data has been successfully written to the disk media, for example, the disk platter. 2. An immediate reply disk drive with battery-backed on- drive intermediate storage or uninterruptible power system (UPS). 3. Server commit of data with battery-backed intermediate storage and recovery software. 4. Cache commit with uninterruptible power system (UPS) and recovery software. Stateid A 128-bit quantity returned by a server that uniquely defines the open and locking state provided by the server for a specific open or lock owner for a specific file. meaning and are reserved values. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 15] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Verifier A 64-bit quantity generated by the client that the server can use to determine if the client has restarted and lost all previous lock state. 1.6. Differences from NFSv4.0 The following summarizes the differences between minor version one and the base protocol: o Implementation of the sessions model. o Support for parallel access to data. o Addition of the RECLAIM_COMPLETE operation to better structure the lock reclamation process. o Support for delegations on directories and other file types in addition to regular files. o Operations to re-obtain a delegation. o Support for client and server implementation id's. 2. Core Infrastructure 2.1. Introduction NFS version 4.1 (NFSv4.1) relies on core infrastructure common to nearly every operation. This core infrastructure is described in the remainder of this section. 2.2. RPC and XDR The NFS version 4.1 (NFSv4.1) protocol is a Remote Procedure Call (RPC) application that uses RPC version 2 and the corresponding eXternal Data Representation (XDR) as defined in RFC1831 [4] and RFC4506 [3]. 2.2.1. RPC-based Security Previous NFS versions have been thought of as having a host-based authentication model, where the NFS server authenticates the NFS client, and trust the client to authenticate all users. Actually, NFS has always depended on RPC for authentication. The first form of RPC authentication which required a host-based authentication approach. NFSv4 also depends on RPC for basic security services, and mandates RPC support for a user-based authentication model. The Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 16] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 user-based authentication model has user principals authenticated by a server, and in turn the server authenticated by user principals. RPC provides some basic security services which are used by NFSv4. 2.2.1.1. RPC Security Flavors As described in section 7.2 "Authentication" of [4], RPC security is encapsulated in the RPC header, via a security or authentication flavor, and information specific to the specification of the security flavor. Every RPC header conveys information used to identify and authenticate a client and server. As discussed in Section 2.2.1.1.1, some security flavors provide additional security services. NFSv4 clients and servers MUST implement RPCSEC_GSS. (This requirement to implement is not a requirement to use.) Other flavors, such as AUTH_NONE, and AUTH_SYS, MAY be implemented as well. 2.2.1.1.1. RPCSEC_GSS and Security Services RPCSEC_GSS ([5]) uses the functionality of GSS-API RFC2743 [8]. This allows for the use of various security mechanisms by the RPC layer without the additional implementation overhead of adding RPC security flavors. 2.2.1.1.1.1. Identification, Authentication, Integrity, Privacy Via the GSS-API, RPCSEC_GSS can be used to identify and authenticate users on clients to servers, and servers to users. It can also perform integrity checking on the entire RPC message, including the RPC header, and the arguments or results. Finally, privacy, usually via encryption, is a service available with RPCSEC_GSS. Privacy is performed on the arguments and results. Note that if privacy is selected, integrity, authentication, and identification are enabled. If privacy is not selected, but integrity is selected, authentication and identification are enabled. If integrity and privacy are not selected, but authentication is enabled, identification is enabled. RPCSEC_GSS does not provide identification as a separate service. Although GSS-API has an authentication service distinct from its privacy and integrity services, use GSS-API's authentication service is not used for RPCSEC_GSS's authentication service. Instead, each RPC request and response header is integrity protected with the GSS- API integrity service, and this allows RPCSEC_GSS to offer per-RPC authentication and identity. See [5] for more information. NFSv4 client and servers MUST support RPCSEC_GSS's integrity and authentication service. NFSv4.1 servers MUST support RPCSEC_GSS's privacy service. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 17] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 2.2.1.1.1.2. Security mechanisms for NFS version 4 RPCSEC_GSS, via GSS-API, normalizes access to mechanisms that provide security services. Therefore NFSv4 clients and servers MUST support three security mechanisms: Kerberos V5, SPKM-3, and LIPKEY. The use of RPCSEC_GSS requires selection of: mechanism, quality of protection (QOP), and service (authentication, integrity, privacy). For the mandated security mechanisms, NFSv4 specifies that a QOP of zero (0) is used, leaving it up to the mechanism or the mechanism's configuration to use an appropriate level of protection that QOP zero maps to. Each mandated mechanism specifies minimum set of cryptographic algorithms for implementing integrity and privacy. NFSv4 clients and servers MUST be implemented on operating environments that comply with the mandatory cryptographic algorithms of each mandated mechanism. 2.2.1.1.1.2.1. Kerberos V5 The Kerberos V5 GSS-API mechanism as described in RFC1964 [6] ( [[Comment.1: need new Kerberos RFC]] ) MUST be implemented with the RPCSEC_GSS services as specified in the following table: column descriptions: 1 == number of pseudo flavor 2 == name of pseudo flavor 3 == mechanism's OID 4 == RPCSEC_GSS service 5 == NFSv4.1 clients MUST support 6 == NFSv4.1 servers MUST support 1 2 3 4 5 6 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 390003 krb5 1.2.840.113554.1.2.2 rpc_gss_svc_none yes yes 390004 krb5i 1.2.840.113554.1.2.2 rpc_gss_svc_integrity yes yes 390005 krb5p 1.2.840.113554.1.2.2 rpc_gss_svc_privacy no yes Note that the number and name of the pseudo flavor is presented here as a mapping aid to the implementor. Because the NFSv4 protocol includes a method to negotiate security and it understands the GSS- API mechanism, the pseudo flavor is not needed. The pseudo flavor is needed for the NFS version 3 since the security negotiation is done via the MOUNT protocol as described in [19]. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 18] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 2.2.1.1.1.2.2. LIPKEY The LIPKEY V5 GSS-API mechanism as described in [7] MUST be implemented with the RPCSEC_GSS services as specified in the following table: 1 2 3 4 5 6 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 390006 lipkey 1.3.6.1.5.5.9 rpc_gss_svc_none yes yes 390007 lipkey-i 1.3.6.1.5.5.9 rpc_gss_svc_integrity yes yes 390008 lipkey-p 1.3.6.1.5.5.9 rpc_gss_svc_privacy no yes 2.2.1.1.1.2.3. SPKM-3 as a security triple The SPKM-3 GSS-API mechanism as described in [7] MUST be implemented with the RPCSEC_GSS services as specified in the following table: 1 2 3 4 5 6 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 390009 spkm3 1.3.6.1.5.5.1.3 rpc_gss_svc_none yes yes 390010 spkm3i 1.3.6.1.5.5.1.3 rpc_gss_svc_integrity yes yes 390011 spkm3p 1.3.6.1.5.5.1.3 rpc_gss_svc_privacy no yes 2.2.1.1.1.3. GSS Server Principal Regardless of what security mechanism under RPCSEC_GSS is being used, the NFS server, MUST identify itself in GSS-API via a GSS_C_NT_HOSTBASED_SERVICE name type. GSS_C_NT_HOSTBASED_SERVICE names are of the form: service@hostname For NFS, the "service" element is nfs Implementations of security mechanisms will convert nfs@hostname to various different forms. For Kerberos V5, LIPKEY, and SPKM-3, the following form is RECOMMENDED: nfs/hostname Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 19] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 2.3. COMPOUND and CB_COMPOUND A significant departure from the versions of the NFS protocol before version 4 is the introduction of the COMPOUND procedure. For the NFSv4 protocol, in all minor versions, there are exactly two RPC procedures, NULL and COMPOUND. The COMPOUND procedure is defined as a series of individual operations and these operations perform the sorts of functions performed by traditional NFS procedures. The operations combined within a COMPOUND request are evaluated in order by the server, without any atomicity guarantees. A limited set of facilities exist to pass results from one operation to another. Once an operation returns a failing result, the evaluation ends and the results of all evaluated operations are returned to the client. With the use of the COMPOUND procedure, the client is able to build simple or complex requests. These COMPOUND requests allow for a reduction in the number of RPCs needed for logical file system operations. For example, multi-component lookup requests can be constructed by combining multiple LOOKUP operations. Those can be further combined with operations such as GETATTR, READDIR, or OPEN plus READ to do more complicated sets of operation without incurring additional latency. NFSv4 also contains a considerable set of callback operations in which the server makes an RPC directed at the client. Callback RPC's have a similar structure to that of the normal server requests. For the NFS version 4 protocol callbacks in all minor versions, there are two RPC procedures, NULL and CB_COMPOUND. The CB_COMPOUND procedure is defined in analogous fashion to that of COMPOUND with its own set of callback operations. Addition of new server and callback operation within the COMPOUND and CB_COMPOUND request framework provide means of extending the protocol in subsequent minor versions. Except for a small number of operations needed for session creation, server requests and callback requests are performed within the context of a session. Sessions provide a client context for every request and support robust replay protection for non-idempotent requests. 2.4. Client Identifiers For each operation that obtains or depends on locking state, the specific client must be determinable by the server. In NFSv4, each distinct client instance is represented by a clientid, which is a 64- bit identifier that identifies a specific client at a given time and Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 20] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 which is changed whenever the client or the server re-initializes. Clientid's are used to support lock identification and crash recovery. In NFSv4.1, the clientid associated with each operation is derived from the session (see Section 2.9) on which the operation is issued. Each session is associated with a specific clientid at session creation and that clientid then becomes the clientid associated with all requests issued using it. Therefore, unlike NFSv4.0, no NFSv4.1 operation is possible until a clientid is established. A sequence of an EXCHANGE_ID operation followed by a CREATE_SESSION operation using that clientid is required to establish the identification on the server. Establishment of identification by a new incarnation of the client also has the effect of immediately releasing any locking state that a previous incarnation of that same client might have had on the server. Such released state would include all lock, share reservation, and, where the server is not supporting the CLAIM_DELEGATE_PREV claim type, all delegation state associated with same client with the same identity. For discussion of delegation state recovery, see Section 9.2.1. Releasing such state requires that the server be able to determine that one client instance is the successor of another. Where this cannot be done, for any of a number of reasons, the locking state will remain for a time subject to lease expiration (see Section 8.5) and the new client will need to wait for such state to be removed, if it makes conflicting lock requests. Client identification is encapsulated in the following structure: struct client_owner4 { verifier4 co_verifier; opaque co_ownerid; }; The first field, co_verifier, is a client incarnation verifier that is used to detect client reboots. Only if the co_verifier is different from that the server had previously recorded for the client (as identified by the second field of the structure, co_ownerid) does the server start the process of canceling the client's leased state. The second field, co_ownerid is a variable length string that uniquely defines the client so that subsequent instances of the same client bear the same co_ownerid with a different verifier. There are several considerations for how the client generates the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 21] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 co_ownerid string: o The string should be unique so that multiple clients do not present the same string. The consequences of two clients presenting the same string range from one client getting an error to one client having its leased state abruptly and unexpectedly canceled. o The string should be selected so the subsequent incarnations (e.g. reboots) of the same client cause the client to present the same string. The implementor is cautioned from an approach that requires the string to be recorded in a local file because this precludes the use of the implementation in an environment where there is no local disk and all file access is from an NFS version 4 server. o The string should be the same for each server network address that the client accesses, rather than common to all server network addresses (note: the precise opposite was advised in RFC3530). This way, if a server has multiple interfaces, the client can trunk traffic over multiple network paths as described in Section 2.9.3.4.1. o The algorithm for generating the string should not assume that the client's network address will not change. This includes changes between client incarnations and even changes while the client is still running in its current incarnation. This means that if the client includes just the client's and server's network address in the co_ownerid string, there is a real risk, after the client gives up the network address, that another client, using a similar algorithm for generating the co_ownerid string, would generate a conflicting co_ownerid string. Given the above considerations, an example of a well generated co_ownerid string is one that includes: o The client's network address. o For a user level NFS version 4 client, it should contain additional information to distinguish the client from other user level clients running on the same host, such as a process id or other unique sequence. o Additional information that tends to be unique, such as one or more of: * The client machine's serial number (for privacy reasons, it is best to perform some one way function on the serial number). Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 22] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 * A MAC address (again, a one way function should be performed). * The timestamp of when the NFS version 4 software was first installed on the client (though this is subject to the previously mentioned caution about using information that is stored in a file, because the file might only be accessible over NFS version 4). * A true random number. However since this number ought to be the same between client incarnations, this shares the same problem as that of the using the timestamp of the software installation. As a security measure, the server MUST NOT cancel a client's leased state if the principal established the state for a given co_ownerid string is not the same as the principal issuing the EXCHANGE_ID. A server may compare an client_owner4 in a EXCHANGE_ID with an nfs_client_id4 established using SETCLIENTID using NFSv4 minor version 0, so that an NFSv4.1 client is not forced to delay until lease expiration for locking state established by the earlier client using minor version 0. This requires the client_owner4 be constructed the same way as the nfs_client_id4. If the latter's contents included the server's network address, and the NFSv4.1 client does not wish to use a clientid that prevents trunking, it should issue two EXCHANGE_ID operations. The first EXCHANGE_ID will have a client_owner4 equal to the nfs_client_id4. This will clear the state created by the NFSv4.0 client. The second EXCHANGE_ID will not have the server's network address. The state created for the second EXCHANGE_ID will not have to wait for lease expiration, because there will be no state to expire. Once a EXCHANGE_ID has been done, and the resulting clientid established as associated with a session, all requests made on that session implicitly identify that clientid, which in turn designates the client specified using the long-form client_owner4 structure. The shorthand client identifier (a clientid) is assigned by the server and should be chosen so that it will not conflict with a clientid previously assigned by the server. This applies across server restarts or reboots. In the event of a server restart, a client will find out that its current clientid is no longer valid when receives a NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID error. The precise circumstances depend of the characteristics of the sessions involved, specifically whether the session is persistent (see Section 2.9.4.5). When a session is not persistent, the client will need to create a Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 23] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 new session. When the existing clientid is presented to a server as part of creating a session and that clientid is not recognized, as would happen after a server reboot, the server will reject the request with the error NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID. When this happens, the client must obtain a new clientid by use of the EXCHANGE_ID operation and then use that clientid as the basis of the basis of a new session and then proceed to any other necessary recovery for the server reboot case (See Section 8.6.2). In the case of the session being persistent, the client will re- establish communication using the existing session after the reboot. This session will be associated with a stale clientid and the client will receive an indication of that fact in the sr_status field returned by the SEQUENCE operation (see Section 2.9.2.1). The client can then use the existing session to do whatever operations are necessary to determine the status of requests outstanding at the time of reboot, while avoiding issuing new requests, particularly any involving locking on that session. Such requests would fail with NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID error or an NFS4ERR_STALE_STATEID error, if attempted. In any case, the client would create a new clientid using EXCHANGE_ID, create a new session based on that clientid, and proceed to other necessary recovery for the server reboot case. See the detailed descriptions of EXCHANGE_ID (Section 16.35 and CREATE_SESSION (Section 16.36) for a complete specification of these operations. 2.4.1. Server Release of Clientid If the server determines that the client holds no associated state for its clientid, the server may choose to release the clientid. The server may make this choice for an inactive client so that resources are not consumed by those intermittently active clients. If the client contacts the server after this release, the server must ensure the client receives the appropriate error so that it will use the EXCHANGE_ID/CREATE_SESSION sequence to establish a new identity. It should be clear that the server must be very hesitant to release a clientid since the resulting work on the client to recover from such an event will be the same burden as if the server had failed and restarted. Typically a server would not release a clientid unless there had been no activity from that client for many minutes. Note that "associated state" includes sessions. As long as there are sessions, the server MUST not release the clientid. See Section 2.9.8.1.4 for discussion on releasing inactive sessions. Note that if the id string in a EXCHANGE_ID request is properly constructed, and if the client takes care to use the same principal for each successive use of EXCHANGE_ID, then, barring an active Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 24] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 denial of service attack, NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE should never be returned. However, client bugs, server bugs, or perhaps a deliberate change of the principal owner of the id string (such as the case of a client that changes security flavors, and under the new flavor, there is no mapping to the previous owner) will in rare cases result in NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE. In that event, when the server gets a EXCHANGE_ID for a client id that currently has no state, or it has state, but the lease has expired, rather than returning NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE, the server MUST allow the EXCHANGE_ID, and confirm the new clientid if followed by the appropriate CREATE_SESSION. 2.5. Security Service Negotiation With the NFS version 4 server potentially offering multiple security mechanisms, the client needs a method to determine or negotiate which mechanism is to be used for its communication with the server. The NFS server may have multiple points within its file system namespace that are available for use by NFS clients. These points can be considered security policy boundaries, and in some NFS implementations are tied to NFS export points. In turn the NFS server may be configured such that each of these security policy boundaries may have different or multiple security mechanisms in use. The security negotiation between client and server must be done with a secure channel to eliminate the possibility of a third party intercepting the negotiation sequence and forcing the client and server to choose a lower level of security than required or desired. See Section 19 for further discussion. 2.5.1. NFSv4 Security Tuples An NFS server can assign one or more "security tuples" to each security policy boundary in its namespace. Each security tuple consists of a security flavor (see Section 2.2.1.1), and if the flavor is RPCSEC_GSS, a GSS-API mechanism OID, a GSS-API quality of protection, and an RPCSEC_GSS service. 2.5.2. SECINFO and SECINFO_NO_NAME The SECINFO and SECINFO_NO_NAME operations allow the client to determine, on a per filehandle basis, what security tuple is to be used for server access. In general, the client will not have to use either operation except during initial communication with the server or when the client crosses security policy boundaries at the server. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 25] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 It is possible that the server's policies change during the client's interaction therefore forcing the client to negotiate a new security tuple. Where the use of different security tuples would affect the type of access that would be allowed if a request was issued over the same connection used for the SECINFO or SECINFO_NO_NAME operation (e.g. read-only vs. read-write) access, security tuples that allow greater access should be presented first. Where the general level of access is the same and different security flavors limit the range of principals whose privileges are recognized (e.g. allowing or disallowing root access), flavors supporting the greatest range of principals should be listed first. 2.5.3. Security Error Based on the assumption that each NFS version 4 client and server must support a minimum set of security (i.e., LIPKEY, SPKM-3, and Kerberos-V5 all under RPCSEC_GSS), the NFS client will initiate file access to the server with one of the minimal security tuples. During communication with the server, the client may receive an NFS error of NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC. This error allows the server to notify the client that the security tuple currently being used is contravenes the server's security policy. The client is then responsible for determining (see Section 2.5.3.1) what security tuples are available at the server and choose one which is appropriate for the client. 2.5.3.1. Using NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC, SECINFO, and SECINFO_NO_NAME This section explains of the mechanics of NFSv4.1 security negotiation. Unless noted otherwise, for any mention of PUTFH in this section, the reader should interpret it as applying to PUTROOTFH and PUTPUBFH in addition to PUTFH. 2.5.3.1.1. PUTFH + LOOKUP (or OPEN by Name) This situation also applies to a put filehandle operation followed by an OPEN operation that specifies a component name. In this situation, the client is potentially crossing a security policy boundary, and the set of security tuples the parent directory supports differ from those of the child. The server implementation may decide whether to impose any restrictions on security policy administration. There are at least three approaches (sec_policy_child is the tuple set of the child export, sec_policy_parent is that of the parent). Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 26] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 a) sec_policy_child <= sec_policy_parent (<= for subset). This means that the set of security tuples specified on the security policy of a child directory is always a subset of that of its parent directory. b) sec_policy_child ^ sec_policy_parent != {} (^ for intersection, {} for the empty set). This means that the security tuples specified on the security policy of a child directory always has a non empty intersection with that of the parent. c) sec_policy_child ^ sec_policy_parent == {}. This means that the set of tuples specified on the security policy of a child directory may not intersect with that of the parent. In other words, there are no restrictions on how the system administrator may set. For a server to support approach (b) (when client chooses a flavor that is not a member of sec_policy_parent) and (c), PUTFH must NOT return NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC in case of security mismatch. Instead, it should be returned from the LOOKUP (or OPEN by component name) that follows. Since the above guideline does not contradict approach (a), it should be followed in general. Even if approach (a) is implemented, it is possible for the security tuple used to be acceptable for the target of LOOKUP but not for the filehandles used in PUTFH. The PUTFH could really be a PUTROOTFH or PUTPUBFH, where the client does not know the security tuples for the root or public filehandle. Or the security policy for the filehandle used by PUTFH could have changed since the time the filehandle was obtained. Therefore, an NFSv4.1 server MUST NOT return NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC in response to PUTFH, PUTROOTFH, or PUTPUBFH if the operation is immediately followed by a LOOKUP or an OPEN by component name. 2.5.3.1.2. PUTFH + LOOKUPP Since SECINFO only works its way down, there is no way LOOKUPP can return NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC without SECINFO_NO_NAME. SECINFO_NO_NAME solves this issue because via style "parent", it works in the opposite direction as SECINFO. As with Section 2.5.3.1.1, PUTFH must not return NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC whenever it is followed by LOOKUPP. If the server does not support SECINFO_NO_NAME, the client's only recourse is to issue the PUTFH, LOOKUPP, GETFH sequence of operations with every security tuple it supports. Regardless whether SECINFO_NO_NAME is supported, an NFSv4.1 server MUST NOT return NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC in response to PUTFH, PUTROOTFH, or Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 27] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 PUTPUBFH if the operation is immediately followed by a LOOKUPP. 2.5.3.1.3. PUTFH + SECINFO or PUTFH + SECINFO_NO_NAME A security sensitive client is allowed to choose a strong security tuple when querying a server to determine a file object's permitted security tuples. The security tuple chosen by the client does not have to be included in the tuple list of the security policy of the either parent directory indicated in PUTFH, or the child file object indicated in SECINFO (or any parent directory indicated in SECINFO_NO_NAME). Of course the server has to be configured for whatever security tuple the client selects, otherwise the request will fail at RPC layer with an appropriate authentication error. In theory, there is no connection between the security flavor used by SECINFO or SECINFO_NO_NAME and those supported by the security policy. But in practice, the client may start looking for strong flavors from those supported by the security policy, followed by those in the mandatory set. The NFSv4.1 server MUST NOT return NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC to PUTFH whenever it is immediately followed by SECINFO or SECINFO_NO_NAME. The NFSv4.1 server MUST NOT return NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC from SECINFO or SECINFO_NO_NAME. 2.5.3.1.4. PUTFH + PUTFH This is a nonsensical situation, because the first put filehandle operation is wasted. The NFSv4.1 server MAY return NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC to the first PUTFH, or it MAY NOT. If it does not, it then processes the subsequent PUTFH and any operation that follows it according to the rules listed in Section 2.5.3.1. 2.5.3.1.5. PUTFH + Nothing This too is nonsensical because the PUTFH is wasted. The NFSv4.1 server MAY or MAY NOT return NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC. 2.5.3.1.6. PUTFH + Anything Else "Anything Else" includes OPEN by filehandle. The security policy enforcement applies to the filehandle specified in PUTFH. Therefore PUTFH must return NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC in case of security tuple on the part of the mismatch. This avoids the complexity adding NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC as an allowable error to every other operation. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 28] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 PUTFH + SECINFO_NO_NAME (style "current_fh") is an efficient way for the client to recover from NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC. The NFSv4.1 server, MUST not return NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC to any operation other than LOOKUP, LOOKUPP, and OPEN (by component name). 2.6. Minor Versioning To address the requirement of an NFS protocol that can evolve as the need arises, the NFS version 4 protocol contains the rules and framework to allow for future minor changes or versioning. The base assumption with respect to minor versioning is that any future accepted minor version must follow the IETF process and be documented in a standards track RFC. Therefore, each minor version number will correspond to an RFC. Minor version zero of the NFS version 4 protocol is represented by [2], and minor version one is represented by this document [[Comment.2: change "document" to "RFC" when we publish]] . The COMPOUND and CB_COMPOUND procedures support the encoding of the minor version being requested by the client. The following items represent the basic rules for the development of minor versions. Note that a future minor version may decide to modify or add to the following rules as part of the minor version definition. 1. Procedures are not added or deleted To maintain the general RPC model, NFS version 4 minor versions will not add to or delete procedures from the NFS program. 2. Minor versions may add operations to the COMPOUND and CB_COMPOUND procedures. The addition of operations to the COMPOUND and CB_COMPOUND procedures does not affect the RPC model. * Minor versions may append attributes to GETATTR4args, bitmap4, and GETATTR4res. This allows for the expansion of the attribute model to allow for future growth or adaptation. * Minor version X must append any new attributes after the last documented attribute. Since attribute results are specified as an opaque array of per-attribute XDR encoded results, the complexity of adding Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 29] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 new attributes in the midst of the current definitions will be too burdensome. 3. Minor versions must not modify the structure of an existing operation's arguments or results. Again the complexity of handling multiple structure definitions for a single operation is too burdensome. New operations should be added instead of modifying existing structures for a minor version. This rule does not preclude the following adaptations in a minor version. * adding bits to flag fields such as new attributes to GETATTR's bitmap4 data type * adding bits to existing attributes like ACLs that have flag words * extending enumerated types (including NFS4ERR_*) with new values 4. Minor versions may not modify the structure of existing attributes. 5. Minor versions may not delete operations. This prevents the potential reuse of a particular operation "slot" in a future minor version. 6. Minor versions may not delete attributes. 7. Minor versions may not delete flag bits or enumeration values. 8. Minor versions may declare an operation as mandatory to NOT implement. Specifying an operation as "mandatory to not implement" is equivalent to obsoleting an operation. For the client, it means that the operation should not be sent to the server. For the server, an NFS error can be returned as opposed to "dropping" the request as an XDR decode error. This approach allows for the obsolescence of an operation while maintaining its structure so that a future minor version can reintroduce the operation. 1. Minor versions may declare attributes mandatory to NOT implement. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 30] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 2. Minor versions may declare flag bits or enumeration values as mandatory to NOT implement. 9. Minor versions may downgrade features from mandatory to recommended, or recommended to optional. 10. Minor versions may upgrade features from optional to recommended or recommended to mandatory. 11. A client and server that supports minor version X should support minor versions 0 (zero) through X-1 as well. 12. Except for infrastructural changes, no new features may be introduced as mandatory in a minor version. This rule allows for the introduction of new functionality and forces the use of implementation experience before designating a feature as mandatory. On the other hand, some classes of features are infrastructural and have broad effects. Allowing such features to not be mandatory complicates implementation of the minor version. 13. A client MUST NOT attempt to use a stateid, filehandle, or similar returned object from the COMPOUND procedure with minor version X for another COMPOUND procedure with minor version Y, where X != Y. 2.7. Non-RPC-based Security Services As described in Section 2.2.1.1.1.1, NFSv4 relies on RPC for identification, authentication, integrity, and privacy. NFSv4 itself provides additional security services as described in the next several subsections. 2.7.1. Authorization Authorization to access a file object via an NFSv4 operation is ultimately determined by the NFSv4 server. A client can predetermine its access to a file object via the OPEN (Section 16.16) and the ACCESS (Section 16.1) operations. Principals with appropriate access rights can modify the authorization on a file object via the SETATTR (Section 16.30) operation. Four attributes that affect access rights are: mode, owner, owner_group, and acl. See Section 5. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 31] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 2.7.2. Auditing NFSv4 provides auditing on a per file object basis, via the ACL attribute as described in Section 6. It is outside the scope of this specification to specify audit log formats or management policies. 2.7.3. Intrusion Detection NFSv4 provides alarm control on a per file object basis, via the ACL attribute as described in Section 6. Alarms may serve as the basis for instrusion detection. It is outside the scope of this specification to specify heuristics for detecting intrusion via alarms. 2.8. Transport Layers 2.8.1. Required and Recommended Properties of Transports NFSv4 works over RDMA and non-RDMA_based transports with the following attributes: o The transport supports reliable delivery of data, which NFSv4 requires but neither NFSv4 nor RPC has facilities for ensuring. [20] o The transport delivers data in the order it was sent. Ordered delivery simplifies detection of transmit errors, and simplifies the sending of arbitrary sized requests and responses, via the record marking protocol [4]. Where an NFS version 4 implementation supports operation over the IP network protocol, any transport used between NFS and IP MUST be among the IETF-approved congestion control transport protocols. At the time this document was written, the only two transports that had the above attributes were TCP and SCTP. To enhance the possibilities for interoperability, an NFS version 4 implementation MUST support operation over the TCP transport protocol. Even if NFS version 4 is used over a non-IP network protocol, it is RECOMMENDED that the transport support congestion control. Note that it is permissible for connectionless transports to be used under NFSv4.1, however reliable and in-order delivery of data is still required. NFSv4.1 assumes that a client transport address and server transport address used to send data over a transport together constitute a connection, even if the underlying transport eschews the concept of a connection. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 32] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 2.8.2. Client and Server Transport Behavior If a connection-oriented transport (e.g. TCP) is used the client and server SHOULD use long lived connections for at least three reasons: 1. This will prevent the weakening of the transport's congestion control mechanisms via short lived connections. 2. This will improve performance for the WAN environment by eliminating the need for connection setup handshakes. 3. The NFSv4.1 callback model differs from NFSv4.0, and requires the client and server to maintain a client-created channel (see Section 2.9.3.4for the server to use. In order to reduce congestion, if a connection-oriented transport is used, and the request is not the NULL procedure, o A client (or the server, if issuing a callback), MUST NOT retry a request unless the connection the request was issued over was disconnected before the reply was received. o A server (or the client, if receiving a callback), MUST NOT silently drop a request, even if the request is a retry. (The silent drop behavior of RPCSEC_GSS [5] does not apply because this behavior happens at the RPCSEC_GSS layer, a lower layer in the request processing). Instead, the server SHOULD return an appropriate error (see Section 2.9.4.1) or it MAY disconnect the connection. When using RDMA transports there are other reasons not tolerating retries over the same connection: o RDMA transports use "credits" to enforce flow control, where a credit is a right to a peer to transmit a message. If one peer were to retransmit a request (or reply), it would consume an additional credit. If the server retransmitted a reply, it would certainly result in an RDMA connection loss, since the client would typically only post a single receive buffer for each request. If the client retransmitted a request, the additional credit consumed on the server might lead to RDMA connection failure unless the client accounted for it and decreased its available credit, leading to wasted resources. o RDMA credits present a new issue to the reply cache in NFSv4.1. The reply cache may be used when a connection within a session is lost, such as after the client reconnects. Credit information is a dynamic property of the RDMA connection, and stale values must Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 33] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 not be replayed from the cache. This implies that the reply cache contents must not be blindly used when replies are issued from it, and credit information appropriate to the channel must be refreshed by the RPC layer. In addition, the sender of an NFSv4.1 request is not allowed to stop waiting for a reply, as described in Section 2.9.4.2. 2.8.3. Ports Historically, NFS version 2 and version 3 servers have resided on port 2049. The registered port 2049 RFC3232 [21] for the NFS protocol should be the default configuration. NFSv4 clients SHOULD NOT use the RPC binding protocols as described in RFC1833 [22]. 2.9. Session 2.9.1. Motivation and Overview Previous versions and minor versions of NFS have suffered from the following: o Lack of support for exactly once semantics (EOS). This includes lack of support for EOS through server failure and recovery. o Limited callback support, including no support for sending callbacks through firewalls, and races between responses from normal requests, and callbacks. o Limited trunking over multiple network paths. o Requiring machine credentials for fully secure operation. Through the introduction of a session, NFSv4.1 addresses the above shortfalls with practical solutions: o EOS is enabled by a reply cache with a bounded size, making it feasible to keep on persistent storage and enable EOS through server failure and recovery. One reason that previous revisions of NFS did not support EOS was because some EOS approaches often limited parallelism. As will be explained in Section 2.9.4), NFSv4.1 supports both EOS and unlimited parallelism. o The NFSv4.1 client provides creates transport connections and gives them to the server for sending callbacks, thus solving the firewall issue (Section 16.34). Races between responses from client requests, and callbacks caused by the requests are detected via the session's sequencing properties which are a byproduct of Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 34] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 EOS (Section 2.9.4.3). o The NFSv4.1 client can add an arbitrary number of connections to the session, and thus provide trunking (Section 2.9.3.4.1). o The NFSv4.1 session produces a session key independent of client and server machine credentials which can be used to compute a digest for protecting key session management operations Section 2.9.6.3). o The NFSv4.1 client can also create secure RPCSEC_GSS contexts for use by the session's callback channel that do not require the server to authenticate to a client machine principal (Section 2.9.6.2). A session is a dynamically created, long-lived server object created by a client, used over time from one or more transport connections. Its function is to maintain the server's state relative to the connection(s) belonging to a client instance. This state is entirely independent of the connection itself, and indeed the state exists whether the connection exists or not (though locks, delegations, etc. and generally expire in the extended absence of an open connection). The session in effect becomes the object representing an active client on a set of zero or more connections. 2.9.2. NFSv4 Integration Sessions are part of NFSv4.1 and not NFSv4.0. Normally, a major infrastructure change like sessions would require a new major version number to an RPC program like NFS. However, because NFSv4 encapsulates its functionality in a single procedure, COMPOUND, and because COMPOUND can support an arbitrary number of operations, sessions are almost trivially added. COMPOUND includes a minor version number field, and for NFSv4.1 this minor version is set to 1. When the NFSv4 server processes a COMPOUND with the minor version set to 1, it expects a different set of operations than it does for NFSv4.0. One operation it expects is the SEQUENCE operation, which is required for every COMPOUND that operates over an established session. 2.9.2.1. SEQUENCE and CB_SEQUENCE In NFSv4.1, when the SEQUENCE operation is present, it is always the first operation in the COMPOUND procedure. The primary purpose of SEQUENCE is to carry the session identifier. The session identifier associates all other operations in the COMPOUND procedure with a particular session. SEQUENCE also contains required information for maintaining EOS (see Section 2.9.4). Session-enabled NFSv4.1 Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 35] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 COMPOUND requests thus have the form: +-----+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------+---- | tag | minorversion | numops |SEQUENCE op | op + args | ... | | (== 1) | (limited) | + args | | +-----+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------+---- and the reply's structure is: +------------+-----+--------+-------------------------------+--// |last status | tag | numres |status + SEQUENCE op + results | // +------------+-----+--------+-------------------------------+--// //-----------------------+---- // status + op + results | ... //-----------------------+---- A CB_COMPOUND procedure request and reply has a similar form, but instead of a SEQUENCE operation, there is a CB_SEQUENCE operation, and there is an additional field called "callback_ident", which is superfluous in NFSv4.1. CB_SEQUENCE has the same information as SEQUENCE, but includes other information needed to solve callback races (Section 2.9.4.3). 2.9.2.2. Clientid and Session Association Sessions are subordinate to the clientid (Section 2.4). Each clientid can have zero or more active sessions. A clientid, and a session bound to it are required to do anything useful in NFSv4.1. Each time a session is used, the state leased to it associated clientid is automatically renewed. State such as share reservations, locks, delegations, and layouts (Section 1.4.4) is tied to the clientid, not the sessions of the clientid. Successive state changing operations from a given state owner can go over different sessions, as long each session is associated with the same clientid. Callbacks can arrive over a different session than the session that sent the operation the acquired the state that the callback is for. For example, if session A is used to acquire a delegation, a request to recall the delegation can arrive over session B. 2.9.3. Channels Each session has one or two channels: the "operation" or "fore" channel used for ordinary requests from client to server, and the "back" channel, used for callback requests from server to client. The session allocates resources for each channel, including separate reply caches (see Section 2.9.4.1 These resources are for the most Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 36] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 part specified at time the session is created. 2.9.3.1. Operation Channel The operation channel carries COMPOUND requests and responses. A session always has an operation channel. 2.9.3.2. Backchannel The backchannel carries CB_COMPOUND requests and responses. Whether there is a backchannel or not is a decision of the client; NFSv4.1 servers MUST support backchannels. 2.9.3.3. Session and Channel Association Because there are at most two channels per session, and because each channel has a distinct purpose, channels are not assigned identifiers. The operation and backchannel are implicitly created and associated when the session is created. 2.9.3.4. Connection and Channel Association Each channel is associated with zero or more transport connections. A connection can be bound to one channel or both channels of a session; the client and server negotiate whether a connection will carry traffic for one channel or both channels via the CREATE_SESSION (Section 16.36) and the BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION (Section 16.34) operations. When a session is created via CREATE_SESSION, it is automatically bound to the operation channel, and optionally the backchannel. If the client does not specify connecting binding enforcement when the session is created, then additional connections are automatically bound to the operation channel when the are used with a SEQUENCE operation that has the session's sessionid. A connection MAY be bound to the channels of other sessions. The client decides, and the NFSv4.1 server MUST allow it. A connection MAY be bound to the channels of other sessions of other clientids. Again, the client decides, and the server MUST allow it. It is permissible for connections of multiple types to be bound to the same channel. For example a TCP and RDMA connection can be bound to the operation channel. In the event an RDMA and non-RDMA connection are bound to the same channel, the maximum number of slots must be at least one more than the total number of credits. This way if all RDMA credits are use, the non-RDMA connection can have at least one outstanding request. It is permissible for a connection of one type to be bound to the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 37] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 operation channel, and another type bound to the backchannel. 2.9.3.4.1. Trunking The eir_server_owner results from EXCHANGE_ID give a client a hint that the server it is connected to may be the same as the server it is connected to via another connection. When two connections have the same eir_server_owner.so_major_id, the client treats the connections as connected to the same server (even if the destination network addresses are different) and uses a common clientid to identify itself. The eir_server_owner.so_minor_id field allows the server to control binding of connections to sessions. When two connections have a matching so_major_id and so_minor_id, the client may bind both connections to a common session; this is session trunking. When two connections have a matching so_major_id, but different so_minor_id, the client will need to create a new session for the clientid in order to use the connection; this is clientid trunking. In either session or clientid trunking, the bandwidth capacity can scale with the number of connections. Just because two servers over two connections claim matching or partially matching server_owner4 values does not the client should or must trust the servers' claims. The client may verify these claims before trunking traffic. For session trunking, clients and servers can reliably verify if connections between different network paths are in fact bound to the same NFSv4.1 server and usable on the same session. The SET_SSV (Section 16.47) operation allows a client and server to establish a unique, shared key value (the SSV). When a new connection is bound to the session (via the BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION operation, see Section 16.34), the client offers a digest that based on the SSV. If the client mistakenly tries to bind a connection to a session of a wrong server, the server will either reject the attempt because it is not aware of the session identifier of the BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION arguments, or it will reject the attempt because the digest for the SSV does not match what the server expects. Even if the server mistakenly or maliciously accepts the connection bind attempt, the digest it computes in the response will not be verified by the client, the client will know it cannot use the connection for trunking the specified channel. In the case of clientid trunking, the client can use RPCSEC_GSS to verify that each connection is aimed at the same server. When the client invokes EXCHANGE_ID, it should use RPCSEC_GSS. If each RPCSEC_GSS context over each connection has the same server principal, then the servers at the end of each connection are the same. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 38] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 2.9.4. Exactly Once Semantics Via the session, NFSv4.1 offers exactly once semantics (EOS) for requests sent over a channel. EOS is supported on both the operation and back channels. Each COMPOUND or CB_COMPOUND request that is issued with a leading SEQUENCE or CB_SEQUENCE operation MUST be executed by the receiver exactly once. This requirement is regardless whether the request is issued with reply caching specified (see Section 2.9.4.1.2). The requirement holds even if the requester is issuing the request over a session created between a pNFS data client and pNFS data server. The rationale for this requirement is understood by categorizing requests into three classifications: o Nonidempotent requests. o Idempotent modifying requests. o Idempotent non-modifying requests. An example of a non-idempotent request is RENAME. If is obvious that if a replier executes the same RENAME request twice, and the first execution succeeds, the re-execution will fail. If the replier returns the result from the re-execution, this result is incorrect. Therefore, EOS is required for nonidempotent requests. An example of an idempotent modifying request is a COMPOUND request containing a WRITE operation. Repeated execution of the same WRITE has the same effect as execution of that write once. Nevertheless, putting enforcing EOS for WRITEs and other idempotent modifying requests is necessary to avoid data corruption. Suppose a client issues WRITEs A, B, C to a noncompliant server that does not enforce EOS, and receives no response, perhaps due to a network partition. The client reconnects to the server and re-issues all three WRITEs. Now, the server has outstanding two instances of each of A, B, and C. The server can be in a situation in which it executes and replies to the retries of A, B, and C while the first A, B, and C are still waiting around in the server's I/O system for some resource. Upon receiving the replies to the second attempts of WRITEs A, B, and C, the client believes its writes are done so it is free to do issue WRITE D which overlaps the range of one or more of A, B, C. If any of A, B, or C are subsequently are executed for the second time, then what has been written by D can be overwritten and thus corrupted. Note that it is not required the server cache the reply to the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 39] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 modifying operation to avoid data corruption (but if the client specified the reply to be cached, the server must cache it). An example of an idempotent non-modifying request is a COMPOUND containing SEQUENCE, PUTFH, READLINK and nothing else. The re- execution of a such a request will not cause data corruption, or produce an incorrect result. Nonetheless, for simplicity, the replier MUST enforce EOS for such requests. 2.9.4.1. Slot Identifiers and Reply Cache The RPC layer provides a transaction ID (xid), which, while required to be unique, is not especially convenient for tracking requests. The xid is only meaningful to the requester it cannot be interpreted at the replier except to test for equality with previously issued requests. Because RPC operations may be completed by the replier in any order, many transaction IDs may be outstanding at any time. The requester may therefore perform a computationally expensive lookup operation in the process of demultiplexing each reply. In the NFSv4.1, there is a limit to the number of active requests. This immediately enables a computationally efficient index for each request which is designated as a Slot Identifier, or slotid. When the requester issues a new request, it selects a slotid in the range 0..N-1, where N is the replier's current "totalrequests" limit granted to the requester on the session over which the request is to be issued. The slotid must be unused by any of the requests which the requester has already active on the session. "Unused" here means the requester has no outstanding request for that slotid. Because the slot id is always an integer in the range 0..N-1, requester implementations can use the slotid from a replier response to efficiently match responses with outstanding requests, such as, for example, by using the slotid to index into a outstanding request array. This can be used to avoid expensive hashing and lookup functions in the performance-critical receive path. The sequenceid, which accompanies the slotid in each request, is important for an important check at the server: it must be able to be determined efficiently whether a request using a certain slotid is a retransmit or a new, never-before-seen request. It is not feasible for the client to assert that it is retransmitting to implement this, because for any given request the client cannot know the server has seen it unless the server actually replies. Of course, if the client has seen the server's reply, the client would not retransmit. The sequenceid MUST increase monotonically for each new transmit of a given slotid, and MUST remain unchanged for any retransmission. The Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 40] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 server must in turn compare each newly received request's sequenceid with the last one previously received for that slotid, to see if the new request is: o A new request, in which the sequenceid is one greater than that previously seen in the slot (accounting for sequence wraparound). The replier proceeds to execute the new request. o A retransmitted request, in which the sequenceid is equal to that last seen in the slot. Note that this request may be either complete, or in progress. The replier performs replay processing in these cases. o A misordered replay, in which the sequenceid is less than (accounting for sequence wraparound) than that previously seen in the slot. The replier MUST return NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED (as the result from SEQUENCE or CB_SEQUENCE). o A misordered new request, in which the sequenceid is two or more than (accounting for sequence wraparound) than that previously seen in the slot. Note that because the sequenceid must wraparound one it reaches 0xFFFFFFFF, a misordered new request and a misordered replay cannot be distinguished. Thus, the replier MUST return NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED (as the result from SEQUENCE or CB_SEQUENCE). Unlike the XID, the slotid is always within a specific range; this has two implications. The first implication is that for a given session, the replier need only cache the results of a limited number of COMPOUND requests. The second implication derives from the first, which is unlike XID-indexed reply caches (also know as duplicate request caches - DRCs), the slotid-based reply cache cannot be overflowed. Through use of the sequenceid to identify retransmitted requests, the replier does not need to actually cache the request itself, reducing the storage requirements of the reply cache further. These new facilities makes it practical to maintain all the required entries for an effective reply cache. The slotid and sequenceid therefore take over the traditional role of the XID and port number in the replier reply cache implementation, and the session replaces the IP address. This approach is considerably more portable and completely robust - it is not subject to the frequent reassignment of ports as clients reconnect over IP networks. In addition, the RPC XID is not used in the reply cache, enhancing robustness of the cache in the face of any rapid reuse of XIDs by the client. [[Comment.3: We need to discuss the requirements of the client for changing the XID.]] . Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 41] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 It is required to encode the slotid information into each request in a way that does not violate the minor versioning rules of the NFSv4.0 specification. This is accomplished here by encoding it in the SEQUENCE operation within each NFSv4.1 COMPOUND and CB_COMPOUND procedure. The operation easily piggybacks within existing messages. [[Comment.4: Need a better term than piggyback]] In general, the receipt of a new sequenced request arriving on any valid slot is an indication that the previous reply cache contents of that slot may be discarded. In order to further assist the replier in slot management, the requester is required to use the lowest available slot when issuing a new request. In this way, the replier may be able to retire additional entries. However, in the case where the replier is actively adjusting its granted maximum request count to the requester, it may not be able to use receipt of the slotid to retire cache entries. The slotid used in an incoming request may not reflect the server's current idea of the requester's session limit, because the request may have been sent from the requester before the update was received. Therefore, in the downward adjustment case, the replier may have to retain a number of reply cache entries at least as large as the old value, until operation sequencing rules allow it to infer that the requester has seen its reply. The SEQUENCE (and CB_SEQUENCE) operation also carries a "maxslot" value which carries additional client slot usage information. The requester must always provide its highest-numbered outstanding slot value in the maxslot argument, and the replier may reply with a new recognized value. The requester should in all cases provide the most conservative value possible, although it can be increased somewhat above the actual instantaneous usage to maintain some minimum or optimal level. This provides a way for the requester to yield unused request slots back to the replier, which in turn can use the information to reallocate resources. Obviously, maxslot can never be zero, or the session would deadlock. The replier also provides a target maxslot value to the requester, which is an indication to the requester of the maxslot the replier wishes the requester to be using. This permits the server to withdraw (or add) resources from a requester that has been found to not be using them, in order to more fairly share resources among a varying level of demand from other requesters. The requester must always comply with the replier's value updates, since they indicate newly established hard limits on the requester's access to session resources. However, because of request pipelining, the requester may have active requests in flight reflecting prior values, therefore the replier must not immediately require the requester to comply. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 42] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 2.9.4.1.1. Errors from SEQUENCE and CB_SEQUENCE Any time SEQUENCE or CB_SEQUENCE return an error, the sequenceid of the slot MUST NOT change. The replier MUST NOT modify the reply cache entry for the slot whenever an error is returned from SEQUENCE or CB_SEQUENCE. 2.9.4.1.2. Optional Reply Caching On a per-request basis the requester can choose to direct the replier to cache the reply to all operations after the first operation (SEQUENCE or CB_SEQUENCE) via the sa_cachethis or csa_cachethis fields of the arguments to SEQUENCE or CB_SEQUENCE. The reason it would not direct the replier to cache the entire reply is that the request is composed of all idempotent operations [20]. Caching the reply may offer little benefit, and if the reply is too large (see Section 2.9.4.4, it may not be cacheable anyway. Whether the requester requests the reply to be cached or not has no effect on the slot processing. If the results of SEQUENCE or CB_SEQUENCE are NFS4_OK, then the slot's sequenceid MUST be incremented by one. If a requester does not direct the replier to cache, the reply, the replier MUST do one of following: o The replier can cache the entire original reply. Even though sa_cachethis or csa_cachethis are FALSE, the replier is always free to cache. It may choose this approach in order to simplify implementation. o The replier enters into its reply cache a reply consisting of the original results to the SEQUENCE or CB_SEQUENCE operation, followed by the error NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP. Thus when the requester later retries the request, it will get NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHE_REP. 2.9.4.1.3. Multiple Connections and Sharing the Reply Cache Multiple connections can be bound to a session's channel, hence the connections share the same table of slotids. For connections over non-RDMA transports like TCP, there are no particular considerations. Considerations for multiple RDMA connections sharing a slot table are discussed in Section 2.9.5.1. [[Comment.5: Also need to discuss when RDMA and non-RDMA share a slot table.]] 2.9.4.2. Retry and Replay A client MUST NOT retry a request, unless the connection it used to send the request disconnects. The client can then reconnect and Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 43] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 resend the request, or it can resend the request over a different connection. In the case of the server resending over the backchannel, it cannot reconnect, and either resends the request over another connection that the client has bound to the backchannel, or if there is no other backchannel connection, waits for the client to bind a connection to the backchannel. A client MUST wait for a reply to a request before using the slot for another request. If it does not wait for a reply, then the client does not know what sequenceid to use for the slot on its next request. For example, suppose a client sends a request with sequenceid 1, and does not wait for the response. The next time it uses the slot, it sends the new request with sequenceid 2. If the server has not seen the request with sequenceid 1, then the server is expecting sequenceid 2, and rejects the client's new request with NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED (as the result from SEQUENCE or CB_SEQUENCE). RDMA fabrics do not guarantee that the memory handles (Steering Tags) within each RDMA three-tuple are valid on a scope [[Comment.6: What is a three-tuple?]] outside that of a single connection. Therefore, handles used by the direct operations become invalid after connection loss. The server must ensure that any RDMA operations which must be replayed from the reply cache use the newly provided handle(s) from the most recent request. 2.9.4.3. Resolving server callback races with sessions It is possible for server callbacks to arrive at the client before the reply from related forward channel operations. For example, a client may have been granted a delegation to a file it has opened, but the reply to the OPEN (informing the client of the granting of the delegation) may be delayed in the network. If a conflicting operation arrives at the server, it will recall the delegation using the callback channel, which may be on a different transport connection, perhaps even a different network. In NFSv4.0, if the callback request arrives before the related reply, the client may reply to the server with an error. The presence of a session between client and server alleviates this issue. When a session is in place, each client request is uniquely identified by its { slotid, sequenceid } pair. By the rules under which slot entries (reply cache entries) are retired, the server has knowledge whether the client has "seen" each of the server's replies. The server can therefore provide sufficient information to the client to allow it to disambiguate between an erroneous or conflicting callback and a race condition. For each client operation which might result in some sort of server Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 44] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 callback, the server should "remember" the { slotid, sequenceid } pair of the client request until the slotid retirement rules allow the server to determine that the client has, in fact, seen the server's reply. Until the time the { slotid, sequenceid } request pair can be retired, any recalls of the associated object MUST carry an array of these referring identifiers (in the CB_SEQUENCE operation's arguments), for the benefit of the client. After this time, it is not necessary for the server to provide this information in related callbacks, since it is certain that a race condition can no longer occur. The CB_SEQUENCE operation which begins each server callback carries a list of "referring" { slotid, sequenceid } tuples. If the client finds the request corresponding to the referring slotid and sequenced id be currently outstanding (i.e. the server's reply has not been seen by the client), it can determine that the callback has raced the reply, and act accordingly. The client must not simply wait forever for the expected server reply to arrive on any of the session's operations channels, because it is possible that they will be delayed indefinitely. However, it should wait for a period of time, and if the time expires it can provide a more meaningful error such as NFS4ERR_DELAY. [[Comment.7: We need to consider the clients' options here, and describe them... NFS4ERR_DELAY has been discussed as a legal reply to CB_RECALL?]] There are other scenarios under which callbacks may race replies, among them pnfs layout recalls, described in Section 12.3.5.3 [[Comment.8: fill in the blanks w/others, etc...]] 2.9.4.4. COMPOUND and CB_COMPOUND Construction Issues Very large requests and replies may pose both buffer management issues (especially with RDMA) and reply cache issues. When the session is created, (Section 16.36) the client and server negotiate the maximum sized request they will send or process (ca_maxrequestsize), the maximum sized reply they will return or process (ca_maxresponsesize), and the maximum sized reply they will store in the reply cache (ca_maxresponsesize_cached). If a request exceeds ca_maxrequestsize, the reply will have the status NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG. A replier may return NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG as the status for first operation (SEQUENCE or CB_SEQUENCE) in the request, or it may chose to return it on a subsequent operation. If a reply exceeds ca_maxresponsesize, the reply will have the status Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 45] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG. A replier may return NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG as the status for first operation (SEQUENCE or CB_SEQUENCE) in the request, or it may chose to return it on a subsequent operation. If sa_cachethis or csa_cachethis are TRUE, then the replier MUST cache a reply except if an error is returned by the SEQUENCE or CB_SEQUENCE operation (see Section 2.9.4.1.1). If the reply exceeds ca_maxresponsesize_cached, (and sa_cachethis or csa_cachethis are TRUE) then the server MUST return NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE. Even if NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE (or any other error for that matter) is returned on a operation other than first operation (SEQUENCE or CB_SEQUENCE), then the reply MUST be cached if sa_cachethis or csa_cachethis are TRUE. For example, if a COMPOUND has eleven operations, including SEQUENCE, the fifth operation is a RENAME, and the tenth operation is a READ for one million bytes, server may return NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE on the tenth operation. Since the server executed several operations, especially the non-idempotent RENAME, the client's request to cache the reply needs to be honored in order for correct operation of exactly once semantics. If the client retries the request, the server will have cached a reply that contains results for ten of the eleven requested operations, with the tenth operation having a status of NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE. A client needs to take care that when sending operations that change the current filehandle (except for PUTFH, PUTPUBFH, and PUTROOFFH) that it not exceed the maximum reply buffer before the GETFH operation. Otherwise the client will have to retry the operation that changed the current filehandle, in order obtain the desired filehandle. For the OPEN operation (see Section 16.16), retry is not always available as an option. The following guidelines for the handling of filehandle changing operations are advised: o A client SHOULD issue GETFH immediately after a current filehandle changing operation. This is especially important after any current filehandle changing non-idempotent operation. It is critical to issue GETFH immediately after OPEN. o A server MAY return NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG or NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE (if sa_cachethis is TRUE) on a filehandle changing operation if the reply would be too large on the next operation. o A server SHOULD return NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG or NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE (if sa_cachethis is TRUE) on a filehandle changing non-idempotent operation if the reply would be too large on the next operation, especially if the operation is OPEN. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 46] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o A server MAY return NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND if it looks at the next operation after a non-idempotent current filehandle changing operation, and finds it is not GETFH. The server would do this if it is unable to determine in advance whether the total response size would exceed ca_maxresponsesize_cached or ca_maxresponsesize. 2.9.4.5. Persistence Since the reply cache is bounded, it is practical for the server reply cache to persist across server reboots, and to be kept in stable storage (a client's reply cache for callbacks need not persist across client reboots unless the client intends for its session and other state to persist across reboots). o The slot table including the sequenceid and cached reply for each slot. o The sessionid. o The clientid. o The SSV (see Section 2.9.6.3). The CREATE_SESSION (see Section 16.36 operation determines the persistence of the reply cache. 2.9.5. RDMA Considerations A complete discussion of the operation of RPC-based protocols atop RDMA transports is in [RPCRDMA]. A discussion of the operation of NFSv4, including NFSv4.1 over RDMA is in [NFSDDP]. Where RDMA is considered, this specification assumes the use of such a layering; it addresses only the upper layer issues relevant to making best use of RPC/RDMA. 2.9.5.1. RDMA Connection Resources RDMA requires its consumers to register memory and post buffers of a specific size and number for receive operations. Registration of memory can be a relatively high-overhead operation, since it requires pinning of buffers, assignment of attributes (e.g. readable/writable), and initialization of hardware translation. Preregistration is desirable to reduce overhead. These registrations are specific to hardware interfaces and even to RDMA connection endpoints, therefore negotiation of their limits is desirable to manage resources effectively. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 47] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Following the basic registration, these buffers must be posted by the RPC layer to handle receives. These buffers remain in use by the RPC/NFSv4 implementation; the size and number of them must be known to the remote peer in order to avoid RDMA errors which would cause a fatal error on the RDMA connection. NFSv4.1 manages slots as resources on a per session basis (see Section 2.9), while RDMA connections manage credits on a per connection basis. This means that in order for a peer to send data over RDMA to a remote buffer, it has to have both an NFSv4.1 slot, and an RDMA credit. 2.9.5.2. Flow Control NFSv4.0 and all previous versions do not provide for any form of flow control; instead they rely on the windowing provided by transports like TCP to throttle requests. This does not work with RDMA, which provides no operation flow control and will terminate a connection in error when limits are exceeded. Limits such as maximum number of requests outstanding are therefore negotiated when a session is created (see the ca_maxrequests field in Section 16.36). These limits then provide the maxima each session's channels' connections must operate within. RDMA connections are managed within these limits as described in section 3.3 of [RPCRDMA]; if there are multiple RDMA connections, then the maximum requests for a channel will be divided among the RDMA connections. The limits may also be modified dynamically at the server's choosing by manipulating certain parameters present in each NFSv4.1 request. In addition, the CB_RECALL_SLOT callback operation (see Section 18.8 can be issued by a server to a client to return RDMA credits to the server, thereby lowering the maximum number of requests a client can have outstanding to the server. 2.9.5.3. Padding Header padding is requested by each peer at session initiation (see the csa_headerpadsize argument to CREATE_SESSION in Section 16.36), and subsequently used by the RPC RDMA layer, as described in [RPCRDMA]. Zero padding is permitted. Padding leverages the useful property that RDMA receives preserve alignment of data, even when they are placed into anonymous (untagged) buffers. If requested, client inline writes will insert appropriate pad bytes within the request header to align the data payload on the specified boundary. The client is encouraged to add sufficient padding (up to the negotiated size) so that the "data" field of the NFSv4.1 WRITE operation is aligned. Most servers can make good use of such padding, which allows them to chain receive Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 48] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 buffers in such a way that any data carried by client requests will be placed into appropriate buffers at the server, ready for file system processing. The receiver's RPC layer encounters no overhead from skipping over pad bytes, and the RDMA layer's high performance makes the insertion and transmission of padding on the sender a significant optimization. In this way, the need for servers to perform RDMA Read to satisfy all but the largest client writes is obviated. An added benefit is the reduction of message round trips on the network - a potentially good trade, where latency is present. The value to choose for padding is subject to a number of criteria. A primary source of variable-length data in the RPC header is the authentication information, the form of which is client-determined, possibly in response to server specification. The contents of COMPOUNDs, sizes of strings such as those passed to RENAME, etc. all go into the determination of a maximal NFSv4 request size and therefore minimal buffer size. The client must select its offered value carefully, so as not to overburden the server, and vice- versa. The payoff of an appropriate padding value is higher performance. Sender gather: |RPC Request|Pad bytes|Length| -> |User data...| \------+---------------------/ \ \ \ \ Receiver scatter: \-----------+- ... /-----+----------------\ \ \ |RPC Request|Pad|Length| -> |FS buffer|->|FS buffer|->... In the above case, the server may recycle unused buffers to the next posted receive if unused by the actual received request, or may pass the now-complete buffers by reference for normal write processing. For a server which can make use of it, this removes any need for data copies of incoming data, without resorting to complicated end-to-end buffer advertisement and management. This includes most kernel-based and integrated server designs, among many others. The client may perform similar optimizations, if desired. 2.9.5.4. Dual RDMA and Non-RDMA Transports Some RDMA transports (for example see [RDDP]), [[Comment.9: need xref]] require a "streaming" (non-RDMA) phase, where ordinary traffic might flow before "stepping" up to RDMA mode, commencing RDMA traffic. Some RDMA transports start connections always in RDMA mode. NFSv4.1 allows, but does not assume, a streaming phase before RDMA mode. When a connection is bound to a session, the client and server negotiate whether the connection is used in RDMA or non-RDMA mode (see Section 16.36 and Section 16.34). Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 49] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 2.9.6. Sessions Security 2.9.6.1. Session Callback Security The session connection binding improves security over that provided by NFSv4.0 for the callback channel. The connection is client- initiated (see Section 16.34), and subject to the same firewall and routing checks as the operations channel. The connection cannot be hijacked by an attacker who connects to the client port prior to the intended server. At the client's option (see Section 16.36 binding is fully authenticated before being activated (see Section 16.34). Traffic from the server over the callback channel is authenticated exactly as the client specifies (see Section 2.9.6.2). 2.9.6.2. Backchannel RPC Security When the NFSv4.1 client establishes the backchannel, it informs the server what security flavors and principals it must use when sending requests over the backchannel. If the security flavor is RPCSEC_GSS, the client expresses the principal in the form of an established RPCSEC_GSS context. The server is free to use any flavor/principal combination the server offers, but MUST NOT use unoffered combinations. This way, the client does not have to provide a target GSS principal as it did with NFSv4.0, and the server does not have to implement an RPCSEC_GSS initiator as it did with NFSv4.0. [[Comment.10: xrefs]] The CREATE_SESSION (Section 16.36) and BACKCHANNEL_CTL (Section 16.33) operations allow the client to specify flavor/ principal combinations. 2.9.6.3. Protection from Unauthorized State Changes Under some conditions, NFSv4.0 is vulnerable to a denial of service issue with respect to its state management. The attack works via an unauthorized client faking an open_owner4, an open_owner/lock_owner pair, or stateid, combined with a seqid. The operation is sent to the NFSv4 server. The NFSv4 server accepts the state information, and as long as any status code from the result of this operation is not NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID, NFS4ERR_STALE_STATEID, NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID, NFS4ERR_BAD_SEQID, NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_RESOURCE, or NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, the sequence number is incremented. When the authorized client issues an operation, it gets back NFS4ERR_BAD_SEQID, because its idea of the current sequence number is off by one. The authorized client's recovery options are pretty limited, with SETCLIENTID, followed by complete reclaim of Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 50] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 state, which may or may not succeed completely. That qualifies as a denial of service attack. If the client uses RPCSEC_GSS authentication and integrity, and every client maps each open_owner and lock_owner one and only one principal, and the server enforces this binding, then the conditions leading to vulnerability to the denial of service do not exist. One should keep in mind that if AUTH_SYS is being used, far simpler easier denial of service and other attacks are possible. With NFSv4.1 sessions, the per-operation sequence number is ignored (see Section 8.13) therefore the NFSv4.0 denial of service vulnerability described above does not apply. However as described to this point in the specification, an attacker could forge the sessionid and issue a SEQUENCE with a slot id that he expects the legitimate client to use next. The legitimate client could then use the slotid with the same sequence number, and the server returns the attacker's result from the replay cache, thereby disrupting the legitimate client. If we give each NFSv4.1 user their own session, and each user uses RPCSEC_GSS authentication and integrity, then the denial of service issue is solved, at the cost of additional per session state. The alternative NFSv4.1 specifies is described as follows. Transport connections MUST be bound to a session by the client. The server MUST return an error to an operation (other than the operation that binds the connection to the session) that uses an unbound connection. As a simplification, the transport connection used by CREATE_SESSION (see Section 16.36) is automatically bound to the session. Additional connections are bound to a session via BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION (see Section 16.34). To prevent attackers from issuing BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION operations, the arguments to BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION include a digest of a shared secret called the secret session verifier (SSV) that only the client and server know. The digest is created via a one way, collision resistant hash function, making it intractable for the attacker to forge. The SSV is sent to the server via SET_SSV (see Section 16.47). To prevent eavesdropping, a SET_SSV for the SSV SHOULD be protected via RPCSEC_GSS with the privacy service. The SSV can be changed by the client at any time, by any principal. However several aspects of SSV changing prevent an attacker from engaging in a successful denial of service attack: Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 51] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o A SET_SSV on the SSV does not replace the SSV with the argument to SET_SSV. Instead, the current SSV on the server is logically exclusive ORed (XORed) with the argument to SET_SSV. SET_SSV MUST NOT be called with an SSV value that is zero. o The arguments to and results of SET_SSV include digests of the old and new SSV, respectively. o Because the initial value of the SSV is zero, therefore known, the client that opts for connecting binding enforcement, MUST issue at least one SET_SSV operation before the first BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION operation. A client SHOULD issue SET_SSV as soon as a session is created. If a connection is disconnected, BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION is required to bind a connection to the session, even if the connection that was disconnected was the one CREATE_SESSION was created with. If a client is assigned a machine principal then the client SHOULD use the machine principal's RPCSEC_GSS context to privacy protect the SSV from eavesdropping during the SET_SSV operation. If a machine principal is not being used, then the client MAY use the non-machine principal's RPCSEC_GSS context to privacy protect the SSV. The server MUST accept either type of principal. A client SHOULD change the SSV each time a new principal uses the session. Here are the types of attacks that can be attempted by an attacker named Eve, and how the connection to session binding approach addresses each attack: o If the Eve creates a connection after the legitimate client establishes an SSV via privacy protection from a machine principal's RPCSEC_GSS session, she does not know the SSV and so cannot compute a digest that BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION will accept. Users on the legitimate client cannot be disrupted by Eve. o If Eve is the first one log into the legitimate client, and the client does not use machine principals, then Eve can cause an SSV to be created via the legitimate client's NFSv4.1 implementation, protected by the RPCSEC_GSS context created by the legitimate client (which uses Eve's GSS principal and credentials). Eve can then eavesdrop on the network, and because she knows her credentials, she can decrypt the SSV. Eve can compute a digest BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION will accept, and so bind a new connection to the session. Eve can change the slotid, sequence state, and/or the SSV state in such a way that when Bob accesses the server via the legitimate client, the legitimate client will be unable to use the session. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 52] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 The client's only recourse is to create a new session, which will cause any state Eve created on the legitimate client over the old (but hijacked) session to be lost. This disrupts Eve, but because she is the attacker, this is acceptable. Once the legitimate client establishes an SSV over the new session using Bob's RPCSEC_GSS context, Eve can use the new session via the legitimate client, but she cannot disrupt Bob. Moreover, because the client SHOULD have modified the SSV due to Eve using the new session, Bob cannot get revenge on Eve by binding a rogue connection to the session. The question is how does the legitimate client detect that Eve has hijacked the old session? When the client detects that a new principal, Bob, wants to use the session, it SHOULD have issued a SET_SSV. * Let us suppose that from the rogue connection, Eve issued a SET_SSV with the same slotid and sequence that the legitimate client later uses. The server will assume this is a replay, and return to the legitimate client the reply it sent Eve. However, unless Eve can correctly guess the SSV the legitimate client will use, the digest verification checks in the SET_SSV response will fail. That is the clue to the client that the session has been hijacked. * Alternatively, Eve issued a SET_SSV with a different slotid than the legitimate client uses for its SET_SSV. Then the digest verification on the server fails, and the client is again clued that the session has been hijacked. * Alternatively, Eve issued an operation other than SET_SSV, but with the same slotid and sequence that the legitimate client uses for its SET_SSV. The server returns to the legitimate client the response it sent Eve. The client sees that the response is not at all what it expects. The client assumes either session hijacking or server bug, and either way destroys the old session. o Eve binds a rogue connection to the session as above, and then destroys the session. Again, Bob goes to use the server from the legitimate client. The client has a very clear indication that its session was hijacked, and does not even have to destroy the old session before creating a new session, which Eve will be unable to hijack because it will be protected with an SSV created via Bob's RPCSEC_GSS protection. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 53] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o If Eve creates a connection before the legitimate client establishes an SSV, because the initial value of the SSV is zero and therefore known, Eve can issue a SET_SSV that will pass the digest verification check. However because the new connection has not been bound to the session, the SET_SSV is rejected for that reason. o The connection to session binding model does not prevent connection hijacking. However, if an attacker can perform connection hijacking, it can issue denial of service attacks that are less difficult than attacks based on forging sessions. 2.9.7. Session Mechanics - Steady State 2.9.7.1. Obligations of the Server The server has the primary obligation to monitor the state of backchannel resources that the client has created for the server (RPCSEC_GSS contexts and back channel connections). When these resources go away, the server takes action as specified in Section 2.9.8.2. 2.9.7.2. Obligations of the Client The client has the following obligations in order to utilize the session: o Keep a necessary session from going idle on the server. A client that requires a session, but nonetheless is not sending operations risks having the session be destroyed by the server. This is because sessions consume resources, and resource limitations may force the server to cull the least recently used session. o Destroy the session when idle. When a session has no state other than the session, and no outstanding requests, the client should consider destroying the session. o Maintain GSS contexts for callback. If the client requires the server to use the RPCSEC_GSS security flavor for callbacks, then it needs to be sure the contexts handed to the server via BACKCHANNEL_CTL are unexpired. A good practice is to keep at least two contexts outstanding, where the expiration time of the newest context at the time it was created, is N times that of the oldest context, where N is the number of contexts available for callbacks. o Maintain an active connection. The server requires a callback path in order to gracefully recall recallable state, or notify the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 54] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 client of certain events. 2.9.7.3. Steps the Client Takes To Establish a Session The client issues EXCHANGE_ID to establish a clientid. The client uses the clientid to issue a CREATE_SESSION on a connection to the server. The results of CREATE_SESSION indicate whether the server will persist the session replay cache through a server reboot or not, and the client notes this for future reference. The client SHOULD have specified connecting binding enforcement when the session was created. If so, the client SHOULD issue SET_SSV in the first COMPOUND after the session is created. If it is not using machine credentials, then each time a new principal goes to use the session, it SHOULD issue a SET_SSV again. If the client wants to use delegations, layouts, directory notifications, or any other state that requires a callback channel, then it MUST add a connection to the backchannel if CREATE_SESSION did not already do so. The client creates a connection, and calls BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION to bind the connection to the session and the session's backchannel. If CREATE_SESSION did not already do so, the client MUST tell the server what security is required in order for the client to accept callbacks. The client does this via BACKCHANNEL_CTL. If the client wants to use additional connections for the backchannel, then it MUST call BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION on each connection it wants to use with the session. If the client wants to use additional connections for the operation channel, then it MUST call BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION if it specified connection binding enforcement before using the connection. At this point the client has reached a steady state as far as session use. 2.9.8. Session Mechanics - Recovery 2.9.8.1. Events Requiring Client Action The following events require client action to recover. 2.9.8.1.1. RPCSEC_GSS Context Loss by Callback Path If all RPCSEC_GSS contexts granted to by the client to the server for callback use have expired, the client MUST establish a new context via BACKCHANNEL_CTL. The sr_status field of SEQUENCE results Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 55] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 indicates when callback contexts are nearly expired, or fully expired (see Section 16.46.4). 2.9.8.1.2. Connection Disconnect If the client loses the last connection of the session, then it MUST create a new connection, and if connecting binding enforcement was specified when the session was created, bind it to the session via BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION. If there were requests outstanding at the time the of connection disconnect, then the client MUST retry the request, as described in Section 2.9.4.2. Note that it is not necessary to retry requests over a connection with the same source network address or the same destination network address as the disconnected connection. As long as the sessionid, slotid, and sequenceid in the retry match that of the original request, the server will recognize the request as a retry if it did see the request prior to disconnect. If the connection that was bound to the backchannel is lost, the client may need to reconnect, and use BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION, to give the connection to the backchannel. If the connection that was lost was the last one bound to the backchannel, the client MUST reconnect, and bind the connection to the session and backchannel. The server should indicate when it has no callback connection via the sr_status result from SEQUENCE. 2.9.8.1.3. Backchannel GSS Context Loss Via the sr_status result of the SEQUENCE operation or other means, the client will learn if some or all of the RPCSEC_GSS contexts it assigned to the backchannel have been lost. The client may need to use BACKCHANNEL_CTL to assign new contexts. It MUST assign new contexts if there are no more contexts. 2.9.8.1.4. Loss of Session The server may lose a record of the session. Causes include: o Server crash and reboot o A catastrophe that causes the cache to be corrupted or lost on the media it was stored on. This applies even if the server indicated in the CREATE_SESSION results that it would persist the cache. o The server purges the session of a client that has been inactive for a very extended period of time. [[Comment.11: XXX - Should we add a value to the CREATE_SESSION results that tells a client how Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 56] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 long he can let a session stay idle before losing it?]] Loss of replay cache is equivalent to loss of session. The server indicates loss of session to the client by returning NFS4ERR_BADSESSION on the next operation that uses the sessionid associated with the lost session. After an event like a server reboot, the client may have lost its connections. The client assumes for the moment that the session has not been lost. It reconnects, and if it specified connecting binding enforcement when the session was created, it invokes BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION using the sessionid. Otherwise, it invokes SEQUENCE. If BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION or SEQUENCE returns NFS4ERR_BADSESSION, the client knows the session was lost. If the connection survives session loss, then the next SEQUENCE operation the client issues over the connection will get back NFS4ERR_BADSESSION. The client again knows the session was lost. When the client detects session loss, it must call CREATE_SESSION to recover. Any non-idempotent operations that were in progress may have been performed on the server at the time of session loss. The client has no general way to recover from this. Note that loss of session does not imply loss of lock, open, delegation, or layout state. Nor does loss of lock, open, delegation, or layout state imply loss of session state. [[Comment.12: Add reference to lock recovery section]] . A session can survive a server reboot, but lock recovery may still be needed. The converse is also true. It is possible CREATE_SESSION will fail with NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID (for example the server reboots and does not preserve clientid state). If so, the client needs to call EXCHANGE_ID, followed by CREATE_SESSION. 2.9.8.1.5. Failover [[Comment.13: Dave Noveck requested this section; not sure what is needed here if this refers to failover to a replica. What are the session ramifications?]] 2.9.8.2. Events Requiring Server Action The following events require server action to recover. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 57] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 2.9.8.2.1. Client Crash and Reboot As described in Section 16.35, a rebooted client causes the server to delete any sessions it had. 2.9.8.2.2. Client Crash with No Reboot If a client crashes and never comes back, it will never issue EXCHANGE_ID with its old clientid. Thus the server has session state that will never be used again. After an extended period of time and if the server has resource constraints, it MAY destroy the old session. 2.9.8.2.3. Extended Network Partition To the server, the extended network partition may be no different than a client crash with no reboot (see Section 2.9.8.2.2). Unless the server can discern that there is a network partition, it is free to treat the situation as if the client has crashed for good. 2.9.8.2.4. Backchannel Connection Loss If there were callback requests outstanding at the time the of a connection disconnect, then the server MUST retry the request, as described in Section 2.9.4.2. Note that it is not necessary to retry requests over a connection with the same source network address or the same destination network address as the disconnected connection. As long as the sessionid, slotid, and sequenceid in the retry match that of the original request, the callback target will recognize the request as a retry if it did see the request prior to disconnect. If the connection lost is the last one bound to the backchannel, then the server MUST indicate that in the sr_status field of the next SEQUENCE reply. 2.9.8.2.5. GSS Context Loss The server SHOULD monitor when the last RPCSEC_GSS context assigned to the backchannel is near expiry (i.e. between one and two periods of lease time), and indicate so in the sr_status field of the next SEQUENCE reply. The server MUST indicate when the backchannel's last RPCSEC_GSS context has expired in the sr_status field of the next SEQUENCE reply. 3. Protocol Data Types The syntax and semantics to describe the data types of the NFS Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 58] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 version 4 protocol are defined in the XDR RFC4506 [3] and RPC RFC1831 [4] documents. The next sections build upon the XDR data types to define types and structures specific to this protocol. 3.1. Basic Data Types These are the base NFSv4 data types. +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | Data Type | Definition | +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | int32_t | typedef int int32_t; | | uint32_t | typedef unsigned int uint32_t; | | int64_t | typedef hyper int64_t; | | uint64_t | typedef unsigned hyper uint64_t; | | attrlist4 | typedef opaque attrlist4<>; | | | Used for file/directory attributes | | bitmap4 | typedef uint32_t bitmap4<>; | | | Used in attribute array encoding. | | changeid4 | typedef uint64_t changeid4; | | | Used in definition of change_info | | clientid4 | typedef uint64_t clientid4; | | | Shorthand reference to client identification | | component4 | typedef utf8str_cs component4; | | | Represents path name components | | count4 | typedef uint32_t count4; | | | Various count parameters (READ, WRITE, COMMIT) | | length4 | typedef uint64_t length4; | | | Describes LOCK lengths | | linktext4 | typedef utf8str_cs linktext4; | | | Symbolic link contents | | mode4 | typedef uint32_t mode4; | | | Mode attribute data type | | nfs_cookie4 | typedef uint64_t nfs_cookie4; | | | Opaque cookie value for READDIR | | nfs_fh4 | typedef opaque nfs_fh4 | | | Filehandle definition; NFS4_FHSIZE is defined as | | | 128 | | nfs_ftype4 | enum nfs_ftype4; | | | Various defined file types | | nfsstat4 | enum nfsstat4; | | | Return value for operations | | offset4 | typedef uint64_t offset4; | | | Various offset designations (READ, WRITE, LOCK, | | | COMMIT) | | pathname4 | typedef component4 pathname4<>; | | | Represents path name for fs_locations | | qop4 | typedef uint32_t qop4; | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 59] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | | Quality of protection designation in SECINFO | | sec_oid4 | typedef opaque sec_oid4<>; | | | Security Object Identifier The sec_oid4 data type | | | is not really opaque. Instead contains an ASN.1 | | | OBJECT IDENTIFIER as used by GSS-API in the | | | mech_type argument to GSS_Init_sec_context. See | | | RFC2743 [8] for details. | | seqid4 | typedef uint32_t seqid4; | | | Sequence identifier used for file locking | | utf8string | typedef opaque utf8string<>; | | | UTF-8 encoding for strings | | utf8str_cis | typedef opaque utf8str_cis; | | | Case-insensitive UTF-8 string | | utf8str_cs | typedef opaque utf8str_cs; | | | Case-sensitive UTF-8 string | | utf8str_mixed | typedef opaque utf8str_mixed; | | | UTF-8 strings with a case sensitive prefix and a | | | case insensitive suffix. | | verifier4 | typedef opaque verifier4[NFS4_VERIFIER_SIZE]; | | | Verifier used for various operations (COMMIT, | | | CREATE, OPEN, READDIR, SETCLIENTID, | | | SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM, WRITE) NFS4_VERIFIER_SIZE is | | | defined as 8. | +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+ End of Base Data Types Table 1 3.2. Structured Data Types 3.2.1. nfstime4 struct nfstime4 { int64_t seconds; uint32_t nseconds; } The nfstime4 structure gives the number of seconds and nanoseconds since midnight or 0 hour January 1, 1970 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Values greater than zero for the seconds field denote dates after the 0 hour January 1, 1970. Values less than zero for the seconds field denote dates before the 0 hour January 1, 1970. In both cases, the nseconds field is to be added to the seconds field for the final time representation. For example, if the time to be represented is one-half second before 0 hour January 1, 1970, the seconds field would have a value of negative one (-1) and the nseconds fields would have a value of one-half second (500000000). Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 60] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Values greater than 999,999,999 for nseconds are considered invalid. This data type is used to pass time and date information. A server converts to and from its local representation of time when processing time values, preserving as much accuracy as possible. If the precision of timestamps stored for a file system object is less than defined, loss of precision can occur. An adjunct time maintenance protocol is recommended to reduce client and server time skew. 3.2.2. time_how4 enum time_how4 { SET_TO_SERVER_TIME4 = 0, SET_TO_CLIENT_TIME4 = 1 }; 3.2.3. settime4 union settime4 switch (time_how4 set_it) { case SET_TO_CLIENT_TIME4: nfstime4 time; default: void; }; The above definitions are used as the attribute definitions to set time values. If set_it is SET_TO_SERVER_TIME4, then the server uses its local representation of time for the time value. 3.2.4. specdata4 struct specdata4 { uint32_t specdata1; /* major device number */ uint32_t specdata2; /* minor device number */ }; This data type represents additional information for the device file types NF4CHR and NF4BLK. 3.2.5. fsid4 struct fsid4 { uint64_t major; uint64_t minor; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 61] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 3.2.6. fs_location4 struct fs_location4 { utf8str_cis server<>; pathname4 rootpath; }; 3.2.7. fs_locations4 struct fs_locations4 { pathname4 fs_root; fs_location4 locations<>; }; The fs_location4 and fs_locations4 data types are used for the fs_locations recommended attribute which is used for migration and replication support. 3.2.8. fattr4 struct fattr4 { bitmap4 attrmask; attrlist4 attr_vals; }; The fattr4 structure is used to represent file and directory attributes. The bitmap is a counted array of 32 bit integers used to contain bit values. The position of the integer in the array that contains bit n can be computed from the expression (n / 32) and its bit within that integer is (n mod 32). 0 1 +-----------+-----------+-----------+-- | count | 31 .. 0 | 63 .. 32 | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-- 3.2.9. change_info4 struct change_info4 { bool atomic; changeid4 before; changeid4 after; }; This structure is used with the CREATE, LINK, REMOVE, RENAME Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 62] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 operations to let the client know the value of the change attribute for the directory in which the target file system object resides. 3.2.10. netaddr4 struct netaddr4 { /* see struct rpcb in RFC1833 */ string r_netid<>; /* network id */ string r_addr<>; /* universal address */ }; The netaddr4 structure is used to identify TCP/IP based endpoints. The r_netid and r_addr fields are specified in RFC1833 [22], but they are underspecified in RFC1833 [22] as far as what they should look like for specific protocols. For TCP over IPv4 and for UDP over IPv4, the format of r_addr is the US-ASCII string: h1.h2.h3.h4.p1.p2 The prefix, "h1.h2.h3.h4", is the standard textual form for representing an IPv4 address, which is always four octets long. Assuming big-endian ordering, h1, h2, h3, and h4, are respectively, the first through fourth octets each converted to ASCII-decimal. Assuming big-endian ordering, p1 and p2 are, respectively, the first and second octets each converted to ASCII-decimal. For example, if a host, in big-endian order, has an address of 0x0A010307 and there is a service listening on, in big endian order, port 0x020F (decimal 527), then complete universal address is "10.1.3.7.2.15". For TCP over IPv4 the value of r_netid is the string "tcp". For UDP over IPv4 the value of r_netid is the string "udp". For TCP over IPv6 and for UDP over IPv6, the format of r_addr is the US-ASCII string: x1:x2:x3:x4:x5:x6:x7:x8.p1.p2 The suffix "p1.p2" is the service port, and is computed the same way as with universal addresses for TCP and UDP over IPv4. The prefix, "x1:x2:x3:x4:x5:x6:x7:x8", is the standard textual form for representing an IPv6 address as defined in Section 2.2 of RFC1884 [9]. Additionally, the two alternative forms specified in Section 2.2 of RFC1884 [9] are also acceptable. For TCP over IPv6 the value of r_netid is the string "tcp6". For UDP over IPv6 the value of r_netid is the string "udp6". Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 63] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 3.2.11. clientaddr4 typedef netaddr4 clientaddr4; The clientaddr4 structure is used as part of the SETCLIENTID operation to either specify the address of the client that is using a clientid or as part of the callback registration. 3.2.12. cb_client4 struct cb_client4 { unsigned int cb_program; netaddr4 cb_location; }; This structure is used by the client to inform the server of its call back address; includes the program number and client address. 3.2.13. nfs_client_id4 struct nfs_client_id4 { verifier4 verifier; opaque id }; This structure is part of the arguments to the SETCLIENTID operation. NFS4_OPAQUE_LIMIT is defined as 1024. 3.2.14. open_owner4 struct open_owner4 { clientid4 clientid; opaque owner }; This structure is used to identify the owner of open state. NFS4_OPAQUE_LIMIT is defined as 1024. 3.2.15. lock_owner4 struct lock_owner4 { clientid4 clientid; opaque owner }; This structure is used to identify the owner of file locking state. NFS4_OPAQUE_LIMIT is defined as 1024. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 64] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 3.2.16. open_to_lock_owner4 struct open_to_lock_owner4 { seqid4 open_seqid; stateid4 open_stateid; seqid4 lock_seqid; lock_owner4 lock_owner; }; This structure is used for the first LOCK operation done for an open_owner4. It provides both the open_stateid and lock_owner such that the transition is made from a valid open_stateid sequence to that of the new lock_stateid sequence. Using this mechanism avoids the confirmation of the lock_owner/lock_seqid pair since it is tied to established state in the form of the open_stateid/open_seqid. 3.2.17. stateid4 struct stateid4 { uint32_t seqid; opaque other[12]; }; This structure is used for the various state sharing mechanisms between the client and server. For the client, this data structure is read-only. The starting value of the seqid field is undefined. The server is required to increment the seqid field monotonically at each transition of the stateid. This is important since the client will inspect the seqid in OPEN stateids to determine the order of OPEN processing done by the server. 3.2.18. layouttype4 enum layouttype4 { LAYOUT_NFSV4_FILES = 1, LAYOUT_OSD2_OBJECTS = 2, LAYOUT_BLOCK_VOLUME = 3 }; A layout type specifies the layout being used. The implication is that clients have "layout drivers" that support one or more layout types. The file server advertises the layout types it supports through the LAYOUT_TYPES file system attribute. A client asks for layouts of a particular type in LAYOUTGET, and passes those layouts to its layout driver. The layouttype4 structure is 32 bits in length. The range represented by the layout type is split into two parts. Types within Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 65] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 the range 0x00000000-0x7FFFFFFF are globally unique and are assigned according to the description in Section 20.1; they are maintained by IANA. Types within the range 0x80000000-0xFFFFFFFF are site specific and for "private use" only. The LAYOUT_NFSV4_FILES enumeration specifies that the NFSv4 file layout type is to be used. The LAYOUT_OSD2_OBJECTS enumeration specifies that the object layout, as defined in [23], is to be used. Similarly, the LAYOUT_BLOCK_VOLUME enumeration that the block/volume layout, as defined in [24], is to be used. 3.2.19. deviceid4 typedef uint32_t deviceid4; /* 32-bit device ID */ Layout information includes device IDs that specify a storage device through a compact handle. Addressing and type information is obtained with the GETDEVICEINFO operation. A client must not assume that device IDs are valid across metadata server reboots. The device ID is qualified by the layout type and are unique per file system (FSID). This allows different layout drivers to generate device IDs without the need for co-ordination. See Section 12.3.1.4 for more details. 3.2.20. devlist_item4 struct devlist_item4 { deviceid4 dli_id; opaque dli_device_addr<>; }; An array of these values is returned by the GETDEVICELIST operation. They define the set of devices associated with a file system for the layout type specified in the GETDEVICELIST4args. The device address is used to set up a communication channel with the storage device. Different layout types will require different types of structures to define how they communicate with storage devices. The opaque device_addr field must be interpreted based on the specified layout type. This document defines the device address for the NFSv4 file layout (struct netaddr4 (Section 3.2.10)), which identifies a storage device by network IP address and port number. This is sufficient for the clients to communicate with the NFSv4 storage devices, and may be sufficient for other layout types as well. Device types for object storage devices and block storage devices (e.g., SCSI volume labels) will be defined by their respective layout specifications. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 66] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 3.2.21. layout4 struct layout4 { offset4 lo_offset; length4 lo_length; layoutiomode4 lo_iomode; layouttype4 lo_type; opaque lo_layout<>; }; The layout4 structure defines a layout for a file. The layout type specific data is opaque within this structure and must be interepreted based on the layout type. Currently, only the NFSv4 file layout type is defined; see Section 12.4.2 for its definition. Since layouts are sub-dividable, the offset and length together with the file's filehandle, the clientid, iomode, and layout type, identifies the layout. 3.2.22. layoutupdate4 struct layoutupdate4 { layouttype4 lou_type; opaque lou_data<>; }; The layoutupdate4 structure is used by the client to return 'updated' layout information to the metadata server at LAYOUTCOMMIT time. This structure provides a channel to pass layout type specific information back to the metadata server. E.g., for block/volume layout types this could include the list of reserved blocks that were written. The contents of the opaque lou_data argument are determined by the layout type and are defined in their context. The NFSv4 file-based layout does not use this structure, thus the update_data field should have a zero length. 3.2.23. layouthint4 struct layouthint4 { layouttype4 loh_type; opaque loh_data<>; }; The layouthint4 structure is used by the client to pass in a hint about the type of layout it would like created for a particular file. It is the structure specified by the FILE_LAYOUT_HINT attribute described below. The metadata server may ignore the hint, or may selectively ignore fields within the hint. This hint should be provided at create time as part of the initial attributes within Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 67] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 OPEN. The NFSv4 file-based layout uses the "nfsv4_file_layouthint" structure as defined in Section 12.4.2. 3.2.24. layoutiomode4 enum layoutiomode4 { LAYOUTIOMODE_READ = 1, LAYOUTIOMODE_RW = 2, LAYOUTIOMODE_ANY = 3 }; The iomode specifies whether the client intends to read or write (with the possibility of reading) the data represented by the layout. The ANY iomode MUST NOT be used for LAYOUTGET, however, it can be used for LAYOUTRETURN and LAYOUTRECALL. The ANY iomode specifies that layouts pertaining to both READ and RW iomodes are being returned or recalled, respectively. The metadata server's use of the iomode may depend on the layout type being used. The storage devices may validate I/O accesses against the iomode and reject invalid accesses. 3.2.25. nfs_impl_id4 struct nfs_impl_id4 { utf8str_cis nii_domain; utf8str_cs nii_name; nfstime4 nii_date; }; This structure is used to identify client and server implementation detail. The nii_domain field is the DNS domain name that the implementer is associated with. The nii_name field is the product name of the implementation and is completely free form. It is encouraged that the nii_name be used to distinguish machine architecture, machine platforms, revisions, versions, and patch levels. The nii_date field is the timestamp of when the software instance was published or built. 3.2.26. threshold_item4 struct threshold_item4 { layouttype4 thi_layout_type; bitmap4 thi_hintset; opaque thi_hintlist<>; }; This structure contains a list of hints specific to a layout type for helping the client determine when it should issue I/O directly Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 68] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 through the metadata server vs. the data servers. The hint structure consists of the layout type, a bitmap describing the set of hints supported by the server, they may differ based on the layout type, and a list of hints, whose structure is determined by the hintset bitmap. See the mdsthreshold attribute for more details. The hintset is a bitmap of the following values: +-------------------------+---+---------+---------------------------+ | name | # | Data | Description | | | | Type | | +-------------------------+---+---------+---------------------------+ | threshold4_read_size | 0 | length4 | The file size below which | | | | | it is recommended to read | | | | | data through the MDS. | | threshold4_write_size | 1 | length4 | The file size below which | | | | | it is recommended to | | | | | write data through the | | | | | MDS. | | threshold4_read_iosize | 2 | length4 | For read I/O sizes below | | | | | this threshold it is | | | | | recommended to read data | | | | | through the MDS | | threshold4_write_iosize | 3 | length4 | For write I/O sizes below | | | | | this threshold it is | | | | | recommended to write data | | | | | through the MDS | +-------------------------+---+---------+---------------------------+ 3.2.27. mdsthreshold4 struct mdsthreshold4 { threshold_item4 mth_hints<>; }; This structure holds an array of threshold_item4 structures each of which is valid for a particular layout type. An array is necessary since a server can support multiple layout types for a single file. 4. Filehandles The filehandle in the NFS protocol is a per server unique identifier for a file system object. The contents of the filehandle are opaque to the client. Therefore, the server is responsible for translating the filehandle to an internal representation of the file system object. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 69] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 4.1. Obtaining the First Filehandle The operations of the NFS protocol are defined in terms of one or more filehandles. Therefore, the client needs a filehandle to initiate communication with the server. With the NFS version 2 protocol RFC1094 [17] and the NFS version 3 protocol RFC1813 [18], there exists an ancillary protocol to obtain this first filehandle. The MOUNT protocol, RPC program number 100005, provides the mechanism of translating a string based file system path name to a filehandle which can then be used by the NFS protocols. The MOUNT protocol has deficiencies in the area of security and use via firewalls. This is one reason that the use of the public filehandle was introduced in RFC2054 [25] and RFC2055 [26]. With the use of the public filehandle in combination with the LOOKUP operation in the NFS version 2 and 3 protocols, it has been demonstrated that the MOUNT protocol is unnecessary for viable interaction between NFS client and server. Therefore, the NFS version 4 protocol will not use an ancillary protocol for translation from string based path names to a filehandle. Two special filehandles will be used as starting points for the NFS client. 4.1.1. Root Filehandle The first of the special filehandles is the ROOT filehandle. The ROOT filehandle is the "conceptual" root of the file system name space at the NFS server. The client uses or starts with the ROOT filehandle by employing the PUTROOTFH operation. The PUTROOTFH operation instructs the server to set the "current" filehandle to the ROOT of the server's file tree. Once this PUTROOTFH operation is used, the client can then traverse the entirety of the server's file tree with the LOOKUP operation. A complete discussion of the server name space is in the section "NFS Server Name Space". 4.1.2. Public Filehandle The second special filehandle is the PUBLIC filehandle. Unlike the ROOT filehandle, the PUBLIC filehandle may be bound or represent an arbitrary file system object at the server. The server is responsible for this binding. It may be that the PUBLIC filehandle and the ROOT filehandle refer to the same file system object. However, it is up to the administrative software at the server and the policies of the server administrator to define the binding of the PUBLIC filehandle and server file system object. The client may not make any assumptions about this binding. The client uses the PUBLIC filehandle via the PUTPUBFH operation. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 70] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 4.2. Filehandle Types In the NFS version 2 and 3 protocols, there was one type of filehandle with a single set of semantics. This type of filehandle is termed "persistent" in NFS Version 4. The semantics of a persistent filehandle remain the same as before. A new type of filehandle introduced in NFS Version 4 is the "volatile" filehandle, which attempts to accommodate certain server environments. The volatile filehandle type was introduced to address server functionality or implementation issues which make correct implementation of a persistent filehandle infeasible. Some server environments do not provide a file system level invariant that can be used to construct a persistent filehandle. The underlying server file system may not provide the invariant or the server's file system programming interfaces may not provide access to the needed invariant. Volatile filehandles may ease the implementation of server functionality such as hierarchical storage management or file system reorganization or migration. However, the volatile filehandle increases the implementation burden for the client. Since the client will need to handle persistent and volatile filehandles differently, a file attribute is defined which may be used by the client to determine the filehandle types being returned by the server. 4.2.1. General Properties of a Filehandle The filehandle contains all the information the server needs to distinguish an individual file. To the client, the filehandle is opaque. The client stores filehandles for use in a later request and can compare two filehandles from the same server for equality by doing a byte-by-byte comparison. However, the client MUST NOT otherwise interpret the contents of filehandles. If two filehandles from the same server are equal, they MUST refer to the same file. Servers SHOULD try to maintain a one-to-one correspondence between filehandles and files but this is not required. Clients MUST use filehandle comparisons only to improve performance, not for correct behavior. All clients need to be prepared for situations in which it cannot be determined whether two filehandles denote the same object and in such cases, avoid making invalid assumptions which might cause incorrect behavior. Further discussion of filehandle and attribute comparison in the context of data caching is presented in the section "Data Caching and File Identity". As an example, in the case that two different path names when traversed at the server terminate at the same file system object, the server SHOULD return the same filehandle for each path. This can Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 71] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 occur if a hard link is used to create two file names which refer to the same underlying file object and associated data. For example, if paths /a/b/c and /a/d/c refer to the same file, the server SHOULD return the same filehandle for both path names traversals. 4.2.2. Persistent Filehandle A persistent filehandle is defined as having a fixed value for the lifetime of the file system object to which it refers. Once the server creates the filehandle for a file system object, the server MUST accept the same filehandle for the object for the lifetime of the object. If the server restarts or reboots the NFS server must honor the same filehandle value as it did in the server's previous instantiation. Similarly, if the file system is migrated, the new NFS server must honor the same filehandle as the old NFS server. The persistent filehandle will be become stale or invalid when the file system object is removed. When the server is presented with a persistent filehandle that refers to a deleted object, it MUST return an error of NFS4ERR_STALE. A filehandle may become stale when the file system containing the object is no longer available. The file system may become unavailable if it exists on removable media and the media is no longer available at the server or the file system in whole has been destroyed or the file system has simply been removed from the server's name space (i.e. unmounted in a UNIX environment). 4.2.3. Volatile Filehandle A volatile filehandle does not share the same longevity characteristics of a persistent filehandle. The server may determine that a volatile filehandle is no longer valid at many different points in time. If the server can definitively determine that a volatile filehandle refers to an object that has been removed, the server should return NFS4ERR_STALE to the client (as is the case for persistent filehandles). In all other cases where the server determines that a volatile filehandle can no longer be used, it should return an error of NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED. The mandatory attribute "fh_expire_type" is used by the client to determine what type of filehandle the server is providing for a particular file system. This attribute is a bitmask with the following values: FH4_PERSISTENT The value of FH4_PERSISTENT is used to indicate a persistent filehandle, which is valid until the object is removed from the file system. The server will not return NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED for this filehandle. FH4_PERSISTENT is defined as a value in which none of the bits specified below are set. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 72] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 FH4_VOLATILE_ANY The filehandle may expire at any time, except as specifically excluded (i.e. FH4_NO_EXPIRE_WITH_OPEN). FH4_NOEXPIRE_WITH_OPEN May only be set when FH4_VOLATILE_ANY is set. If this bit is set, then the meaning of FH4_VOLATILE_ANY is qualified to exclude any expiration of the filehandle when it is open. FH4_VOL_MIGRATION The filehandle will expire as a result of a file system transition (migration or replication), in those case in which the continuity of filehandle use is not specified by _handle_ class information within the fs_locations_info attribute. When this bit is set, clients without access to fs_locations_info information should assume filehandles will expire on file system transitions. FH4_VOL_RENAME The filehandle will expire during rename. This includes a rename by the requesting client or a rename by any other client. If FH4_VOL_ANY is set, FH4_VOL_RENAME is redundant. Servers which provide volatile filehandles that may expire while open (i.e. if FH4_VOL_MIGRATION or FH4_VOL_RENAME is set or if FH4_VOLATILE_ANY is set and FH4_NOEXPIRE_WITH_OPEN not set), should deny a RENAME or REMOVE that would affect an OPEN file of any of the components leading to the OPEN file. In addition, the server should deny all RENAME or REMOVE requests during the grace period upon server restart. Servers which provide volatile filehandles that may expire while open require special care as regards handling of RENAMESs and REMOVEs. This situation can arise if FH4_VOL_MIGRATION or FH4_VOL_RENAME is set, if FH4_VOLATILE_ANY is set and FH4_NOEXPIRE_WITH_OPEN not set, or if a non-readonly file system has a transition target in a different _handle _ class. In these cases, the server should deny a RENAME or REMOVE that would affect an OPEN file of any of the components leading to the OPEN file. In addition, the server should deny all RENAME or REMOVE requests during the grace period, in order to make sure that reclaims of files where filehandles may have expired do not do a reclaim for the wrong file. 4.3. One Method of Constructing a Volatile Filehandle A volatile filehandle, while opaque to the client could contain: [volatile bit = 1 | server boot time | slot | generation number] Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 73] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o slot is an index in the server volatile filehandle table o generation number is the generation number for the table entry/ slot When the client presents a volatile filehandle, the server makes the following checks, which assume that the check for the volatile bit has passed. If the server boot time is less than the current server boot time, return NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED. If slot is out of range, return NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE. If the generation number does not match, return NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED. When the server reboots, the table is gone (it is volatile). If volatile bit is 0, then it is a persistent filehandle with a different structure following it. 4.4. Client Recovery from Filehandle Expiration If possible, the client SHOULD recover from the receipt of an NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED error. The client must take on additional responsibility so that it may prepare itself to recover from the expiration of a volatile filehandle. If the server returns persistent filehandles, the client does not need these additional steps. For volatile filehandles, most commonly the client will need to store the component names leading up to and including the file system object in question. With these names, the client should be able to recover by finding a filehandle in the name space that is still available or by starting at the root of the server's file system name space. If the expired filehandle refers to an object that has been removed from the file system, obviously the client will not be able to recover from the expired filehandle. It is also possible that the expired filehandle refers to a file that has been renamed. If the file was renamed by another client, again it is possible that the original client will not be able to recover. However, in the case that the client itself is renaming the file and the file is open, it is possible that the client may be able to recover. The client can determine the new path name based on the processing of the rename request. The client can then regenerate the new filehandle based on the new path name. The client could also use the compound operation mechanism to construct a set of operations like: Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 74] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 RENAME A B LOOKUP B GETFH Note that the COMPOUND procedure does not provide atomicity. This example only reduces the overhead of recovering from an expired filehandle. 5. File Attributes To meet the requirements of extensibility and increased interoperability with non-UNIX platforms, attributes must be handled in a flexible manner. The NFS version 3 fattr3 structure contains a fixed list of attributes that not all clients and servers are able to support or care about. The fattr3 structure can not be extended as new needs arise and it provides no way to indicate non-support. With the NFS version 4 protocol, the client is able query what attributes the server supports and construct requests with only those supported attributes (or a subset thereof). To this end, attributes are divided into three groups: mandatory, recommended, and named. Both mandatory and recommended attributes are supported in the NFS version 4 protocol by a specific and well- defined encoding and are identified by number. They are requested by setting a bit in the bit vector sent in the GETATTR request; the server response includes a bit vector to list what attributes were returned in the response. New mandatory or recommended attributes may be added to the NFS protocol between major revisions by publishing a standards-track RFC which allocates a new attribute number value and defines the encoding for the attribute. See the section "Minor Versioning" for further discussion. Named attributes are accessed by the new OPENATTR operation, which accesses a hidden directory of attributes associated with a file system object. OPENATTR takes a filehandle for the object and returns the filehandle for the attribute hierarchy. The filehandle for the named attributes is a directory object accessible by LOOKUP or READDIR and contains files whose names represent the named attributes and whose data bytes are the value of the attribute. For example: Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 75] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 +----------+-----------+---------------------------------+ | LOOKUP | "foo" | ; look up file | | GETATTR | attrbits | | | OPENATTR | | ; access foo's named attributes | | LOOKUP | "x11icon" | ; look up specific attribute | | READ | 0,4096 | ; read stream of bytes | +----------+-----------+---------------------------------+ Named attributes are intended for data needed by applications rather than by an NFS client implementation. NFS implementors are strongly encouraged to define their new attributes as recommended attributes by bringing them to the IETF standards-track process. The set of attributes which are classified as mandatory is deliberately small since servers must do whatever it takes to support them. A server should support as many of the recommended attributes as possible but by their definition, the server is not required to support all of them. Attributes are deemed mandatory if the data is both needed by a large number of clients and is not otherwise reasonably computable by the client when support is not provided on the server. Note that the hidden directory returned by OPENATTR is a convenience for protocol processing. The client should not make any assumptions about the server's implementation of named attributes and whether the underlying file system at the server has a named attribute directory or not. Therefore, operations such as SETATTR and GETATTR on the named attribute directory are undefined. 5.1. Mandatory Attributes These MUST be supported by every NFS version 4 client and server in order to ensure a minimum level of interoperability. The server must store and return these attributes and the client must be able to function with an attribute set limited to these attributes. With just the mandatory attributes some client functionality may be impaired or limited in some ways. A client may ask for any of these attributes to be returned by setting a bit in the GETATTR request and the server must return their value. 5.2. Recommended Attributes These attributes are understood well enough to warrant support in the NFS version 4 protocol. However, they may not be supported on all clients and servers. A client may ask for any of these attributes to be returned by setting a bit in the GETATTR request but must handle the case where the server does not return them. A client may ask for the set of attributes the server supports and should not request Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 76] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 attributes the server does not support. A server should be tolerant of requests for unsupported attributes and simply not return them rather than considering the request an error. It is expected that servers will support all attributes they comfortably can and only fail to support attributes which are difficult to support in their operating environments. A server should provide attributes whenever they don't have to "tell lies" to the client. For example, a file modification time should be either an accurate time or should not be supported by the server. This will not always be comfortable to clients but the client is better positioned decide whether and how to fabricate or construct an attribute or whether to do without the attribute. 5.3. Named Attributes These attributes are not supported by direct encoding in the NFS Version 4 protocol but are accessed by string names rather than numbers and correspond to an uninterpreted stream of bytes which are stored with the file system object. The name space for these attributes may be accessed by using the OPENATTR operation. The OPENATTR operation returns a filehandle for a virtual "attribute directory" and further perusal of the name space may be done using READDIR and LOOKUP operations on this filehandle. Named attributes may then be examined or changed by normal READ and WRITE and CREATE operations on the filehandles returned from READDIR and LOOKUP. Named attributes may have attributes. It is recommended that servers support arbitrary named attributes. A client should not depend on the ability to store any named attributes in the server's file system. If a server does support named attributes, a client which is also able to handle them should be able to copy a file's data and meta-data with complete transparency from one location to another; this would imply that names allowed for regular directory entries are valid for named attribute names as well. Names of attributes will not be controlled by this document or other IETF standards track documents. See the section "IANA Considerations" for further discussion. 5.4. Classification of Attributes Each of the Mandatory and Recommended attributes can be classified in one of three categories: per server, per file system, or per file system object. Note that it is possible that some per file system attributes may vary within the file system. See the "homogeneous" attribute for its definition. Note that the attributes time_access_set and time_modify_set are not listed in this section Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 77] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 because they are write-only attributes corresponding to time_access and time_modify, and are used in a special instance of SETATTR. o The per server attributes are: lease_time, send_impl_id, recv_impl_id o The per file system attributes are: supp_attr, fh_expire_type, link_support, symlink_support, unique_handles, aclsupport, cansettime, case_insensitive, case_preserving, chown_restricted, files_avail, files_free, files_total, fs_locations, homogeneous, maxfilesize, maxname, maxread, maxwrite, no_trunc, space_avail, space_free, space_total, time_delta, fs_layout_type o The per file system object attributes are: type, change, size, named_attr, fsid, rdattr_error, filehandle, ACL, archive, fileid, hidden, maxlink, mimetype, mode, numlinks, owner, owner_group, rawdev, space_used, system, time_access, time_backup, time_create, time_metadata, time_modify, mounted_on_fileid, layout_type, layout_hint, layout_blksize, layout_alignment For quota_avail_hard, quota_avail_soft, and quota_used see their definitions below for the appropriate classification. 5.5. Mandatory Attributes - Definitions +-----------------+----+------------+--------+----------------------+ | name | # | Data Type | Access | Description | +-----------------+----+------------+--------+----------------------+ | supp_attr | 0 | bitmap | READ | The bit vector which | | | | | | would retrieve all | | | | | | mandatory and | | | | | | recommended | | | | | | attributes that are | | | | | | supported for this | | | | | | object. The scope of | | | | | | this attribute | | | | | | applies to all | | | | | | objects with a | | | | | | matching fsid. | | type | 1 | nfs4_ftype | READ | The type of the | | | | | | object (file, | | | | | | directory, symlink, | | | | | | etc.) | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 78] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | fh_expire_type | 2 | uint32 | READ | Server uses this to | | | | | | specify filehandle | | | | | | expiration behavior | | | | | | to the client. See | | | | | | the section | | | | | | "Filehandles" for | | | | | | additional | | | | | | description. | | change | 3 | uint64 | READ | A value created by | | | | | | the server that the | | | | | | client can use to | | | | | | determine if file | | | | | | data, directory | | | | | | contents or | | | | | | attributes of the | | | | | | object have been | | | | | | modified. The server | | | | | | may return the | | | | | | object's | | | | | | time_metadata | | | | | | attribute for this | | | | | | attribute's value | | | | | | but only if the file | | | | | | system object can | | | | | | not be updated more | | | | | | frequently than the | | | | | | resolution of | | | | | | time_metadata. | | size | 4 | uint64 | R/W | The size of the | | | | | | object in bytes. | | link_support | 5 | bool | READ | True, if the | | | | | | object's file system | | | | | | supports hard links. | | symlink_support | 6 | bool | READ | True, if the | | | | | | object's file system | | | | | | supports symbolic | | | | | | links. | | named_attr | 7 | bool | READ | True, if this object | | | | | | has named | | | | | | attributes. In other | | | | | | words, object has a | | | | | | non-empty named | | | | | | attribute directory. | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 79] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | fsid | 8 | fsid4 | READ | Unique file system | | | | | | identifier for the | | | | | | file system holding | | | | | | this object. fsid | | | | | | contains major and | | | | | | minor components | | | | | | each of which are | | | | | | uint64. | | unique_handles | 9 | bool | READ | True, if two | | | | | | distinct filehandles | | | | | | guaranteed to refer | | | | | | to two different | | | | | | file system objects. | | lease_time | 10 | nfs_lease4 | READ | Duration of leases | | | | | | at server in | | | | | | seconds. | | rdattr_error | 11 | enum | READ | Error returned from | | | | | | getattr during | | | | | | readdir. | | filehandle | 19 | nfs_fh4 | READ | The filehandle of | | | | | | this object | | | | | | (primarily for | | | | | | readdir requests). | +-----------------+----+------------+--------+----------------------+ 5.6. Recommended Attributes - Definitions +-------------------+----+----------------+--------+----------------+ | name | # | Data Type | Access | Description | +-------------------+----+----------------+--------+----------------+ | ACL | 12 | nfsace4<> | R/W | The access | | | | | | control list | | | | | | for the | | | | | | object. | | aclsupport | 13 | uint32 | READ | Indicates what | | | | | | types of ACLs | | | | | | are supported | | | | | | on the current | | | | | | file system. | | archive | 14 | bool | R/W | True, if this | | | | | | file has been | | | | | | archived since | | | | | | the time of | | | | | | last | | | | | | modification | | | | | | (deprecated in | | | | | | favor of | | | | | | time_backup). | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 80] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | cansettime | 15 | bool | READ | True, if the | | | | | | server able to | | | | | | change the | | | | | | times for a | | | | | | file system | | | | | | object as | | | | | | specified in a | | | | | | SETATTR | | | | | | operation. | | case_insensitive | 16 | bool | READ | True, if | | | | | | filename | | | | | | comparisons on | | | | | | this file | | | | | | system are | | | | | | case | | | | | | insensitive. | | case_preserving | 17 | bool | READ | True, if | | | | | | filename case | | | | | | on this file | | | | | | system are | | | | | | preserved. | | chown_restricted | 18 | bool | READ | If TRUE, the | | | | | | server will | | | | | | reject any | | | | | | request to | | | | | | change either | | | | | | the owner or | | | | | | the group | | | | | | associated | | | | | | with a file if | | | | | | the caller is | | | | | | not a | | | | | | privileged | | | | | | user (for | | | | | | example, | | | | | | "root" in UNIX | | | | | | operating | | | | | | environments | | | | | | or in Windows | | | | | | 2000 the "Take | | | | | | Ownership" | | | | | | privilege). | | dir_notif_delay | 56 | nfstime4 | READ | notification | | | | | | delays on | | | | | | directory | | | | | | attributes | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 81] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | dirent_ | 57 | nfstime4 | READ | notification | | notif_delay | | | | delays on | | | | | | child | | | | | | attributes | | fileid | 20 | uint64 | READ | A number | | | | | | uniquely | | | | | | identifying | | | | | | the file | | | | | | within the | | | | | | file system. | | files_avail | 21 | uint64 | READ | File slots | | | | | | available to | | | | | | this user on | | | | | | the file | | | | | | system | | | | | | containing | | | | | | this object - | | | | | | this should be | | | | | | the smallest | | | | | | relevant | | | | | | limit. | | files_free | 22 | uint64 | READ | Free file | | | | | | slots on the | | | | | | file system | | | | | | containing | | | | | | this object - | | | | | | this should be | | | | | | the smallest | | | | | | relevant | | | | | | limit. | | files_total | 23 | uint64 | READ | Total file | | | | | | slots on the | | | | | | file system | | | | | | containing | | | | | | this object. | | fs_absent | 60 | bool | READ | Is current | | | | | | file system | | | | | | present or | | | | | | absent. | | fs_layout_type | 62 | layouttype4<> | READ | Layout types | | | | | | available for | | | | | | the file | | | | | | system. | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 82] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | fs_locations | 24 | fs_locations | READ | Locations | | | | | | where this | | | | | | file system | | | | | | may be found. | | | | | | If the server | | | | | | returns | | | | | | NFS4ERR_MOVED | | | | | | as an error, | | | | | | this attribute | | | | | | MUST be | | | | | | supported. | | fs_locations_info | 67 | | READ | Full function | | | | | | file system | | | | | | location. | | fs_status | 61 | fs4_status | READ | Generic file | | | | | | system type | | | | | | information. | | hidden | 25 | bool | R/W | True, if the | | | | | | file is | | | | | | considered | | | | | | hidden with | | | | | | respect to the | | | | | | Windows API? | | homogeneous | 26 | bool | READ | True, if this | | | | | | object's file | | | | | | system is | | | | | | homogeneous, | | | | | | i.e. are per | | | | | | file system | | | | | | attributes the | | | | | | same for all | | | | | | file system's | | | | | | objects. | | layout_alignment | 66 | uint32_t | READ | Preferred | | | | | | alignment for | | | | | | layout related | | | | | | I/O. | | layout_blksize | 65 | uint32_t | READ | Preferred | | | | | | block size for | | | | | | layout related | | | | | | I/O. | | layout_hint | 63 | layouthint4 | WRITE | Client | | | | | | specified hint | | | | | | for file | | | | | | layout. | | layout_type | 64 | layouttype4<> | READ | Layout types | | | | | | available for | | | | | | the file. | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 83] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | maxfilesize | 27 | uint64 | READ | Maximum | | | | | | supported file | | | | | | size for the | | | | | | file system of | | | | | | this object. | | maxlink | 28 | uint32 | READ | Maximum number | | | | | | of links for | | | | | | this object. | | maxname | 29 | uint32 | READ | Maximum | | | | | | filename size | | | | | | supported for | | | | | | this object. | | maxread | 30 | uint64 | READ | Maximum read | | | | | | size supported | | | | | | for this | | | | | | object. | | maxwrite | 31 | uint64 | READ | Maximum write | | | | | | size supported | | | | | | for this | | | | | | object. This | | | | | | attribute | | | | | | SHOULD be | | | | | | supported if | | | | | | the file is | | | | | | writable. Lack | | | | | | of this | | | | | | attribute can | | | | | | lead to the | | | | | | client either | | | | | | wasting | | | | | | bandwidth or | | | | | | not receiving | | | | | | the best | | | | | | performance. | | mdsthreshold | 68 | mdsthreshold4 | READ | Hint to client | | | | | | as to when to | | | | | | write through | | | | | | the pnfs | | | | | | metadata | | | | | | server. | | mimetype | 32 | utf8<> | R/W | MIME body | | | | | | type/subtype | | | | | | of this | | | | | | object. | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 84] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | mode | 33 | mode4 | R/W | UNIX-style | | | | | | mode and | | | | | | permission | | | | | | bits for this | | | | | | object. | | mounted_on_fileid | 55 | uint64 | READ | Like fileid, | | | | | | but if the | | | | | | target | | | | | | filehandle is | | | | | | the root of a | | | | | | file system | | | | | | return the | | | | | | fileid of the | | | | | | underlying | | | | | | directory. | | no_trunc | 34 | bool | READ | True, if a | | | | | | name longer | | | | | | than name_max | | | | | | is used, an | | | | | | error be | | | | | | returned and | | | | | | name is not | | | | | | truncated. | | numlinks | 35 | uint32 | READ | Number of hard | | | | | | links to this | | | | | | object. | | owner | 36 | utf8<> | R/W | The string | | | | | | name of the | | | | | | owner of this | | | | | | object. | | owner_group | 37 | utf8<> | R/W | The string | | | | | | name of the | | | | | | group | | | | | | ownership of | | | | | | this object. | | quota_avail_hard | 38 | uint64 | READ | For definition | | | | | | see "Quota | | | | | | Attributes" | | | | | | section below. | | quota_avail_soft | 39 | uint64 | READ | For definition | | | | | | see "Quota | | | | | | Attributes" | | | | | | section below. | | quota_used | 40 | uint64 | READ | For definition | | | | | | see "Quota | | | | | | Attributes" | | | | | | section below. | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 85] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | rawdev | 41 | specdata4 | READ | Raw device | | | | | | identifier. | | | | | | UNIX device | | | | | | major/minor | | | | | | node | | | | | | information. | | | | | | If the value | | | | | | of type is not | | | | | | NF4BLK or | | | | | | NF4CHR, the | | | | | | value return | | | | | | SHOULD NOT be | | | | | | considered | | | | | | useful. | | recv_impl_id | 59 | impl_ident4 | READ | Client obtains | | | | | | the server's | | | | | | implementation | | | | | | identity via | | | | | | GETATTR. | | retentevt_get | 71 | retention_get4 | READ | Get the | | | | | | event-based | | | | | | retention | | | | | | duration, and | | | | | | if enabled, | | | | | | the | | | | | | event-based | | | | | | retention | | | | | | begin time of | | | | | | the file | | | | | | object. | | | | | | GETATTR use | | | | | | only. | | retentevt_set | 72 | retention_set4 | WRITE | Set the | | | | | | event-based | | | | | | retention | | | | | | duration, and | | | | | | optionally | | | | | | enable | | | | | | event-based | | | | | | retention on | | | | | | the file | | | | | | object. | | | | | | SETATTR use | | | | | | only. | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 86] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | retention_get | 69 | retention_get4 | READ | Get the | | | | | | retention | | | | | | duration, and | | | | | | if enabled, | | | | | | the retention | | | | | | begin time of | | | | | | the file | | | | | | object. | | | | | | GETATTR use | | | | | | only. | | retention_hold | 69 | uint64_t | R/W | Get or set | | | | | | administrative | | | | | | retention | | | | | | holds, one | | | | | | hold per bit | | | | | | position. | | retention_set | 70 | retention_set4 | WRITE | Set the | | | | | | retention | | | | | | duration, and | | | | | | optionally | | | | | | enable | | | | | | retention on | | | | | | the file | | | | | | object. | | | | | | SETATTR use | | | | | | only. | | send_impl_id | 58 | impl_ident4 | WRITE | Client | | | | | | provides | | | | | | server with | | | | | | its | | | | | | implementation | | | | | | identity via | | | | | | SETATTR. | | space_avail | 42 | uint64 | READ | Disk space in | | | | | | bytes | | | | | | available to | | | | | | this user on | | | | | | the file | | | | | | system | | | | | | containing | | | | | | this object - | | | | | | this should be | | | | | | the smallest | | | | | | relevant | | | | | | limit. | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 87] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | space_free | 43 | uint64 | READ | Free disk | | | | | | space in bytes | | | | | | on the file | | | | | | system | | | | | | containing | | | | | | this object - | | | | | | this should be | | | | | | the smallest | | | | | | relevant | | | | | | limit. | | space_total | 44 | uint64 | READ | Total disk | | | | | | space in bytes | | | | | | on the file | | | | | | system | | | | | | containing | | | | | | this object. | | space_used | 45 | uint64 | READ | Number of file | | | | | | system bytes | | | | | | allocated to | | | | | | this object. | | system | 46 | bool | R/W | True, if this | | | | | | file is a | | | | | | "system" file | | | | | | with respect | | | | | | to the Windows | | | | | | API? | | time_access | 47 | nfstime4 | READ | The time of | | | | | | last access to | | | | | | the object by | | | | | | a read that | | | | | | was satisfied | | | | | | by the server. | | time_access_set | 48 | settime4 | WRITE | Set the time | | | | | | of last access | | | | | | to the object. | | | | | | SETATTR use | | | | | | only. | | time_backup | 49 | nfstime4 | R/W | The time of | | | | | | last backup of | | | | | | the object. | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 88] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | time_create | 50 | nfstime4 | R/W | The time of | | | | | | creation of | | | | | | the object. | | | | | | This attribute | | | | | | does not have | | | | | | any relation | | | | | | to the | | | | | | traditional | | | | | | UNIX file | | | | | | attribute | | | | | | "ctime" or | | | | | | "change time". | | time_delta | 51 | nfstime4 | READ | Smallest | | | | | | useful server | | | | | | time | | | | | | granularity. | | time_metadata | 52 | nfstime4 | READ | The time of | | | | | | last meta-data | | | | | | modification | | | | | | of the object. | | time_modify | 53 | nfstime4 | READ | The time of | | | | | | last | | | | | | modification | | | | | | to the object. | | time_modify_set | 54 | settime4 | WRITE | Set the time | | | | | | of last | | | | | | modification | | | | | | to the object. | | | | | | SETATTR use | | | | | | only. | +-------------------+----+----------------+--------+----------------+ 5.7. Time Access As defined above, the time_access attribute represents the time of last access to the object by a read that was satisfied by the server. The notion of what is an "access" depends on server's operating environment and/or the server's file system semantics. For example, for servers obeying POSIX semantics, time_access would be updated only by the READLINK, READ, and READDIR operations and not any of the operations that modify the content of the object. Of course, setting the corresponding time_access_set attribute is another way to modify the time_access attribute. Whenever the file object resides on a writable file system, the server should make best efforts to record time_access into stable storage. However, to mitigate the performance effects of doing so, and most especially whenever the server is satisfying the read of the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 89] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 object's content from its cache, the server MAY cache access time updates and lazily write them to stable storage. It is also acceptable to give administrators of the server the option to disable time_access updates. 5.8. Interpreting owner and owner_group The recommended attributes "owner" and "owner_group" (and also users and groups within the "acl" attribute) are represented in terms of a UTF-8 string. To avoid a representation that is tied to a particular underlying implementation at the client or server, the use of the UTF-8 string has been chosen. Note that section 6.1 of RFC2624 [27] provides additional rationale. It is expected that the client and server will have their own local representation of owner and owner_group that is used for local storage or presentation to the end user. Therefore, it is expected that when these attributes are transferred between the client and server that the local representation is translated to a syntax of the form "user@ dns_domain". This will allow for a client and server that do not use the same local representation the ability to translate to a common syntax that can be interpreted by both. Similarly, security principals may be represented in different ways by different security mechanisms. Servers normally translate these representations into a common format, generally that used by local storage, to serve as a means of identifying the users corresponding to these security principals. When these local identifiers are translated to the form of the owner attribute, associated with files created by such principals they identify, in a common format, the users associated with each corresponding set of security principals. The translation used to interpret owner and group strings is not specified as part of the protocol. This allows various solutions to be employed. For example, a local translation table may be consulted that maps between a numeric id to the user@dns_domain syntax. A name service may also be used to accomplish the translation. A server may provide a more general service, not limited by any particular translation (which would only translate a limited set of possible strings) by storing the owner and owner_group attributes in local storage without any translation or it may augment a translation method by storing the entire string for attributes for which no translation is available while using the local representation for those cases in which a translation is available. Servers that do not provide support for all possible values of the owner and owner_group attributes, should return an error (NFS4ERR_BADOWNER) when a string is presented that has no translation, as the value to be set for a SETATTR of the owner, Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 90] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 owner_group, or acl attributes. When a server does accept an owner or owner_group value as valid on a SETATTR (and similarly for the owner and group strings in an acl), it is promising to return that same string when a corresponding GETATTR is done. Configuration changes and ill-constructed name translations (those that contain aliasing) may make that promise impossible to honor. Servers should make appropriate efforts to avoid a situation in which these attributes have their values changed when no real change to ownership has occurred. The "dns_domain" portion of the owner string is meant to be a DNS domain name. For example, user@ietf.org. Servers should accept as valid a set of users for at least one domain. A server may treat other domains as having no valid translations. A more general service is provided when a server is capable of accepting users for multiple domains, or for all domains, subject to security constraints. In the case where there is no translation available to the client or server, the attribute value must be constructed without the "@". Therefore, the absence of the @ from the owner or owner_group attribute signifies that no translation was available at the sender and that the receiver of the attribute should not use that string as a basis for translation into its own internal format. Even though the attribute value can not be translated, it may still be useful. In the case of a client, the attribute string may be used for local display of ownership. To provide a greater degree of compatibility with previous versions of NFS (i.e. v2 and v3), which identified users and groups by 32-bit unsigned uid's and gid's, owner and group strings that consist of decimal numeric values with no leading zeros can be given a special interpretation by clients and servers which choose to provide such support. The receiver may treat such a user or group string as representing the same user as would be represented by a v2/v3 uid or gid having the corresponding numeric value. A server is not obligated to accept such a string, but may return an NFS4ERR_BADOWNER instead. To avoid this mechanism being used to subvert user and group translation, so that a client might pass all of the owners and groups in numeric form, a server SHOULD return an NFS4ERR_BADOWNER error when there is a valid translation for the user or owner designated in this way. In that case, the client must use the appropriate name@domain string and not the special form for compatibility. The owner string "nobody" may be used to designate an anonymous user, which will be associated with a file created by a security principal that cannot be mapped through normal means to the owner attribute. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 91] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 5.9. Character Case Attributes With respect to the case_insensitive and case_preserving attributes, each UCS-4 character (which UTF-8 encodes) has a "long descriptive name" RFC1345 [28] which may or may not included the word "CAPITAL" or "SMALL". The presence of SMALL or CAPITAL allows an NFS server to implement unambiguous and efficient table driven mappings for case insensitive comparisons, and non-case-preserving storage. For general character handling and internationalization issues, see the section "Internationalization". 5.10. Quota Attributes For the attributes related to file system quotas, the following definitions apply: quota_avail_soft The value in bytes which represents the amount of additional disk space that can be allocated to this file or directory before the user may reasonably be warned. It is understood that this space may be consumed by allocations to other files or directories though there is a rule as to which other files or directories. quota_avail_hard The value in bytes which represent the amount of additional disk space beyond the current allocation that can be allocated to this file or directory before further allocations will be refused. It is understood that this space may be consumed by allocations to other files or directories. quota_used The value in bytes which represent the amount of disc space used by this file or directory and possibly a number of other similar files or directories, where the set of "similar" meets at least the criterion that allocating space to any file or directory in the set will reduce the "quota_avail_hard" of every other file or directory in the set. Note that there may be a number of distinct but overlapping sets of files or directories for which a quota_used value is maintained. E.g. "all files with a given owner", "all files with a given group owner". etc. The server is at liberty to choose any of those sets but should do so in a repeatable way. The rule may be configured per file system or may be "choose the set with the smallest quota". Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 92] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 5.11. mounted_on_fileid UNIX-based operating environments connect a file system into the namespace by connecting (mounting) the file system onto the existing file object (the mount point, usually a directory) of an existing file system. When the mount point's parent directory is read via an API like readdir(), the return results are directory entries, each with a component name and a fileid. The fileid of the mount point's directory entry will be different from the fileid that the stat() system call returns. The stat() system call is returning the fileid of the root of the mounted file system, whereas readdir() is returning the fileid stat() would have returned before any file systems were mounted on the mount point. Unlike NFS version 3, NFS version 4 allows a client's LOOKUP request to cross other file systems. The client detects the file system crossing whenever the filehandle argument of LOOKUP has an fsid attribute different from that of the filehandle returned by LOOKUP. A UNIX-based client will consider this a "mount point crossing". UNIX has a legacy scheme for allowing a process to determine its current working directory. This relies on readdir() of a mount point's parent and stat() of the mount point returning fileids as previously described. The mounted_on_fileid attribute corresponds to the fileid that readdir() would have returned as described previously. While the NFS version 4 client could simply fabricate a fileid corresponding to what mounted_on_fileid provides (and if the server does not support mounted_on_fileid, the client has no choice), there is a risk that the client will generate a fileid that conflicts with one that is already assigned to another object in the file system. Instead, if the server can provide the mounted_on_fileid, the potential for client operational problems in this area is eliminated. If the server detects that there is no mounted point at the target file object, then the value for mounted_on_fileid that it returns is the same as that of the fileid attribute. The mounted_on_fileid attribute is RECOMMENDED, so the server SHOULD provide it if possible, and for a UNIX-based server, this is straightforward. Usually, mounted_on_fileid will be requested during a READDIR operation, in which case it is trivial (at least for UNIX- based servers) to return mounted_on_fileid since it is equal to the fileid of a directory entry returned by readdir(). If mounted_on_fileid is requested in a GETATTR operation, the server should obey an invariant that has it returning a value that is equal to the file object's entry in the object's parent directory, i.e. what readdir() would have returned. Some operating environments Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 93] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 allow a series of two or more file systems to be mounted onto a single mount point. In this case, for the server to obey the aforementioned invariant, it will need to find the base mount point, and not the intermediate mount points. 5.12. send_impl_id and recv_impl_id These recommended attributes are used to identify the client and server. In the case of the send_impl_id attribute, the client sends its nfs_impl_id4. In the case of the recv_impl_id attribute, the client receives the server's nfs_impl_id4 value. Access to this identification information can be most useful at both client and server. Being able to identify specific implementations can help in planning by administrators or implementors. For example, diagnostic software may extract this information in an attempt to identify interoperability problems, performance workload behaviors or general usage statistics. Since the intent of having access to this information is for planning or general diagnosis only, the client and server MUST NOT interpret this implementation identity information in a way that affects interoperational behavior of the implementation. The reason is the if clients and servers did such a thing, they might use fewer capabilities of the protocol than the peer can support, or the client and server might refuse to interoperate. Because it is likely some implementations will violate the protocol specification and interpret the identity information, implementations MUST allow the users of the NFSv4 client and server to set the contents of the sent nfs_impl_id structure to any value. Even though these attributes are RECOMMENDED, if the server supports one of them it MUST support the other. 5.13. fs_layout_type This attribute applies to a file system and indicates what layout types are supported by the file system. We expect this attribute to be queried when a client encounters a new fsid. This attribute is used by the client to determine if it has applicable layout drivers. 5.14. layout_type This attribute indicates the particular layout type(s) used for a file. This is for informational purposes only. The client needs to use the LAYOUTGET operation in order to get enough information (e.g., specific device information) in order to perform I/O. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 94] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 5.15. layout_hint This attribute may be set on newly created files to influence the metadata server's choice for the file's layout. It is suggested that this attribute is set as one of the initial attributes within the OPEN call. The metadata server may ignore this attribute. This attribute is a sub-set of the layout structure returned by LAYOUTGET. For example, instead of specifying particular devices, this would be used to suggest the stripe width of a file. It is up to the server implementation to determine which fields within the layout it uses. 5.16. mdsthreshold This attribute acts as a hint to the client to help it determine when it is more efficient to issue read and write requests to the metadata server vs. the data server. Two types of thresholds are described: file size thresholds and I/O size thresholds. If a file's size is smaller than the file size threshold, data accesses should be issued to the metadata server. If an I/O is below the I/O size threshold, the I/O should be issued to the metadata server. Each threshold can be specified independently for read and write requests. For either threshold type, a value of 0 indicates no read or write should be issued to the metadata server, while a value of all 1s indicates all reads or writes should be issued to the metadata server. The attribute is available on a per filehandle basis. If the current filehandle refers to a non-pNFS file or directory, the metadata server should return an attribute that is representative of the filehandle's file system. It is suggested that this attribute is queried as part of the OPEN operation. Due to dynamic system changes, the client should not assume that the attribute will remain constant for any specific time period, thus it should be periodically refreshed. 5.17. Retention Attributes Retention is a concept whereby a file object can be placed in an immutable, undeletable, unrenamable state for a fixed or infinite duration of time. Once in this "retained" state, the file cannot be moved out of the state until the duration of retention has been reached. When retention is enabled, retention MUST extend to the data of the file, and the name of file. The server MAY extend retention any other property of the file, including any subset of mandatory, recommended, and named attributes, with the exceptions noted in this section. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 95] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Servers MAY support or not support retention on any file object type. There are five retention attributes: o retention_get. This attribute is only readable via GETATTR and not setable via SETATTR. The value of the attribute consists of: const RET4_DURATION_INFINITE = 0xffffffffffffffff; struct retention_get4 { uint64_t rg_duration; nfstime4 rg_begin_time<1>; }; The field rg_duration is duration in seconds indicating how long the file will be retained once retention is enabled. The field rg_begin_time is an array of up to one absolute time value. If the array is zero length, no beginning retention time has been established, and retention is not enabled. If rg_duration is equal to RET4_DURATION_INFINITE, the file, once retention is enabled, will be retained for an infinite duration. o retention_set. This attribute corresponds to retention_get. This attribute is only setable via SETATTR and not readable via GETATTR. The value of the attribute consists of: struct retention_set4 { bool rs_enable; uint64_t rs_duration<1>; }; If the client sets rs_enable to TRUE, then it is enabling retention on the file object with the begin time of retention commencing from the server's current time and date. The duration of the retention can also be provided if the rs_duration array is of length one. The duration is time is seconds from the begin time of retention, and if set to RET4_DURATION_INFINITE, the file is to be retained forever. If retention is enabled, with no duration specified in either this SETATTR or a previous SETATTR, the duration defaults to zero seconds. The server MAY restrict the enabling of retention or the duration of retention on the basis of the ACE4_WRITE_RETENTION ACL permission. The enabling of retention does not prevent the enabling of event-based retention nor the modification of the retention_hold attribute. o retentevt_get. This attribute is like retention_get, but refers to event-based retention. The event that triggers event-based Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 96] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 retention is not defined by the NFSv4.1 specification. o retentevt_set. This attribute corresponds to retentevt_get, is like retention_set, but refers to event-based retention. When event based retention is set, the file MUST be retained even if non-event-based retention has been set, and the duration of non- event-based retention has been reached. Conversely, when non- event-based retention has been set, the file MUST be retained even the event-based retention has been set, and the duration of event- based retention has been reached. The server MAY restrict the enabling of event-based retention or the duration of event-based retention on the basis of the ACE4_WRITE_RETENTION ACL permission. The enabling of event-based retention does not prevent the enabling of non-event-based retention nor the modification of the retention_hold attribute. o retention_hold. This attribute allows one to 64 administrative holds, one hold per bit on the attribute. If retention_hold is not zero, then the file MUST NOT be deleted, renamed, or modified, even if the duration on enabled event or non-event-based retention has been reached. The server MAY restrict the modification of retention_hold on the basis of the ACE4_WRITE_RETENTION_HOLD ACL permission. The enabling of administration retention holds does not prevent the enabling of event-based or non-event-based retention. 6. Access Control Lists Access Control Lists (ACLs) are a file attribute that specify fine grained access control. This chapter covers the "acl", "aclsupport", and "mode" file attributes, and their interactions. 6.1. Goals ACLs and modes represent two well established but different models for specifying permissions. This chapter specifies requirements that attempt to meet the following goals: o If a server supports the mode attribute, it should provide reasonable semantics to clients that only set and retrieve the mode attribute. o If a server supports the ACL attribute, it should provide reasonable semantics to clients that only set and retrieve the ACL attribute. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 97] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o On servers that support the mode attribute, if the ACL attribute has never been set on an object, via inheritance or explicitly, the behavior should be traditional UNIX-like behavior. o On servers that support the mode attribute, if the ACL attribute has been previously set on an object, either explicitly or via inheritance: * Setting only the mode attribute should effectively control the traditional UNIX-like permissions of read, write, and execute on owner, owner_group, and other. * Setting only the mode attribute should provide reasonable security. For example, setting a mode of 000 should be enough to ensure that future opens for read or write by any principal should fail, regardless of a previously existing or inherited ACL. o It must be possible to implement a server such that its clients can have POSIX compliant semantics. o This minor version of NFSv4 should not introduce significantly different semantics relating to the mode and ACL attributes, nor should it render invalid any existing implementations. Rather, this chapter provides clarifications based on previous implementations and discussions around them. o If a server supports the ACL attribute, then at any time, the server can provide an ACL attribute when requested. The ACL attribute will describe all permissions on the file object, except for the three high-order bits of the mode attribute (described in Section 6.2.2). The ACL attribute will not conflict with the mode attribute, on servers that support the mode attribute. o If a server supports the mode attribute, then at any time, the server can provide a mode attribute when requested. The mode attribute will not conflict with the ACL attribute, on servers that support the ACL attribute. o When a mode attribute is set on an object, the ACL attribute may need to be modified so as to not conflict with the new mode. In such cases, it is desirable that the ACL keep as much information as possible. This includes information about inheritance, AUDIT and ALARM ACEs, and permissions granted and denied that do not conflict with the new mode. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 98] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 6.2. File Attributes Discussion 6.2.1. ACL Attribute The NFS version 4 ACL attribute is an array of access control entries (ACEs). Although the client can read and write the ACL attribute, the server is responsible for using the ACL to perform access control. The client can use the OPEN or ACCESS operations to check access without modifying or reading data or metadata. The NFS ACE attribute is defined as follows: typedef uint32_t acetype4; typedef uint32_t aceflag4; typedef uint32_t acemask4; struct nfsace4 { acetype4 type; aceflag4 flag; acemask4 access_mask; utf8str_mixed who; }; To determine if a request succeeds, the server processes each nfsace4 entry in order. Only ACEs which have a "who" that matches the requester are considered. Each ACE is processed until all of the bits of the requester's access have been ALLOWED. Once a bit (see below) has been ALLOWED by an ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE, it is no longer considered in the processing of later ACEs. If an ACCESS_DENIED_ACE is encountered where the requester's access still has unALLOWED bits in common with the "access_mask" of the ACE, the request is denied. When the ACL is fully processed, if there are bits in the requester's mask that have not been ALLOWED or DENIED, access is denied. Unlike the ALLOW and DENY ACE types, the ALARM and AUDIT ACE types do not affect a requester's access, and instead are for triggering events as a result of a requester's access attempt. Therefore, all AUDIT and ALARM ACEs are processed until end of the ACL. The NFS version 4 ACL model is quite rich. Some server platforms may provide access control functionality that goes beyond the UNIX-style mode attribute, but which is not as rich as the NFS ACL model. So that users can take advantage of this more limited functionality, the server may indicate that it supports ACLs as long as it follows the guidelines for mapping between its ACL model and the NFS version 4 ACL model. The situation is complicated by the fact that a server may have Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 99] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 multiple modules that enforce ACLs. For example, the enforcement for NFS version 4 access may be different from the enforcement for local access, and both may be different from the enforcement for access through other protocols such as SMB. So it may be useful for a server to accept an ACL even if not all of its modules are able to support it. The guiding principle in all cases is that the server must not accept ACLs that appear to make the file more secure than it really is. 6.2.1.1. ACE Type The constants used for the type field (acetype4) are as follows: const ACE4_ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE = 0x00000000; const ACE4_ACCESS_DENIED_ACE_TYPE = 0x00000001; const ACE4_SYSTEM_AUDIT_ACE_TYPE = 0x00000002; const ACE4_SYSTEM_ALARM_ACE_TYPE = 0x00000003; +------------------------------+--------------+---------------------+ | Value | Abbreviation | Description | +------------------------------+--------------+---------------------+ | ACE4_ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE | ALLOW | Explicitly grants | | | | the access defined | | | | in acemask4 to the | | | | file or directory. | | ACE4_ACCESS_DENIED_ACE_TYPE | DENY | Explicitly denies | | | | the access defined | | | | in acemask4 to the | | | | file or directory. | | ACE4_SYSTEM_AUDIT_ACE_TYPE | AUDIT | LOG (system | | | | dependent) any | | | | access attempt to a | | | | file or directory | | | | which uses any of | | | | the access methods | | | | specified in | | | | acemask4. | | ACE4_SYSTEM_ALARM_ACE_TYPE | ALARM | Generate a system | | | | ALARM (system | | | | dependent) when any | | | | access attempt is | | | | made to a file or | | | | directory for the | | | | access methods | | | | specified in | | | | acemask4. | +------------------------------+--------------+---------------------+ Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 100] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 The "Abbreviation" column denotes how the types will be referred to throughout the rest of this document. 6.2.1.2. The aclsupport Attribute A server need not support all of the above ACE types. The bitmask constants used to represent the above definitions within the aclsupport attribute are as follows: const ACL4_SUPPORT_ALLOW_ACL = 0x00000001; const ACL4_SUPPORT_DENY_ACL = 0x00000002; const ACL4_SUPPORT_AUDIT_ACL = 0x00000004; const ACL4_SUPPORT_ALARM_ACL = 0x00000008; Clients should not attempt to set an ACE unless the server claims support for that ACE type. If the server receives a request to set an ACE that it cannot store, it MUST reject the request with NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP. If the server receives a request to set an ACE that it can store but cannot enforce, the server SHOULD reject the request with NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP. Example: suppose a server can enforce NFS ACLs for NFS access but cannot enforce ACLs for local access. If arbitrary processes can run on the server, then the server SHOULD NOT indicate ACL support. On the other hand, if only trusted administrative programs run locally, then the server may indicate ACL support. 6.2.1.3. ACE Access Mask The bitmask constants used for the access mask field are as follows: Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 101] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 const ACE4_READ_DATA = 0x00000001; const ACE4_LIST_DIRECTORY = 0x00000001; const ACE4_WRITE_DATA = 0x00000002; const ACE4_ADD_FILE = 0x00000002; const ACE4_APPEND_DATA = 0x00000004; const ACE4_ADD_SUBDIRECTORY = 0x00000004; const ACE4_READ_NAMED_ATTRS = 0x00000008; const ACE4_WRITE_NAMED_ATTRS = 0x00000010; const ACE4_EXECUTE = 0x00000020; const ACE4_DELETE_CHILD = 0x00000040; const ACE4_READ_ATTRIBUTES = 0x00000080; const ACE4_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES = 0x00000100; const ACE4_WRITE_RETENTION = 0x00000200; const ACE4_WRITE_RETENTION_HOLD = 0x00000400; const ACE4_DELETE = 0x00010000; const ACE4_READ_ACL = 0x00020000; const ACE4_WRITE_ACL = 0x00040000; const ACE4_WRITE_OWNER = 0x00080000; const ACE4_SYNCHRONIZE = 0x00100000; 6.2.1.3.1. Discussion of Mask Attributes ACE4_READ_DATA Operation(s) affected: READ OPEN Discussion: Permission to read the data of the file. Servers SHOULD allow a user the ability to read the data of the file when only the ACE4_EXECUTE access mask bit is allowed. ACE4_LIST_DIRECTORY Operation(s) affected: READDIR Discussion: Permission to list the contents of a directory. ACE4_WRITE_DATA Operation(s) affected: WRITE OPEN SETATTR of size Discussion: Permission to modify a file's data anywhere in the file's offset range. This includes the ability to write to any arbitrary offset and as a result to grow the file. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 102] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 ACE4_ADD_FILE Operation(s) affected: CREATE OPEN Discussion: Permission to add a new file in a directory. The CREATE operation is affected when nfs_ftype4 is NF4LNK, NF4BLK, NF4CHR, NF4SOCK, or NF4FIFO. (NF4DIR is not listed because it is covered by ACE4_ADD_SUBDIRECTORY.) OPEN is affected when used to create a regular file. ACE4_APPEND_DATA Operation(s) affected: WRITE OPEN SETATTR of size Discussion: The ability to modify a file's data, but only starting at EOF. This allows for the notion of append-only files, by allowing ACE4_APPEND_DATA and denying ACE4_WRITE_DATA to the same user or group. If a file has an ACL such as the one described above and a WRITE request is made for somewhere other than EOF, the server SHOULD return NFS4ERR_ACCESS. ACE4_ADD_SUBDIRECTORY Operation(s) affected: CREATE Discussion: Permission to create a subdirectory in a directory. The CREATE operation is affected when nfs_ftype4 is NF4DIR. ACE4_READ_NAMED_ATTRS Operation(s) affected: OPENATTR Discussion: Permission to read the named attributes of a file or to lookup the named attributes directory. OPENATTR is affected when it is not used to create a named attribute directory. This is when 1.) createdir is TRUE, but a named attribute directory already exists, or 2.) createdir is FALSE. ACE4_WRITE_NAMED_ATTRS Operation(s) affected: OPENATTR Discussion: Permission to write the named attributes of a file or Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 103] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 to create a named attribute directory. OPENATTR is affected when it is used to create a named attribute directory. This is when createdir is TRUE and no named attribute directory exists. The ability to check whether or not a named attribute directory exists depends on the ability to look it up, therefore, users also need the ACE4_READ_NAMED_ATTRS permission in order to create a named attribute directory. ACE4_EXECUTE Operation(s) affected: LOOKUP READ OPEN Discussion: Permission to execute a file or traverse/search a directory. Servers SHOULD allow a user the ability to read the data of the file when only the ACE4_EXECUTE access mask bit is allowed. This is because there is no way to execute a file without reading the contents. Though a server may treat ACE4_EXECUTE and ACE4_READ_DATA bits identically when deciding to permit a READ operation, it SHOULD still allow the two bits to be set independently in ACLs, and MUST distinguish between them when replying to ACCESS operations. In particular, servers SHOULD NOT silently turn on one of the two bits when the other is set, as that would make it impossible for the client to correctly enforce the distinction between read and execute permissions. As an example, following a SETATTR of the following ACL: nfsuser:ACE4_EXECUTE:ALLOW A subsequent GETATTR of ACL for that file SHOULD return: nfsuser:ACE4_EXECUTE:ALLOW Rather than: nfsuser:ACE4_EXECUTE/ACE4_READ_DATA:ALLOW ACE4_DELETE_CHILD Operation(s) affected: REMOVE Discussion: Permission to delete a file or directory within a directory. See section "ACE4_DELETE vs. ACE4_DELETE_CHILD" for information on how these two access mask bits interact. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 104] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 ACE4_READ_ATTRIBUTES Operation(s) affected: GETATTR of file system object attributes Discussion: The ability to read basic attributes (non-ACLs) of a file. On a UNIX system, basic attributes can be thought of as the stat level attributes. Allowing this access mask bit would mean the entity can execute "ls -l" and stat. ACE4_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES Operation(s) affected: SETATTR of time_access_set, time_backup, time_create, time_modify_set, mimetype, hidden, system Discussion: Permission to change the times associated with a file or directory to an arbitrary value. Also permission to change the mimetype, hidden and system attributes. A user having ACE4_WRITE_DATA permission, but lacking ACE4_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES must be allowed to implicitly set the times associated with a file. ACE4_WRITE_RETENTION Operation(s) affected: SETATTR of retention_set, retentevt_set. Discussion: Permission to modify the durations of event and non-event-based retention. Also permission to enable event and non-event-based retention. A server MAY map ACE4_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES to ACE_WRITE_RETENTION. ACE4_WRITE_RETENTION_HOLD Operation(s) affected: SETATTR of retention_hold. Discussion: Permission to modify the administration retention holds. A server MAY map ACE4_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES to ACE_WRITE_RETENTION_HOLD. ACE4_DELETE Operation(s) affected: REMOVE Discussion: Permission to delete the file or directory. See section "ACE4_DELETE vs. ACE4_DELETE_CHILD" for information on how these two access mask bits interact. ACE4_READ_ACL Operation(s) affected: Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 105] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 GETATTR of acl Discussion: Permission to read the ACL. ACE4_WRITE_ACL Operation(s) affected: SETATTR of acl and mode Discussion: Permission to write the acl and mode attributes. ACE4_WRITE_OWNER Operation(s) affected: SETATTR of owner and owner_group Discussions: Permission to write the owner and owner_group attributes. On UNIX systems, this is the ability to execute chown(). ACE4_SYNCHRONIZE Operation(s) affected: NONE Discussion: Permission to access file locally at the server with synchronized reads and writes. Server implementations need not provide the granularity of control that is implied by this list of masks. For example, POSIX-based systems might not distinguish ACE4_APPEND_DATA (the ability to append to a file) from ACE4_WRITE_DATA (the ability to modify existing contents); both masks would be tied to a single "write" permission. When such a server returns attributes to the client, it would show both ACE4_APPEND_DATA and ACE4_WRITE_DATA if and only if the write permission is enabled. If a server receives a SETATTR request that it cannot accurately implement, it should error in the direction of more restricted access. For example, suppose a server cannot distinguish overwriting data from appending new data, as described in the previous paragraph. If a client submits an ACE where ACE4_APPEND_DATA is set but ACE4_WRITE_DATA is not (or vice versa), the server should reject the request with NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP. Nonetheless, if the ACE has type DENY, the server may silently turn on the other bit, so that both ACE4_APPEND_DATA and ACE4_WRITE_DATA are denied. 6.2.1.3.2. ACE4_DELETE vs. ACE4_DELETE_CHILD Two access mask bits govern the ability to delete a file or directory object: ACE4_DELETE on the object itself, and ACE4_DELETE_CHILD on the object's parent directory. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 106] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Many systems also consult the "sticky bit" (MODE4_SVTX) and write mode bit on the parent directory when determining whether to allow a file to be deleted. The mode bit for write corresponds to ACE4_WRITE_DATA, which is the same physical bit as ACE4_ADD_FILE. Therefore, ACE4_ADD_FILE can come into play when determining permission to delete. In the algorithm below, the strategy is that ACE4_DELETE and ACE4_DELETE_CHILD take precedence over the sticky bit, and the sticky bit takes precedence over the "write" mode bits (reflected in ACE4_ADD_FILE). Server implementations SHOULD grant or deny permission to delete based on the following algorithm. if ACE4_EXECUTE is denied by the parent directory ACL: deny delete else if ACE4_DELETE is allowed by the target object ACL: allow delete else if ACE4_DELETE_CHILD is allowed by the parent directory ACL: allow delete else if ACE4_DELETE_CHILD is denied by the parent directory ACL: deny delete else if ACE4_ADD_FILE is allowed by the parent directory ACL: if MODE4_SVTX is set for the parent directory: if the principal owns the parent directory OR the principal owns the target object OR ACE4_WRITE_DATA is allowed by the target object ACL: allow delete else: deny delete else: allow delete else: deny delete 6.2.1.4. ACE flag The bitmask constants used for the flag field are as follows: Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 107] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 const ACE4_FILE_INHERIT_ACE = 0x00000001; const ACE4_DIRECTORY_INHERIT_ACE = 0x00000002; const ACE4_NO_PROPAGATE_INHERIT_ACE = 0x00000004; const ACE4_INHERIT_ONLY_ACE = 0x00000008; const ACE4_SUCCESSFUL_ACCESS_ACE_FLAG = 0x00000010; const ACE4_FAILED_ACCESS_ACE_FLAG = 0x00000020; const ACE4_IDENTIFIER_GROUP = 0x00000040; A server need not support any of these flags. If the server supports flags that are similar to, but not exactly the same as, these flags, the implementation may define a mapping between the protocol-defined flags and the implementation-defined flags. Again, the guiding principle is that the file not appear to be more secure than it really is. For example, suppose a client tries to set an ACE with ACE4_FILE_INHERIT_ACE set but not ACE4_DIRECTORY_INHERIT_ACE. If the server does not support any form of ACL inheritance, the server should reject the request with NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP. If the server supports a single "inherit ACE" flag that applies to both files and directories, the server may reject the request (i.e., requiring the client to set both the file and directory inheritance flags). The server may also accept the request and silently turn on the ACE4_DIRECTORY_INHERIT_ACE flag. 6.2.1.4.1. Discussion of Flag Bits ACE4_FILE_INHERIT_ACE Can be placed on a directory and indicates that this ACE should be added to each new non-directory file created. ACE4_DIRECTORY_INHERIT_ACE Can be placed on a directory and indicates that this ACE should be added to each new directory created. ACE4_INHERIT_ONLY_ACE Can be placed on a directory but does not apply to the directory; ALLOW and DENY ACEs with this bit set do not affect access to the directory, and AUDIT and ALARM ACEs with this bit set do not trigger log or alarm events. Such ACEs only take effect once they are applied (with this bit cleared) to newly created files and directories as specified by the above two flags. ACE4_NO_PROPAGATE_INHERIT_ACE Can be placed on a directory. This flag tells the server that inheritance of this ACE should stop at newly created child directories. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 108] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 ACE4_SUCCESSFUL_ACCESS_ACE_FLAG ACE4_FAILED_ACCESS_ACE_FLAG The ACE4_SUCCESSFUL_ACCESS_ACE_FLAG (SUCCESS) and ACE4_FAILED_ACCESS_ACE_FLAG (FAILED) flag bits relate only to ACE4_SYSTEM_AUDIT_ACE_TYPE (AUDIT) and ACE4_SYSTEM_ALARM_ACE_TYPE (ALARM) ACE types. If during the processing of the file's ACL, the server encounters an AUDIT or ALARM ACE that matches the principal attempting the OPEN, the server notes that fact, and the presence, if any, of the SUCCESS and FAILED flags encountered in the AUDIT or ALARM ACE. Once the server completes the ACL processing, it then notes if the operation succeeded or failed. If the operation succeeded, and if the SUCCESS flag was set for a matching AUDIT or ALARM ACE, then the appropriate AUDIT or ALARM event occurs. If the operation failed, and if the FAILED flag was set for the matching AUDIT or ALARM ACE, then the appropriate AUDIT or ALARM event occurs. Either or both of the SUCCESS or FAILED can be set, but if neither is set, the AUDIT or ALARM ACE is not useful. The previously described processing applies to that of the ACCESS operation as well, the difference being that "success" or "failure" does not mean whether ACCESS returns NFS4_OK or not. Success means whether ACCESS returns all requested and supported bits. Failure means whether ACCESS failed to return a bit that was requested and supported. ACE4_IDENTIFIER_GROUP Indicates that the "who" refers to a GROUP as defined under UNIX or a GROUP ACCOUNT as defined under Windows. Clients and servers must ignore the ACE4_IDENTIFIER_GROUP flag on ACEs with a who value equal to one of the special identifiers outlined in Section 6.2.1.5. 6.2.1.5. ACE Who The "who" field of an ACE is an identifier that specifies the principal or principals to whom the ACE applies. It may refer to a user or a group, with the flag bit ACE4_IDENTIFIER_GROUP specifying which. There are several special identifiers which need to be understood universally, rather than in the context of a particular DNS domain. Some of these identifiers cannot be understood when an NFS client accesses the server, but have meaning when a local process accesses the file. The ability to display and modify these permissions is permitted over NFS, even if none of the access methods on the server understands the identifiers. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 109] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 +---------------+--------------------------------------------------+ | Who | Description | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------+ | OWNER | The owner of the file | | GROUP | The group associated with the file. | | EVERYONE | The world, including the owner and owning group. | | INTERACTIVE | Accessed from an interactive terminal. | | NETWORK | Accessed via the network. | | DIALUP | Accessed as a dialup user to the server. | | BATCH | Accessed from a batch job. | | ANONYMOUS | Accessed without any authentication. | | AUTHENTICATED | Any authenticated user (opposite of ANONYMOUS) | | SERVICE | Access from a system service. | +---------------+--------------------------------------------------+ Table 7 To avoid conflict, these special identifiers are distinguish by an appended "@" and should appear in the form "xxxx@" (note: no domain name after the "@"). For example: ANONYMOUS@. 6.2.1.5.1. Discussion of EVERYONE@ It is important to note that "EVERYONE@" is not equivalent to the UNIX "other" entity. This is because, by definition, UNIX "other" does not include the owner or owning group of a file. "EVERYONE@" means literally everyone, including the owner or owning group. 6.2.2. mode Attribute The NFS version 4 mode attribute is based on the UNIX mode bits. The following bits are defined: const MODE4_SUID = 0x800; /* set user id on execution */ const MODE4_SGID = 0x400; /* set group id on execution */ const MODE4_SVTX = 0x200; /* save text even after use */ const MODE4_RUSR = 0x100; /* read permission: owner */ const MODE4_WUSR = 0x080; /* write permission: owner */ const MODE4_XUSR = 0x040; /* execute permission: owner */ const MODE4_RGRP = 0x020; /* read permission: group */ const MODE4_WGRP = 0x010; /* write permission: group */ const MODE4_XGRP = 0x008; /* execute permission: group */ const MODE4_ROTH = 0x004; /* read permission: other */ const MODE4_WOTH = 0x002; /* write permission: other */ const MODE4_XOTH = 0x001; /* execute permission: other */ Bits MODE4_RUSR, MODE4_WUSR, and MODE4_XUSR apply to the principal identified in the owner attribute. Bits MODE4_RGRP, MODE4_WGRP, and Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 110] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 MODE4_XGRP apply to principals identified in the owner_group attribute but who are not identified in the owner attribute. Bits MODE4_ROTH, MODE4_WOTH, MODE4_XOTH apply to any principal that does not match that in the owner attribute, and does not have a group matching that of the owner_group attribute. The remaining bits are not defined by this protocol. A server MUST NOT return bits other than those defined above in a GETATTR or READDIR operation, and it MUST return NFS4ERR_INVAL if bits other than those defined above are set in a SETATTR, CREATE, or OPEN operation. 6.3. Common Methods The requirements in this section will be referred to in future sections, especially Section 6.4. 6.3.1. Interpreting an ACL 6.3.1.1. Server Considerations The server uses the algorithm described in Section 6.2.1 to determine whether an ACL allows access to an object. However, the ACL may not be the sole determiner of access. For example: o In the case of a file system exported as read-only, the server may deny write permissions even though an object's ACL grants it. o Server implementations MAY grant ACE4_WRITE_ACL and ACE4_READ_ACL permissions in order to prevent the owner from getting into the situation where they can't ever modify the ACL. o All servers will allow a user the ability to read the data of the file when only the execute permission is granted (i.e. If the ACL denies the user the ACE4_READ_DATA access and allows the user ACE4_EXECUTE, the server will allow the user to read the data of the file). o Many servers have the notion of owner-override in which the owner of the object is allowed to override accesses that are denied by the ACL. This may be helpful, for example, to allow users continued access to open files on which the permissions have changed. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 111] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 6.3.1.2. Client Considerations Clients SHOULD NOT do their own access checks based on their interpretation the ACL, but rather use the OPEN and ACCESS operations to do access checks. This allows the client to act on the results of having the server determine whether or not access should be granted based on its interpretation of the ACL. Clients must be aware of situations in which an object's ACL will define a certain access even though the server will not enforce it. In general, but especially in these situations, the client needs to do its part in the enforcement of access as defined by the ACL. To do this, the client MAY issue the appropriate ACCESS operation prior to servicing the request of the user or application in order to determine whether the user or application should be granted the access requested. For examples in which the ACL may define accesses that the server doesn't enforce see Section 6.3.1.1. 6.3.2. Computing a Mode Attribute from an ACL The following method can be used to calculate the MODE4_R*, MODE4_W* and MODE4_X* bits of a mode attribute, based upon an ACL. 1. To determine MODE4_ROTH, MODE4_WOTH, and MODE4_XOTH: 1. If the special identifier EVERYONE@ is granted ACE4_READ_DATA, then the bit MODE4_ROTH SHOULD be set. Otherwise, MODE4_ROTH SHOULD NOT be set. 2. If the special identifier EVERYONE@ is granted ACE4_WRITE_DATA or ACE4_APPEND_DATA, then the bit MODE4_WOTH SHOULD be set. Otherwise, MODE4_WOTH SHOULD NOT be set. 3. If the special identifier EVERYONE@ is granted ACE4_EXECUTE, then the bit MODE4_XOTH SHOULD be set. Otherwise, MODE4_XOTH SHOULD NOT be set. 2. To determine MODE4_RGRP, MODE4_WGRP, and MODE4_XGRP, note that the EVERYONE@ special identifier SHOULD be taken into account. In other words, when determining if the GROUP@ special identifier is granted a permission, ACEs with the identifier EVERYONE@ should take effect just as ACEs with the special identifier GROUP@ would. 1. If the special identifier GROUP@ is granted ACE4_READ_DATA, then the bit MODE4_RGRP SHOULD be set. Otherwise, MODE4_RGRP SHOULD NOT be set. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 112] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 2. If the special identifier GROUP@ is granted ACE4_WRITE_DATA or ACE4_APPEND_DATA, then the bit MODE4_WGRP SHOULD be set. Otherwise, MODE4_WGRP SHOULD NOT be set. 3. If the special identifier GROUP@ is granted ACE4_EXECUTE, then the bit MODE4_XGRP SHOULD be set. Otherwise, MODE4_XGRP SHOULD NOT be set. 3. To determine MODE4_RUSR, MODE4_WUSR, and MODE4_XUSR, note that the EVERYONE@ special identifier SHOULD be taken into account. In other words, when determining if the OWNER@ special identifier is granted a permission, ACEs with the identifier EVERYONE@ should take effect just as ACEs with the special identifer OWNER@ would. 1. If the special identifier OWNER@ is granted ACE4_READ_DATA, then the bit MODE4_RUSR SHOULD be set. Otherwise, MODE4_RUSR SHOULD NOT be set. 2. If the special identifier OWNER@ is granted ACE4_WRITE_DATA or ACE4_APPEND_DATA, then the bit MODE4_WUSR SHOULD be set. Otherwise, MODE4_WUSR SHOULD NOT be set. 3. If the special identifier OWNER@ is granted ACE4_EXECUTE, then the bit MODE4_XUSR SHOULD be set. Otherwise, MODE4_XUSR SHOULD NOT be set. 6.3.2.1. Discussion The nine low-order mode bits (MODE4_R*, MODE4_W*, MODE4_X*) correspond to ACE4_READ_DATA, ACE4_WRITE_DATA/ACE4_APPEND_DATA, and ACE4_EXECUTE for OWNER@, GROUP@, and EVERYONE@. On some implementations, mode bits may represent a superset of these permissions, e.g. if a specific user is granted ACE4_WRITE_DATA, then MODE4_WGRP will be set, even though the file's owner_group is not granted ACE4_WRITE_DATA. Server implementations are discouraged from doing this, as experience has shown that this is confusing and annoying to end users. The specifications above also discourage this practice to enforce the semantic that setting the mode attribute effectively specifies read, write, and execute for owner, group, and other. 6.4. Requirements The server that supports both mode and ACL must take care to synchronize the MODE4_*USR, MODE4_*GRP, and MODE4_*OTH bits with the ACEs which have respective who fields of "OWNER@", "GROUP@", and Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 113] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 "EVERYONE@" so that the client can see semantically equivalent access permissions exist whether the client asks for owner, owner_group and mode attributes, or for just the ACL. In this section, much is made of the methods in Section 6.3.2. Many requirements refer to this section. But note that the methods have behaviors specified with "SHOULD". This is intentional, to avoid invalidating existing implementations that compute the mode according to the withdrawn POSIX ACL draft (1003.1e draft 17), rather than by actual permissions on owner, group, and other. 6.4.1. Setting the mode and/or ACL Attributes 6.4.1.1. Setting mode and not ACL When setting a mode attribute and not an ACL attribute, the mode attribute MUST be set as given. The ACL attribute MUST be modified such that the mode computed via the method in Section 6.3.2 yields the low-order nine bits (MODE4_R*, MODE4_W*, MODE4_X*) of the newly set mode attribute. The ACL SHOULD also be modified such that: 1. If MODE4_RGRP is not set, entities explicitly listed in the ACL other than OWNER@ and EVERYONE@ SHOULD NOT be granted ACE4_READ_DATA. 2. If MODE4_WGRP is not set, entities explicitly listed in the ACL other than OWNER@ and EVERYONE@ SHOULD NOT be granted ACE4_WRITE_DATA or ACE4_APPEND_DATA. 3. If MODE4_XGRP is not set, entities explicitly listed in the ACL other than OWNER@ and EVERYONE@ SHOULD NOT be granted ACE4_EXECUTE. Access mask bits other those listed above, appearing in ALLOW ACEs, MAY also be disabled. Note that ACEs with the flag ACE4_INHERIT_ONLY_ACE set do not affect the permissions of the ACL itself, nor do ACEs of the type AUDIT and ALARM. As such, it is desirable to leave these ACEs unmodified when modifying the ACL attribute. Also note that the requirement may be met by discarding the ACL, in favor of an ACL that represents the mode and only the mode. This is permitted, but it is preferable for a server to preserve as much of the ACL as possible without violating the above requirements. Discarding the ACL makes it effectively impossible for a file created with a mode attribute to inherit an ACL (see Section 6.4.3). Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 114] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 6.4.1.2. Setting ACL and not mode When setting an ACL attribute and not a mode attribute, the ACL attribute SHOULD be set as given. The nine low-order bits of the mode attribute (MODE4_R*, MODE4_W*, MODE4_X*) MUST be modified to match the result of the method Section 6.3.2. The three high-order bits of the mode (MODE4_SUID, MODE4_SGID, MODE4_SVTX) SHOULD remain unchanged. 6.4.1.3. Setting both ACL and mode When setting both the mode and the ACL attribute in the same operation, the attributes MUST be applied in this order: mode, then ACL. The mode attribute is set as given, then the ACL attribute is set as given, possibly changing the final mode, as described above in Section 6.4.1.2. 6.4.2. Retrieving the mode and/or ACL Attributes This section applies only to servers that support both the mode and the ACL attribute. Some server implementations may have a concept of "objects without ACLs", meaning that all permissions are granted and denied according to the mode attribute, and that no ACL attribute is stored for that object. If an ACL attribute is requested of such a server, the server SHOULD return an ACL that does not conflict with the mode; that is to say, the ACL returned SHOULD represent the nine low-order bits of the mode attribute (MODE4_R*, MODE4_W*, MODE4_X*) as described in Section 6.3.2. For other server implementations, the ACL attribute is always present for every object. Such servers SHOULD store at least the three high- order bits of the mode attribute (MODE4_SUID, MODE4_SGID, MODE4_SVTX). The server SHOULD return a mode attribute if one is requested, and the low-order nine bits of the mode (MODE4_R*, MODE4_W*, MODE4_X*) MUST match the result of applying the method in Section 6.3.2 to the ACL attribute. 6.4.3. Creating New Objects If a server supports the ACL attribute, it may use the ACL attribute on the parent directory to compute an initial ACL attribute for a newly created object. This will be referred to as the inherited ACL within this section. The act of adding one or more ACEs to the inherited ACL that are based upon ACEs in the parent directory's ACL will be referred to as inheriting an ACE within this section. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 115] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Implementors should standardize on what the behavior of CREATE and OPEN must be depending on the presence or absence of the mode and ACL attributes. 1. If just mode is given: In this case, inheritance SHOULD take place, but the mode MUST be applied to the inherited ACL as described in Section 6.4.1.1, thereby modifying the ACL. 2. If just ACL is given: In this case, inheritance SHOULD NOT take place, and the ACL as defined in the CREATE or OPEN will be set without modification, and the mode modified as in Section 6.4.1.2 3. If both mode and ACL are given: In this case, inheritance SHOULD NOT take place, and both attributes will be set as described in Section 6.4.1.3. 4. If neither mode nor ACL are given: In the case where an object is being created without any initial attributes at all, e.g. an OPEN operation with an opentype4 of OPEN4_CREATE and a createmode4 of EXCLUSIVE4, inheritance SHOULD NOT take place. Instead, the server SHOULD set permissions to deny all access to the newly created object. It is expected that the appropriate client will set the desired attributes in a subsequent SETATTR operation, and the server SHOULD allow that operation to succeed, regardless of what permissions the object is created with. For example, an empty ACL denies all permissions, but the server should allow the owner's SETATTR to succeed even though WRITE_ACL is implicitly denied. In other cases, inheritance SHOULD take place, and no modifications to the ACL will happen. The mode attribute, if supported, MUST be as computed in Section 6.3.2, with the MODE4_SUID, MODE4_SGID and MODE4_SVTX bits clear. It is worth noting that if no inheritable ACEs exist on the parent directory, the file will be created with an empty ACL, thus granting no access. 6.4.3.1. The Inherited ACL If the object being created is not a directory, the inherited ACL SHOULD NOT inherit ACEs from the parent directory ACL unless the ACE4_FILE_INHERIT_FLAG is set. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 116] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 If the object being created is a directory, the inherited ACL should inherit all inheritable ACEs from the parent directory, those that have ACE4_FILE_INHERIT_ACE or ACE4_DIRECTORY_INHERIT_ACE flag set. If the inheritable ACE has ACE4_FILE_INHERIT_ACE set, but ACE4_DIRECTORY_INHERIT_ACE is clear, the inherited ACE on the newly created directory MUST have the ACE4_INHERIT_ONLY_ACE flag set to prevent the directory from being affected by ACEs meant for non- directories. If when a new directory is created and it inherits ACEs from its parent, for each inheritable ACE which affects the directory's permissions, a server MAY create two ACEs on the directory being created; one effective and one which is only inheritable (i.e. has ACE4_INHERIT_ONLY_ACE flag set). This gives the user and the server, in the cases which it must mask certain permissions upon creation, the ability to modify the effective permissions without modifying the ACE which is to be inherited to the new directory's children. When a newly created object is created with attributes, and those attributes contain an ACL attribute and/or a mode attribute, the server MUST apply those attributes to the newly created object, as described in Section 6.4.1. 7. Single-server Name Space This chapter describes the NFSv4 single-server name space. Single- server namespaces may be presented directly to clients, or they may be used as a basis to form larger multi-server namespaces (e.g. site- wide or organization-wide) to be presented to clients, as described in Section 10. 7.1. Server Exports On a UNIX server, the name space describes all the files reachable by pathnames under the root directory or "/". On a Windows NT server the name space constitutes all the files on disks named by mapped disk letters. NFS server administrators rarely make the entire server's file system name space available to NFS clients. More often portions of the name space are made available via an "export" feature. In previous versions of the NFS protocol, the root filehandle for each export is obtained through the MOUNT protocol; the client sends a string that identifies the export of name space and the server returns the root filehandle for it. The MOUNT protocol supports an EXPORTS procedure that will enumerate the server's exports. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 117] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 7.2. Browsing Exports The NFS version 4 protocol provides a root filehandle that clients can use to obtain filehandles for the exports of a particular server, via a series of LOOKUP operations within a COMPOUND, to traverse a path. A common user experience is to use a graphical user interface (perhaps a file "Open" dialog window) to find a file via progressive browsing through a directory tree. The client must be able to move from one export to another export via single-component, progressive LOOKUP operations. This style of browsing is not well supported by the NFS version 2 and 3 protocols. The client expects all LOOKUP operations to remain within a single server file system. For example, the device attribute will not change. This prevents a client from taking name space paths that span exports. An automounter on the client can obtain a snapshot of the server's name space using the EXPORTS procedure of the MOUNT protocol. If it understands the server's pathname syntax, it can create an image of the server's name space on the client. The parts of the name space that are not exported by the server are filled in with a "pseudo file system" that allows the user to browse from one mounted file system to another. There is a drawback to this representation of the server's name space on the client: it is static. If the server administrator adds a new export the client will be unaware of it. 7.3. Server Pseudo File System NFS version 4 servers avoid this name space inconsistency by presenting all the exports for a given server within the framework of a single namespace, for that server. An NFS version 4 client uses LOOKUP and READDIR operations to browse seamlessly from one export to another. Portions of the server name space that are not exported are bridged via a "pseudo file system" that provides a view of exported directories only. A pseudo file system has a unique fsid and behaves like a normal, read only file system. Based on the construction of the server's name space, it is possible that multiple pseudo file systems may exist. For example, /a pseudo file system /a/b real file system /a/b/c pseudo file system /a/b/c/d real file system Each of the pseudo file systems are considered separate entities and therefore will have its own unique fsid. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 118] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 7.4. Multiple Roots The DOS and Windows operating environments are sometimes described as having "multiple roots". File Systems are commonly represented as disk letters. MacOS represents file systems as top level names. NFS version 4 servers for these platforms can construct a pseudo file system above these root names so that disk letters or volume names are simply directory names in the pseudo root. 7.5. Filehandle Volatility The nature of the server's pseudo file system is that it is a logical representation of file system(s) available from the server. Therefore, the pseudo file system is most likely constructed dynamically when the server is first instantiated. It is expected that the pseudo file system may not have an on disk counterpart from which persistent filehandles could be constructed. Even though it is preferable that the server provide persistent filehandles for the pseudo file system, the NFS client should expect that pseudo file system filehandles are volatile. This can be confirmed by checking the associated "fh_expire_type" attribute for those filehandles in question. If the filehandles are volatile, the NFS client must be prepared to recover a filehandle value (e.g. with a series of LOOKUP operations) when receiving an error of NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED. 7.6. Exported Root If the server's root file system is exported, one might conclude that a pseudo-file system is unneeded. This not necessarily so. Assume the following file systems on a server: / disk1 (exported) /a disk2 (not exported) /a/b disk3 (exported) Because disk2 is not exported, disk3 cannot be reached with simple LOOKUPs. The server must bridge the gap with a pseudo-file system. 7.7. Mount Point Crossing The server file system environment may be constructed in such a way that one file system contains a directory which is 'covered' or mounted upon by a second file system. For example: /a/b (file system 1) /a/b/c/d (file system 2) The pseudo file system for this server may be constructed to look Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 119] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 like: / (place holder/not exported) /a/b (file system 1) /a/b/c/d (file system 2) It is the server's responsibility to present the pseudo file system that is complete to the client. If the client sends a lookup request for the path "/a/b/c/d", the server's response is the filehandle of the file system "/a/b/c/d". In previous versions of the NFS protocol, the server would respond with the filehandle of directory "/a/b/c/d" within the file system "/a/b". The NFS client will be able to determine if it crosses a server mount point by a change in the value of the "fsid" attribute. 7.8. Security Policy and Name Space Presentation The application of the server's security policy needs to be carefully considered by the implementor. One may choose to limit the viewability of portions of the pseudo file system based on the server's perception of the client's ability to authenticate itself properly. However, with the support of multiple security mechanisms and the ability to negotiate the appropriate use of these mechanisms, the server is unable to properly determine if a client will be able to authenticate itself. If, based on its policies, the server chooses to limit the contents of the pseudo file system, the server may effectively hide file systems from a client that may otherwise have legitimate access. As suggested practice, the server should apply the security policy of a shared resource in the server's namespace to the components of the resource's ancestors. For example: / /a/b /a/b/c The /a/b/c directory is a real file system and is the shared resource. The security policy for /a/b/c is Kerberos with integrity. The server should apply the same security policy to /, /a, and /a/b. This allows for the extension of the protection of the server's namespace to the ancestors of the real shared resource. For the case of the use of multiple, disjoint security mechanisms in the server's resources, the security for a particular object in the server's namespace should be the union of all security mechanisms of all direct descendants. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 120] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 8. File Locking and Share Reservations Integrating locking into the NFS protocol necessarily causes it to be stateful. With the inclusion of such features as share reservations, file and directory delegations, recallable layouts, and support for mandatory byte-range locking the protocol becomes substantially more dependent on state than the traditional combination of NFS and NLM [XNFS]. There are three components to making this state manageable: o Clear division between client and server o Ability to reliably detect inconsistency in state between client and server o Simple and robust recovery mechanisms In this model, the server owns the state information. The client requests changes in locks and the server responds with the changes made. Non-client-initiated changes in locking state are infrequent and the client receives prompt notification of them and can adjust his view of the locking state to reflect the server's changes. To support Win32 share reservations it is necessary to provide operations which atomically OPEN or CREATE files. Having a separate share/unshare operation would not allow correct implementation of the Win32 OpenFile API. In order to correctly implement share semantics, the previous NFS protocol mechanisms used when a file is opened or created (LOOKUP, CREATE, ACCESS) need to be replaced. The NFS version 4.1 protocol defines OPEN operation which looks up or creates a file and establishes locking state on the server. 8.1. Locking It is assumed that manipulating a lock is rare when compared to READ and WRITE operations. It is also assumed that crashes and network partitions are relatively rare. Therefore it is important that the READ and WRITE operations have a lightweight mechanism to indicate if they possess a held lock. A lock request contains the heavyweight information required to establish a lock and uniquely define the lock owner. The following sections describe the transition from the heavyweight information to the eventual lightweight stateid used for most client and server locking interactions. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 121] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 8.1.1. Client and Session ID A client must establish a clientid (see Section 2.4) and then one or more sessionids (see Section 2.9) before performing any operations to open, lock, or delegate a file object. The sessionid services as a shorthand referral to an NFSv4.1 client. 8.1.2. State-owner and Stateid Definition When opening a file or requesting a byte-range lock, the client must specify an identifier which represents the owner of the requested lock. This identifier is in the form of a state-owner, represented in the protocol by a state_owner4, a variable-length opaque array which, when concatenated with the current clientid uniquely defines the owner of lock managed by the client. This may be a thread id, process id, or other unique value. Owners of opens and owners of byte-range locks are separate entities and remain separate even if the same opaque arrays are used to designate owners of each. The protocol distinguishes between open- owners (represented by open_owner4 structures) and lock-owners (represented by lock_owner4 structures). Each open is associated with a specific open-owner while each byte- range lock is associated with a lock-owner and an open-owner, the latter being the open-owner associated with the open file under which the LOCK operation was done. Delegations and layouts, on the other hand, are not associated with a specific owner but are associated the client as a whole. When the server grants a lock of any type (including opens, byte- range locks, delegations, and layouts) it responds with a unique stateid, that represents a set of locks (often a single lock) for the same file, of the same type, and sharing the same ownership characteristics. Thus opens of the same file by different open- owners each have an identifying stateid. Similarly, each set of byte-range locks on a file owned by a specific lock-owner and gotten via an open for a specific open-owner, has its own identifying stateid. Delegations and layouts also have associated stateid's by which they may be referenced. The stateid is used as a shorthand reference to a lock or set of locks and given a stateid the client can determine the associated state-owner or state-owners (in the case of an open-owner/lock-owner pair) and the associated. Clients, however, must not assume any such mapping and must not use a stateid returned for a given filehandle and state-owner in the context of a different filehandle or a different state-owner. The server is free to form the stateid in any manner that it chooses Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 122] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 as long as it is able to recognize invalid and out-of-date stateids. Although the protocol XDR definition divides the stateid into 'seqid' and 'other' fields, for the purposes of minor version one, this distinction is not important and the server may use the available space as it chooses, with one exception. The exception is that stateids whose 'other' field is either all zeros or all ones are reserved and may not be generated by the server. Clients may use the protocol-defined special stateid values for their defined purposes, but any use of stateid's in this reserved class that are not specially defined by the protocol MUST result in an NFS4ERR_BAD_STATED being returned. Clients may not compare stateids associated with different filehandles, so that a server might use stateids with the same bit pattern for all opens with a given open-owner or for all sets of byte-range locks associated with a given lock-owner/open-owner pair. However, if it does so, it must recognize and reject any use of stateid when the current filehandle is such that no lock for that filehandle by that open owner (or lock-owner/open-owner pair) exists. Stateid's must remain valid until either a client reboot or a sever reboot or until the client returns all of the locks associated with the stateid by means of an operation such as CLOSE or DELEGRETURN. If the locks are lost due to revocation the stateid remains usable until the client frees it by using FREE_STATEID. Stateid's associated with byte-range locks are an exception. They remain valid even if a LOCKU free all remaining locks, so long as the open file with which they are associated remains open, unless the client does a FREE_STATEID to caused the stateid to be freed. Because each operation using a stateid occurs as part of a session, each stateid is implicitly associated with the clientid assigned to that session. Use of a stateid in the context of a session where the clientid is invalid should result in the error NFS4ERR_STALE_STATEID. Servers MUST NOT do any validation or return other errors in this case, even if they have sufficient information available to validate stateids associated with an out-of-date client. One mechanism that may be used to satisfy the requirement that the server recognize invalid and out-of-date stateids is for the server to divide the stateid into two fields. This division may coincide with the documented division into 'seqid' and 'other' fields or it may divide the stateid field up in any other ay it chooses. o An index into a table of locking-state structures. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 123] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o A generation number which is incremented on each allocation of a table entry a particular allocation of a stateid. And then store in each table entry, o The current generation number. o The clientid with which the stateid is associated. o The filehandle of the file on which the locks are taken. o An indication of the type of stateid (open, byte-range lock, file delegation, directory delegation, layout). With this information, the following procedure would be used to validate an incoming stateid and return an appropriate error, when necessary: o If the current session is associated with an invalid clientid, return NFS4ERR_STALE_STATEID. o If the table index field is outside the range of the associated table, return NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID. o If the selected table entry is of a different generation than that specified in the incoming stateid, return NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID. o If the selected table entry does not match the current file handle, return NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID. o If the clientid in the table entry does not match the clientid associated with the current session, return NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID. o If the stateid type is not valid for the context in which the stateid appears, return NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID. o Otherwise, the stateid is valid and the table entry should contain any additional information about the associated set of locks, such as open-owner and lock-owner information, as well as information on the specific locks, such as open modes and byte ranges. 8.1.3. Use of the Stateid and Locking All READ, WRITE and SETATTR operations contain a stateid. For the purposes of this section, SETATTR operations which change the size attribute of a file are treated as if they are writing the area between the old and new size (i.e. the range truncated or added to the file by means of the SETATTR), even where SETATTR is not Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 124] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 explicitly mentioned in the text. If the state-owner performs a READ or WRITE in a situation in which it has established a lock or share reservation on the server (any OPEN constitutes a share reservation) the stateid (previously returned by the server) must be used to indicate what locks, including both record locks and share reservations, are held by the state-owner. If no state is established by the client, either record lock or share reservation, a special stateid of all bits 0 (including all fields of the stateid) is used. Regardless whether a stateid of all bits 0, or a stateid returned by the server is used, if there is a conflicting share reservation or mandatory record lock held on the file, the server MUST refuse to service the READ or WRITE operation. Share reservations are established by OPEN operations and by their nature are mandatory in that when the OPEN denies READ or WRITE operations, that denial results in such operations being rejected with error NFS4ERR_LOCKED. Record locks may be implemented by the server as either mandatory or advisory, or the choice of mandatory or advisory behavior may be determined by the server on the basis of the file being accessed (for example, some UNIX-based servers support a "mandatory lock bit" on the mode attribute such that if set, record locks are required on the file before I/O is possible). When record locks are advisory, they only prevent the granting of conflicting lock requests and have no effect on READs or WRITEs. Mandatory record locks, however, prevent conflicting I/O operations. When they are attempted, they are rejected with NFS4ERR_LOCKED. When the client gets NFS4ERR_LOCKED on a file it knows it has the proper share reservation for, it will need to issue a LOCK request on the region of the file that includes the region the I/O was to be performed on, with an appropriate locktype (i.e. READ*_LT for a READ operation, WRITE*_LT for a WRITE operation). Note that for UNIX environments that support mandatory file locking, the distinction between advisory and mandatory locking is subtle. In fact, advisory and mandatory record locks are exactly the same in so far as the APIs and requirements on implementation. If the mandatory lock attribute is set on the file, the server checks to see if the lock-owner has an appropriate shared (read) or exclusive (write) record lock on the region it wishes to read or write to. If there is no appropriate lock, the server checks if there is a conflicting lock (which can be done by attempting to acquire the conflicting lock on the behalf of the lock-owner, and if successful, release the lock after the READ or WRITE is done), and if there is, the server returns NFS4ERR_LOCKED. For Windows environments, there are no advisory record locks, so the server always checks for record locks during I/O requests. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 125] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Thus, the NFS version 4 LOCK operation does not need to distinguish between advisory and mandatory record locks. It is the NFS version 4 server's processing of the READ and WRITE operations that introduces the distinction. Every stateid other than the special stateid values noted in this section, whether returned by an OPEN-type operation (i.e. OPEN, OPEN_DOWNGRADE), or by a LOCK-type operation (i.e. LOCK or LOCKU), defines an access mode for the file (i.e. READ, WRITE, or READ- WRITE) as established by the original OPEN which caused the allocation of the open stateid and as modified by subsequent OPENs and OPEN_DOWNGRADEs for the same open-owner/file pair. Stateids returned by byte-range lock operations imply the access mode for the open stateid associated with the lock set represented by the stateid. Delegation stateids have an access mode based on the type of delegation. When a READ, WRITE, or SETATTR which specifies the size attribute, is done, the operation is subject to checking against the access mode to verify that the operation is appropriate given the OPEN with which the operation is associated. In the case of WRITE-type operations (i.e. WRITEs and SETATTRs which set size), the server must verify that the access mode allows writing and return an NFS4ERR_OPENMODE error if it does not. In the case, of READ, the server may perform the corresponding check on the access mode, or it may choose to allow READ on opens for WRITE only, to accommodate clients whose write implementation may unavoidably do reads (e.g. due to buffer cache constraints). However, even if READs are allowed in these circumstances, the server MUST still check for locks that conflict with the READ (e.g. another open specify denial of READs). Note that a server which does enforce the access mode check on READs need not explicitly check for conflicting share reservations since the existence of OPEN for read access guarantees that no conflicting share reservation can exist. A special stateid of all bits 1 (one), including all fields in the stateid indicates a desire to bypass locking checks. The server MAY allow READ operations to bypass locking checks at the server, when this special stateid is used. However, WRITE operations with this special stateid value MUST NOT bypass locking checks and are treated exactly the same as if a stateid of all bits 0 were used. A lock may not be granted while a READ or WRITE operation using one of the special stateids is being performed and the range of the lock request conflicts with the range of the READ or WRITE operation. For the purposes of this paragraph, a conflict occurs when a shared lock is requested and a WRITE operation is being performed, or an exclusive lock is requested and either a READ or a WRITE operation is being performed. A SETATTR that sets size is treated similarly to a Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 126] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 WRITE as discussed above. 8.2. Lock Ranges The protocol allows a lock owner to request a lock with a byte range and then either upgrade, downgrade, or unlock a sub-range of the initial lock. It is expected that this will be an uncommon type of request. In any case, servers or server filesystems may not be able to support sub-range lock semantics. In the event that a server receives a locking request that represents a sub-range of current locking state for the lock owner, the server is allowed to return the error NFS4ERR_LOCK_RANGE to signify that it does not support sub- range lock operations. Therefore, the client should be prepared to receive this error and, if appropriate, report the error to the requesting application. The client is discouraged from combining multiple independent locking ranges that happen to be adjacent into a single request since the server may not support sub-range requests and for reasons related to the recovery of file locking state in the event of server failure. As discussed in the section "Server Failure and Recovery" below, the server may employ certain optimizations during recovery that work effectively only when the client's behavior during lock recovery is similar to the client's locking behavior prior to server failure. 8.3. Upgrading and Downgrading Locks If a client has a write lock on a record, it can request an atomic downgrade of the lock to a read lock via the LOCK request, by setting the type to READ_LT. If the server supports atomic downgrade, the request will succeed. If not, it will return NFS4ERR_LOCK_NOTSUPP. The client should be prepared to receive this error, and if appropriate, report the error to the requesting application. If a client has a read lock on a record, it can request an atomic upgrade of the lock to a write lock via the LOCK request by setting the type to WRITE_LT or WRITEW_LT. If the server does not support atomic upgrade, it will return NFS4ERR_LOCK_NOTSUPP. If the upgrade can be achieved without an existing conflict, the request will succeed. Otherwise, the server will return either NFS4ERR_DENIED or NFS4ERR_DEADLOCK. The error NFS4ERR_DEADLOCK is returned if the client issued the LOCK request with the type set to WRITEW_LT and the server has detected a deadlock. The client should be prepared to receive such errors and if appropriate, report the error to the requesting application. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 127] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 8.4. Blocking Locks Some clients require the support of blocking locks. NFSv4.1 does not provide a callback when a previously unavailable lock becomes available. Clients thus have no choice but to continually poll for the lock. This presents a fairness problem. Two new lock types are added, READW and WRITEW, and are used to indicate to the server that the client is requesting a blocking lock. The server should maintain an ordered list of pending blocking locks. When the conflicting lock is released, the server may wait the lease period for the first waiting client to re-request the lock. After the lease period expires the next waiting client request is allowed the lock. Clients are required to poll at an interval sufficiently small that it is likely to acquire the lock in a timely manner. The server is not required to maintain a list of pending blocked locks as it is used to increase fairness and not correct operation. Because of the unordered nature of crash recovery, storing of lock state to stable storage would be required to guarantee ordered granting of blocking locks. Servers may also note the lock types and delay returning denial of the request to allow extra time for a conflicting lock to be released, allowing a successful return. In this way, clients can avoid the burden of needlessly frequent polling for blocking locks. The server should take care in the length of delay in the event the client retransmits the request. If a server receives a blocking lock request, denies it, and then later receives a nonblocking request for the same lock, which is also denied, then it should remove the lock in question from its list of pending blocking locks. Clients should use such a nonblocking request to indicate to the server that this is the last time they intend to poll for the lock, as may happen when the process requesting the lock is interrupted. This is a courtesy to the server, to prevent it from unnecessarily waiting a lease period before granting other lock requests. However, clients are not required to perform this courtesy, and servers must not depend on them doing so. Also, clients must be prepared for the possibility that this final locking request will be accepted. 8.5. Lease Renewal The purpose of a lease is to allow a server to remove stale locks that are held by a client that has crashed or is otherwise unreachable. It is not a mechanism for cache consistency and lease renewals may not be denied if the lease interval has not expired. Since each session is associated with a specific client, any Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 128] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 operation issued on that session is an indication that the associated client is reachable. When a request is issued for a given session, execution of a SEQUENCE operation will result in all leases for the associated client to be implicitly renewed. This approach allows for low overhead lease renewal which scales well. In the typical case no extra RPC calls are required for lease renewal and in the worst case one RPC is required every lease period, via a COMPOUND that consists solely of a single SEQUENCE operation. The number of locks held by the client is not a factor since all state for the client is involved with the lease renewal action. Since all operations that create a new lease also renew existing leases, the server must maintain a common lease expiration time for all valid leases for a given client. This lease time can then be easily updated upon implicit lease renewal actions. 8.6. Crash Recovery The important requirement in crash recovery is that both the client and the server know when the other has failed. Additionally, it is required that a client sees a consistent view of data across server restarts or reboots. All READ and WRITE operations that may have been queued within the client or network buffers must wait until the client has successfully recovered the locks protecting the READ and WRITE operations. 8.6.1. Client Failure and Recovery In the event that a client fails, the server may release the client's locks when the associated leases have expired. Conflicting locks from another client may only be granted after this lease expiration. When a client has not failed and re-establishes his lease before expiration occurs, requests for conflicting locks will not be granted. To minimize client delay upon restart, lock requests are associated with an instance of the client by a client supplied verifier. This verifier is part of the initial EXCHANGE_ID call made by the client. The server returns a clientid as a result of the EXCHANGE_ID operation. The client then confirms the use of the clientid by establishing a session associated with that clientid. All locks, including opens, byte-range locks, delegations, and layout obtained by sessions using that clientid are associated with that clientid. Since the verifier will be changed by the client upon each initialization, the server can compare a new verifier to the verifier associated with currently held locks and determine that they do not match. This signifies the client's new instantiation and subsequent Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 129] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 loss of locking state. As a result, the server is free to release all locks held which are associated with the old clientid which was derived from the old verifier. At this point conflicting locks from other clients, kept waiting while the leaser had not yet expired, can be granted. Note that the verifier must have the same uniqueness properties of the verifier for the COMMIT operation. 8.6.2. Server Failure and Recovery If the server loses locking state (usually as a result of a restart or reboot), it must allow clients time to discover this fact and re- establish the lost locking state. The client must be able to re- establish the locking state without having the server deny valid requests because the server has granted conflicting access to another client. Likewise, if there is a possibility that clients have not yet re-established their locking state for a file, the server must disallow READ and WRITE operations for that file. A client can determine that server failure (and thus loss of locking state) has occurred, when it receives one of two errors. The NFS4ERR_STALE_STATEID error indicates a stateid invalidated by a reboot or restart. The NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID error indicates a clientid invalidated by reboot or restart. When either of these are received, the client must establish a new clientid (See Section 8.1.1) and re-establish its locking state. Once a session is established using the new clientid, the client will use reclaim-type locking requests (i.e. LOCK requests with reclaim set to true and OPEN operations with a claim type of CLAIM_PREVIOUS) to re-establish its locking state. Once this is done, or if there is no such locking state to reclaim, the client does a RECLAIM_COMPLETE operation to indicate that it has reclaimed all of the locking state that it will reclaim. Once a client does a RECLAIM_COMPLETE operation, it may attempt non-reclaim locking operations, although it may get NFS4ERR_GRACE errors on these until the period of special handling is over. The period of special handling of locking and READs and WRITEs, is referred to as the "grace period". During the grace period, clients recover locks and the associated state using reclaim-type locking requests. During this period, the server must reject READ and WRITE operations and non-reclaim locking requests (i.e. other LOCK and OPEN operations) with an error of NFS4ERR_GRACE, unless it is able to guarantee that these may be done safely, as described below. The grace period may last until all clients who are known to possibly Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 130] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 have had locks have done a RECLAIM_COMPLETE operation, indicating that they have finished reclaiming the locks they held before the server reboot. The server is assumed to maintain in stable storage a list of clients who may have such locks. The server may also terminate the grace period before all clients have done RECLAIM_COMPLETE. The server SHOULD NOT terminate the grace period before a time equal to the lease period in order to give clients an opportunity to find out about the server reboot. Some additional time in order to allow time to establish a new clientid and session and to effect lock reclaims may be added. If the server can reliably determine that granting a non-reclaim request will not conflict with reclamation of locks by other clients, the NFS4ERR_GRACE error does not have to be returned even within the grace period, although NFS4ERR_GRACE must always be returned to clients attempting a non-reclaim lock request before doing their own RECLAIM_COMPLETE. For the server to be able to service READ and WRITE operations during the grace period, it must again be able to guarantee that no possible conflict could arise between a potential reclaim locking request and the READ or WRITE operation. If the server is unable to offer that guarantee, the NFS4ERR_GRACE error must be returned to the client. For a server to provide simple, valid handling during the grace period, the easiest method is to simply reject all non-reclaim locking requests and READ and WRITE operations by returning the NFS4ERR_GRACE error. However, a server may keep information about granted locks in stable storage. With this information, the server could determine if a regular lock or READ or WRITE operation can be safely processed. For example, if the server maintained on stable storage summary information on whether mandatory locks exist, either mandatory byte- range locks, or share reservations specifying deny modes, many requests could be allowed during the grace period. If it is known that no such share reservations exist, OPEN request that do not specify deny modes may be safely granted. If, in addition, it is known that no mandatory byte-range locks exist, either through information stored on stable storage or simply because the server does not support such locks, READ and WRITE requests may be safely processed during the grace period. To reiterate, for a server that allows non-reclaim lock and I/O requests to be processed during the grace period, it MUST determine that no lock subsequently reclaimed will be rejected and that no lock subsequently reclaimed would have prevented any I/O operation processed during the grace period. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 131] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Clients should be prepared for the return of NFS4ERR_GRACE errors for non-reclaim lock and I/O requests. In this case the client should employ a retry mechanism for the request. A delay (on the order of several seconds) between retries should be used to avoid overwhelming the server. Further discussion of the general issue is included in [Floyd]. The client must account for the server that is able to perform I/O and non-reclaim locking requests within the grace period as well as those that can not do so. A reclaim-type locking request outside the server's grace period can only succeed if the server can guarantee that no conflicting lock or I/O request has been granted since reboot or restart. A server may, upon restart, establish a new value for the lease period. Therefore, clients should, once a new clientid is established, refetch the lease_time attribute and use it as the basis for lease renewal for the lease associated with that server. However, the server must establish, for this restart event, a grace period at least as long as the lease period for the previous server instantiation. This allows the client state obtained during the previous server instance to be reliably re-established. 8.6.3. Network Partitions and Recovery If the duration of a network partition is greater than the lease period provided by the server, the server will have not received a lease renewal from the client. If this occurs, the server may free all locks held for the client, or it may allow the lock state to remain for a considerable period, subject to the constraint that if a request for a conflicting lock is made, locks associated with expired leases do not prevent such a conflicting lock from being granted but are revoked as necessary so as not to interfere with such conflicting requests. If the server chooses to delay freeing of lock state until there is a conflict, it may either free all of the clients locks once there is a conflict, or it may only revoke the minimum set of locks necessary to allow conflicting requests. When it adopts the finer-grained approach, it must revoke all locks associated with a given stateid, as long as it revokes a single such lock. When the server chooses to free all of a client's lock state, either immediately upon lease expiration, or a result of the first attempt to get a lock, all stateids held by the client will become invalid or stale. Once the client is able to reach the server after such a network partition, the status returned by the SEQUENCE operation will indicate a loss of locking state. In addition all I/O submitted by the client with the now invalid stateids will fail with the server Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 132] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 returning the error NFS4ERR_EXPIRED. Once the client learns of the loss of locking state, it will suitably notify the applications that held the invalidated locks. The client should then take action to free invalidated stateid's, either by establishing a new client id using a new verifier or by doing a FREE_STATEID operation to release each of the invalidated stateid's. When the server adopts a finer-grained approach to revocation of locks when lease have expired, only a subset of stateids will normally become invalid during a network partition. When the client is able to communicate with the server after such a network partition, the status returned by the SEQUENCE operation will indicate a partial loss of locking state. In addition, operations, including I/O submitted by the client with the now invalid stateids will fail with the server returning the error NFS4ERR_EXPIRED. Once the client learns of the loss of locking state, it will use the TEST_STATEID operation on all of its stateid's to determine which locks have been lost and them suitably notify the applications that held the invalidated locks. The client can then release the invalidated locking state and acknowledge the revocation of the associated locks by doing a FREE_STATEID operation on each of the invalidated stateid's. When a network partition is combined with a server reboot, there are edge conditions that place requirements on the server in order to avoid silent data corruption following the server reboot. Two of these edge conditions are known, and are discussed below. The first edge condition arises as a result of the scenarios such as the following: 1. Client A acquires a lock. 2. Client A and server experience mutual network partition, such that client A is unable to renew its lease. 3. Client A's lease expires, and the server releases lock. 4. Client B acquires a lock that would have conflicted with that of Client A. 5. Client B releases its lock. 6. Server reboots. 7. Network partition between client A and server heals. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 133] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 8. Client A connects to new server instance and finds out about server reboot. 9. Client A reclaims its lock within the server's grace period. Thus, at the final step, the server has erroneously granted client A's lock reclaim. If client B modified the object the lock was protecting, client A will experience object corruption. The second known edge condition arises in situations such as the following: 1. Client A acquires one or more locks. 2. Server reboots. 3. Client A and server experience mutual network partition, such that client A is unable to reclaim all of its locks within the grace period. 4. Server's reclaim grace period ends. Client A has either no locks or an incomplete set of locks known to the server. 5. Client B acquires a lock that would have conflicted with a lock of client A that was not reclaimed. 6. Client B releases the lock. 7. Server reboots a second time. 8. Network partition between client A and server heals. 9. Client A connects to new server instance and finds out about server reboot. 10. Client A reclaims its lock within the server's grace period. As with the first edge condition, the final step of the scenario of the second edge condition has the server erroneously granting client A's lock reclaim. Solving the first and second edge conditions requires that the server either always assumes after it reboots that some edge condition occurs, and thus return NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE for all reclaim attempts, or that the server record some information in stable storage. The amount of information the server records in stable storage is in inverse proportion to how harsh the server intends to be whenever edge conditions arise. The server that is completely tolerant of all Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 134] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 edge conditions will record in stable storage every lock that is acquired, removing the lock record from stable storage only when the lock is released. For the two edge conditions discussed above, the harshest a server can be, and still support a grace period for reclaims, requires that the server record in stable storage information some minimal information. For example, a server implementation could, for each client, save in stable storage a record containing: o the client's id string o a boolean that indicates if the client's lease expired or if there was administrative intervention (see Section 8.7) to revoke a record lock, share reservation, or delegation and there has been no acknowledgement (via FREE_STATEID) of such revocation. o a boolean that indicates whether the client may have locks that it believes to be reclaimable in situations which the grace period was terminated, making the server's view of lock reclaimability suspect. The server will set this for any client record in stable storage where the client has not done a RECLAIM_COMPLETE, before it grants any new (i.e. not reclaimed) lock to any client. Assuming the above record keeping, for the first edge condition, after the server reboots, the record that client A's lease expired means that another client could have acquired a conflicting record lock, share reservation, or delegation. Hence the server must reject a reclaim from client A with the error NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE. For the second edge condition, after the server reboots for a second time, the indication that the client had not completed its reclaims at the time at which the grace period ended means that the server must reject a reclaim from client A with the error NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE. When either edge condition occurs, the client's attempt to reclaim locks will result in the error NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE. When this is received, or after the client reboots with no lock state, the client will issue a RECLAIM_COMPLETE. When the RECLAIM_COMPLETE is received, the server and client are again in agreement regarding reclaimable locks and both booleans in persistent storage can be reset, to be set again only when there is a subsequent event that causes lock reclaim operations to be questionable. Regardless of the level and approach to record keeping, the server MUST implement one of the following strategies (which apply to reclaims of share reservations, record locks, and delegations): Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 135] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 1. Reject all reclaims with NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE. This is extremely unforgiving, but necessary if the server does not record lock state in stable storage. 2. Record sufficient state in stable storage such that all known edge conditions involving server reboot, including the two noted in this section, are detected. False positives are acceptable. Note that at this time, it is not known if there are other edge conditions. In the event that, after a server reboot, the server determines that there is unrecoverable damage or corruption to the information in stable storage, then for all clients and/or locks which may be affected, the server MUST return NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE. A mandate for the client's handling of the NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE error is outside the scope of this specification, since the strategies for such handling are very dependent on the client's operating environment. However, one potential approach is described below. When the client receives NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE, it could examine the change attribute of the objects the client is trying to reclaim state for, and use that to determine whether to re-establish the state via normal OPEN or LOCK requests. This is acceptable provided the client's operating environment allows it. In other words, the client implementor is advised to document for his users the behavior. The client could also inform the application that its record lock or share reservations (whether they were delegated or not) have been lost, such as via a UNIX signal, a GUI pop-up window, etc. See the section, "Data Caching and Revocation" for a discussion of what the client should do for dealing with unreclaimed delegations on client state. For further discussion of revocation of locks see Section 8.7. 8.7. Server Revocation of Locks At any point, the server can revoke locks held by a client and the client must be prepared for this event. When the client detects that its locks have been or may have been revoked, the client is responsible for validating the state information between itself and the server. Validating locking state for the client means that it must verify or reclaim state for each lock currently held. The first occasion of lock revocation is upon server reboot or re- initialization. In this instance the client will receive an error (NFS4ERR_STALE_STATEID or NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID) and the client will proceed with normal crash recovery as described in the previous Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 136] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 section. The second occasion of lock revocation is the inability to renew the lease before expiration, as discussed above. While this is considered a rare or unusual event, the client must be prepared to recover. The server is responsible for determining lease expiration, and deciding exactly how to deal with it, informing the client of the scope of the lock revocation. The client then uses the status information provided by the server to synchronize his locking state with that of the server, in order to recover. The third occasion of lock revocation can occur as a result of revocation of locks within the lease period, either because of administrative intervention, or because a recallable lock (a delegation or layout) was not returned within the lease period after having been recalled. While these are considered rare events, they are possible and the client must be prepared to deal with them. When either of these events occur, the client finds out about the situation through the status returned by the SEQUENCE operation. Any use of stateids associated with revoked locks will receive the error NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED or NFS4ERR_DELEG_REVOKED, as appropriate. In all situations in which a subset of locking state may have been revoked, which include all cases in which locking state is revoked within the lease period, it is up to the client to determine which locks have been revoked and which have not. It does this by using the TEST_STATEID operation on the appropriate set of stateid's. Once the set of revoked locks has been determined, the applications can be notified, and the invalidated stateid's can be freed and lock revocation acknowledged by using FREE_STATEID. 8.8. Share Reservations A share reservation is a mechanism to control access to a file. It is a separate and independent mechanism from record locking. When a client opens a file, it issues an OPEN operation to the server specifying the type of access required (READ, WRITE, or BOTH) and the type of access to deny others (deny NONE, READ, WRITE, or BOTH). If the OPEN fails the client will fail the application's open request. Pseudo-code definition of the semantics: if (request.access == 0) return (NFS4ERR_INVAL) else if ((request.access & file_state.deny)) || (request.deny & file_state.access)) return (NFS4ERR_DENIED) Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 137] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 This checking of share reservations on OPEN is done with no exception for an existing OPEN for the same open-owner. The constants used for the OPEN and OPEN_DOWNGRADE operations for the access and deny fields are as follows: const OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_READ = 0x00000001; const OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WRITE = 0x00000002; const OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_BOTH = 0x00000003; const OPEN4_SHARE_DENY_NONE = 0x00000000; const OPEN4_SHARE_DENY_READ = 0x00000001; const OPEN4_SHARE_DENY_WRITE = 0x00000002; const OPEN4_SHARE_DENY_BOTH = 0x00000003; 8.9. OPEN/CLOSE Operations To provide correct share semantics, a client MUST use the OPEN operation to obtain the initial filehandle and indicate the desired access and what if any access to deny. Even if the client intends to use a stateid of all 0's or all 1's, it must still obtain the filehandle for the regular file with the OPEN operation so the appropriate share semantics can be applied. For clients that do not have a deny mode built into their open programming interfaces, deny equal to NONE should be used. The OPEN operation with the CREATE flag, also subsumes the CREATE operation for regular files as used in previous versions of the NFS protocol. This allows a create with a share to be done atomically. The CLOSE operation removes all share reservations held by the open- owner on that file. If record locks are held, the client SHOULD release all locks before issuing a CLOSE. The server MAY free all outstanding locks on CLOSE but some servers may not support the CLOSE of a file that still has record locks held. The server MUST return failure, NFS4ERR_LOCKS_HELD, if any locks would exist after the CLOSE. The LOOKUP operation will return a filehandle without establishing any lock state on the server. Without a valid stateid, the server will assume the client has the least access. For example, a file opened with deny READ/WRITE cannot be accessed using a filehandle obtained through LOOKUP because it would not have a valid stateid (i.e. using a stateid of all bits 0 or all bits 1). Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 138] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 8.10. Open Upgrade and Downgrade When an OPEN is done for a file and the open-owner for which the open is being done already has the file open, the result is to upgrade the open file status maintained on the server to include the access and deny bits specified by the new OPEN as well as those for the existing OPEN. The result is that there is one open file, as far as the protocol is concerned, and it includes the union of the access and deny bits for all of the OPEN requests completed. Only a single CLOSE will be done to reset the effects of both OPENs. Note that the client, when issuing the OPEN, may not know that the same file is in fact being opened. The above only applies if both OPENs result in the OPENed object being designated by the same filehandle. When the server chooses to export multiple filehandles corresponding to the same file object and returns different filehandles on two different OPENs of the same file object, the server MUST NOT "OR" together the access and deny bits and coalesce the two open files. Instead the server must maintain separate OPENs with separate stateids and will require separate CLOSEs to free them. When multiple open files on the client are merged into a single open file object on the server, the close of one of the open files (on the client) may necessitate change of the access and deny status of the open file on the server. This is because the union of the access and deny bits for the remaining opens may be smaller (i.e. a proper subset) than previously. The OPEN_DOWNGRADE operation is used to make the necessary change and the client should use it to update the server so that share reservation requests by other clients are handled properly. 8.11. Short and Long Leases When determining the time period for the server lease, the usual lease tradeoffs apply. Short leases are good for fast server recovery at a cost of increased operations to effect lease renewal (when there are no other operations during the period to effect lease renewal as a side-effect). Long leases are certainly kinder and gentler to servers trying to handle very large numbers of clients. The number of extra requests to effect lock renewal drop in inverse proportion to the lease time. The disadvantages of long leases include the possibility of slower recovery after certain failures. After server failure, a longer grace period may be required when some clients do not promptly reclaim their locks and do a RECLAIM_COMPLETE. In the event of client failure, it can longer period for leases to expire thus forcing conflicting requests to wait. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 139] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Long leases are usable if the server is able to store lease state in non-volatile memory. Upon recovery, the server can reconstruct the lease state from its non-volatile memory and continue operation with its clients and therefore long leases would not be an issue. 8.12. Clocks, Propagation Delay, and Calculating Lease Expiration To avoid the need for synchronized clocks, lease times are granted by the server as a time delta. However, there is a requirement that the client and server clocks do not drift excessively over the duration of the lock. There is also the issue of propagation delay across the network which could easily be several hundred milliseconds as well as the possibility that requests will be lost and need to be retransmitted. To take propagation delay into account, the client should subtract it from lease times (e.g. if the client estimates the one-way propagation delay as 200 msec, then it can assume that the lease is already 200 msec old when it gets it). In addition, it will take another 200 msec to get a response back to the server. So the client must send a lock renewal or write data back to the server 400 msec before the lease would expire. The server's lease period configuration should take into account the network distance of the clients that will be accessing the server's resources. It is expected that the lease period will take into account the network propagation delays and other network delay factors for the client population. Since the protocol does not allow for an automatic method to determine an appropriate lease period, the server's administrator may have to tune the lease period. 8.13. Vestigial Locking Infrastructure From V4.0 There are a number of operations and fields within existing operations that no longer have a function in minor version one. In one way or another, these changes are all due to the implementation of sessions which provides client context and replay protection as a base feature of the protocol, separate from locking itself. The following operations have become mandatory-to-not-implement. The server should return NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP if these operations are found in an NFSv4.1 COMPOUND. o SETCLIENTID since its function has been replaced by EXCHANGE_ID. o SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM since clientid confirmation now happens by means of CREATE_SESSION. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 140] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o OPEN_CONFIRM because OPEN's no longer require confirmation to establish an owner-based sequence value. o RELEASE_LOCKOWNER because lock-owners with no associated locks have any sequence-related state and so can be deleted by the server at will. o RENEW because every SEQUENCE operation for a session causes lease renewal, making a separate operation useless. Also, there are a number of fields, present in existing operations related to locking that have no use in minor version one. They were used in minor version zero to perform functions now provided in a different fashion. o Sequence id's used to sequence requests for a given state-owner and to provide replay protection, now provided via sessions. o Clientid's used to identify the client associated with a given request. Client identification is now available using the clientid associated with the current session, without needing an explicit clientid field. Such vestigial fields in existing operations should be set by the client to zero. When they are not, the server MUST return an NFS4ERR_INVAL error. 9. Client-Side Caching Client-side caching of data, of file attributes, and of file names is essential to providing good performance with the NFS protocol. Providing distributed cache coherence is a difficult problem and previous versions of the NFS protocol have not attempted it. Instead, several NFS client implementation techniques have been used to reduce the problems that a lack of coherence poses for users. These techniques have not been clearly defined by earlier protocol specifications and it is often unclear what is valid or invalid client behavior. The NFS version 4 protocol uses many techniques similar to those that have been used in previous protocol versions. The NFS version 4 protocol does not provide distributed cache coherence. However, it defines a more limited set of caching guarantees to allow locks and share reservations to be used without destructive interference from client side caching. In addition, the NFS version 4 protocol introduces a delegation Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 141] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 mechanism which allows many decisions normally made by the server to be made locally by clients. This mechanism provides efficient support of the common cases where sharing is infrequent or where sharing is read-only. 9.1. Performance Challenges for Client-Side Caching Caching techniques used in previous versions of the NFS protocol have been successful in providing good performance. However, several scalability challenges can arise when those techniques are used with very large numbers of clients. This is particularly true when clients are geographically distributed which classically increases the latency for cache revalidation requests. The previous versions of the NFS protocol repeat their file data cache validation requests at the time the file is opened. This behavior can have serious performance drawbacks. A common case is one in which a file is only accessed by a single client. Therefore, sharing is infrequent. In this case, repeated reference to the server to find that no conflicts exist is expensive. A better option with regards to performance is to allow a client that repeatedly opens a file to do so without reference to the server. This is done until potentially conflicting operations from another client actually occur. A similar situation arises in connection with file locking. Sending file lock and unlock requests to the server as well as the read and write requests necessary to make data caching consistent with the locking semantics (see the section "Data Caching and File Locking") can severely limit performance. When locking is used to provide protection against infrequent conflicts, a large penalty is incurred. This penalty may discourage the use of file locking by applications. The NFS version 4 protocol provides more aggressive caching strategies with the following design goals: .IP o Compatibility with a large range of server semantics. .IP o Provide the same caching benefits as previous versions of the NFS protocol when unable to provide the more aggressive model. .IP o Requirements for aggressive caching are organized so that a large portion of the benefit can be obtained even when not all of the requirements can be met. .LP The appropriate requirements for the server are discussed in later sections in which specific forms of caching are covered. (see the section "Open Delegation"). Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 142] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 9.2. Delegation and Callbacks Recallable delegation of server responsibilities for a file to a client improves performance by avoiding repeated requests to the server in the absence of inter-client conflict. With the use of a "callback" RPC from server to client, a server recalls delegated responsibilities when another client engages in sharing of a delegated file. A delegation is passed from the server to the client, specifying the object of the delegation and the type of delegation. There are different types of delegations but each type contains a stateid to be used to represent the delegation when performing operations that depend on the delegation. This stateid is similar to those associated with locks and share reservations but differs in that the stateid for a delegation is associated with a clientid and may be used on behalf of all the open_owners for the given client. A delegation is made to the client as a whole and not to any specific process or thread of control within it. Because callback RPCs may not work in all environments (due to firewalls, for example), correct protocol operation does not depend on them. Preliminary testing of callback functionality by means of a CB_NULL procedure determines whether callbacks can be supported. The CB_NULL procedure checks the continuity of the callback path. A server makes a preliminary assessment of callback availability to a given client and avoids delegating responsibilities until it has determined that callbacks are supported. Because the granting of a delegation is always conditional upon the absence of conflicting access, clients must not assume that a delegation will be granted and they must always be prepared for OPENs to be processed without any delegations being granted. Once granted, a delegation behaves in most ways like a lock. There is an associated lease that is subject to renewal together with all of the other leases held by that client. Unlike locks, an operation by a second client to a delegated file will cause the server to recall a delegation through a callback. On recall, the client holding the delegation must flush modified state (such as modified data) to the server and return the delegation. The conflicting request will not receive a response until the recall is complete. The recall is considered complete when the client returns the delegation or the server times out on the recall and revokes the delegation as a result of the timeout. Following the resolution of the recall, the server has the information necessary to grant or deny the second client's request. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 143] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 At the time the client receives a delegation recall, it may have substantial state that needs to be flushed to the server. Therefore, the server should allow sufficient time for the delegation to be returned since it may involve numerous RPCs to the server. If the server is able to determine that the client is diligently flushing state to the server as a result of the recall, the server may extend the usual time allowed for a recall. However, the time allowed for recall completion should not be unbounded. An example of this is when responsibility to mediate opens on a given file is delegated to a client (see the section "Open Delegation"). The server will not know what opens are in effect on the client. Without this knowledge the server will be unable to determine if the access and deny state for the file allows any particular open until the delegation for the file has been returned. A client failure or a network partition can result in failure to respond to a recall callback. In this case, the server will revoke the delegation which in turn will render useless any modified state still on the client. 9.2.1. Delegation Recovery There are three situations that delegation recovery must deal with: o Client reboot or restart o Server reboot or restart o Network partition (full or callback-only) In the event the client reboots or restarts, the failure to renew leases will result in the revocation of record locks and share reservations. Delegations, however, may be treated a bit differently. There will be situations in which delegations will need to be reestablished after a client reboots or restarts. The reason for this is the client may have file data stored locally and this data was associated with the previously held delegations. The client will need to reestablish the appropriate file state on the server. To allow for this type of client recovery, the server MAY extend the period for delegation recovery beyond the typical lease expiration period. This implies that requests from other clients that conflict with these delegations will need to wait. Because the normal recall process may require significant time for the client to flush changed state to the server, other clients need be prepared for delays that Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 144] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 occur because of a conflicting delegation. This longer interval would increase the window for clients to reboot and consult stable storage so that the delegations can be reclaimed. For open delegations, such delegations are reclaimed using OPEN with a claim type of CLAIM_DELEGATE_PREV. (See the sections on "Data Caching and Revocation" and "Operation 18: OPEN" for discussion of open delegation and the details of OPEN respectively). A server MAY support a claim type of CLAIM_DELEGATE_PREV, but if it does, it MUST NOT remove delegations upon SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM, and instead MUST, for a period of time no less than that of the value of the lease_time attribute, maintain the client's delegations to allow time for the client to issue CLAIM_DELEGATE_PREV requests. The server that supports CLAIM_DELEGATE_PREV MUST support the DELEGPURGE operation. When the server reboots or restarts, delegations are reclaimed (using the OPEN operation with CLAIM_PREVIOUS) in a similar fashion to record locks and share reservations. However, there is a slight semantic difference. In the normal case if the server decides that a delegation should not be granted, it performs the requested action (e.g. OPEN) without granting any delegation. For reclaim, the server grants the delegation but a special designation is applied so that the client treats the delegation as having been granted but recalled by the server. Because of this, the client has the duty to write all modified state to the server and then return the delegation. This process of handling delegation reclaim reconciles three principles of the NFS version 4 protocol: o Upon reclaim, a client reporting resources assigned to it by an earlier server instance must be granted those resources. o The server has unquestionable authority to determine whether delegations are to be granted and, once granted, whether they are to be continued. o The use of callbacks is not to be depended upon until the client has proven its ability to receive them. When a network partition occurs, delegations are subject to freeing by the server when the lease renewal period expires. This is similar to the behavior for locks and share reservations. For delegations, however, the server may extend the period in which conflicting requests are held off. Eventually the occurrence of a conflicting request from another client will cause revocation of the delegation. A loss of the callback path (e.g. by later network configuration change) will have the same effect. A recall request will fail and revocation of the delegation will result. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 145] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 A client normally finds out about revocation of a delegation when it uses a stateid associated with a delegation and receives the error NFS4ERR_EXPIRED. It also may find out about delegation revocation after a client reboot when it attempts to reclaim a delegation and receives that same error. Note that in the case of a revoked write open delegation, there are issues because data may have been modified by the client whose delegation is revoked and separately by other clients. See the section "Revocation Recovery for Write Open Delegation" for a discussion of such issues. Note also that when delegations are revoked, information about the revoked delegation will be written by the server to stable storage (as described in the section "Crash Recovery"). This is done to deal with the case in which a server reboots after revoking a delegation but before the client holding the revoked delegation is notified about the revocation. 9.3. Data Caching When applications share access to a set of files, they need to be implemented so as to take account of the possibility of conflicting access by another application. This is true whether the applications in question execute on different clients or reside on the same client. Share reservations and record locks are the facilities the NFS version 4 protocol provides to allow applications to coordinate access by providing mutual exclusion facilities. The NFS version 4 protocol's data caching must be implemented such that it does not invalidate the assumptions that those using these facilities depend upon. 9.3.1. Data Caching and OPENs In order to avoid invalidating the sharing assumptions that applications rely on, NFS version 4 clients should not provide cached data to applications or modify it on behalf of an application when it would not be valid to obtain or modify that same data via a READ or WRITE operation. Furthermore, in the absence of open delegation (see the section "Open Delegation") two additional rules apply. Note that these rules are obeyed in practice by many NFS version 2 and version 3 clients. o First, cached data present on a client must be revalidated after doing an OPEN. Revalidating means that the client fetches the change attribute from the server, compares it with the cached change attribute, and if different, declares the cached data (as well as the cached attributes) as invalid. This is to ensure that Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 146] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 the data for the OPENed file is still correctly reflected in the client's cache. This validation must be done at least when the client's OPEN operation includes DENY=WRITE or BOTH thus terminating a period in which other clients may have had the opportunity to open the file with WRITE access. Clients may choose to do the revalidation more often (i.e. at OPENs specifying DENY=NONE) to parallel the NFS version 3 protocol's practice for the benefit of users assuming this degree of cache revalidation. Since the change attribute is updated for data and metadata modifications, some client implementors may be tempted to use the time_modify attribute and not change to validate cached data, so that metadata changes do not spuriously invalidate clean data. The implementor is cautioned in this approach. The change attribute is guaranteed to change for each update to the file, whereas time_modify is guaranteed to change only at the granularity of the time_delta attribute. Use by the client's data cache validation logic of time_modify and not change runs the risk of the client incorrectly marking stale data as valid. o Second, modified data must be flushed to the server before closing a file OPENed for write. This is complementary to the first rule. If the data is not flushed at CLOSE, the revalidation done after client OPENs as file is unable to achieve its purpose. The other aspect to flushing the data before close is that the data must be committed to stable storage, at the server, before the CLOSE operation is requested by the client. In the case of a server reboot or restart and a CLOSEd file, it may not be possible to retransmit the data to be written to the file. Hence, this requirement. 9.3.2. Data Caching and File Locking For those applications that choose to use file locking instead of share reservations to exclude inconsistent file access, there is an analogous set of constraints that apply to client side data caching. These rules are effective only if the file locking is used in a way that matches in an equivalent way the actual READ and WRITE operations executed. This is as opposed to file locking that is based on pure convention. For example, it is possible to manipulate a two-megabyte file by dividing the file into two one-megabyte regions and protecting access to the two regions by file locks on bytes zero and one. A lock for write on byte zero of the file would represent the right to do READ and WRITE operations on the first region. A lock for write on byte one of the file would represent the right to do READ and WRITE operations on the second region. As long as all applications manipulating the file obey this convention, they will work on a local file system. However, they may not work with Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 147] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 the NFS version 4 protocol unless clients refrain from data caching. The rules for data caching in the file locking environment are: o First, when a client obtains a file lock for a particular region, the data cache corresponding to that region (if any cache data exists) must be revalidated. If the change attribute indicates that the file may have been updated since the cached data was obtained, the client must flush or invalidate the cached data for the newly locked region. A client might choose to invalidate all of non-modified cached data that it has for the file but the only requirement for correct operation is to invalidate all of the data in the newly locked region. o Second, before releasing a write lock for a region, all modified data for that region must be flushed to the server. The modified data must also be written to stable storage. Note that flushing data to the server and the invalidation of cached data must reflect the actual byte ranges locked or unlocked. Rounding these up or down to reflect client cache block boundaries will cause problems if not carefully done. For example, writing a modified block when only half of that block is within an area being unlocked may cause invalid modification to the region outside the unlocked area. This, in turn, may be part of a region locked by another client. Clients can avoid this situation by synchronously performing portions of write operations that overlap that portion (initial or final) that is not a full block. Similarly, invalidating a locked area which is not an integral number of full buffer blocks would require the client to read one or two partial blocks from the server if the revalidation procedure shows that the data which the client possesses may not be valid. The data that is written to the server as a prerequisite to the unlocking of a region must be written, at the server, to stable storage. The client may accomplish this either with synchronous writes or by following asynchronous writes with a COMMIT operation. This is required because retransmission of the modified data after a server reboot might conflict with a lock held by another client. A client implementation may choose to accommodate applications which use record locking in non-standard ways (e.g. using a record lock as a global semaphore) by flushing to the server more data upon an LOCKU than is covered by the locked range. This may include modified data within files other than the one for which the unlocks are being done. In such cases, the client must not interfere with applications whose READs and WRITEs are being done only within the bounds of record locks which the application holds. For example, an application locks Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 148] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 a single byte of a file and proceeds to write that single byte. A client that chose to handle a LOCKU by flushing all modified data to the server could validly write that single byte in response to an unrelated unlock. However, it would not be valid to write the entire block in which that single written byte was located since it includes an area that is not locked and might be locked by another client. Client implementations can avoid this problem by dividing files with modified data into those for which all modifications are done to areas covered by an appropriate record lock and those for which there are modifications not covered by a record lock. Any writes done for the former class of files must not include areas not locked and thus not modified on the client. 9.3.3. Data Caching and Mandatory File Locking Client side data caching needs to respect mandatory file locking when it is in effect. The presence of mandatory file locking for a given file is indicated when the client gets back NFS4ERR_LOCKED from a READ or WRITE on a file it has an appropriate share reservation for. When mandatory locking is in effect for a file, the client must check for an appropriate file lock for data being read or written. If a lock exists for the range being read or written, the client may satisfy the request using the client's validated cache. If an appropriate file lock is not held for the range of the read or write, the read or write request must not be satisfied by the client's cache and the request must be sent to the server for processing. When a read or write request partially overlaps a locked region, the request should be subdivided into multiple pieces with each region (locked or not) treated appropriately. 9.3.4. Data Caching and File Identity When clients cache data, the file data needs to be organized according to the file system object to which the data belongs. For NFS version 3 clients, the typical practice has been to assume for the purpose of caching that distinct filehandles represent distinct file system objects. The client then has the choice to organize and maintain the data cache on this basis. In the NFS version 4 protocol, there is now the possibility to have significant deviations from a "one filehandle per object" model because a filehandle may be constructed on the basis of the object's pathname. Therefore, clients need a reliable method to determine if two filehandles designate the same file system object. If clients were simply to assume that all distinct filehandles denote distinct objects and proceed to do data caching on this basis, caching inconsistencies would arise between the distinct client side objects which mapped to the same server side object. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 149] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 By providing a method to differentiate filehandles, the NFS version 4 protocol alleviates a potential functional regression in comparison with the NFS version 3 protocol. Without this method, caching inconsistencies within the same client could occur and this has not been present in previous versions of the NFS protocol. Note that it is possible to have such inconsistencies with applications executing on multiple clients but that is not the issue being addressed here. For the purposes of data caching, the following steps allow an NFS version 4 client to determine whether two distinct filehandles denote the same server side object: o If GETATTR directed to two filehandles returns different values of the fsid attribute, then the filehandles represent distinct objects. o If GETATTR for any file with an fsid that matches the fsid of the two filehandles in question returns a unique_handles attribute with a value of TRUE, then the two objects are distinct. o If GETATTR directed to the two filehandles does not return the fileid attribute for both of the handles, then it cannot be determined whether the two objects are the same. Therefore, operations which depend on that knowledge (e.g. client side data caching) cannot be done reliably. o If GETATTR directed to the two filehandles returns different values for the fileid attribute, then they are distinct objects. o Otherwise they are the same object. 9.4. Open Delegation When a file is being OPENed, the server may delegate further handling of opens and closes for that file to the opening client. Any such delegation is recallable, since the circumstances that allowed for the delegation are subject to change. In particular, the server may receive a conflicting OPEN from another client, the server must recall the delegation before deciding whether the OPEN from the other client may be granted. Making a delegation is up to the server and clients should not assume that any particular OPEN either will or will not result in an open delegation. The following is a typical set of conditions that servers might use in deciding whether OPEN should be delegated: o The client must be able to respond to the server's callback requests. The server will use the CB_NULL procedure for a test of callback ability. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 150] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o The client must have responded properly to previous recalls. o There must be no current open conflicting with the requested delegation. o There should be no current delegation that conflicts with the delegation being requested. o The probability of future conflicting open requests should be low based on the recent history of the file. o The existence of any server-specific semantics of OPEN/CLOSE that would make the required handling incompatible with the prescribed handling that the delegated client would apply (see below). There are two types of open delegations, read and write. A read open delegation allows a client to handle, on its own, requests to open a file for reading that do not deny read access to others. Multiple read open delegations may be outstanding simultaneously and do not conflict. A write open delegation allows the client to handle, on its own, all opens. Only one write open delegation may exist for a given file at a given time and it is inconsistent with any read open delegations. When a client has a read open delegation, it may not make any changes to the contents or attributes of the file but it is assured that no other client may do so. When a client has a write open delegation, it may modify the file data since no other client will be accessing the file's data. The client holding a write delegation may only affect file attributes which are intimately connected with the file data: size, time_modify, change. When a client has an open delegation, it does not send OPENs or CLOSEs to the server but updates the appropriate status internally. For a read open delegation, opens that cannot be handled locally (opens for write or that deny read access) must be sent to the server. When an open delegation is made, the response to the OPEN contains an open delegation structure which specifies the following: o the type of delegation (read or write) o space limitation information to control flushing of data on close (write open delegation only, see the section "Open Delegation and Data Caching") Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 151] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o an nfsace4 specifying read and write permissions o a stateid to represent the delegation for READ and WRITE The delegation stateid is separate and distinct from the stateid for the OPEN proper. The standard stateid, unlike the delegation stateid, is associated with a particular lock_owner and will continue to be valid after the delegation is recalled and the file remains open. When a request internal to the client is made to open a file and open delegation is in effect, it will be accepted or rejected solely on the basis of the following conditions. Any requirement for other checks to be made by the delegate should result in open delegation being denied so that the checks can be made by the server itself. o The access and deny bits for the request and the file as described in the section "Share Reservations". o The read and write permissions as determined below. The nfsace4 passed with delegation can be used to avoid frequent ACCESS calls. The permission check should be as follows: o If the nfsace4 indicates that the open may be done, then it should be granted without reference to the server. o If the nfsace4 indicates that the open may not be done, then an ACCESS request must be sent to the server to obtain the definitive answer. The server may return an nfsace4 that is more restrictive than the actual ACL of the file. This includes an nfsace4 that specifies denial of all access. Note that some common practices such as mapping the traditional user "root" to the user "nobody" may make it incorrect to return the actual ACL of the file in the delegation response. The use of delegation together with various other forms of caching creates the possibility that no server authentication will ever be performed for a given user since all of the user's requests might be satisfied locally. Where the client is depending on the server for authentication, the client should be sure authentication occurs for each user by use of the ACCESS operation. This should be the case even if an ACCESS operation would not be required otherwise. As mentioned before, the server may enforce frequent authentication by returning an nfsace4 denying all access with every open delegation. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 152] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 9.4.1. Open Delegation and Data Caching OPEN delegation allows much of the message overhead associated with the opening and closing files to be eliminated. An open when an open delegation is in effect does not require that a validation message be sent to the server. The continued endurance of the "read open delegation" provides a guarantee that no OPEN for write and thus no write has occurred. Similarly, when closing a file opened for write and if write open delegation is in effect, the data written does not have to be flushed to the server until the open delegation is recalled. The continued endurance of the open delegation provides a guarantee that no open and thus no read or write has been done by another client. For the purposes of open delegation, READs and WRITEs done without an OPEN are treated as the functional equivalents of a corresponding type of OPEN. This refers to the READs and WRITEs that use the special stateids consisting of all zero bits or all one bits. Therefore, READs or WRITEs with a special stateid done by another client will force the server to recall a write open delegation. A WRITE with a special stateid done by another client will force a recall of read open delegations. With delegations, a client is able to avoid writing data to the server when the CLOSE of a file is serviced. The file close system call is the usual point at which the client is notified of a lack of stable storage for the modified file data generated by the application. At the close, file data is written to the server and through normal accounting the server is able to determine if the available file system space for the data has been exceeded (i.e. server returns NFS4ERR_NOSPC or NFS4ERR_DQUOT). This accounting includes quotas. The introduction of delegations requires that a alternative method be in place for the same type of communication to occur between client and server. In the delegation response, the server provides either the limit of the size of the file or the number of modified blocks and associated block size. The server must ensure that the client will be able to flush data to the server of a size equal to that provided in the original delegation. The server must make this assurance for all outstanding delegations. Therefore, the server must be careful in its management of available space for new or modified data taking into account available file system space and any applicable quotas. The server can recall delegations as a result of managing the available file system space. The client should abide by the server's state space limits for delegations. If the client exceeds the stated limits for the delegation, the server's behavior is undefined. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 153] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Based on server conditions, quotas or available file system space, the server may grant write open delegations with very restrictive space limitations. The limitations may be defined in a way that will always force modified data to be flushed to the server on close. With respect to authentication, flushing modified data to the server after a CLOSE has occurred may be problematic. For example, the user of the application may have logged off the client and unexpired authentication credentials may not be present. In this case, the client may need to take special care to ensure that local unexpired credentials will in fact be available. This may be accomplished by tracking the expiration time of credentials and flushing data well in advance of their expiration or by making private copies of credentials to assure their availability when needed. 9.4.2. Open Delegation and File Locks When a client holds a write open delegation, lock operations are performed locally. This includes those required for mandatory file locking. This can be done since the delegation implies that there can be no conflicting locks. Similarly, all of the revalidations that would normally be associated with obtaining locks and the flushing of data associated with the releasing of locks need not be done. When a client holds a read open delegation, lock operations are not performed locally. All lock operations, including those requesting non-exclusive locks, are sent to the server for resolution. 9.4.3. Handling of CB_GETATTR The server needs to employ special handling for a GETATTR where the target is a file that has a write open delegation in effect. The reason for this is that the client holding the write delegation may have modified the data and the server needs to reflect this change to the second client that submitted the GETATTR. Therefore, the client holding the write delegation needs to be interrogated. The server will use the CB_GETATTR operation. The only attributes that the server can reliably query via CB_GETATTR are size and change. Since CB_GETATTR is being used to satisfy another client's GETATTR request, the server only needs to know if the client holding the delegation has a modified version of the file. If the client's copy of the delegated file is not modified (data or size), the server can satisfy the second client's GETATTR request from the attributes stored locally at the server. If the file is modified, the server only needs to know about this modified state. If the server determines that the file is currently modified, it will respond to Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 154] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 the second client's GETATTR as if the file had been modified locally at the server. Since the form of the change attribute is determined by the server and is opaque to the client, the client and server need to agree on a method of communicating the modified state of the file. For the size attribute, the client will report its current view of the file size. For the change attribute, the handling is more involved. For the client, the following steps will be taken when receiving a write delegation: o The value of the change attribute will be obtained from the server and cached. Let this value be represented by c. o The client will create a value greater than c that will be used for communicating modified data is held at the client. Let this value be represented by d. o When the client is queried via CB_GETATTR for the change attribute, it checks to see if it holds modified data. If the file is modified, the value d is returned for the change attribute value. If this file is not currently modified, the client returns the value c for the change attribute. For simplicity of implementation, the client MAY for each CB_GETATTR return the same value d. This is true even if, between successive CB_GETATTR operations, the client again modifies in the file's data or metadata in its cache. The client can return the same value because the only requirement is that the client be able to indicate to the server that the client holds modified data. Therefore, the value of d may always be c + 1. While the change attribute is opaque to the client in the sense that it has no idea what units of time, if any, the server is counting change with, it is not opaque in that the client has to treat it as an unsigned integer, and the server has to be able to see the results of the client's changes to that integer. Therefore, the server MUST encode the change attribute in network order when sending it to the client. The client MUST decode it from network order to its native order when receiving it and the client MUST encode it network order when sending it to the server. For this reason, change is defined as an unsigned integer rather than an opaque array of octets. For the server, the following steps will be taken when providing a write delegation: Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 155] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o Upon providing a write delegation, the server will cache a copy of the change attribute in the data structure it uses to record the delegation. Let this value be represented by sc. o When a second client sends a GETATTR operation on the same file to the server, the server obtains the change attribute from the first client. Let this value be cc. o If the value cc is equal to sc, the file is not modified and the server returns the current values for change, time_metadata, and time_modify (for example) to the second client. o If the value cc is NOT equal to sc, the file is currently modified at the first client and most likely will be modified at the server at a future time. The server then uses its current time to construct attribute values for time_metadata and time_modify. A new value of sc, which we will call nsc, is computed by the server, such that nsc >= sc + 1. The server then returns the constructed time_metadata, time_modify, and nsc values to the requester. The server replaces sc in the delegation record with nsc. To prevent the possibility of time_modify, time_metadata, and change from appearing to go backward (which would happen if the client holding the delegation fails to write its modified data to the server before the delegation is revoked or returned), the server SHOULD update the file's metadata record with the constructed attribute values. For reasons of reasonable performance, committing the constructed attribute values to stable storage is OPTIONAL. As discussed earlier in this section, the client MAY return the same cc value on subsequent CB_GETATTR calls, even if the file was modified in the client's cache yet again between successive CB_GETATTR calls. Therefore, the server must assume that the file has been modified yet again, and MUST take care to ensure that the new nsc it constructs and returns is greater than the previous nsc it returned. An example implementation's delegation record would satisfy this mandate by including a boolean field (let us call it "modified") that is set to false when the delegation is granted, and an sc value set at the time of grant to the change attribute value. The modified field would be set to true the first time cc != sc, and would stay true until the delegation is returned or revoked. The processing for constructing nsc, time_modify, and time_metadata would use this pseudo code: Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 156] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 if (!modified) { do CB_GETATTR for change and size; if (cc != sc) modified = TRUE; } else { do CB_GETATTR for size; } if (modified) { sc = sc + 1; time_modify = time_metadata = current_time; update sc, time_modify, time_metadata into file's metadata; } return to client (that sent GETATTR) the attributes it requested, but make sure size comes from what CB_GETATTR returned. Do not update the file's metadata with the client's modified size. In the case that the file attribute size is different than the server's current value, the server treats this as a modification regardless of the value of the change attribute retrieved via CB_GETATTR and responds to the second client as in the last step. This methodology resolves issues of clock differences between client and server and other scenarios where the use of CB_GETATTR break down. It should be noted that the server is under no obligation to use CB_GETATTR and therefore the server MAY simply recall the delegation to avoid its use. 9.4.4. Recall of Open Delegation The following events necessitate recall of an open delegation: o Potentially conflicting OPEN request (or READ/WRITE done with "special" stateid) o SETATTR issued by another client o REMOVE request for the file o RENAME request for the file as either source or target of the RENAME Whether a RENAME of a directory in the path leading to the file Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 157] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 results in recall of an open delegation depends on the semantics of the server file system. If that file system denies such RENAMEs when a file is open, the recall must be performed to determine whether the file in question is, in fact, open. In addition to the situations above, the server may choose to recall open delegations at any time if resource constraints make it advisable to do so. Clients should always be prepared for the possibility of recall. When a client receives a recall for an open delegation, it needs to update state on the server before returning the delegation. These same updates must be done whenever a client chooses to return a delegation voluntarily. The following items of state need to be dealt with: o If the file associated with the delegation is no longer open and no previous CLOSE operation has been sent to the server, a CLOSE operation must be sent to the server. o If a file has other open references at the client, then OPEN operations must be sent to the server. The appropriate stateids will be provided by the server for subsequent use by the client since the delegation stateid will not longer be valid. These OPEN requests are done with the claim type of CLAIM_DELEGATE_CUR. This will allow the presentation of the delegation stateid so that the client can establish the appropriate rights to perform the OPEN. (see the section "Operation 18: OPEN" for details.) o If there are granted file locks, the corresponding LOCK operations need to be performed. This applies to the write open delegation case only. o For a write open delegation, if at the time of recall the file is not open for write, all modified data for the file must be flushed to the server. If the delegation had not existed, the client would have done this data flush before the CLOSE operation. o For a write open delegation when a file is still open at the time of recall, any modified data for the file needs to be flushed to the server. o With the write open delegation in place, it is possible that the file was truncated during the duration of the delegation. For example, the truncation could have occurred as a result of an OPEN UNCHECKED with a size attribute value of zero. Therefore, if a truncation of the file has occurred and this operation has not been propagated to the server, the truncation must occur before Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 158] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 any modified data is written to the server. In the case of write open delegation, file locking imposes some additional requirements. To precisely maintain the associated invariant, it is required to flush any modified data in any region for which a write lock was released while the write delegation was in effect. However, because the write open delegation implies no other locking by other clients, a simpler implementation is to flush all modified data for the file (as described just above) if any write lock has been released while the write open delegation was in effect. An implementation need not wait until delegation recall (or deciding to voluntarily return a delegation) to perform any of the above actions, if implementation considerations (e.g. resource availability constraints) make that desirable. Generally, however, the fact that the actual open state of the file may continue to change makes it not worthwhile to send information about opens and closes to the server, except as part of delegation return. Only in the case of closing the open that resulted in obtaining the delegation would clients be likely to do this early, since, in that case, the close once done will not be undone. Regardless of the client's choices on scheduling these actions, all must be performed before the delegation is returned, including (when applicable) the close that corresponds to the open that resulted in the delegation. These actions can be performed either in previous requests or in previous operations in the same COMPOUND request. 9.4.5. Clients that Fail to Honor Delegation Recalls A client may fail to respond to a recall for various reasons, such as a failure of the callback path from server to the client. The client may be unaware of a failure in the callback path. This lack of awareness could result in the client finding out long after the failure that its delegation has been revoked, and another client has modified the data for which the client had a delegation. This is especially a problem for the client that held a write delegation. The server also has a dilemma in that the client that fails to respond to the recall might also be sending other NFS requests, including those that renew the lease before the lease expires. Without returning an error for those lease renewing operations, the server leads the client to believe that the delegation it has is in force. This difficulty is solved by the following rules: o When the callback path is down, the server MUST NOT revoke the delegation if one of the following occurs: Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 159] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 * The client has issued a RENEW operation and the server has returned an NFS4ERR_CB_PATH_DOWN error. The server MUST renew the lease for any record locks and share reservations the client has that the server has known about (as opposed to those locks and share reservations the client has established but not yet sent to the server, due to the delegation). The server SHOULD give the client a reasonable time to return its delegations to the server before revoking the client's delegations. * The client has not issued a RENEW operation for some period of time after the server attempted to recall the delegation. This period of time MUST NOT be less than the value of the lease_time attribute. o When the client holds a delegation, it can not rely on operations, except for RENEW, that take a stateid, to renew delegation leases across callback path failures. The client that wants to keep delegations in force across callback path failures must use RENEW to do so. 9.4.6. Delegation Revocation At the point a delegation is revoked, if there are associated opens on the client, the applications holding these opens need to be notified. This notification usually occurs by returning errors for READ/WRITE operations or when a close is attempted for the open file. If no opens exist for the file at the point the delegation is revoked, then notification of the revocation is unnecessary. However, if there is modified data present at the client for the file, the user of the application should be notified. Unfortunately, it may not be possible to notify the user since active applications may not be present at the client. See the section "Revocation Recovery for Write Open Delegation" for additional details. 9.5. Data Caching and Revocation When locks and delegations are revoked, the assumptions upon which successful caching depend are no longer guaranteed. For any locks or share reservations that have been revoked, the corresponding owner needs to be notified. This notification includes applications with a file open that has a corresponding delegation which has been revoked. Cached data associated with the revocation must be removed from the client. In the case of modified data existing in the client's cache, that data must be removed from the client without it being written to the server. As mentioned, the assumptions made by the client are no longer valid at the point when a lock or delegation has been revoked. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 160] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 For example, another client may have been granted a conflicting lock after the revocation of the lock at the first client. Therefore, the data within the lock range may have been modified by the other client. Obviously, the first client is unable to guarantee to the application what has occurred to the file in the case of revocation. Notification to a lock owner will in many cases consist of simply returning an error on the next and all subsequent READs/WRITEs to the open file or on the close. Where the methods available to a client make such notification impossible because errors for certain operations may not be returned, more drastic action such as signals or process termination may be appropriate. The justification for this is that an invariant for which an application depends on may be violated. Depending on how errors are typically treated for the client operating environment, further levels of notification including logging, console messages, and GUI pop-ups may be appropriate. 9.5.1. Revocation Recovery for Write Open Delegation Revocation recovery for a write open delegation poses the special issue of modified data in the client cache while the file is not open. In this situation, any client which does not flush modified data to the server on each close must ensure that the user receives appropriate notification of the failure as a result of the revocation. Since such situations may require human action to correct problems, notification schemes in which the appropriate user or administrator is notified may be necessary. Logging and console messages are typical examples. If there is modified data on the client, it must not be flushed normally to the server. A client may attempt to provide a copy of the file data as modified during the delegation under a different name in the file system name space to ease recovery. Note that when the client can determine that the file has not been modified by any other client, or when the client has a complete cached copy of file in question, such a saved copy of the client's view of the file may be of particular value for recovery. In other case, recovery using a copy of the file based partially on the client's cached data and partially on the server copy as modified by other clients, will be anything but straightforward, so clients may avoid saving file contents in these situations or mark the results specially to warn users of possible problems. Saving of such modified data in delegation revocation situations may be limited to files of a certain size or might be used only when sufficient disk space is available within the target file system. Such saving may also be restricted to situations when the client has Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 161] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 sufficient buffering resources to keep the cached copy available until it is properly stored to the target file system. 9.6. Attribute Caching The attributes discussed in this section do not include named attributes. Individual named attributes are analogous to files and caching of the data for these needs to be handled just as data caching is for ordinary files. Similarly, LOOKUP results from an OPENATTR directory are to be cached on the same basis as any other pathnames and similarly for directory contents. Clients may cache file attributes obtained from the server and use them to avoid subsequent GETATTR requests. Such caching is write through in that modification to file attributes is always done by means of requests to the server and should not be done locally and cached. The exception to this are modifications to attributes that are intimately connected with data caching. Therefore, extending a file by writing data to the local data cache is reflected immediately in the size as seen on the client without this change being immediately reflected on the server. Normally such changes are not propagated directly to the server but when the modified data is flushed to the server, analogous attribute changes are made on the server. When open delegation is in effect, the modified attributes may be returned to the server in the response to a CB_RECALL call. The result of local caching of attributes is that the attribute caches maintained on individual clients will not be coherent. Changes made in one order on the server may be seen in a different order on one client and in a third order on a different client. The typical file system application programming interfaces do not provide means to atomically modify or interrogate attributes for multiple files at the same time. The following rules provide an environment where the potential incoherences mentioned above can be reasonably managed. These rules are derived from the practice of previous NFS protocols. o All attributes for a given file (per-fsid attributes excepted) are cached as a unit at the client so that no non-serializability can arise within the context of a single file. o An upper time boundary is maintained on how long a client cache entry can be kept without being refreshed from the server. o When operations are performed that change attributes at the server, the updated attribute set is requested as part of the containing RPC. This includes directory operations that update Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 162] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 attributes indirectly. This is accomplished by following the modifying operation with a GETATTR operation and then using the results of the GETATTR to update the client's cached attributes. Note that if the full set of attributes to be cached is requested by READDIR, the results can be cached by the client on the same basis as attributes obtained via GETATTR. A client may validate its cached version of attributes for a file by fetching just both the change and time_access attributes and assuming that if the change attribute has the same value as it did when the attributes were cached, then no attributes other than time_access have changed. The reason why time_access is also fetched is because many servers operate in environments where the operation that updates change does not update time_access. For example, POSIX file semantics do not update access time when a file is modified by the write system call. Therefore, the client that wants a current time_access value should fetch it with change during the attribute cache validation processing and update its cached time_access. The client may maintain a cache of modified attributes for those attributes intimately connected with data of modified regular files (size, time_modify, and change). Other than those three attributes, the client MUST NOT maintain a cache of modified attributes. Instead, attribute changes are immediately sent to the server. In some operating environments, the equivalent to time_access is expected to be implicitly updated by each read of the content of the file object. If an NFS client is caching the content of a file object, whether it is a regular file, directory, or symbolic link, the client SHOULD NOT update the time_access attribute (via SETATTR or a small READ or READDIR request) on the server with each read that is satisfied from cache. The reason is that this can defeat the performance benefits of caching content, especially since an explicit SETATTR of time_access may alter the change attribute on the server. If the change attribute changes, clients that are caching the content will think the content has changed, and will re-read unmodified data from the server. Nor is the client encouraged to maintain a modified version of time_access in its cache, since this would mean that the client will either eventually have to write the access time to the server with bad performance effects, or it would never update the server's time_access, thereby resulting in a situation where an application that caches access time between a close and open of the same file observes the access time oscillating between the past and present. The time_access attribute always means the time of last access to a file by a read that was satisfied by the server. This way clients will tend to see only time_access changes that go forward in time. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 163] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 9.7. Data and Metadata Caching and Memory Mapped Files Some operating environments include the capability for an application to map a file's content into the application's address space. Each time the application accesses a memory location that corresponds to a block that has not been loaded into the address space, a page fault occurs and the file is read (or if the block does not exist in the file, the block is allocated and then instantiated in the application's address space). As long as each memory mapped access to the file requires a page fault, the relevant attributes of the file that are used to detect access and modification (time_access, time_metadata, time_modify, and change) will be updated. However, in many operating environments, when page faults are not required these attributes will not be updated on reads or updates to the file via memory access (regardless whether the file is local file or is being access remotely). A client or server MAY fail to update attributes of a file that is being accessed via memory mapped I/O. This has several implications: o If there is an application on the server that has memory mapped a file that a client is also accessing, the client may not be able to get a consistent value of the change attribute to determine whether its cache is stale or not. A server that knows that the file is memory mapped could always pessimistically return updated values for change so as to force the application to always get the most up to date data and metadata for the file. However, due to the negative performance implications of this, such behavior is OPTIONAL. o If the memory mapped file is not being modified on the server, and instead is just being read by an application via the memory mapped interface, the client will not see an updated time_access attribute. However, in many operating environments, neither will any process running on the server. Thus NFS clients are at no disadvantage with respect to local processes. o If there is another client that is memory mapping the file, and if that client is holding a write delegation, the same set of issues as discussed in the previous two bullet items apply. So, when a server does a CB_GETATTR to a file that the client has modified in its cache, the response from CB_GETATTR will not necessarily be accurate. As discussed earlier, the client's obligation is to report that the file has been modified since the delegation was granted, not whether it has been modified again between successive CB_GETATTR calls, and the server MUST assume that any file the client has modified in cache has been modified again between successive CB_GETATTR calls. Depending on the nature of the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 164] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 client's memory management system, this weak obligation may not be possible. A client MAY return stale information in CB_GETATTR whenever the file is memory mapped. o The mixture of memory mapping and file locking on the same file is problematic. Consider the following scenario, where a page size on each client is 8192 bytes. * Client A memory maps first page (8192 bytes) of file X * Client B memory maps first page (8192 bytes) of file X * Client A write locks first 4096 bytes * Client B write locks second 4096 bytes * Client A, via a STORE instruction modifies part of its locked region. * Simultaneous to client A, client B issues a STORE on part of its locked region. Here the challenge is for each client to resynchronize to get a correct view of the first page. In many operating environments, the virtual memory management systems on each client only know a page is modified, not that a subset of the page corresponding to the respective lock regions has been modified. So it is not possible for each client to do the right thing, which is to only write to the server that portion of the page that is locked. For example, if client A simply writes out the page, and then client B writes out the page, client A's data is lost. Moreover, if mandatory locking is enabled on the file, then we have a different problem. When clients A and B issue the STORE instructions, the resulting page faults require a record lock on the entire page. Each client then tries to extend their locked range to the entire page, which results in a deadlock. Communicating the NFS4ERR_DEADLOCK error to a STORE instruction is difficult at best. If a client is locking the entire memory mapped file, there is no problem with advisory or mandatory record locking, at least until the client unlocks a region in the middle of the file. Given the above issues the following are permitted: o Clients and servers MAY deny memory mapping a file they know there are record locks for. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 165] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o Clients and servers MAY deny a record lock on a file they know is memory mapped. o A client MAY deny memory mapping a file that it knows requires mandatory locking for I/O. If mandatory locking is enabled after the file is opened and mapped, the client MAY deny the application further access to its mapped file. 9.8. Name Caching The results of LOOKUP and READDIR operations may be cached to avoid the cost of subsequent LOOKUP operations. Just as in the case of attribute caching, inconsistencies may arise among the various client caches. To mitigate the effects of these inconsistencies and given the context of typical file system APIs, an upper time boundary is maintained on how long a client name cache entry can be kept without verifying that the entry has not been made invalid by a directory change operation performed by another client. .LP When a client is not making changes to a directory for which there exist name cache entries, the client needs to periodically fetch attributes for that directory to ensure that it is not being modified. After determining that no modification has occurred, the expiration time for the associated name cache entries may be updated to be the current time plus the name cache staleness bound. When a client is making changes to a given directory, it needs to determine whether there have been changes made to the directory by other clients. It does this by using the change attribute as reported before and after the directory operation in the associated change_info4 value returned for the operation. The server is able to communicate to the client whether the change_info4 data is provided atomically with respect to the directory operation. If the change values are provided atomically, the client is then able to compare the pre-operation change value with the change value in the client's name cache. If the comparison indicates that the directory was updated by another client, the name cache associated with the modified directory is purged from the client. If the comparison indicates no modification, the name cache can be updated on the client to reflect the directory operation and the associated timeout extended. The post-operation change value needs to be saved as the basis for future change_info4 comparisons. As demonstrated by the scenario above, name caching requires that the client revalidate name cache data by inspecting the change attribute of a directory at the point when the name cache item was cached. This requires that the server update the change attribute for directories when the contents of the corresponding directory is modified. For a client to use the change_info4 information Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 166] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 appropriately and correctly, the server must report the pre and post operation change attribute values atomically. When the server is unable to report the before and after values atomically with respect to the directory operation, the server must indicate that fact in the change_info4 return value. When the information is not atomically reported, the client should not assume that other clients have not changed the directory. 9.9. Directory Caching The results of READDIR operations may be used to avoid subsequent READDIR operations. Just as in the cases of attribute and name caching, inconsistencies may arise among the various client caches. To mitigate the effects of these inconsistencies, and given the context of typical file system APIs, the following rules should be followed: o Cached READDIR information for a directory which is not obtained in a single READDIR operation must always be a consistent snapshot of directory contents. This is determined by using a GETATTR before the first READDIR and after the last of READDIR that contributes to the cache. o An upper time boundary is maintained to indicate the length of time a directory cache entry is considered valid before the client must revalidate the cached information. The revalidation technique parallels that discussed in the case of name caching. When the client is not changing the directory in question, checking the change attribute of the directory with GETATTR is adequate. The lifetime of the cache entry can be extended at these checkpoints. When a client is modifying the directory, the client needs to use the change_info4 data to determine whether there are other clients modifying the directory. If it is determined that no other client modifications are occurring, the client may update its directory cache to reflect its own changes. As demonstrated previously, directory caching requires that the client revalidate directory cache data by inspecting the change attribute of a directory at the point when the directory was cached. This requires that the server update the change attribute for directories when the contents of the corresponding directory is modified. For a client to use the change_info4 information appropriately and correctly, the server must report the pre and post operation change attribute values atomically. When the server is unable to report the before and after values atomically with respect to the directory operation, the server must indicate that fact in the change_info4 return value. When the information is not atomically Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 167] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 reported, the client should not assume that other clients have not changed the directory. 10. Multi-server Name Space NFSv4.1 supports attributes that allow a namespace to extend beyond the boundaries of a single server. Use of such multi-server namespaces is optional, and for many purposes, single-server namespace are perfectly acceptable. Use of multi-server namespaces can provide many advantages, however, by separating a file system's logical position in a name space from the (possibly changing) logistical and administrative considerations that result in particular file systems being located on particular servers. 10.1. Location attributes NFSv4 contains recommended attributes that allow file systems on one server to be associated with one or more instances of that file system on other servers. These attributes specify such file systems by specifying a server name (either a DNS name or an IP address) together with the path of that file system within that server's single-server name space. The fs_locations_info recommended attribute allows specification of one more file systems instance locations where the data corresponding to a given file system may be found. This attribute provides to the client, in addition to information about file system instance locations, extensive information about the various file system instance choices (e.g. priority for use, writability, currency, etc.) as well as information to help the client efficiently effect as seamless a transition as possible among multiple file system instances, when and if that should be necessary. The fs_locations recommended attribute is inherited from NFSv4.0 and only allows specification of the file system locations where the data corresponding to a given file system may be found. Servers should make this attribute available whenever fs_locations_info is supported, but client use of fs_locations_info is to be preferred. 10.2. File System Presence or Absence A given location in an NFSv4 namespace (typically but not necessarily a multi-server namespace) can have a number of file system instance locations associated with it (via the fs_locations or fs_locations_info attribute). There may also be an actual current file system at that location, accessible via normal namespace operations (e.g. LOOKUP). In this case, the file system is said to Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 168] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 be "present" at that position in the namespace and clients will typically use it, reserving use of additional locations specified via the location-related attributes to situations in which the principal location is no longer available. When there is no actual file system at the namespace location in question, the file system is said to be "absent". An absent file system contains no files or directories other than the root and any reference to it, except to access a small set of attributes useful in determining alternate locations, will result in an error, NFS4ERR_MOVED. Note that if the server ever returns NFS4ERR_MOVED (i.e. file systems may be absent), it MUST support the fs_locations attribute and SHOULD support the fs_locations_info and fs_absent attributes. While the error name suggests that we have a case of a file system which once was present, and has only become absent later, this is only one possibility. A position in the namespace may be permanently absent with the file system(s) designated by the location attributes the only realization. The name NFS4ERR_MOVED reflects an earlier, more limited conception of its function, but this error will be returned whenever the referenced file system is absent, whether it has moved or not. Except in the case of GETATTR-type operations (to be discussed later), when the current filehandle at the start of an operation is within an absent file system, that operation is not performed and the error NFS4ERR_MOVED returned, to indicate that the file system is absent on the current server. Because a GETFH cannot succeed if the current filehandle is within an absent file system, filehandles within an absent file system cannot be transferred to the client. When a client does have filehandles within an absent file system, it is the result of obtaining them when the file system was present, and having the file system become absent subsequently. It should be noted that because the check for the current filehandle being within an absent file system happens at the start of every operation, operations which change the current filehandle so that it is within an absent file system will not result in an error. This allows such combinations as PUTFH-GETATTR and LOOKUP-GETATTR to be used to get attribute information, particularly location attribute information, as discussed below. The recommended file system attribute fs_absent can used to interrogate the present/absent status of a given file system. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 169] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 10.3. Getting Attributes for an Absent File System When a file system is absent, most attributes are not available, but it is necessary to allow the client access to the small set of attributes that are available, and most particularly those that give information about the correct current locations for this file system, fs_locations and fs_locations_info. 10.3.1. GETATTR Within an Absent File System As mentioned above, an exception is made for GETATTR in that attributes may be obtained for a filehandle within an absent file system. This exception only applies if the attribute mask contains at least one attribute bit that indicates the client is interested in a result regarding an absent file system: fs_locations, fs_locations_info, or fs_absent. If none of these attributes is requested, GETATTR will result in an NFS4ERR_MOVED error. When a GETATTR is done on an absent file system, the set of supported attributes is very limited. Many attributes, including those that are normally mandatory will not be available on an absent file system. In addition to the attributes mentioned above (fs_locations, fs_locations_info, fs_absent), the following attributes SHOULD be available on absent file systems, in the case of recommended attributes at least to the same degree that they are available on present file systems. change: This attribute is useful for absent file systems and can be helpful in summarizing to the client when any of the location- related attributes changes. fsid: This attribute should be provided so that the client can determine file system boundaries, including, in particular, the boundary between present and absent file systems. mounted_on_fileid: For objects at the top of an absent file system this attribute needs to be available. Since the fileid is one which is within the present parent file system, there should be no need to reference the absent file system to provide this information. Other attributes SHOULD NOT be made available for absent file systems, even when it is possible to provide them. The server should not assume that more information is always better and should avoid gratuitously providing additional information. When a GETATTR operation includes a bit mask for one of the attributes fs_locations, fs_locations_info, or absent, but where the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 170] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 bit mask includes attributes which are not supported, GETATTR will not return an error, but will return the mask of the actual attributes supported with the results. Handling of VERIFY/NVERIFY is similar to GETATTR in that if the attribute mask does not include fs_locations, fs_locations_info, or fs_absent, the error NFS4ERR_MOVED will result. It differs in that any appearance in the attribute mask of an attribute not supported for an absent file system (and note that this will include some normally mandatory attributes), will also cause an NFS4ERR_MOVED result. 10.3.2. READDIR and Absent File Systems A READDIR performed when the current filehandle is within an absent file system will result in an NFS4ERR_MOVED error, since, unlike the case of GETATTR, no such exception is made for READDIR. Attributes for an absent file system may be fetched via a READDIR for a directory in a present file system, when that directory contains the root directories of one or more absent file systems. In this case, the handling is as follows: o If the attribute set requested includes one of the attributes fs_locations, fs_locations_info, or fs_absent, then fetching of attributes proceeds normally and no NFS4ERR_MOVED indication is returned, even when the rdattr_error attribute is requested. o If the attribute set requested does not include one of the attributes fs_locations, fs_locations_info, or fs_absent, then if the rdattr_error attribute is requested, each directory entry for the root of an absent file system, will report NFS4ERR_MOVED as the value of the rdattr_error attribute. o If the attribute set requested does not include any of the attributes fs_locations, fs_locations_info, fs_absent, or rdattr_error then the occurrence of the root of an absent file system within the directory will result in the READDIR failing with an NFSERR_MOVED error. o The unavailability of an attribute because of a file system's absence, even one that is ordinarily mandatory, does not result in any error indication. The set of attributes returned for the root directory of the absent file system in that case is simply restricted to those actually available. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 171] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 10.4. Uses of Location Information The location-bearing attributes (fs_locations and fs_locations_info), provide, together with the possibility of absent file systems, a number of important facilities in providing reliable, manageable, and scalable data access. When a file system is present, these attribute can provide alternative locations, to be used to access the same data, in the event that server failures, communications problems, or other difficulties, make continued access to the current file system impossible or otherwise impractical. Under some circumstances multiple alternative locations may be used simultaneously to provide higher performance access to the file system in question. Provision of such alternate locations is referred to as "replication" although there are cases in which replicated sets of data are not in fact present, and the replicas are instead different paths to the same data. When a file system is present and becomes absent, clients can be given the opportunity to have continued access to their data, at an alternate location. In this case, a continued attempt to use the data in the now-absent file system will result in an NFSERR_MOVED error and at that point the successor locations (typically only one but multiple choices are possible) can be fetched and used to continue access. Transfer of the file system contents to the new location is referred to as "migration", but it should be kept in mind that there are cases in which this term can be used, like "replication", when there is no actual data migration per se. Where a file system was not previously present, specification of file system location provides a means by which file systems located on one server can be associated with a name space defined by another server, thus allowing a general multi-server namespace facility. Designation of such a location, in place of an absent file system, is called "referral". 10.4.1. File System Replication The fs_locations and fs_locations_info attributes provide alternative locations, to be used to access data in place of or in a addition to the current file system instance. On first access to a file system, the client should obtain the value of the set alternate locations by interrogating the fs_locations or fs_locations_info attribute, with the latter being preferred. In the event that server failures, communications problems, or other difficulties, make continued access to the current file system Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 172] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 impossible or otherwise impractical, the client can use the alternate locations as a way to get continued access to his data. Depending on specific attributes of these alternate locations, as indicated within the fs_locations_info attribute, multiple locations may be used simultaneously, to provide higher performance through the exploitation of multiple paths between client and target filesystem. The alternate locations may be physical replicas of the (typically read-only) file system data, or they may reflect alternate paths to the same server or provide for the use of various form of server clustering in which multiple servers provide alternate ways of accessing the same physical file system. How these different modes of file system transition are represented within the fs_locations and fs_locations_info attributes and how the client deals with file system transition issues will be discussed in detail below. When multiple server addresses correspond to the same actual server, as shown by a common so_major_id field within the server_owner4 field returned by EXCHANGE_ID, the client may assume that for each filesystem in the namespace of a given server IP, there exist filesystems at corresponding namespace locations for each of the other server IP's, even in the absence of explicit listing in fs_locations and fs_locations_info. Such corresponding file system locations can be used as alternate locations, just as those explicitly specified via the fs_locations and fs_locations_info attributes. Where these specific locations are designated in the fs_locations_info attribute, the conditions of use specified in this attribute (e.g. priorities, specification of simultaneous use) may limit the clients use of these alternate locations. When multiple replicas exist and are used simultaneously or in succession by a client, they must designate the same data (with metadata being the same to the degree indicated by the fs_locations_info attribute). Where filesystems are writable, a change made on one instance must be visible on all instances, immediately upon the earlier of the return of the modifying request or the visibility of that change on any of the associated replicas. Where a filesystem is not writable but represents a read-only copy (possibly periodically updated) of a writable filesystem, similar requirements apply to the propagation of updates. It must be guaranteed that any change visible on the original file system instance must be immediately visible on any replica before the client transitions access to that replica, to avoid any possibility, that a client in effecting a transition to a replica, will see any reversion in filesystem state. The specific means by which this will be prevented varies based on fs4_status_type reported as part of the fs_status attribute. (See Section 10.11). Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 173] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 10.4.2. File System Migration When a file system is present and becomes absent, clients can be given the opportunity to have continued access to their data, at an alternate location, as specified by the fs_locations or fs_locations_info attribute. Typically, a client will be accessing the file system in question, get an NFS4ERR_MOVED error, and then use the fs_locations or fs_locations_info attribute to determine the new location of the data. When fs_locations_info is used, additional information will be available which will define the nature of the client's handling of the transition to a new server. Such migration can be helpful in providing load balancing or general resource reallocation. The protocol does not specify how the file system will be moved between servers. It is anticipated that a number of different server-to-server transfer mechanisms might be used with the choice left to the server implementer. The NFSv4.1 protocol specifies the method used to communicate the migration event between client and server. The new location may be an alternate communication path to the same server, or, in the case of various forms of server clustering, another server providing access to the same physical file system. The client's responsibilities in dealing with this transition depend on the specific nature of the new access path and how and whether data was in fact migrated. These issues will be discussed in detail below. When multiple server addresses correspond to the same actual server, as shown by a common value for so_major_id field of the server_owner4 value returned by EXCHANGE_ID, the location or locations may designate alternate server addresses in the form of specific server IP addresses, when the filesystem in question is available at those addresses, and no longer accessible at the original address. Although a single successor location is typical, multiple locations may be provided, together with information that allows priority among the choices to be indicated, via information in the fs_locations_info attribute. Where suitable clustering mechanisms make it possible to provide multiple identical file systems or paths to them, this allows the client the opportunity to deal with any resource or communications issues that might limit data availability. When an alternate location is designated as the target for migration, it must designate the same data (with metadata being the same to the degree indicated by the fs_locations_info attribute). Where filesystems are writable, a change made on the original filesystem must be visible on all migration targets. Where a filesystem is not Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 174] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 writable but represents a read-only copy (possibly periodically updated) of a writable filesystem, similar requirements apply to the propagation of updates. Any change visible in the original filesystem must already be effected on all migration targets, to avoid any possibility, that a client in effecting a transition to the migration target will see any reversion in filesystem state. 10.4.3. Referrals Referrals provide a way of placing a file system in a location essentially without respect to its physical location on a given server. This allows a single server of a set of servers to present a multi-server namespace that encompasses file systems located on multiple servers. Some likely uses of this include establishment of site-wide or organization-wide namespaces, or even knitting such together into a truly global namespace. Referrals occur when a client determines, upon first referencing a position in the current namespace, that it is part of a new file system and that that file system is absent. When this occurs, typically by receiving the error NFS4ERR_MOVED, the actual location or locations of the file system can be determined by fetching the fs_locations or fs_locations_info attribute. The locations-related attribute may designate a single file system location or multiple file system locations, to be selected based on the needs of the client. The server, in the locations_info attribute may specify priorities to be associated with various file system location choices. The server may assign different priorities to different locations as reported to individual clients, in order to adapt to client physical location or to effect load balancing. When both read-only and read-write filesystems are present, some of the read-only locations may not absolutely up-to-date (as they would have to be in the case of replication and migration). Servers may also specify filesystem locations that include client-substituted variable so that different clients are referred to different file systems (with different data contents) based on client attributes such as cpu architecture. Use of multi-server namespaces is enabled by NFSv4 but is not required. The use of multi-server namespaces and their scope will depend on the applications used, and system administration preferences. Multi-server namespaces can be established by a single server providing a large set of referrals to all of the included file systems. Alternatively, a single multi-server namespace may be administratively segmented with separate referral file systems (on Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 175] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 separate servers) for each separately-administered section of the name space. Any segment or the top-level referral file system may use replicated referral file systems for higher availability. Generally, multi-server namespaces are for the most part uniform, in that the same data made available to one client at a given location in the namespace is made availably to all clients at that location. There are however facilities provided which allow different client to be directed to different sets of data, so as to adapt to such client characteristics as cpu architecture. 10.5. Additional Client-side Considerations When clients make use of servers that implement referrals, replication, and migration, care should be taken so that a user who mounts a given file system that includes a referral or a relocated file system continue to see a coherent picture of that user-side file system despite the fact that it contains a number of server-side file systems which may be on different servers. One important issue is upward navigation from the root of a server- side file system to its parent (specified as ".." in UNIX). The client needs to determine when it hits an fsid root going up the file tree. When at such a point, and needs to ascend to the parent, it must do so locally instead of sending a LOOKUPP call to the server. The LOOKUPP would normally return the ancestor of the target file system on the target server, which may not be part of the space that the client mounted. A related issue is upward navigation from named attribute directories. The named attribute directories are essentially detached from the namespace and this property should be safely represented in the client operating environment. LOOKUPP on a named attribute directory may return the filehandle of the associated file and conveying this to applications might be unsafe as many applications expect the parent of a directory to be a directory by itself. Therefore the client may want to hide the parent of named attribute directories (represented as ".." in UNIX) or represent the named attribute directory as its own parent (as typically done for the filesystem root directory in UNIX) Another issue concerns refresh of referral locations. When referrals are used extensively, they may change as server configurations change. It is expected that clients will cache information related to traversing referrals so that future client side requests are resolved locally without server communication. This is usually rooted in client-side name lookup caching. Clients should periodically purge this data for referral points in order to detect Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 176] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 changes in location information. When the change attribute changes for directories that hold referral entries or for the referral entries themselves, clients should consider any associated cached referral information to be out of date. 10.6. Effecting File System Transitions Transitions between file system instances, whether due to switching between replicas upon server unavailability, or in response to a server-initiated migration events are best dealt with together. Even though the prototypical use cases of replication and migration contain distinctive sets of features, when all possibilities for these operations are considered, the underlying unity of these operations, from the client's point of view is clear, even though for the server pragmatic considerations will normally force different implementation strategies for planned and unplanned transitions. A number of methods are possible for servers to replicate data and to track client state in order to allow clients to transition between file system instances with a minimum of disruption. Such methods vary between those that use inter-server clustering techniques to limit the changes seen by the client, to those that are less aggressive, use more standard methods of replicating data, and impose a greater burden on the client to adapt to the transition. The NFSv4.1 protocol does not impose choices on clients and servers with regard to that spectrum of transition methods. In fact, there are many valid choices, depending on client and application requirements and their interaction with server implementation choices. The NFSv4.1 protocol does define the specific choices that can be made, how these choices are communicated to the client and how the client is to deal with any discontinuities. In the sections below, references will be made to various possible server implementation choices as a way of illustrating the transition scenarios that clients may deal with. The intent here is not to define or limit server implementations but rather to illustrate the range of issues that clients may face. In the discussion below, references will be made to a file system having a particular property or of two file systems (typically the source and destination) belonging to a common class of any of several types. Two file systems that belong to such a class share some important aspect of file system behavior that clients may depend upon when present, to easily effect a seamless transition between file system instances. Conversely, where the file systems do not belong to such a common class, the client has to deal with various sorts of implementation discontinuities which may cause performance or other Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 177] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 issues in effecting a transition. Where the fs_locations_info attribute is available, such file system classification data will be made directly available to the client. See Section 10.10 for details. When only fs_locations is available, default assumptions with regard to such classifications have to be inferred. See Section 10.9 for details. In cases in which one server is expected to accept opaque values from the client that originated from another server, it is a wise implementation practice for the servers to encode the "opaque" values in network byte order. If this is done, servers acting as replicas or immigrating file systems will be able to parse values like stateids, directory cookies, filehandles, etc. even if their native byte order is different from that of other servers cooperating in the replication and migration of the file system. 10.6.1. File System Transitions and Simultaneous Access When a single filesystem may be accessed at multiple locations, whether this is because of an indication of file system identity as reported by the fs_locations or fs_locations_info attributes or because two file systems instances have corresponding locations on server addresses which connect to the same server as indicated by a common so_major_id field in the server_owner4 field returned by EXCHANGE_ID, the client will, depending on specific circumstances as discussed below, either: o Access multiple instances simultaneously, as representing alternate paths to the same data and metadata. o The client accesses one instance (or set of instances) and then transitions to an alternative instance (or set of instances) as a result of network issues, server unresponsiveness, or server- directed migration. The transition may involve changes in filehandles, fileids, the change attribute, and or locking state, depending on the attributes of the source and destination file system instances, as specified in the fs_locations_info attribute. Which of these choices is possible, and how a transition is effected is governed by equivalence classes of file system instances as reported by the fs_locations_info attribute, and, for file systems instances in the same location within multiple single-server namespace, by the so_major_id field in the server_owner4 returned by EXCHANGE_ID. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 178] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 10.6.2. Simultaneous Use and Transparent Transitions When two file system instances have the same location within their respective single-server namespaces and those two server IP addresses return the so_major_id value in the server_owner4 value returned in response to EXCHANGE_ID, those file systems instances can be treated as the same, and either used together simultaneously or serially with no transition activity required on the part of the client. Whether simultaneous use of the two file system instances is valid is controlled by whether the fs_locations_info attribute shows the two instances as having the same _simultaneous-use_ class. Note that for two such file systems, any information within the fs_locations_info attribute that indicates the need for special transition activity, i.e. the appearance of the two file system instances with different _handle_, _fileid_, _verifier_, _change_ classes, MUST be ignored by the client. The server SHOULD not indicate that these instances belong to different _handle_, _fileid_, _verifier_, _change_ classes, whether the two instances are shown belonging to the same _simultaneous-use_ class or not. Where these conditions do not apply, a non-transparent file system instance transition is required with the details depending on the respective _handle_, _fileid_, _verifier_, _change_ classes of the two file system instances and whether the two servers in question have the same eir_server_scope value as reported by EXCHANGE_ID. 10.6.2.1. Simultaneous Use of File System Instances When the conditions above hold, in either of the following two cases, the client may use the two file system instances simultaneously. o The fs_locations_info attribute does not contain separate per-IP address entries for file systems instances at the distinct IP addresses. This includes the case in which the fs_locations_info attribute is unavailable. o The fs_locations_info attribute indicates that two file system instances belong to the same _simultaneous-use_ class. In this case, the client may use both file system instances simultaneously, as representations of the same file system, whether that happens because the two IP addresses connect to the same physical server or because different servers connect to clustered file systems and export their data in common. When simultaneous use is in effect, any change made to one file system instance must be immediately reflected in the other file system instance(s). Locks Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 179] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 are treated as part of a common lease, associated with a common clientid. Depending on the details of the serverver_owner4 returned by EXCHANGE_ID, the two server instances may be accessed by different sessions or a single session in common. 10.6.2.2. Transparent File System Transitions When the conditions above hold and the fs_locations_info attribute explicitly shows the file system instances for these distinct IP addresses as belonging to different _simultaneous-use_ classes, the file system instances should not be used by the client simultaneously, but rather serially with one being used unless and until communication difficulties, lack of responsiveness, or an explicit migration event causes another file system instance (or set of file system instances sharing a common _simultaneous-use_ class to be used. When a change in file system instance is to be done, the client will use the same clientid already in effect. If it already has connections to the new server address, these will be used. Otherwise new connections to existing sessions or new sessions associated with the existing clientid are established as indicated by the server_owner4 returned by EXCHANGE_ID. In all such transparent transition cases, the following apply: o File handles stay the same if persistent and if volatile are only subject to expiration, if they would be in the absence of file system transition. o Fileid values do not change across the transition. o The file system will have the same fsid in both the old and new locations. o Change attribute values are consistent across the transition and do not have to be refetched. When change attributes indicate that a cached object is still valid, it can remain cached. o Client, and state identifier retain their validity across the transition, except where their staleness is recognized and reported by the new server. Except where such staleness requires it, no lock reclamation is needed. o Write verifiers are presumed to retain their validity and can be presented to COMMIT, with the expectation that if COMMIT on the new server accept them as valid, then that server has all of the data unstably written to the original server and has committed it Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 180] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 to stable storage as requested. 10.6.3. Filehandles and File System Transitions There are a number of ways in which filehandles can be handled across a file system transition. These can be divided into two broad classes depending upon whether the two file systems across which the transition happens share sufficient state to effect some sort of continuity of file system handling. When there is no such co-operation in filehandle assignment, the two file systems are reported as being in different _handle_ classes. In this case, all filehandles are assumed to expire as part of the file system transition. Note that this behavior does not depend on fh_expire_type attribute and supersedes the specification of FH4_VOL_MIGRATION bit, which only affects behavior when fs_locations_info is not available. When there is co-operation in filehandle assignment, the two file systems are reported as being in the same _handle_ classes. In this case, persistent filehandle remain valid after the file system transition, while volatile filehandles (excluding those while are only volatile due to the FH4_VOL_MIGRATION bit) are subject to expiration on the target server. 10.6.4. Fileid's and File System Transitions In NFSv4.0, the issue of continuity of fileid's in the event of a file system transition was not addressed. The general expectation had been that in situations in which the two file system instances are created by a single vendor using some sort of file system image copy, fileid's will be consistent across the transition while in the analogous multi-vendor transitions they will not. This poses difficulties, especially for the client without special knowledge of the of the transition mechanisms adopted by the server. It is important to note that while clients themselves may have no trouble with a fileid changing as a result of a file system transition event, applications do typically have access to the fileid (e.g. via stat), and the result of this is that an application may work perfectly well if there is no file system instance transition or if any such transition is among instances created by a single vendor, yet be unable to deal with the situation in which a multi-vendor transition occurs, at the wrong time. Providing the same fileid's in a multi-vendor (multiple server vendors) environment has generally been held to be quite difficult. While there is work to be done, it needs to be pointed out that this Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 181] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 difficulty is partly self-imposed. Servers have typically identified fileid with inode number, i.e. with a quantity used to find the file in question. This identification poses special difficulties for migration of an fs between vendors where assigning the same index to a given file may not be possible. Note here that a fileid does not require that it be useful to find the file in question, only that it is unique within the given fs. Servers prepared to accept a fileid as a single piece of metadata and store it apart from the value used to index the file information can relatively easily maintain a fileid value across a migration event, allowing a truly transparent migration event. In any case, where servers can provide continuity of fileids, they should and the client should be able to find out that such continuity is available, and take appropriate action. Information about the continuity (or lack thereof) of fileid's across a file system is represented by specifying whether the file systems in question are of the same _fileid_ class. 10.6.5. Fsid's and File System Transitions Since fsid's are only unique within a per-server basis, it is to be expected that they will change during a file system transition. Clients should not make the fsid's received from the server visible to application since they may not be globally unique, and because they may change during a file system transition event. Applications are best served if they are isolated from such transitions to the extent possible. When a file system transition is made and the fs_locations_info indicates that file system in question may be split into multiple file systems (via the LIF_MULTI_FS flag), client should do GETATTR's on all known objects within the file system undergoing transition, to determine the new file system boundaries. Clients may maintain the fsid's passed to existing applications by mapping all of the fsid for the descendent file systems to a the common fsid used for the original file system. 10.6.6. The Change Attribute and File System Transitions Since the change attribute is defined as a server-specific one, change attributes fetched from one server are normally presumed to be invalid on another server. Such a presumption is troublesome since it would invalidate all cached change attributes, requiring refetching. Even more disruptive, the absence of any assured continuity for the change attribute means that even if the same value is gotten on refetch no conclusions can drawn as to whether the object in question has changed. The identical change attribute could Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 182] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 be merely an artifact, of a modified file with a different change attribute construction algorithm, with that new algorithm just happening to result in an identical change value. When the two file systems have consistent change attribute formats, and this fact is communicated to the client by reporting as in the same _change_ class, the client may assume a continuity of change attribute construction and handle this situation just as it would be handled without any file system transition. 10.6.7. Lock State and File System Transitions In a file system transition, the client needs to handle cases in which the two servers have cooperated in state management and in which they have not. Cooperation by two servers in state management requires coordination of clientids. Before the client attempts to use a clientid associated with one server in a request to the server of the other file system, it must eliminate the possibility that two non-cooperating servers have assigned the same clientid by accident. The client needs to compare the eir_server_scope values returned by each server. If the scope values do not match, then the servers have not cooperated in state management. If the scope values match, then this indicates the servers have cooperated in assigning clientids to the point that they will reject clientids that refer to state they do not know about. In the case of migration, the servers involved in the migration of a file system SHOULD transfer all server state from the original to the new server. When this done, it must be done in a way that is transparent to the client. With replication, such a degree of common state is typically not the case. Clients, however should use the information provided by the eir_server_scope returned by EXCHANGE_ID to determine whether such sharing may be in effect, rather than making assumptions based on the reason for the transition. This state transfer will reduce disruption to the client when a file system transition If the servers are successful in transferring all state, the client can attempt to establish sessions associated with the client id used for the source file system instance. If the server accepts that as a valid clientid, then the client may used the existing stateid's associated with that clientid for the old file system instance in connection with the that same clientid in connection with the file system instance. When the two servers belong to the same server scope, it does necessarily mean that when dealing with the transition, the client will not have to reclaim state. However it does mean that the client may proceed using his current clientid when establishing Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 183] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 communication with the new server and that that new server will either recognize that clientid as valid, or reject it, in which case locks must be reclaimed by the client. File systems co-operating in state management may actually share state or simply divide the id space so as to recognize (and reject as stale) each others state and clients id's. Servers which do share state may not do so under all conditions or at all times. The requirement for the server is that if it cannot be sure in accepting a clientid that it reflects the locks the client was given, it must treat all associated state as stale and report it as such to the client. When the two file systems instances are on servers that do not share a server scope value the client must establish a new clientid on the destination, if it does not have one already and reclaim if possible. In this case, old stateids and clientid's should not be presented to the new server since there is no assurance that they will not conflict with id's valid on that server. In either case, when actual locks are not known to be maintained, the destination server may establish a grace period specific to the given file system, with non-reclaim locks being rejected for that file system, even though normal locks are being granted for other file systems. Clients should not infer the absence of a grace period for file systems being transitioned to a server from responses to requests for other file systems. In the case of lock reclamation for a given file system after a file system transition, edge conditions can arise similar to those for reclaim after server reboot (although in the case of the planned state transfer associated with migration, these can be avoided by securely recording lock state as part of state migration. Where the destination server cannot guarantee that locks will not be incorrectly granted, the destination server should not establish a file-system-specific grace period. In place of a file-system-specific version of RECLAIM_COMPLETE, servers may assume that an attempt to obtain a new lock, other than be reclaim, indicate the end of the client's attempt to reclaim locks for that file system. [NOTE: The alternative would be to adapt RECLAIM_COMPLETE to this task]. Information about client identity that may be propagated between servers in the form of client_owner4 and associated verifiers, under the assumption that the client presents the same values to all the servers with which it deals. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 184] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Servers are encouraged to provide facilities to allow locks to be reclaimed on the new server after a file system transition. Often, however, in cases in which the two servers do not share a server scope value, such facilities may not be available and client should be prepared to re-obtain locks, even though it is possible that the client may have his LOCK or OPEN request denied due to a conflicting lock. In some environments, such as the transition between read-only file systems, such denial of locks should not pose large difficulties in practice. When an attempt to re-establish a lock on a new server is denied, the client should treat the situation as if his original lock had been revoked. In all cases in which the lock is granted, the client cannot assume that no conflicting could have been granted in the interim. Where change attribute continuity is present, the client may check the change attribute to check for unwanted file modifications. Where even this is not available, and the file system is not read-only, a client may reasonably treat all pending locks as having been revoked. 10.6.7.1. Leases and File System Transitions In the case of lease renewal, the client may not be submitting requests for a file system that has been transferred to another server. This can occur because of the lease renewal mechanism. The client renews leases for all file systems when submitting a request on an associated session, regardless of the specific file system being referenced. In order for the client to schedule renewal of leases that may have been relocated to the new server, the client must find out about lease relocation before those leases expire. To accomplish this, the SEQUENCE operation will return the status bit SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED, if responsibility for any of the leases to be renewed has been transferred to a new server. This condition will continue until the client receives an NFS4ERR_MOVED error and the server receives the subsequent GETATTR for the fs_locations or fs_locations_info attribute for an access to each file system for which a lease has been moved to a new server. When a client receives an SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED indication, it should perform an operation on each file system associated with the server in question. When the client receives an NFS4ERR_MOVED error, the client can follow the normal process to obtain the new server information (through the fs_locations and fs_locations_info attributes) and perform renewal of those leases on the new server, unless information in fs_locations_info attribute shows that no state could have been transferred. If the server has not had state transferred to it transparently, the client will receive either NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID from the new server, as described above, and Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 185] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 the client can then reclaim locks as is done in the event of server failure. 10.6.7.2. Transitions and the Lease_time Attribute In order that the client may appropriately manage its leases in the case of a file system transition, the destination server must establish proper values for the lease_time attribute. When state is transferred transparently, that state should include the correct value of the lease_time attribute. The lease_time attribute on the destination server must never be less than that on the source since this would result in premature expiration of leases granted by the source server. Upon transitions in which state is transferred transparently, the client is under no obligation to re- fetch the lease_time attribute and may continue to use the value previously fetched (on the source server). If state has not been transferred transparently, either because the associated servers are show as have different eir_server_scope strings or because the clientid is rejected when presented to the new server, the client should fetch the value of lease_time on the new (i.e. destination) server, and use it for subsequent locking requests. However the server must respect a grace period at least as long as the lease_time on the source server, in order to ensure that clients have ample time to reclaim their lock before potentially conflicting non-reclaimed locks are granted. 10.6.8. Write Verifiers and File System Transitions In a file system transition, the two file systems may be clustered in the handling of unstably written data. When this is the case, and the two file systems belong to the same _verifier_ class, valid verifiers from one system may be recognized by the other and superfluous writes avoided. There is no requirement that all valid verifiers be recognized, but it cannot be the case that a verifier is recognized as valid when it is not. [NOTE: We need to resolve the issue of proper verifier scope]. When two file systems belong to different _verifier_ classes, the client must assume that all unstable writes in existence at the time file system transition, have been lost since there is no way the old verifier can recognized as valid (or not) on the target server. 10.7. Effecting File System Referrals Referrals are effected when an absent file system is encountered, and one or more alternate locations are made available by the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 186] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 fs_locations or fs_locations_info attributes. The client will typically get an NFS4ERR_MOVED error, fetch the appropriate location information and proceed to access the file system on different server, even though it retains its logical position within the original namespace. The examples given in the sections below are somewhat artificial in that an actual client will not typically do a multi-component lookup, but will have cached information regarding the upper levels of the name hierarchy. However, these example are chosen to make the required behavior clear and easy to put within the scope of a small number of requests, without getting unduly into details of how specific clients might choose to cache things. 10.7.1. Referral Example (LOOKUP) Let us suppose that the following COMPOUND is issued in an environment in which /this/is/the/path is absent from the target server. This may be for a number of reasons. It may be the case that the file system has moved, or, it may be the case that the target server is functioning mainly, or solely, to refer clients to the servers on which various file systems are located. o PUTROOTFH o LOOKUP "this" o LOOKUP "is" o LOOKUP "the" o LOOKUP "path" o GETFH o GETATTR fsid,fileid,size,ctime Under the given circumstances, the following will be the result. o PUTROOTFH --> NFS_OK. The current fh is now the root of the pseudo-fs. o LOOKUP "this" --> NFS_OK. The current fh is for /this and is within the pseudo-fs. o LOOKUP "is" --> NFS_OK. The current fh is for /this/is and is within the pseudo-fs. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 187] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o LOOKUP "the" --> NFS_OK. The current fh is for /this/is/the and is within the pseudo-fs. o LOOKUP "path" --> NFS_OK. The current fh is for /this/is/the/path and is within a new, absent fs, but ... the client will never see the value of that fh. o GETFH --> NFS4ERR_MOVED. Fails because current fh is in an absent fs at the start of the operation and the spec makes no exception for GETFH. o GETATTR fsid,fileid,size,ctime. Not executed because the failure of the GETFH stops processing of the COMPOUND. Given the failure of the GETFH, the client has the job of determining the root of the absent file system and where to find that file system, i.e. the server and path relative to that server's root fh. Note here that in this example, the client did not obtain filehandles and attribute information (e.g. fsid) for the intermediate directories, so that he would not be sure where the absent file system starts. It could be the case, for example, that /this/is/the is the root of the moved file system and that the reason that the lookup of "path" succeeded is that the file system was not absent on that op but was moved between the last LOOKUP and the GETFH (since COMPOUND is not atomic). Even if we had the fsid's for all of the intermediate directories, we could have no way of knowing that /this/ is/the/path was the root of a new fs, since we don't yet have its fsid. In order to get the necessary information, let us re-issue the chain of lookup's with GETFH's and GETATTR's to at least get the fsid's so we can be sure where the appropriate fs boundaries are. The client could choose to get fs_locations_info at the same time but in most cases the client will have a good guess as to where fs boundaries are (because of where NFS4ERR_MOVED was gotten and where not) making fetching of fs_locations_info unnecessary. OP01: PUTROOTFH --> NFS_OK - Current fh is root of pseudo-fs. OP02: GETATTR(fsid) --> NFS_OK - Just for completeness. Normally, clients will know the fsid of the pseudo-fs as soon as they establish communication with a server. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 188] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 OP03: LOOKUP "this" --> NFS_OK OP04: GETATTR(fsid) --> NFS_OK - Get current fsid to see where fs boundaries are. The fsid will be that for the pseudo-fs in this example, so no boundary. OP05: GETFH --> NFS_OK - Current fh is for /this and is within pseudo-fs. OP06: LOOKUP "is" --> NFS_OK - Current fh is for /this/is and is within pseudo-fs. OP07: GETATTR(fsid) --> NFS_OK - Get current fsid to see where fs boundaries are. The fsid will be that for the pseudo-fs in this example, so no boundary. OP08: GETFH --> NFS_OK - Current fh is for /this/is and is within pseudo-fs. OP09: LOOKUP "the" --> NFS_OK - Current fh is for /this/is/the and is within pseudo-fs. OP10: GETATTR(fsid) --> NFS_OK - Get current fsid to see where fs boundaries are. The fsid will be that for the pseudo-fs in this example, so no boundary. OP11: GETFH --> NFS_OK - Current fh is for /this/is/the and is within pseudo-fs. OP12: LOOKUP "path" --> NFS_OK - Current fh is for /this/is/the/path and is within a new, absent fs, but ... - The client will never see the value of that fh OP13: GETATTR(fsid, fs_locations_info) --> NFS_OK Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 189] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 - We are getting the fsid to know where the fs boundaries are. Note that the fsid we are given will not necessarily be preserved at the new location. That fsid might be different and in fact the fsid we have for this fs might a valid fsid of a different fs on that new server. - In this particular case, we are pretty sure anyway that what has moved is /this/is/the/path rather than /this/is/the since we have the fsid of the latter and it is that of the pseudo-fs, which presumably cannot move. However, in other examples, we might not have this kind of information to rely on (e.g. /this/is/the might be a non-pseudo file system separate from /this/is/the/path), so we need to have another reliable source information on the boundary of the fs which is moved. If, for example, the file system "/this/is" had moved we would have a case of migration rather than referral and once the boundaries of the migrated file system was clear we could fetch fs_locations_info. - We are fetching fs_locations_info because the fact that we got an NFS4ERR_MOVED at this point means that it most likely that this is a referral and we need the destination. Even if it is the case that "/this/is/the" is a file system which has migrated, we will still need the location information for that file system. OP14: GETFH --> NFS4ERR_MOVED - Fails because current fh is in an absent fs at the start of the operation and the spec makes no exception for GETFH. Note that this has the happy consequence that we don't have to worry about the volatility or lack thereof of the fh. If the root of the fs on the new location is a persistent fh, then we can assume that this fh, which we never saw is a persistent fh, which, if we could see it, would exactly match the new fh. At least, there is no evidence to disprove that. On the other hand, if we find a volatile root at the new location, then the filehandle which we never saw must have been volatile or at least nobody can prove otherwise. Given the above, the client knows where the root of the absent file system is, by noting where the change of fsid occurred. The fs_locations_info attribute also gives the client the actual location of the absent file system, so that the referral can proceed. The server gives the client the bare minimum of information about the absent file system so that there will be very little scope for problems of conflict between information sent by the referring server and information of the file system's home. No filehandles and very few attributes are present on the referring server and the client can treat those it receives as basically transient information with the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 190] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 function of enabling the referral. 10.7.2. Referral Example (READDIR) Another context in which a client may encounter referrals is when it does a READDIR on directory in which some of the sub-directories are the roots of absent file systems. Suppose such a directory is read as follows: o PUTROOTFH o LOOKUP "this" o LOOKUP "is" o LOOKUP "the" o READDIR (fsid, size, ctime, mounted_on_fileid) In this case, because rdattr_error is not requested, fs_locations_info is not requested, and some of attributes cannot be provided the result will be an NFS4ERR_MOVED error on the READDIR, with the detailed results as follows: o PUTROOTFH --> NFS_OK. The current fh is at the root of the pseudo-fs. o LOOKUP "this" --> NFS_OK. The current fh is for /this and is within the pseudo-fs. o LOOKUP "is" --> NFS_OK. The current fh is for /this/is and is within the pseudo-fs. o LOOKUP "the" --> NFS_OK. The current fh is for /this/is/the and is within the pseudo-fs. o READDIR (fsid, size, ctime, mounted_on_fileid) --> NFS4ERR_MOVED. Note that the same error would have been returned if /this/is/the had migrated, when in fact it is because the directory contains the root of an absent fs. So now suppose that we reissue with rdattr_error: o PUTROOTFH o LOOKUP "this" Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 191] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o LOOKUP "is" o LOOKUP "the" o READDIR (rdattr_error, fsid, size, ctime, mounted_on_fileid) The results will be: o PUTROOTFH --> NFS_OK. The current fh is at the root of the pseudo-fs. o LOOKUP "this" --> NFS_OK. The current fh is for /this and is within the pseudo-fs. o LOOKUP "is" --> NFS_OK. The current fh is for /this/is and is within the pseudo-fs. o LOOKUP "the" --> NFS_OK. The current fh is for /this/is/the and is within the pseudo-fs. o READDIR (rdattr_error, fsid, size, ctime, mounted_on_fileid) --> NFS_OK. The attributes for "path" will only contain rdattr_error with the value will be NFS4ERR_MOVED, together with an fsid value and an a value for mounted_on_fileid. So suppose we do another READDIR to get fs_locations_info, although we could have used a GETATTR directly, as in the previous section. o PUTROOTFH o LOOKUP "this" o LOOKUP "is" o LOOKUP "the" o READDIR (rdattr_error, fs_locations_info, mounted_on_fileid, fsid, size, ctime) The results would be: o PUTROOTFH --> NFS_OK. The current fh is at the root of the pseudo-fs. o LOOKUP "this" --> NFS_OK. The current fh is for /this and is within the pseudo-fs. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 192] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o LOOKUP "is" --> NFS_OK. The current fh is for /this/is and is within the pseudo-fs. o LOOKUP "the" --> NFS_OK. The current fh is for /this/is/the and is within the pseudo-fs. o READDIR (rdattr_error, fs_locations_info, mounted_on_fileid, fsid, size, ctime) --> NFS_OK. The attributes will be as shown below. The attributes for "path" will only contain o rdattr_error (value: NFS4ERR_MOVED) o fs_locations_info ) o mounted_on_fileid (value: unique fileid within referring fs) o fsid (value: unique value within referring server) The attribute entry for "latest" will not contain size or ctime. 10.8. The Attribute fs_absent In order to provide the client information about whether the current file system is present or absent, the fs_absent attribute may be interrogated. As noted above, this attribute, when supported, may be requested of absent file systems without causing NFS4ERR_MOVED to be returned and it should always be available. Servers are strongly urged to support this attribute on all file systems if they support it on any file system. 10.9. The Attribute fs_locations The fs_locations attribute is structured in the following way: struct fs_location { utf8str_cis server<>; pathname4 rootpath; }; struct fs_locations { pathname4 fs_root; fs_location locations<>; }; The fs_location struct is used to represent the location of a file Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 193] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 system by providing a server name and the path to the root of the file system within that server's namespace. When a set of servers have corresponding file systems at the same path within their namespaces, an array of server names may be provided. An entry in the server array is an UTF8 string and represents one of a traditional DNS host name, IPv4 address, or IPv6 address. It is not a requirement that all servers that share the same rootpath be listed in one fs_location struct. The array of server names is provided for convenience. Servers that share the same rootpath may also be listed in separate fs_location entries in the fs_locations attribute. The fs_locations struct and attribute contains an array of such locations. Since the name space of each server may be constructed differently, the "fs_root" field is provided. The path represented by fs_root represents the location of the file system in the current server's name space, i.e. that of the server from which the fs_locations attribute was obtained. The fs_root path is meant to aid the client by clearly referencing the root of the file system whose locations are being reported, no matter what object within the current file system, the current filehandle designates. As an example, suppose there is a replicated file system located at two servers (servA and servB). At servA, the file system is located at path "/a/b/c". At, servB the file system is located at path "/x/y/z". If the client were to obtain the fs_locations value for the directory at "/a/b/c/d", it might not necessarily know that the file system's root is located in servA's name space at "/a/b/c". When the client switches to servB, it will need to determine that the directory it first referenced at servA is now represented by the path "/x/y/z/d" on servB. To facilitate this, the fs_locations attribute provided by servA would have a fs_root value of "/a/b/c" and two entries in fs_locations. One entry in fs_locations will be for itself (servA) and the other will be for servB with a path of "/x/y/z". With this information, the client is able to substitute "/x/y/z" for the "/a/b/c" at the beginning of its access path and construct "/x/y/z/d" to use for the new server. Since fs_locations attribute lacks information defining various attributes of the various file system choices presented, it should only be interrogated and used when fs_locations_info is not available. When fs_locations is used, information about the specific locations should be assumed based on the following rules. The following rules are general and apply irrespective of the context. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 194] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o All listed file system instances should be considered as of the same _handle_ class, if and only if, the current fh_expire_type attribute does not include the FH4_VOL_MIGRATION bit. Note that in the case of referral, filehandle issues do not apply since there can be no filehandles known within the current file system nor is there any access to the fh_expire_type attribute on the referring (absent) file system. o All listed file system instances should be considered as of the same _fileid_ class, if and only if, the fh_expire_type attribute indicates persistent filehandles and does not include the FH4_VOL_MIGRATION bit. Note that in the case of referral, fileid issues do not apply since there can be no fileids known within the referring (absent) file system nor is there any access to the fh_expire_type attribute. o All file system instances servers should be considered as of different _change_ classes. For other class assignments, handling depends of file system transitions depends on the reasons for the transition: o When the transition is due to migration, the target should be treated as being of the same _verifier_ class as the source. o When the transition is due to failover to another replica, the target should be treated as being of a different _verifier_ class from the source. The specific choices reflect typical implementation patterns for failover and controlled migration respectively. Since other choices are possible and useful, this information is better obtained by using fs_locations_info. See the section "Security Considerations" for a discussion on the recommendations for the security flavor to be used by any GETATTR operation that requests the "fs_locations" attribute. 10.10. The Attribute fs_locations_info The fs_locations_info attribute is intended as a more functional replacement for fs_locations which will continue to exist and be supported. Clients can use it get a more complete set of information about alternative file system locations. When the server does not support fs_locations_info, fs_locations can be used to get a subset of the information. A server which supports fs_locations_info MUST support fs_locations as well. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 195] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 There are several sorts of additional information present in fs_locations_info, that aren't available in fs_locations: o Attribute continuity information to allow a client to select a location which meets the transparency requirements of the applications accessing the data and to take advantage of optimizations that server guarantees as to attribute continuity may provide (e.g. change attribute). o File System identity information which indicates when multiple replicas, from the clients point of view, correspond to the same target file system, allowing them to be used interchangeably, without disruption, as multiple paths to the same thing. o Information which will bear on the suitability of various replicas, depending on the use that the client intends. For example, many applications need an absolutely up-to-date copy (e.g. those that write), while others may only need access to the most up-to-date copy reasonably available. o Server-derived preference information for replicas, which can be used to implement load-balancing while giving the client the entire fs list to be used in case the primary fails. The fs_locations_info attribute consists of a root pathname (just like fs_locations), together with an array of location4_item structures. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 196] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 struct locations4_server { int32_t currency; opaque info<>; utf8str_cis server; }; const LIBX_GFLAGS = 0; const LIBX_TFLAGS = 1; const LIBX_CLSIMUL = 2; const LIBX_CLHANDLE = 3; const LIBX_CLFILEID = 4; const LIBX_CLVERIFIER = 5; const LIBX_CHANGE = 6; const LIBX_READRANK = 7; const LIBX_WRITERANK = 8; const LIBX_READORDER = 9; const LIBX_WRITEORDER = 10; const LIGF_WRITABLE = 0x01; const LIGF_CUR_REQ = 0x02; const LIGF_ABSENT = 0x04; const LIGF_GOING = 0x08; const LIGF_SPLIT = 0x10; const LITF_RDMA = 0x01; struct locations4_item { locations4_server entries<>; pathname4 rootpath; }; struct locations4_info { uint32_t info_flags; pathname4 fs_root; locations4_item items<>; }; const LIIF_VAR_SUB = 0x00000001; The fs_locations_info attribute is structured similarly to the fs_locations attribute. A top-level structure (fs_locations4 or locations4_info) contains the entire attribute including the root pathname of the fs and an array of lower-level structures that define replicas that share a common root path on their respective servers. Those lower-level structures in turn (fs_locations4 or location4_item) contain a specific pathname and information on one or Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 197] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 more individual server replicas. For that last lowest-level information, fs_locations has a server name in the form of utf8str_cis, while fs_locations_info has a location4_server structure that contains per-server-replica information in addition to the server name. As noted above, the fs_locations_info attribute, when supported, may be requested of absent file systems without causing NFS4ERR_MOVED to be returned and it is generally expected that it will be available for both present and absent file systems even if only a single location_server entry is present, designating the current (present) file system, or two location_server entries designating the current (and now previous) location of an absent file system and its successor location. Servers are strongly urged to support this attribute on all file systems if they support it on any file system. 10.10.1. The location4_server Structure The location4_server structure consists of the following items: o An indication of file system up-to-date-ness (currency) in terms of approximate seconds before the present. A negative value indicates that the server is unable to give any reasonably useful value here. A zero indicates that file system is the actual writable data or a reliably coherent and fully up-to-date copy. Positive values indicate how out- of-date this copy can normally be before it is considered for update. Such a value is not a guarantee that such updates will always be performed on the required schedule but instead serve as a hint about how far behind the most up-to-date copy of the data, this copy would normally be expected to be. o A counted array of one-byte values containing various sorts of data, about the particular file system instance. This data includes general flags, transport capability flags, file system equivalence class information, and selection priority information. The encoding will be discussed below. o The server string. For the case of the replica currently being accessed (via GETATTR), a null string may be used to indicate the current address being used for the RPC call. Data within the info array, is in the form of 8-bit data items with constants giving the offsets within the array of various values describing this particular file system instance. This style of definition was chosen, in preference to explicit XDR structure definitions for these values for a number of reasons. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 198] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o The kinds of data in the info array, representing, flags, file system classes and priorities among set of file systems representing the same data are such that eight bits provides a quite acceptable range of values. Even where there might be more than 256 such file system instances, having more than 256 distinct classes or priorities is unlikely. o Explicit definition of the various specific data items within XDR would limit expandability in that any extension within a subsequent minor version would require yet another attribute, leading to specification and implementation clumsiness. o Such explicit definitions would also make it impossible to propose standards-track extensions apart from a full minor version. This encoding scheme can be adapted to the specification of multi- byte numeric values, even though none are currently defined. If extensions are made via standards-track RFC's, multi-byte quantities will be encoded as a range of bytes with a range of indices with the bytes interpreted in network byte order. The set of info data is subject to expansion in a future minor version, or in a standard-track RFC, within the context of a single minor version. The server SHOULD NOT send and the client MUST not use indices within the info array that are not defined in standards- track RFC's. The info array contains within it: o Two 8-bit flag fields, one devoted to general file-system characteristics and a second reserved for transport-related capabilities. o Four 8-bit class values which define various file system equivalence classes as explained below. o Four 8-bit priority values which govern file system selection as explained below. The general file system characteristics flag (at byte index LIBX_GFLAGS) has the following bits defined within it: o LIGF_WRITABLE indicates that this fs target is writable, allowing it to be selected by clients which may need to write on this file system. When the current file system instance is writable, then any other file system to which the client might switch must incorporate within its data any committed write made on the current file system instance. See the section on verifier class, Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 199] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 for issues related to uncommitted writes. While there is no harm in not setting this flag for a file system that turns out to be writable, turning the flag on for read-only file system can cause problems for clients who select a migration or replication target based on it and then find themselves unable to write. o LIGF_CUR_REQ indicates that this replica is the one on which the request is being made. Only a single server entry may have this flag set and in the case of a referral, no entry will have it. o LIGF_ABSENT indicates that this entry corresponds an absent file system replica. It can only be set if LIGF_CUR_REQ is set. When both such bits are set it indicates that a file system instance is not usable but that the information in the entry can be used to determine the sorts of continuity available when switching from this replica to other possible replicas. Since this bit can only be true if LIGF_CUR_REQ is true, the value could be determined using the fs_absent attribute but the information is also made available here for the convenience of the client. An entry with this bit, since it represents a true file system (albeit absent) does not appear in the event of a referral, but only where a file system has been accessed at this location and subsequently been migrated. o LIGF_GOING indicates that a replica, while still available, should not be used further. The client, if using it, should make an orderly transfer to another file system instance as expeditiously as possible. It is expected that file systems going out of service will be announced as LIGF_GOING some time before the actual loss of service and that the valid_for value will be sufficiently small to allow clients to detect and act on scheduled events while large enough that the cost of the requests to fetch the fs_locations_info values will not be excessive. Values on the order of ten minutes seem reasonable. o LIGF_SPLIT indicates that when a transition occurs from the current filesystem instance to this one, the replacement may consist of multiple filesystems. In this case, the client has to be prepared for the possibility that objects on the same fs before migration will be on different ones after. Note that LIGF_SPLIT is not incompatible with the filesystems belong to the same _fileid_ class since, if one has a set of fileid's that are unique within an fs, each subset assigned to a smaller fs after migration would not have any conflicts internal to that fs. A client, in the case of a split filesystem will interrogate existing files with which it has continuing connection (it is free simply forget cached filehandles). If the client remembers the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 200] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 directory filehandle associated with each open file, it may proceed upward using LOOKUPP to find the new fs boundaries. Once the client recognizes that one filesystem has been split into two, it could maintain applications running without disruption by presenting the two filesystems as a single one until a convenient point to recognize the transition, such as a reboot. This would require a mapping of fsid's from the server's fsid's to fsid's as seen by the client but this already necessary for other reasons anyway. As noted above, existing fileids within the two descendant fs's will not conflict. Creation of new files in the two descendent fs's may require some amount of fileid mapping which can be performed very simply in many important cases. The transport-flag field (at byte index LIBX_TFLAGS) contains the following bits related to the transport capabilities of the specific file system. o LITF_RDMA indicates that this file system provides NFSv4.1 file system access using an RDMA-capable transport. Attribute continuity and file system identity information are expressed by defining equivalence relations on the sets of file systems presented to the client. Each such relation is expressed as a set of file system equivalence classes. For each relation, a file system has an 8-bit class number. Two file systems belong to the same class if both have identical non-zero class numbers. Zero is treated as non-matching. Most often, the relevant question for the client will be whether a given replica is identical-to/ continuous-with the current one in a given respect but the information should be available also as to whether two other replicas match in that respect as well. The following fields specify the file system's class numbers for the equivalence relations used in determining the nature of file system transitions. See Section 10.6 for details about how this information is to be used. o The field with byte-index LIBX_CLSIMUL defines the simultaneous- use class for the file system. o The field with byte-index LIBX_CLHANDLE defines the handle class for the file system. o The field with byte-index LIBX_CLFILEID defines the fileid class for the file system. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 201] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o The field with byte-index LIBX_CLVERIFIER defines the verifier class for the file system. o The field with byte-index LIBX_CLCHANGE defines the change class for the file system. Server-specified preference information is also provided via 8-bit values within the info array. The values provide a rank and an order (see below) to be used with separate values specifiable for the cases of read-only and writable file systems. These values are compared for different file systems to establish the server-specified preference, with lower values indicating "more preferred". Rank is used to express a strict server-imposed ordering on clients, with lower values indicating "more preferred." Clients should attempt to use all replicas with a given rank before they use one with a higher rank. Only if all of those file systems are unavailable should the client proceed to those of a higher rank. Within a rank, the order value is used to specify the server's preference to guide the client's selection when the client's own preferences are not controlling, with lower values of order indicating "more preferred." If replicas are approximately equal in all respects, clients should defer to the order specified by the server. When clients look at server latency as part of their selection, they are free to use this criterion but it is suggested that when latency differences are not significant, the server- specified order should guide selection. o The field at byte index LIBX_READRANK gives the rank value to be used for read-only access. o The field at byte index LIBX_READOREDER gives the order value to be used for read-only access. o The field at byte index LIBX_WRITERANK gives the rank value to be used for writable access. o The field at byte index LIBX_WRITEOREDER gives the order value to be used for writable access. Depending on the potential need for write access by a given client, one of the pairs of rank and order values is used. The read rank and order should only be used if the client knows that only reading will ever be done or if it is prepared to switch to a different replica in the event that any write access capability is required in the future. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 202] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 10.10.2. The location4_info Structure The locations4_info structure, encoding the fs_locations_info attribute contains the following: o The info_flags field which contains general flags that affect the interpretation of this location4_info structures and all location4_item structures within it. The only flag currently defined is LIIF_VAR_SUB. All bits in flag field which are not defined should always be returned as zero. o The fs_root field which contains the pathname of the root of the current file system on the current server, just as it does the fs_locations4 structure. o An array of locations4_item structures, which contain information about replicas of the current file system. Where the current file system is actually present, or has been present, i.e. this is not a referral situation, one of the locations4_item structure will contain a locations4_server for the current server. This structure will have LIGF_ABSENT set if the current file system is absent, i.e. normal access to it will return NFS4ERR_MOVED. o The valid_for field specifies a time for which it is reasonable for a client to use the fs_locations_info attribute without refetch. The valid_for value does not provide a guarantee of validity since servers can unexpectedly go out of service or become inaccessible for any number of reasons. Clients are well- advised to refetch this information for actively accessed file system at every valid_for seconds. This is particularly important when file system replicas may go out of service in a controlled way using the LIGF_GOING flag to communicate an ongoing change. The server should set valid_for to a value which allows well- behaved clients to notice the LIGF_GOING flag and make an orderly switch before the loss of service becomes effective. If this value is zero, then no refetch interval is appropriate and the client need not refetch this data on any particular schedule. In the event of a transition to a new file system instance, a new value of the fs_locations_info attribute will be fetched at the destination and it is to be expected that this may have a different valid_for value, which the client should then use, in the same fashion as the previous value. The LIIF_VAR_SUB flag within info_flags controls whether variable substitution is to be enabled Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 203] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 10.10.3. The location4_item Structure The location4_item structure contains a pathname (in the variable "rootpath") which encodes the path of the target filesystem replicas on the set of server designated by the included location4_server entries. The precise manner in which this target location is specified depends on the value of the LIIF_VAR_SUB flag within the associated location4_info structure. If this flag is not set, then rootpath simply designates the location of the target filesystem within each server's single-server namespace just as it does for the rootpath within the fs_location structure. When this bit is set, however, component entries of a certain form are subject to client-specific variable substitution so as to allow a degree of namespace non-uniformity in order to accommodate the selection of client-specific filesystem targets to adapt to different client architectures or other characteristics. When such substitution is in effect a variable beginning with the string "${" and ending with the string "}" and containing a colon is to be replaced by the client-specific value associated with that variable. The string "unknown" should be used by the client when it has no value for such a variable. The pathname resulting from such substitutions is used to designate the target filesystem, so that different clients may have different filesystems, corresponding to that location in the multi-sever namespace. As mentioned above, such substituted pathname variables contain a colon. The part before the colon is to be a DNS domain name with the part after being a case-insensitive alphanumeric string. Where the domain is "ietf.org", only variable names defined in this document or subsequent standards-track RFC's are subject to such substitution. Organizations are free to use their domain names to create their own sets of client-specific variables, to be subject to such substitution. In case where such variables are intended to be used more broadly than a single organization, publication of an informational RFC defining such variables is recommended. The variable ${ietf.org:CPU_ARCH} is used to denote the CPU architecture object files are compiled. This specification does not limit the acceptable values (except that they must be valid UTF-8 strings) but such values as "x86", "x86_64" and "sparc" would be expected to be used in line with industry practice. The variable ${ietf.org:OS_TYPE} is used to denote the operating system and thus the kernel and library API's for which code might be compiled. This specification does not limit the acceptable values Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 204] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 (except that they must be valid UTF-8 strings) but such values as "linux" and "freebsd" would be expected to be used in line with industry practice. The variable ${ietf.org:OS_VERSION} is used to denote the operating system version and the thus the specific details of versioned interfaces for which code might be compiled. This specification does not limit the acceptable values (except that they must be valid UTF-8 strings) but combinations of numbers and letters with interspersed dots would be expected to be used in line with industry practice, with the details of the version format depending on the specific value of the value of the variable ${ietf.org:OS_TYPE} with which it is used. Use of these variable could result in direction of different clients to different file systems on the same server, as appropriate to particular clients. In cases in which the target filesystems are located on different servers, a single server could serve as a referral point so that each valid combination of variable values would designate a referral hosted on a single server, with the targets of those referrals on a number of different servers. Although variable substitution is most suitable for use in the context of referrals, if may be used in the context of replication and migration. If it is used in these contexts, the server must ensure that no matter what values the client presents for the substituted variables, the result is always a valid successor file system instance to that from which a transition is occurring, i.e. that the data is identical or represents a later image of a writable file system. Note that when "rootpath" is a null pathname (that is, one with zero components), the file system designated is at the root of the specified server, whether the LIIF_VAR_SUB flag within the associated location4_info structure is set or not. 10.11. The Attribute fs_status In an environment in which multiple copies of the same basic set of data are available, information regarding the particular source of such data and the relationships among different copies, can be very helpful in providing consistent data to applications. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 205] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 enum fs4_status_type { STATUS4_FIXED = 1, STATUS4_VERSIONED = 2, STATUS4_UPDATED = 3, STATUS4_WRITABLE = 4, STATUS4_ABSENT = 5 }; struct fs4_status { fs4_status_type fsstat_type; utf8str_cs fsstat_source; utf8str_cs fsstat_current; int32_t fsstat_age; nfstime4 fsstat_version; }; The type value indicates the kind of file system image represented. This is of particular importance when using the version values to determine appropriate succession of file system images. Five types are distinguished: o STATUS4_FIXED which indicates a read-only image in the sense that it will never change. The possibility is allowed that as a result of migration or switch to a different image, changed data can be accessed but within the confines of this instance, no change is allowed. The client can use this fact to aggressively cache. o STATUS4_VERSIONED which indicates that the image, like the STATUS4_UPDATED case, is updated exogenously, but it provides a guarantee that the server will carefully update an associated version value so that the client can protect itself from a situation in which it reads data from one version of the file system, and then later reads data from an earlier version of the same file system. See below for a discussion of how this can be done. o STATUS4_UPDATED which indicates an image that cannot be updated by the user writing to it but may be changed exogenously, typically because it is a periodically updated copy of another writable file system somewhere else. In this case, version information is not provided and the client does not have the responsibility of making sure that this version only advances upon a file system instance transition. In this case, it is the responsibility of the server to make sure that the data presented after a file system instance transition is a proper successor image and includes all changes seen by the client and any change made before all such changes. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 206] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o STATUS4_WRITABLE which indicates that the file system is an actual writable one. The client need not of course actually write to the file system, but once it does, it should not accept a transition to anything other than a writable instance of that same file system. o STATUS4_ABSENT which indicates that the information is the last valid for a file system which is no longer present. The opaque strings source and current provide a way of presenting information about the source of the file system image being present. It is not intended that client do anything with this information other than make it available to administrative tools. It is intended that this information be helpful when researching possible problems with a file system image that might arise when it is unclear if the correct image is being accessed and if not, how that image came to be made. This kind of debugging information will be helpful, if, as seems likely, copies of file systems are made in many different ways (e.g. simple user-level copies, file system- level point-in-time copies, cloning of the underlying storage), under a variety of administrative arrangements. In such environments, determining how a given set of data was constructed can be very helpful in resolving problems. The opaque string 'source' is used to indicate the source of a given file system with the expectation that tools capable of creating a file system image propagate this information, when that is possible. It is understood that this may not always be possible since a user- level copy may be thought of as creating a new data set and the tools used may have no mechanism to propagate this data. When a file system is initially created associating with it data regarding how the file system was created, where it was created, by whom, etc. can be put in this attribute in a human- readable string form so that it will be available when propagated to subsequent copies of this data. The opaque string 'current' should provide whatever information is available about the source of the current copy. Such information as the tool creating it, any relevant parameters to that tool, the time at which the copy was done, the user making the change, the server on which the change was made etc. All information should be in a human- readable string form. The age provides an indication of how out-of-date the file system currently is with respect to its ultimate data source (in case of cascading data updates). This complements the currency field of locations4_server (See Section 10.10) in the following way: the information in locations4_server.currency gives a bound for how out of date the data in a file system might typically get, while the age Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 207] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 gives a bound on how out of date that data actually is. Negative values imply no information is available. A zero means that this data is known to be current. A positive value means that this data is known to be no older than that number of seconds with respect to the ultimate data source. The version field provides a version identification, in the form of a time value, such that successive versions always have later time values. When the file system type is anything other than STATUS4_VERSIONED, the server may provide such a value but there is no guarantee as to its validity and clients will not use it except to provide additional information to add to 'source' and 'current'. When the type is STATUS4_VERSIONED, servers should provide a value of version which progresses monotonically whenever any new version of the data is established. This allows the client, if reliable image progression is important to it, to fetch this attribute as part of each COMPOUND where data or metadata from the file system is used. When it is important to the client to make sure that only valid successor images are accepted, it must make sure that it does not read data or metadata from the file system without updating its sense of the current state of the image, to avoid the possibility that the fs_status which the client holds will be one for an earlier image, and so accept a new file system instance which is later than that but still earlier than updated data read by the client. In order to do this reliably, it must do a GETATTR of fs_status that follows any interrogation of data or metadata within the file system in question. Often this is most conveniently done by appending such a GETATTR after all other operations that reference a given file system. When errors occur between reading file system data and performing such a GETATTR, care must be exercised to make sure that the data in question is not used before obtaining the proper fs_status value. In this connection, when an OPEN is done within such a versioned file system and the associated GETATTR of fs_status is not successfully completed, the open file in question must not be accessed until that fs_status is fetched. The procedure above will ensure that before using any data from the file system the client has in hand a newly-fetched current version of the file system image. Multiple values for multiple requests in flight can be resolved by assembling them into the required partial order (and the elements should form a total order within it) and using the last. The client may then, when switching among file system instances, decline to use an instance which is not of type STATUS4_VERSIONED or whose version field is earlier than the last one obtained from the predecessor file system instance. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 208] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 11. Directory Delegations 11.1. Introduction to Directory Delegations The major addition to NFS version 4 in the area of caching is the ability of the server to delegate certain responsibilities to the client. When the server grants a delegation for a file to a client, the client receives certain semantics with respect to the sharing of that file with other clients. At OPEN, the server may provide the client either a read or write delegation for the file. If the client is granted a read delegation, it is assured that no other client has the ability to write to the file for the duration of the delegation. If the client is granted a write delegation, the client is assured that no other client has read or write access to the file. This reduces network traffic and server load by allowing the client to perform certain operations on local file data and can also provide stronger consistency for the local data. Directory caching for the NFS version 4 protocol is similar to previous versions. Clients typically cache directory information for a duration determined by the client. At the end of a predefined timeout, the client will query the server to see if the directory has been updated. By caching attributes, clients reduce the number of GETATTR calls made to the server to validate attributes. Furthermore, frequently accessed files and directories, such as the current working directory, have their attributes cached on the client so that some NFS operations can be performed without having to make an RPC call. By caching name and inode information about most recently looked up entries in DNLC (Directory Name Lookup Cache), clients do not need to send LOOKUP calls to the server every time these files are accessed. This caching approach works reasonably well at reducing network traffic in many environments. However, it does not address environments where there are numerous queries for files that do not exist. In these cases of "misses", the client must make RPC calls to the server in order to provide reasonable application semantics and promptly detect the creation of new directory entries. Examples of high miss activity are compilation in software development environments. The current behavior of NFS limits its potential scalability and wide-area sharing effectiveness in these types of environments. Other distributed stateful filesystem architectures such as AFS and DFS have proven that adding state around directory contents can greatly reduce network traffic in high miss environments. Delegation of directory contents is proposed as an extension for NFSv4. Such an extension would provide similar traffic reduction Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 209] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 benefits as with file delegations. By allowing clients to cache directory contents (in a read-only fashion) while being notified of changes, the client can avoid making frequent requests to interrogate the contents of slowly-changing directories, reducing network traffic and improving client performance. These extensions allow improved namespace cache consistency to be achieved through delegations and synchronous recalls alone without asking for notifications. In addition, if time-based consistency is sufficient, asynchronous notifications can provide performance benefits for the client, and possibly the server, under some common operating conditions such as slowly-changing and/or very large directories. 11.2. Directory Delegation Design (in brief) A new operation GET_DIR_DELEGATION is used by the client to ask for a directory delegation. The delegation covers directory attributes and all entries in the directory. If either of these change the delegation will be recalled synchronously. The operation causing the recall will have to wait before the recall is complete. Any changes to directory entry attributes will not cause the delegation to be recalled. In addition to asking for delegations, a client can also ask for notifications for certain events. These events include changes to directory attributes and/or its contents. If a client asks for notification for a certain event, the server will notify the client when that event occurs. This will not result in the delegation being recalled for that client. The notifications are asynchronous and provide a way of avoiding recalls in situations where a directory is changing enough that the pure recall model may not be effective while trying to allow the client to get substantial benefit. In the absence of notifications, once the delegation is recalled the client has to refresh its directory cache which might not be very efficient for very large directories. The delegation is read only and the client may not make changes to the directory other than by performing NFSv4 operations that modify the directory or the associated file attributes so that the server has knowledge of these changes. In order to keep the client namespace in sync with the server, the server will notify the client holding the delegation of the changes made as a result. This is to avoid any subsequent GETATTR or READDIR calls to the server. If a client holding the delegation makes any changes to the directory, the delegation will not be recalled. Delegations can be recalled by the server at any time. Normally, the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 210] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 server will recall the delegation when the directory changes in a way that is not covered by the notification, or when the directory changes and notifications have not been requested. Also if the server notices that handing out a delegation for a directory is causing too many notifications to be sent out, it may decide not to hand out a delegation for that directory or recall existing delegations. If another client removes the directory for which a delegation has been granted, the server will recall the delegation. Both the notification and recall operations need a callback path to exist between the client and server. If the callback path does not exist, then delegation can not be granted. Note that with the session extensions [talpey] that should not be an issue. In the absence of sessions, the server will have to establish a callback path to the client to send callbacks. 11.3. Recommended Attributes in support of Directory Delegations dir_notif_delay - notification delays on directory attributes dir_entry_notif_delay - notification delays on child attributes These attributes allow the client and server to negotiate the frequency of notifications sent due to changes in attributes. These attributes are returned as part of a GETATTR call on the directory. The dir_notif_delay value covers all attribute changes to the directory and the dir_entry_notif_delay covers all attribute changes to any child in the directory. These attributes are per directory. The client needs to get these values by doing a GETATTR on the directory for which it wants notifications. However these attributes are only required when the client is interested in getting attribute notifications. For all other types of notifications and delegation requests without notifications, these attributes are not required. When the client calls the GET_DIR_DELEGATION operation and asks for attribute change notifications, it should request notification delays that are no less than the values in the server-provided attributes. If the client requests smaller delays, the server should not commit to sending notifications for that change event. A value of zero for these attributes means the server will send the notification as soon as the change occurs. It is not recommended to set this value to zero since that can put a lot of burden on the server.nfstime4 values that compute to negative values are illegal. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 211] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 By granting a request for notifications, the server commits to delaying notifications to that client by no more than the notification delay which the client requested. 11.4. Delegation Recall The server will recall the directory delegation by sending a callback to the client. It will use the same callback procedure as used for recalling file delegations. The server will recall the delegation when the directory changes in a way that is not covered by the notification. However the server will not recall the delegation if attributes of an entry within the directory change. Also if the server notices that handing out a delegation for a directory is causing too many notifications to be sent out, it may decide not to hand out a delegation for that directory. If another client tries to remove the directory for which a delegation has been granted, the server will recall the delegation. The server will recall the delegation by sending a CB_RECALL callback to the client. If the recall is done because of a directory changing event, the request making that change will need to wait while the client returns the delegation. 11.5. Directory Delegation Recovery Crash recovery has two main goals, avoiding the necessity of breaking application guarantees with respect to locked files and delivery of updates cached at the client. Neither of these applies to directories protected by read delegations and notifications. Thus, the client is required to establish a new delegation on a server or client reboot. [[Comment.14: we have special reclaim types allow clients to recovery delegations through client reboot. Do we really want EXCHANGE_ID/CREATE_SESSION to destroy directory delegation state?]] 12. Parallel NFS (pNFS) 12.1. Introduction The NFSv4.0 protocol [2] specifies the interaction between a client that accesses files and a server that provides access to files and is responsible for coordinating access by multiple clients. As described in the pNFS problem statement, this requires that all access to a set of files exported by a single NFSv4 server be performed by that server; at high data rates the server may become a bottleneck. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 212] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 The parallel NFS (pNFS) extensions to NFSv4 allow data accesses to bypass this bottleneck by permitting direct client access to the storage devices containing the file data. When file data for a single NFSv4 server is stored on multiple and/or higher throughput storage devices (by comparison to the server's throughput capability), the result can be significantly better file access performance. The relationship among multiple clients, a single server, and multiple storage devices for pNFS (server and clients have access to all storage devices) is shown in this diagram: +-----------+ |+-----------+ +-----------+ ||+-----------+ | | ||| | NFSv4 + pNFS | | +|| Clients |<------------------------------>| Server | +| | | | +-----------+ | | ||| +-----------+ ||| | ||| | ||| Storage +-----------+ | ||| Protocol |+-----------+ | ||+----------------||+-----------+ Control| |+-----------------||| | Protocol| +------------------+|| Storage |------------+ +| Devices | +-----------+ Figure 61 In this structure, the responsibility for coordination of file access by multiple clients is shared among the server, clients, and storage devices. This is in contrast to NFSv4 without pNFS extensions, in which this is primarily the server's responsibility, some of which can be delegated to clients under strictly specified conditions. The pNFS extension to NFSv4 takes the form of new operations that manage data location information called a "layout". The layout is managed in a similar fashion as NFSv4 data delegations (e.g., they are recallable and revocable). However, they are distinct abstractions and are manipulated with new operations. When a client holds a layout, it has rights to access the data directly using the location information in the layout. There are new attributes that describe general layout characteristics. However, much of the required information cannot be managed solely within the attribute framework, because it will need to have a strictly limited term of validity, subject to invalidation Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 213] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 by the server. This requires the use of new operations to obtain, return, recall, and modify layouts, in addition to new attributes. This document specifies both the NFSv4 extensions required to distribute file access coordination between the server and its clients and a NFSv4 file storage protocol that may be used to access data stored on NFSv4 storage devices. Storage protocols used to access a variety of other storage devices are deliberately not specified here. These might include: o Block/volume protocols such as iSCSI ([29]), and FCP ([30]). The block/volume protocol support can be independent of the addressing structure of the block/volume protocol used, allowing more than one protocol to access the same file data and enabling extensibility to other block/volume protocols. o Object protocols such as OSD over iSCSI or Fibre Channel [31]. o Other storage protocols, including PVFS and other file systems that are in use in HPC environments. pNFS is designed to accommodate these protocols and be extensible to new classes of storage protocols that may be of interest. The distribution of file access coordination between the server and its clients increases the level of responsibility placed on clients. Clients are already responsible for ensuring that suitable access checks are made to cached data and that attributes are suitably propagated to the server. Generally, a misbehaving client that hosts only a single-user can only impact files accessible to that single user. Misbehavior by a client hosting multiple users may impact files accessible to all of its users. NFSv4 delegations increase the level of client responsibility as a client that carries out actions requiring a delegation without obtaining that delegation will cause its user(s) to see unexpected and/or incorrect behavior. Some uses of pNFS extend the responsibility of clients beyond delegations. In some configurations, the storage devices cannot perform fine-grained access checks to ensure that clients are only performing accesses within the bounds permitted to them by the pNFS operations with the server (e.g., the checks may only be possible at file system granularity rather than file granularity). In situations where this added responsibility placed on clients creates unacceptable security risks, pNFS configurations in which storage devices cannot perform fine-grained access checks SHOULD NOT be used. All pNFS server implementations MUST support NFSv4 access to any file accessible via pNFS in order to provide an interoperable means of Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 214] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 file access in such situations. See Section 12.3.8 on Security for further discussion. Finally, there are issues about how layouts interact with the existing NFSv4 abstractions of data delegations and byte range locking. These issues, and others, are also discussed here. 12.2. General Definitions This protocol extension partitions the NFSv4 file system protocol into two parts, the control path and the data path. The control path is implemented by the extended (p)NFSv4 server. When the file system being exported by (p)NFSv4 uses storage devices that are visible to clients over the network, the data path may be implemented by direct communication between the extended (p)NFSv4 file system client and the storage devices. This leads to a few new terms used to describe the protocol extension and some clarifications of existing terms. 12.2.1. Metadata Server A pNFS "server" or "metadata server" is a server as defined by RFC3530 [2], which additionally provides support of the pNFS minor extension. When using the pNFS NFSv4 minor extension, the metadata server may hold only the metadata associated with a file, while the data can be stored on the storage devices. However, similar to NFSv4, data may also be written through the metadata server. Note: directory data is always accessed through the metadata server. 12.2.2. Client A pNFS "client" is a client as defined by RFC3530 [2], with the addition of supporting the pNFS minor extension server protocol and with the addition of supporting at least one storage protocol for performing I/O directly to storage devices. 12.2.3. Storage Device This is a device, or server, that controls the file's data, but leaves other metadata management up to the metadata server. A storage device could be another NFS server, or an Object Storage Device (OSD) or a block device accessed over a SAN (e.g., either FiberChannel or iSCSI SAN). The goal of this extension is to allow direct communication between clients and storage devices. 12.2.4. Storage Protocol This is the protocol between the pNFS client and the storage device used to access the file data. Three following types have been Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 215] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 described: file protocols (e.g., NFSv4), object protocols (e.g., OSD), and block/volume protocols (e.g., based on SCSI-block commands). These protocols are in turn realizable over a variety of transport stacks. We anticipate there will be variations on these storage protocols, including new protocols that are unknown at this time or experimental in nature. The details of the storage protocols will be described in other documents so that pNFS clients can be written to use these storage protocols. Use of NFSv4 itself as a file-based storage protocol is described in Section 12.4. 12.2.5. Control Protocol This is a protocol used by the exported file system between the server and storage devices. Specification of such protocols is outside the scope of this draft. Such control protocols would be used to control such activities as the allocation and deallocation of storage and the management of state required by the storage devices to perform client access control. The control protocol should not be confused with protocols used to manage LUNs in a SAN and other sysadmin kinds of tasks. While the pNFS protocol allows for any control protocol, in practice the control protocol is closely related to the storage protocol. For example, if the storage devices are NFS servers, then the protocol between the pNFS metadata server and the storage devices is likely to involve NFS operations. Similarly, when object storage devices are used, the pNFS metadata server will likely use iSCSI/OSD commands to manipulate storage. However, this document does not mandate any particular control protocol. Instead, it just describes the requirements on the control protocol for maintaining attributes like modify time, the change attribute, and the end-of-file position. 12.2.6. Metadata This is information about a file, like its name, owner, where it stored, and so forth. The information is managed by the exported file system server (metadata server). Metadata also includes lower- level information like block addresses and indirect block pointers. Depending the storage protocol, block-level metadata may or may not be managed by the metadata server, but is instead managed by Object Storage Devices or other servers acting as a storage device. 12.2.7. Layout A layout defines how a file's data is organized on one or more storage devices. There are many possible layout types. They vary in Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 216] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 the storage protocol used to access the data, and in the aggregation scheme that lays out the file data on the underlying storage devices. Layouts are described in more detail below. 12.3. pNFS protocol semantics This section describes the semantics of the pNFS protocol extension to NFSv4; this is the protocol between the client and the metadata server. 12.3.1. Definitions This sub-section defines a number of terms necessary for describing layouts and their semantics. In addition, it more precisely defines how layouts are identified and how they can be composed of smaller granularity layout segments. 12.3.1.1. Layout Types A layout describes the mapping of a file's data to the storage devices that hold the data. A layout is said to belong to a specific "layout type" (see Section 3.2.18 for its RPC definition). The layout type allows for variants to handle different storage protocols (e.g., block/volume [24], object [23], and file [Section 12.4] layout types). A metadata server, along with its control protocol, must support at least one layout type. A private sub-range of the layout type name space is also defined. Values from the private layout type range can be used for internal testing or experimentation. As an example, a file layout type could be an array of tuples (e.g., deviceID, file_handle), along with a definition of how the data is stored across the devices (e.g., striping). A block/volume layout might be an array of tuples that store along with information about block size and the file offset of the first block. An object layout might be an array of tuples and an additional structure (i.e., the aggregation map) that defines how the logical byte sequence of the file data is serialized into the different objects. Note, the actual layouts are more complex than these simple expository examples. This document defines a NFSv4 file layout type using a stripe-based aggregation scheme (see Section 12.4). Adjunct specifications are being drafted that precisely define other layout formats (e.g., block/volume [24], and object [23] layouts) to allow interoperability among clients and metadata servers. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 217] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 12.3.1.2. Layout Iomode The iomode indicates to the metadata server the client's intent to perform either READs (only) or a mixture of I/O possibly containing WRITEs as well as READs (i.e., READ/WRITE). For certain layout types, it is useful for a client to specify this intent at LAYOUTGET time. E.g., for block/volume based protocols, block allocation could occur when a READ/WRITE iomode is specified. A special LAYOUTIOMODE_ANY iomode is defined and can only be used for LAYOUTRETURN and LAYOUTRECALL, not for LAYOUTGET. It specifies that layouts pertaining to both READ and RW iomodes are being returned or recalled, respectively. A storage device may validate I/O with regards to the iomode; this is dependent upon storage device implementation. Thus, if the client's layout iomode differs from the I/O being performed the storage device may reject the client's I/O with an error indicating a new layout with the correct I/O mode should be fetched. E.g., if a client gets a layout with a READ iomode and performs a WRITE to a storage device, the storage device is allowed to reject that WRITE. The iomode does not conflict with OPEN share modes or lock requests; open mode checks and lock enforcement are always enforced, and are logically separate from the pNFS layout level. As well, open modes and locks are the preferred method for restricting user access to data files. E.g., an OPEN of read, deny-write does not conflict with a LAYOUTGET containing an iomode of READ/WRITE performed by another client. Applications that depend on writing into the same file concurrently may use byte range locking to serialize their accesses. 12.3.1.3. Layout Segments Until this point, layouts have been defined in a fairly vague manner. A layout is more precisely identified by the following tuple: ; the FH refers to the FH of the file on the metadata server. Note, layouts describe a file, not a byte-range of a file. Since a layout that describes an entire file may be very large, there is a desire to manage layouts in smaller chunks that correspond to byte-ranges of the file. For example, the entire layout need not be returned, recalled, or committed. These chunks are called "layout segments" and are further identified by the byte-range they represent. Layout operations require the identification of the layout segment (i.e., clientID, FH, layout type, and byte-range), as well as the iomode. This structure allows clients and metadata servers to aggregate the results of layout operations into a singly maintained layout. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 218] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 It is important to define when layout segments overlap and/or conflict with each other. For a layout segment to overlap another layout segment both segments must be of the same layout type, correspond to the same filehandle, and have the same iomode; in addition, the byte-ranges of the segments must overlap. Layout segments conflict, when they overlap and differ in the content of the layout (i.e., the storage device/file mapping parameters differ). Note, differing iomodes do not lead to conflicting layouts. It is permissible for layout segments with different iomodes, pertaining to the same byte range, to be held by the same client. 12.3.1.4. Device IDs The "deviceID" is a short name for a storage device. In practice, a significant amount of information may be required to fully identify a storage device. Instead of embedding all that information in a layout, a level of indirection is used. Layouts embed device IDs, and a new operation (GETDEVICEINFO) is used to retrieve the complete identity information about the storage device according to its layout type. For example, the identity of a file server or object server could be an IP address and port. The identity of a block device could be a volume label. Due to multipath connectivity in a SAN environment, agreement on a volume label is considered the reliable way to locate a particular storage device. The device ID is qualified by the layout type and unique per file system (FSID). This allows different layout drivers to generate device IDs without the need for co-ordination. In addition to GETDEVICEINFO, another operation, GETDEVICELIST, has been added to allow clients to fetch the mappings of multiple storage devices attached to a metadata server. Clients cannot expect the mapping between device ID and storage device address to persist across server reboots, hence a client MUST fetch new mappings on startup or upon detection of a metadata server reboot unless it can revalidate its existing mappings. Not all layout types support such revalidation, and the means of doing so is layout specific. If data are reorganized from a storage device with a given device ID to a different storage device (i.e., if the mapping between storage device and data changes), the layout describing the data MUST be recalled rather than assigning the new storage device to the old device ID. 12.3.1.5. Aggregation Schemes Aggregation schemes can describe layouts like simple one-to-one mapping, concatenation, and striping. A general aggregation scheme allows nested maps so that more complex layouts can be compactly Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 219] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 described. The canonical aggregation type for this extension is striping, which allows a client to access storage devices in parallel. Even a one-to-one mapping is useful for a file server that wishes to distribute its load among a set of other file servers. 12.3.2. Guarantees Provided by Layouts Layouts delegate to the client the ability to access data out of band. The layout guarantees the holder that the layout will be recalled when the state encapsulated by the layout becomes invalid (e.g., through some operation that directly or indirectly modifies the layout) or, possibly, when a conflicting layout is requested, as determined by the layout's iomode. When a layout is recalled, and then returned by the client, the client retains the ability to access file data with normal NFSv4 I/O operations through the metadata server. Only the right to do I/O out-of-band is affected. Holding a layout does not guarantee that a user of the layout has the rights to access the data represented by the layout. All user access rights MUST be obtained through the appropriate open, lock, and access operations (i.e., those that would be used in the absence of pNFS). However, if a valid layout for a file is not held by the client, the storage device should reject all I/Os to that file's byte range that originate from that client. In summary, layouts and ordinary file access controls are independent. The act of modifying a file for which a layout is held, does not necessarily conflict with the holding of the layout that describes the file being modified. However, with certain layout types (e.g., block/volume layouts), the layout's iomode must agree with the type of I/O being performed. Depending upon the layout type and storage protocol in use, storage device access permissions may be granted by LAYOUTGET and may be encoded within the type specific layout. If access permissions are encoded within the layout, the metadata server must recall the layout when those permissions become invalid for any reason; for example when a file becomes unwritable or inaccessible to a client. Note, clients are still required to perform the appropriate access operations as described above (e.g., open and lock ops). The degree to which it is possible for the client to circumvent these access operations must be clearly addressed by the individual layout type documents, as well as the consequences of doing so. In addition, these documents must be clear about the requirements and non- requirements for the checking performed by the server. If the pNFS metadata server supports mandatory byte range locks then byte range locks must behave as specified by the NFSv4 protocol, as observed by users of files. If a storage device is unable to restrict access by a pNFS client who does not hold a required Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 220] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 mandatory byte range lock then the metadata server must not grant layouts to a client, for that storage device, that permits any access that conflicts with a mandatory byte range lock held by another client. In this scenario, it is also necessary for the metadata server to ensure that byte range locks are not granted to a client if any other client holds a conflicting layout; in this case all conflicting layouts must be recalled and returned before the lock request can be granted. This requires the pNFS server to understand the capabilities of its storage devices. 12.3.3. Getting a Layout A client obtains a layout through a new operation, LAYOUTGET. The metadata server will give out layouts of a particular type (e.g., block/volume, object, or file) and aggregation as requested by the client. The client selects an appropriate layout type which the server supports and the client is prepared to use. The layout returned to the client may not line up exactly with the requested byte range. A field within the LAYOUTGET request, "minlength", specifies the minimum overlap that MUST exist between the requested layout and the layout returned by the metadata server. The "minlength" field should specify a size of at least one. A metadata server may give-out multiple overlapping, non-conflicting layout segments to the same client in response to a LAYOUTGET. There is no implied ordering between getting a layout and performing a file OPEN. For example, a layout may first be retrieved by placing a LAYOUTGET operation in the same compound as the initial file OPEN. Once the layout has been retrieved, it can be held across multiple OPEN and CLOSE sequences. The storage protocol used by the client to access the data on the storage device is determined by the layout's type. The client needs to select a "layout driver" that understands how to interpret and use that layout. The API used by the client to talk to its drivers is outside the scope of the pNFS extension. The storage protocol between the client's layout driver and the actual storage is covered by other protocols specifications such as iSCSI (block storage), OSD (object storage) or NFS (file storage). Although, the metadata server is in control of the layout for a file, the pNFS client can provide hints to the server when a file is opened or created about preferred layout type and aggregation scheme. The pNFS extension introduces a LAYOUT_HINT attribute that the client can set at creation time to provide a hint to the server for new files. It is suggested that this attribute be set as one of the initial attributes to OPEN when creating a new file. Setting this attribute separately, after the file has been created could make it difficult, Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 221] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 or impossible, for the server implementation to comply. 12.3.4. Committing a Layout Due to the nature of the protocol, the file attributes, and data location mapping (e.g., which offsets store data vs. store holes) that exist on the metadata storage device may become inconsistent in relation to the data stored on the storage devices; e.g., when WRITEs occur before a layout has been committed (e.g., between a LAYOUTGET and a LAYOUTCOMMIT). Thus, it is necessary to occasionally re-sync this state and make it visible to other clients through the metadata server. The LAYOUTCOMMIT operation is responsible for committing a modified layout segment to the metadata server. Note: the data should be written and committed to the appropriate storage devices before the LAYOUTCOMMIT occurs. Note, if the data is being written asynchronously through the metadata server a COMMIT to the metadata server is required to sync the data and make it visible on the storage devices (see Section 12.3.6 for more details). The scope of this operation depends on the storage protocol in use. For block/ volume-based layouts, it may require updating the block list that comprises the file and committing this layout to stable storage. While, for file-layouts it requires some synchronization of attributes between the metadata and storage devices (i.e., mainly the size attribute; EOF). It is important to note that the level of synchronization is from the point of view of the client who issued the LAYOUTCOMMIT. The updated state on the metadata server need only reflect the state as of the client's last operation previous to the LAYOUTCOMMIT, it need not reflect a globally synchronized state (e.g., other clients may be performing, or may have performed I/O since the client's last operation and the LAYOUTCOMMIT). The control protocol is free to synchronize the attributes before it receives a LAYOUTCOMMIT, however upon successful completion of a LAYOUTCOMMIT, state that exists on the metadata server that describes the file MUST be in sync with the state existing on the storage devices that comprise that file as of the issuing client's last operation. Thus, a client that queries the size of a file between a WRITE to a storage device and the LAYOUTCOMMIT may observe a size that does not reflects the actual data written. 12.3.4.1. LAYOUTCOMMIT and mtime/atime/change The change attribute and the modify/access times may be updated, by the server, at LAYOUTCOMMIT time; since for some layout types, the change attribute and atime/mtime can not be updated by the appropriate I/O operation performed at a storage device. The Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 222] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 arguments to LAYOUTCOMMIT allow the client to provide suggested access and modify time values to the server. Again, depending upon the layout type, these client provided values may or may not be used. The server should sanity check the client provided values before they are used. For example, the server should ensure that time does not flow backwards. According to the NFSv4 specification, The client always has the option to set these attributes through an explicit SETATTR operation. As mentioned, for some layout protocols the change attribute and mtime/atime may be updated at or after the time the I/O occurred (e.g., if the storage device is able to communicate these attributes to the metadata server). If, upon receiving a LAYOUTCOMMIT, the server implementation is able to determine that the file did not change since the last time the change attribute was updated (e.g., no WRITEs or over-writes occurred), the implementation need not update the change attribute; file-based protocols may have enough state to make this determination or may update the change attribute upon each file modification. This also applies for mtime and atime; if the server implementation is able to determine that the file has not been modified since the last mtime update, the server need not update mtime at LAYOUTCOMMIT time. Once LAYOUTCOMMIT completes, the new change attribute and mtime/atime should be visible if that file was modified since the latest previous LAYOUTCOMMIT or LAYOUTGET. 12.3.4.2. LAYOUTCOMMIT and size The file's size may be updated at LAYOUTCOMMIT time as well. The LAYOUTCOMMIT operation contains an argument ("last_write_offset") that indicates the highest byte offset written but not yet committed via LAYOUTCOMMIT. Note: this argument is switched on a boolean value indicating whether or not a previous write occurred. If the switch is false, no "last_write_offset" is given; a "last_write_offset" specifying an offset of 0 means byte 0 was the highest last byte written. The metadata server may do one of the following: 1. It may update the file's size based on the last write offset. However, to the extent possible, the metadata server should sanity check any value to which the file's size is going to be set. E.g., it must not truncate the file based on the client presenting a smaller last write offset than the file's current size. 2. If it has sufficient other knowledge of file size (e.g., by querying the storage devices through the control protocol), it may ignore the client provided argument and use the query-derived Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 223] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 value. 3. It may use the last write offset as a hint, subject to correction when other information is available as above. The method chosen to update the file's size will depend on the storage device's and/or the control protocol's implementation. For example, if the storage devices are block devices with no knowledge of file size, the metadata server must rely on the client to set the size appropriately. A new size flag and length are also returned in the results of a LAYOUTCOMMIT. This union indicates whether a new size was set, and to what length it was set. If a new size is set as a result of LAYOUTCOMMIT, then the metadata server must reply with the new size. As well, if the size is updated, the metadata server in conjunction with the control protocol SHOULD ensure that the new size is reflected by the storage devices immediately upon return of the LAYOUTCOMMIT operation; e.g., a READ up to the new file size should succeed on the storage devices (assuming no intervening truncations). Again, if the client wants to explicitly zero-extend or truncate a file, SETATTR must be used; it need not be used when simply writing past EOF. 12.3.4.3. LAYOUTCOMMIT and layoutupdate The LAYOUTCOMMIT operation contains a "layoutupdate" argument. This argument is a layout type specific structure. The structure can be used to pass arbitrary layout type specific information from the client to the metadata server at LAYOUTCOMMIT time. For example, if using a block/volume layout, the client can indicate to the metadata server which reserved or allocated blocks it used and which it did not. The "layoutupdate" structure need not be the same structure as the layout returned by LAYOUTGET. The structure is defined by the layout type and is opaque to LAYOUTCOMMIT. 12.3.5. Recalling a Layout 12.3.5.1. Basic Operation Since a layout protects a client's access to a file via a direct client-storage-device path, a layout need only be recalled when it is semantically unable to serve this function. Typically, this occurs when the layout no longer encapsulates the true location of the file over the byte range it represents. Any operation or action (e.g., server driven restriping or load balancing) that changes the layout will result in a recall of the layout. A layout is recalled by the CB_LAYOUTRECALL callback operation (see Section 18.3). This callback can either recall a layout segment identified by a byte range, all the layouts associated with a filesystem (FSID), or all layouts. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 224] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Recalling all layouts or all the layouts associated with a filesystem also invalidates the client's device cache for the affected filesystems. Multiple layout segments may be returned in a single compound operation. Section 12.3.5.3 discusses sequencing issues surrounding the getting, returning, and recalling of layouts. The iomode is also specified when recalling a layout or layout segment. Generally, the iomode in the recall request must match the layout, or segment, being returned; e.g., a recall with an iomode of RW should cause the client to only return RW layout segments (not R segments). However, a special LAYOUTIOMODE_ANY enumeration is defined to enable recalling a layout of any type (i.e., the client must return both read-only and read/write layouts). A REMOVE operation may cause the metadata server to recall the layout to prevent the client from accessing a non-existent file and to reclaim state stored on the client. Since a REMOVE may be delayed until the last close of the file has occurred, the recall may also be delayed until this time. As well, once the file has been removed, after the last reference, the client SHOULD no longer be able to perform I/O using the layout (e.g., with file-based layouts an error such as ESTALE could be returned). Although, the pNFS extension does not alter the caching capabilities of clients, or their semantics, it recognizes that some clients may perform more aggressive write-behind caching to optimize the benefits provided by pNFS. However, write-behind caching may impact the latency in returning a layout in response to a CB_LAYOUTRECALL; just as caching impacts DELEGRETURN with regards to data delegations. Client implementations should limit the amount of dirty data they have outstanding at any one time. Server implementations may fence clients from performing direct I/O to the storage devices if they perceive that the client is taking too long to return a layout once recalled. A server may be able to monitor client progress by watching client I/Os or by observing LAYOUTRETURNs of sub-portions of the recalled layout. The server can also limit the amount of dirty data to be flushed to storage devices by limiting the byte ranges covered in the layouts it gives out. Once a layout has been returned, the client MUST NOT issue I/Os to the storage devices for the file, byte range, and iomode represented by the returned layout. If a client does issue an I/O to a storage device for which it does not hold a layout, the storage device SHOULD reject the I/O. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 225] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 12.3.5.2. Recall Callback Robustness It has been assumed thus far that pNFS client state for a file exactly matches the pNFS server state for that file and client regarding layout ranges and permissions. This assumption leads to the implicit assumption that any callback results in a LAYOUTRETURN or set of LAYOUTRETURNs that exactly match the range in the callback, since both client and server agree about the state being maintained. However, it can be useful if this assumption does not always hold. For example: o It may be useful for clients to be able to discard layout information without calling LAYOUTRETURN. If conflicts that require callbacks are very rare, and a server can use a multi-file callback to recover per-client resources (e.g., via a FSID recall, or a multi-file recall within a single compound), the result may be significantly less client-server pNFS traffic. o It may be similarly useful for servers to maintain information about what ranges are held by a client on a coarse-grained basis, leading to the server's layout ranges being beyond those actually held by the client. In the extreme, a server could manage conflicts on a per-file basis, only issuing whole-file callbacks even though clients may request and be granted sub-file ranges. o In order to avoid errors, it is vital that a client not assign itself layout permissions beyond what the server has granted and that the server not forget layout permissions that have been granted. On the other hand, if a server believes that a client holds a layout segment that the client does not know about, it's useful for the client to cleanly indicate completion of the requested recall either by issuing a LAYOUTRETURN for the entire requested range or by returning an NFS4ERR_NOMATCHING_LAYOUT error to the layout recall callback. Thus, in light of the above, it is useful for a server to be able to issue callbacks for layout ranges it has not granted to a client, and for a client to return ranges it does not hold. A pNFS client must always return layout segments that comprise the full range specified by the recall. Note, the full recalled layout range need not be returned as part of a single operation, but may be returned in segments. This allows the client to stage the flushing of dirty data, layout commits, and returns. Also, it indicates to the metadata server that the client is making progress. It is possible that write requests may be presented to a data server no longer allowed to perform them. This behavior is limited by requiring that a client MUST wait for completion of all writes Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 226] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 covered by a layout range before returning a layout that covers that range. Since, the server has no control as to when the client will return the layout, the server may, at some time, decide to unilaterally revoke the client's access provided by the layout in question. Upon doing so the server must deal with the possibility of lingering writes, outstanding writes still in flight to data servers identified by the revoked layout. Each layout-specification MUST define whether unilateral layout revocation by the metadata server is supported, and if so, the specification must also outline how lingering writes are to be dealt with; e.g., data servers identified by the revoked layout in question could be fenced off from the appropriate client. If unilateral revocation is not supported, there MUST be no possibility that the client has outstanding write requests when a layout is returned. In order to ensure client/server convergence on the layout state, the final LAYOUTRETURN operation in a sequence of returns for a particular recall, MUST specify the entire range being recalled, echoing the recalled layout type, iomode, recall/return type (FILE, FSID, or ALL), and byte range; even if layout segments pertaining to partial ranges were previously returned. In addition, if the client holds no layout segment that overlaps the range being recalled, the client should return the NFS4ERR_NOMATCHING_LAYOUT error code. This allows the server to update its view of the client's layout state. 12.3.5.3. Serialization of Layout Operations As with other stateful operations, pNFS requires the correct sequencing of layout operations. pNFS relies on the sessions feature of NFSv4.1 to provide the correct sequencing between regular operations and callbacks. It is the server's responsibility to avoid inconsistencies regarding the layouts it hands out and the client's responsibility to properly serialize its layout requests and layout returns. 12.3.5.3.1. Get/Return Serialization The protocol allows the client to send concurrent LAYOUTGET and LAYOUTRETURN operations to the server. However, the protocol does not provide any means for the server to process the requests in the same order in which they were created, nor it provides a way for the client to determine the order in which parallel outstanding operations were processed by the server. Thus, when a layout segment retrieved by an outstanding LAYOUTGET operation intersects with a layout segment returned by an outstanding LAYOUTRETURN the order in which the two conflicting operations are processed determines the final state of the overlapping segment. To disambiguate between the two cases the client MUST serialize LAYOUTGET operations and Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 227] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 voluntary LAYOUTRETURN operations for the same file. It is permissible for the client to send in parallel multiple LAYOUTGET operations for the same file or multiple LAYOUTRETURN operations for the same file; but never a mix of both. It is also permissible for the client to combine LAYOUTRETURN and LAYOUTGET operations for the same file in the same COMPOUND request as the server must process these in order. If a client does issue such requests, it must not have more than one outstanding for the same file at the same time and must not have other LAYOUTGET or LAYOUTRETURN operations outstanding at the same time for that same file. 12.3.5.3.2. Recall/Return Sequencing One critical issue with operation sequencing concerns callbacks. The protocol must defend against races between the reply to a LAYOUTGET operation and a subsequent CB_LAYOUTRECALL. A client MUST NOT process a CB_LAYOUTRECALL that identifies an outstanding LAYOUTGET operation to which the client has not yet received a reply. Conflicting LAYOUTGET operations are identified in the CB_SEQUENCE preceding the CB_LAYOUTRECALL. The callback races section (Section 2.9.4.3) describes the sessions mechanism for allowing the client to detect such situations in order to not process such a CB_LAYOUTRECALL. The server MUST reference all conflicting LAYOUTGET operations in the CB_SEQUENCE that precedes the CB_LAYOUTRECALL. A zero length array of referenced operations is used by the server to tell the client that the server does not know of any LAYOUTGET operations that conflict with the recall. 12.3.5.3.2.1. Client Side Considerations Consider a pNFS client that has issued a LAYOUTGET and then receives an overlapping recall callback for the same file. There are two possibilities, which the client would be unable to distinguish without additional information provided by the sessions implementation. 1. The server processed the LAYOUTGET before issuing the recall, so the LAYOUTGET response is in flight, and must be waited for because it may be carrying layout info that will need to be returned to deal with the recall callback. 2. The server issued the callback before receiving the LAYOUTGET. The server will not respond to the LAYOUTGET until the recall callback is processed. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 228] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 This could cause deadlock, as the client must wait for the LAYOUTGET response before processing the recall in the first case, but that response will not arrive until after the recall is processed in the second case. Via the CB_SEQUENCE operation, the server provides the client with the { slotid , sequenceid } of any earlier LAYOUTGET operations which remain unconfirmed at the server by the session slot usage rules. This allows the client to disambiguate between the two cases, in case 1, the server will provide the operation reference(s), whereas in case 2 it will not (because there are no dependent client operations). Therefore, the action at the client will only require waiting in the case that the client has not yet seen the server's earlier responses to the LAYOUTGET operation(s). The following requirements apply to avoid this deadlock: by adhering to the following requirements: o A LAYOUTGET MUST be rejected with an error (i.e., NFS4ERR_RECALLCONFLICT) if there's an overlapping outstanding recall callback to the same client. o When processing a recall, the client MUST wait for a response to all conflicting outstanding LAYOUTGETs that are referenced in the CB_SEQUENCE for the recall before performing any RETURN that could be affected by any such response. o The client SHOULD wait for responses to all operations required to complete a recall before sending any LAYOUTGETs that would conflict with the recall because the server is likely to return errors for them. o Before sending a new LAYOUTGET for a range covered by a layout recall, the client SHOULD wait for responses to any outstanding LAYOUTGET that overlaps any portion of the new LAYOUTGET's range . This is because it is possible (although unlikely) that the prior operation may have arrived at the server after the recall completed and hence will succeed. o The recall process can be considered as done by the client when the final LAYOUTRETURN operation for the recalled range is issued. 12.3.5.3.2.2. Server Side Considerations Consider a related situation from the pNFS server's point of view. The server has issued a recall callback and receives an overlapping LAYOUTGET for the same file before the LAYOUTRETURN(s) that respond to the recall callback. Again, there are two cases: Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 229] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 1. The client issued the LAYOUTGET before processing the recall callback. 2. The client issued the LAYOUTGET after processing the recall callback, but it arrived before the LAYOUTRETURN that completed that processing. The simplest approach is to always reject the overlapping LAYOUTGET; the pNFS server MUST do this. The client has two ways to avoid this result - it can issue the LAYOUTGET as a subsequent element of a COMPOUND containing the LAYOUTRETURN that completes the recall callback, or it can wait for the response to that LAYOUTRETURN. There is little the session sequence logic can do to disambiguate between these two cases, because both operations are independent of one another. They are simply asynchronous events which crossed. The situation can even occur if the session is configured to use a single connection for both operations and callbacks. 12.3.6. Metadata Server Write Propagation Asynchronous writes written through the metadata server may be propagated lazily to the storage devices. For data written asynchronously through the metadata server, a client performing a read at the appropriate storage device is not guaranteed to see the newly written data until a COMMIT occurs at the metadata server. While the write is pending, reads to the storage device can give out either the old data, the new data, or a mixture thereof. After either a synchronous write completes, or a COMMIT is received (for asynchronously written data), the metadata server must ensure that storage devices give out the new data and that the data has been written to stable storage. If the server implements its storage in any way such that it cannot obey these constraints, then it must recall the layouts to prevent reads being done that cannot be handled correctly. 12.3.7. Crash Recovery Crash recovery is complicated due to the distributed nature of the pNFS protocol. In general, crash recovery for layouts is similar to crash recovery for delegations in the base NFSv4 protocol. However, the client's ability to perform I/O without contacting the metadata server introduces subtleties that must be handled correctly if file system corruption is to be avoided. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 230] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 12.3.7.1. Leases The layout lease period plays a critical role in crash recovery. Depending on the capabilities of the storage protocol, it is crucial that the client is able to maintain an accurate layout lease timer to ensure that I/Os are not issued to storage devices after expiration of the layout lease period. In order for the client to do so, it must know which operations renew a lease. 12.3.7.1.1. Lease Renewal The current NFSv4 specification allows for implicit lease renewals to occur upon receiving an I/O. However, due to the distributed pNFS architecture, implicit lease renewals are limited to operations performed at the metadata server; this includes I/O performed through the metadata server. So, a client must not assume that READ and WRITE I/O to storage devices implicitly renew lease state. If sessions are required for pNFS, as has been suggested, then the SEQUENCE operation is to be used to explicitly renew leases. It is proposed that the SEQUENCE operation be extended to return all the specific information that RENEW does, but not as an error as RENEW returns it. Since, when using session, beginning each compound with the SEQUENCE op allows renews to be performed without an additional operation and without an additional request. Again, the client must not rely on any operation to the storage devices to renew a lease. Using the SEQUENCE operation for renewals, simplifies the client's perception of lease renewal. 12.3.7.1.2. Client Lease Timer Depending on the storage protocol and layout type in use, it may be crucial that the client not issue I/Os to storage devices if the corresponding layout's lease has expired. Doing so may lead to file system corruption if the layout has been given out and used by another client. In order to prevent this, the client must maintain an accurate lease timer for all layouts held. RFC3530 [2] has the following to say regarding the maintenance of a client lease timer: ...the client must track operations which will renew the lease period. Using the time that each such request was sent and the time that the corresponding reply was received, the client should bound the time that the corresponding renewal could have occurred on the server and thus determine if it is possible that a lease period expiration could have occurred. To be conservative, the client should start its lease timer based on the time that the it issued the operation to the metadata server, Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 231] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 rather than based on the time of the response. It is also necessary to take propagation delay into account when requesting a renewal of the lease: ...the client should subtract it from lease times (e.g., if the client estimates the one-way propagation delay as 200 msec, then it can assume that the lease is already 200 msec old when it gets it). In addition, it will take another 200 msec to get a response back to the server. So the client must send a lock renewal or write data back to the server 400 msec before the lease would expire. Thus, the client must be aware of the one-way propagation delay and should issue renewals well in advance of lease expiration. Clients, to the extent possible, should try not to issue I/Os that may extend past the lease expiration time period. However, since this is not always possible, the storage protocol must be able to protect against the effects of in-flight I/Os, as is discussed later. 12.3.7.2. Client Recovery Client recovery for layouts works in much the same way as NFSv4 client recovery works for other lock/delegation state. When an NFSv4 client reboots, it will lose all information about the layouts that it previously owned. There are two methods by which the server can reclaim these resources and allow otherwise conflicting layouts to be provided to other clients. The first is through the expiry of the client's lease. If the client recovery time is longer than the lease period, the client's lease will expire and the server will know that state may be released. for layouts the server may release the state immediately upon lease expiry or it may allow the layout to persist awaiting possible lease revival, as long as there are no conflicting requests. On the other hand, the client may recover in less time than it takes for the lease period to expire. In such a case, the client will contact the server through the standard SETCLIENTID protocol. The server will find that the client's id matches the id of the previous client invocation, but that the verifier is different. The server uses this as a signal to release all the state associated with the client's previous invocation. 12.3.7.3. Metadata Server Recovery The server recovery case is slightly more complex. In general, the recovery process again follows the standard NFSv4 recovery model: the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 232] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 client will discover that the metadata server has rebooted when it receives an unexpected STALE_STATEID or STALE_CLIENTID reply from the server; it will then proceed to try to reclaim its previous delegations during the server's recovery grace period. However, layouts have a slightly different mechanism for reclaim. The problem is that a client which uses LAYOUTGET to reclaim a layout might not get the same layout it had previously. The range might be different or it might get the same range but the content of the layout might be different. For example, if using a block/volume-based layout, the blocks provisionally assigned by the layout might be different, in which case the client will have to write the corresponding blocks again. Instead of reclaiming a layout with LAYOUTGET, a client can attempt to commit data written before the file server crash by setting a reclaim bit on the LAYOUTCOMMIT operation. This should only be done for data that the client has already written using a layout obtained before the server restart. For data still dirty in the client memory, the client should get a new layout segment after the server's grace period has elapsed. Alternatively, the client can write that data through the metadata server using the standard NFSv4 WRITE. In the case that the client has written dirty data to a provisionally allocated region of the layout, but was unable to commit the layout changes for this data before the server rebooted, the client may be unable to reliably re-read the data from the data storage devices in order to write it again via the metadata server. In this case the client needs to inform the metadata server that the layout has changed, before the server has completed its recovery grace period and starts allowing updates to the file-system. For this purpose, the LAYOUTCOMMIT operation contains a "reclaim" field. During the metadata server's recovery grace period (and only during the recovery grace period) the client may send a LAYOUTCOMMIT request with the "reclaim" field set to "true". This indicates that the client is attempting to commit changes to the file layout that occurred prior to the reboot of the metadata server. The "layout update" field of the request must contain the portion of the layout that the client held prior to the metadata server reboot which covers the outstanding writes. The metadata server is free to apply consistency checks on the layout update provided by the client, and reject the request if the checks fail. If the checks do not fail, then the server MUST commit the changes to the file layout contained in the "layoutupdate" field of the LAYOUTCOMMIT request, ensuring that the clients outstanding writes are not lost. During the recovery grace period the metadata server should apply the standard approach to handling WRITE and LAYOUTGET requests. That is, if the server can reliably determine that servicing such a request will not conflict with an impending LAYOUTCOMMIT reclaim request, it Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 233] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 may choose to service the request. If the server is unable to offer this guarantee, it MUST reject the request with status NFS4ERR_GRACE. For a metadata server to provide simple, valid handling during the grace period with respect to pNFS layouts, the easiest method is to simply reject all non-reclaim pNFS requests and WRITE operations by returning the NFS4ERR_GRACE error. However, depending on the storage protocol and server implementation, the server may be able to determine that a particular request is safe. For example, a server may save provisional allocation mappings for each file to stable storage, and use this information during the recovery grace period to determine that a WRITE request is safe. Under such circumstances, the WRITE request MAY be serviced. To re-iterate, for a server to allow non-reclaim pNFS requests and WRITE operations to be serviced during the recovery grace period, it MUST determine that the request will not conflict with any subsequent LAYOUTCOMMIT with reclaim request. There is an important safety concern associated with layouts that does not come into play in the standard NFSv4 case. If a standard NFSv4 client makes use of a stale delegation, while reading, the consequence could be to deliver stale data to an application. If writing, using a stale delegation or a stale state stateid for an open or lock would result in the rejection of the client's write with the appropriate stale stateid error. However, the pNFS layout enables the client to directly access the file system storage; if this access is not properly managed by the NFSv4 server the client can potentially corrupt the file system data or metadata. Thus, it is vitally important that the client discover that the metadata server has rebooted, and that the client stops using stale layouts before the metadata server gives them away to other clients. To ensure this, the client must be implemented so that layouts are never used to access the storage after the client's lease timer has expired. It is crucial that clients have precise knowledge of the lease periods of their layouts. For specific details on lease renewal and client lease timers, see Section 12.3.7.1. The prohibition on using stale layouts applies to all layout related accesses, especially the flushing of dirty data to the storage devices. If the client's lease timer expires because the client could not contact the server for any reason, the client MUST immediately stop using the layout until the server can be contacted and the layout can be officially recovered or reclaimed. However, this is only part of the solution. It is also necessary to deal with the consequences of I/Os already in flight. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 234] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 The issue of the effects of I/Os started before lease expiration and possibly continuing through lease expiration is the responsibility of the data storage protocol and as such is layout type specific. There are two approaches the data storage protocol can take. The protocol may adopt a global solution which prevents all I/Os from being executed after the lease expiration and thus is safe against a client who issues I/Os after lease expiration. This is the preferred solution and the solution used by NFSv4 file based layouts (see Section 12.4.7); as well, the object storage device protocol allows storage to fence clients after lease expiration. Alternatively, the storage protocol may rely on proper client operation and only deal with the effects of lingering I/Os. These solutions may impact the client layout-driver, the metadata server layout-driver, and the control protocol. 12.3.7.4. Storage Device Recovery Storage device crash recovery is mostly dependent upon the layout type in use. However, there are a few general techniques a client can use if it discovers a storage device has crashed while holding asynchronously written, non-committed, data. First and foremost, it is important to realize that the client is the only one who has the information necessary to recover asynchronously written data; since, it holds the dirty data and most probably nobody else does. Second, the best solution is for the client to err on the side or caution and attempt to re-write the dirty data through another path. The client, rather than hold the asynchronously written data indefinitely, is encouraged to, and can make sure that the data is written by using other paths to that data. The client may write the data to the metadata server, either synchronously or asynchronously with a subsequent COMMIT. Once it does this, there is no need to wait for the original storage device. In the event that the data range to be committed is transferred to a different storage device, as indicated in a new layout, the client may write to that storage device. Once the data has been committed at that storage device, either through a synchronous write or through a commit to that storage device (e.g., through the NFSv4 COMMIT operation for the NFSv4 file layout), the client should consider the transfer of responsibility for the data to the new server as strong evidence that this is the intended and most effective method for the client to get the data written. In either case, once the write is on stable storage (through either the storage device or metadata server), there is no need to continue either attempting to commit or attempting to synchronously write the data to the original storage device or wait for that storage device to become available. That storage device may never be visible to the client again. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 235] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 This approach does have a "lingering write" problem, similar to regular NFSv4. Suppose a WRITE is issued to a storage device for which no response is received. The client breaks the connection, trying to re-establish a new one, and gets a recall of the layout. The client issues the I/O for the dirty data through an alternative path, for example, through the metadata server and it succeeds. The client then goes on to perform additional writes that all succeed. If at some time later, the original write to the storage device succeeds, data inconsistency could result. The same problem can occur in regular NFSv4. For example, a WRITE is held in a switch for some period of time while other writes are issued and replied to, if the original WRITE finally succeeds, the same issues can occur. However, this is solved by sessions in NFSv4.x. 12.3.8. Security Considerations The pNFS extension partitions the NFSv4 file system protocol into two parts, the control path and the data path (i.e., storage protocol). The control path contains all the new operations described by this extension; all existing NFSv4 security mechanisms and features apply to the control path. The combination of components in a pNFS system (see Figure 61) is required to preserve the security properties of NFSv4 with respect to an entity accessing data via a client, including security countermeasures to defend against threats that NFSv4 provides defenses for in environments where these threats are considered significant. In some cases, the security countermeasures for connections to storage devices may take the form of physical isolation or a recommendation not to use pNFS in an environment. For example, it is currently infeasible to provide confidentiality protection for some storage device access protocols to protect against eavesdropping; in environments where eavesdropping on such protocols is of sufficient concern to require countermeasures, physical isolation of the communication channel (e.g., via direct connection from client(s) to storage device(s)) and/or a decision to forego use of pNFS (e.g., and fall back to NFSv4) may be appropriate courses of action. In full generality where communication with storage devices is subject to the same threats as client-server communication, the protocols used for that communication need to provide security mechanisms comparable to those available via RPSEC_GSS for NFSv4. Many situations in which pNFS is likely to be used will not be subject to the overall threat profile for which NFSv4 is required to provide countermeasures. pNFS implementations MUST NOT remove NFSv4's access controls. The combination of clients, storage devices, and the server are Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 236] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 responsible for ensuring that all client to storage device file data access respects NFSv4 ACLs and file open modes. This entails performing both of these checks on every access in the client, the storage device, or both. If a pNFS configuration performs these checks only in the client, the risk of a misbehaving client obtaining unauthorized access is an important consideration in determining when it is appropriate to use such a pNFS configuration. Such configurations SHOULD NOT be used when client- only access checks do not provide sufficient assurance that NFSv4 access control is being applied correctly. 12.4. The NFSv4.1 File Layout Type This section describes the semantics and format of NFSv4.1 file-based layouts. 12.4.1. Session Considerations Sessions are a mandatory feature of NFSv4.1, and this extends to both the metadata server and file-based data servers. If data is served by both the metadata server and a data server, the metadata and data server: o MUST share the same clientid. o MUST have separate sessions (unless the metadata server and data server are the same entity). Both sessions MUST be associated with the same clientid. It is legal for a data server to also act as a metadata server. A server serving both roles will provide service for one set of file systems in one role, and a another possibly intersecting, possibly disjoint set of filesystems in the other role. A client using a server serving both roles is free to use the same clientid and sessionid when interacting with either of the server's roles. 12.4.2. File Striping and Data Access The file layout type describes a method for striping data across multiple devices. The data for each stripe unit is stored within an NFSv4.1 file located on a particular storage device. Before discussing the file layout, it is necessary to describe the file layout device type; the structures are as follows: Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 237] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 typedef netaddr4 nfsv4_file_layout_simple_device4; enum file_layout_device_type { FILE_SIMPLE = 1, FILE_COMPLEX = 2 }; union nfsv4_file_layout_device4 switch (file_layout_device_type fld_type) { case FILE_SIMPLE: nfsv4_file_layout_simple_device4 nfld_dev_list<>; case FILE_COMPLEX: deviceid4 dev_list<>; default: void; }; The "nfsv4_file_layout_device4" structure is a union composed of a SIMPLE or a COMPLEX device type. A Simple device is composed of an array of nfsv4_file_layout_simple_device4 structures. All devices identified by a Simple device must be 'equivalent' and are used for device multipathing; see Section 12.4.2.3 for more details on equivalent devices. Simple devices always refer to actual physical devices. On the other hand, a Complex device is a virtual device that is constructed of multiple Simple devices. Each device within the Complex device list is identified by its device ID. A Complex device MUST NOT reference other Complex devices; only Simple devices are to be referenced. This enables multiple physical devices to be identified through a single device ID and provides a space efficient mechanism by which to identify multiple devices within a layout. Complex devices can be thought of as a table of devices. Complex and Simple devices share the same device ID space and should be cached similarly by the client. The structures used to describe the stripe layout are as follows: Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 238] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 enum stripetype4 { STRIPE_SPARSE = 1, STRIPE_DENSE = 2 }; struct nfsv4_file_layouthint4 { stripetype4 nflh_stripe_type; length4 nflh_stripe_unit; uint32_t nflh_stripe_width; }; struct nfsv4_file_layout4 { deviceid4 nfl_dev_id; uint32_t nfl_dev_index; nfs_fh4 nfl_fh; }; struct nfsv4_file_layouttype4 { stripetype4 nflt_stripe_type; bool nflt_commit_through_mds; length4 nflt_stripe_unit; length4 nflt_file_size; uint32_t nflt_stripe_devs<>; nfsv4_file_layout4 nflt_dev_list<>; }; At a high level, the file layout specifies an ordered array of tuples, as well as the stripe size, type of stripe layout (discussed later), and the file's current size as of LAYOUTGET time. The "dev_list" array within the nfsv4_file_layouttype4 contains a list of nfsv4_file_layout structures ("dev_list"). Each of these structures describes one or more physical devices that contribute to a stripe of the file. The "stripe_devs" array contains a list of indices into the "dev_list" array; an index of zero specifies the first "dev_list" entry. Each successive index selects a "dev_list" entry whose filehandle and device id are to be used next in sequence for that stripe. This allows an arbitrary sequencing through the possible devices to be encoded compactly. When the "stripe_devs" array is of zero length, the elements of the "dev_list" array are simply used in order, so that the portion of the stripe held by the corresponding entry is determined by its position within the device list. Each "dev_list" entry (the nfsv4_file_layout structure) contains a filehandle, device ID, and device index. The filehandle, "fh", identifies the file on the storage device identified. The device ID Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 239] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 ("dev_id") may refer to either a Simple or a Complex device; see the description of the nfsv4_file_layout_device4 for details. When a Complex device is referenced by the "dev_id", the "dev_index" field specifies the starting index within the device's "dev_list". If the "dev_id" references a Simple device, the "dev_index" has no meaning and should be zero. The "dev_index" plays a critical role in the flattening of a Complex device. The client is expected to construct a 'flat' list of devices over which the file is striped. A flat device list can be constructed by concatenating each device encountered while traversing "stripe_devs" (or "dev_list" in the case of a zero sized "stripe_devs" array), while expanding out each Complex device. The flat device list must contain only Simple devices. The client must expand the Complex device's device list by starting at the device indexed by "dev_index", ending with the device prior to "dev_index". All devices in the device list must be consumed; this may require wrapping around the end of the array if "dev_index" is non-zero. The stripe width is determined by the stripe unit size multiplied by the number of device entries within the flattened stripe. Consider the following example: Given a set of devices as follows: 1->{simple}; 2->{complex, dev_list=<3,4>}; 3->{simple}; 4->{simple} Device ID 1,3,4 and 5 are Simple devices. Device ID 2 is a Complex device constructed of Simple devices 3 and 4. Within the nfsv4_file_layouttype4, imagine a "dev_list" constructed of tuples: dev_list = [<1, 0, 0x12>, <2, 0, 0x13>, <3, 0, 0x14>, <4, 0, 0x15>] And a "stripe_devs" array containing the following indices: stripe_devs = [2, 3, 0, 1] Using the stripe_devs as indices into the dev_list, we get the following ordered list of nfsv4_file_layouts: [<3, 0, 0x14>, <4, 0, 0x15>, <1, 0, 0x12>, <2, 0, 0x13>] Continuing to flatten the Complex devices gives us the following list of 5 simple tuples. Note device 2 is a Complex device that gets replaced with devices 3 and 4: Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 240] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 [<3, 0x14>, <4, 0x15>, <1, 0x12>, <3, 0x13>, <4, 0x13>] The flattened device list specifies the order over which the devices must be striped. It also specifies the filehandle to be used for each stripe unit. Data must be written in increments of the stripe unit size. Devices may be repeated multiple times within the flattened device list. However, if a dense stripe type is used (described later), the same filehandle MUST NOT be used on the same device for different stripe units of the same file. A data file stored on a storage device MUST map to a single file as defined by the metadata server; i.e., data from two files as viewed by the metadata server MUST NOT be stored within the same data file on any storage device. The "stripe_type" field specifies how the data is laid out within the data file on a storage device. It allows for two different data layouts: sparse and dense or packed. The stripe type determines the calculation that must be made to map the client visible file offset to the offset within the data file located on the storage device. The layout hint structure is described in more detail in Section 4.15. It is used, by the client, as by the FILE_LAYOUT_HINT attribute to specify the type of layout to be used for a newly created file. 12.4.2.1. Sparse and Dense Storage Device Data Layouts The stripe_type field allows for two storage device data file representations. Example sparse and dense storage device data layouts are illustrated below: Sparse file-layout (stripe_unit = 4KB) ------------------ Is represented by the following file layout on the storage devices: Offset ID:0 ID:1 ID:2 0 +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ indicates a |//| | | | | |//| stripe that 4KB +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ contains data | | |//| | | 8KB +--+ +--+ +--+ | | | | |//| 12KB +--+ +--+ +--+ |//| | | | | 16KB +--+ +--+ +--+ | | |//| | | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 241] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 +--+ +--+ +--+ The sparse file-layout has holes for the byte ranges not exported by that storage device. This allows clients to access data using the real offset into the file, regardless of the storage device's position within the stripe. However, if a client writes to one of the holes (e.g., offset 4-12KB on device 1), then an error MUST be returned by the storage device. This requires that the storage device have knowledge of the layout for each file. When using a sparse layout, the offset into the storage device data file is the same as the offset into the main file. Dense/packed file-layout (stripe_unit = 4KB) ------------------------ Is represented by the following file layout on the storage devices: Offset ID:0 ID:1 ID:2 0 +--+ +--+ +--+ |//| |//| |//| 4KB +--+ +--+ +--+ |//| |//| |//| 8KB +--+ +--+ +--+ |//| |//| |//| 12KB +--+ +--+ +--+ |//| |//| |//| 16KB +--+ +--+ +--+ |//| |//| |//| +--+ +--+ +--+ The dense or packed file-layout does not leave holes on the storage devices. Each stripe unit is spread across the storage devices. As such, the storage devices need not know the file's layout since the client is allowed to write to any offset. The calculation to determine the byte offset within the data file for dense storage device layouts is: stripe_width = stripe_unit * N; where N = |dev_list| dev_offset = floor(file_offset / stripe_width) * stripe_unit + file_offset % stripe_unit Regardless of the storage device data file layout, the calculation to determine the index into the device array is the same: dev_idx = floor(file_offset / stripe_unit) mod N Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 242] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Section 12.4.6 describe the semantics for dealing with reads to holes within the striped file. This is of particular concern, since each individual component stripe file (i.e., the component of the striped file that lives on a particular storage device) may be of different length. Thus, clients may experience 'short' reads when reading off the end of one of these component files. 12.4.2.2. Metadata and Storage Device Roles In many cases, the metadata server and the storage device will be separate pieces of physical hardware. The specification text is written as if that were always case. However, it can be the case that the same physical hardware is used to implement both a metadata and storage device and in this case, the specification text's references to these two entities are to be understood as referring to the same physical hardware implementing two distinct roles and it is important that it be clearly understood on behalf of which role the hardware is executing at any given time. Two sub-cases can be distinguished. In the first sub-case, the same physical hardware is used to implement both a metadata and data server in which each role is addressed through a distinct network interface (e.g., IP addresses for the metadata server and storage device are distinct). As long as the storage device address is obtained from the layout and is distinct from the metadata server's address, using the device ID therein to obtain the appropriate storage device address, it is always clear, for any given request, to what role it is directed, based on the destination IP address. However, it may also be the case that even though the metadata server and storage device are distinct from one client's point of view, the roles may be reversed according to another client's point of view. For example, in the cluster file system model a metadata server to one client, may be a storage device to another client. Thus, it is safer to always mark the filehandle so that operations addressed to storage devices can be distinguished. The second sub-case is where both the metadata and storage device have the same network address. This requires us to make the distinction as to which role each request is directed, on a another basis. Since the network address is the same, the request is understood as being directed at one or the other, based on the filehandle of the first current filehandle value for the request. If the first current filehandle is one derived from a layout (i.e., it is specified within the layout) (and it is recommended that these be distinguishable), then the request is to be considered as executed by a storage device. Otherwise, the operation is to be understood as executed by the metadata server. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 243] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 If a current filehandle is set that is inconsistent with the role to which it is directed, then the error NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE should result. For example, if a request is directed at the storage device, because the first current handle is from a layout, any attempt to set the current filehandle to be a value not from a layout should be rejected. Similarly, if the first current file handle was for a value not from a layout, a subsequent attempt to set the current filehandle to a value obtained from a layout should be rejected. 12.4.2.3. Device Multipathing The NFSv4.1 file layout supports multipathing to 'equivalent' devices. Device-level multipathing is primarily of use in the case of a data server failure --- it allows the client to switch to another storage device that is exporting the same data stripe, without having to contact the metadata server for a new layout. To support device multipathing, an array of device IDs is encoded within the SIMPLE case of the nfsv4_file_layout_device4 union. This array represents an ordered list of devices where the first element has the highest priority. Each device in the list MUST be 'equivalent' to every other device in the list and each device must be attempted in the order specified. Equivalent devices MUST export the same system image (e.g., the stateids and filehandles that they use are the same) and must provide the same consistency guarantees. Two equivalent storage devices must also have sufficient connections to the storage, such that writing to one storage device is equivalent to writing to another, this also applies to reading. Also, if multiple copies of the same data exist, reading from one must provide access to all existing copies. As such, it is unlikely that multipathing will provide additional benefit in the case of an I/O error. [NOTE: the error cases in which a client is expected to attempt an equivalent storage device should be specified.] 12.4.2.4. Operations Issued to Storage Devices Clients MUST use the filehandle described within the layout when accessing data on the storage devices. When using the layout's filehandle, the client MUST only issue the NULL procedure and the BACKCHANNEL_CTL, BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION, CREATE_SESSION, COMMIT, DESTROY_SESSION, READ, WRITE, PUTFH, SECINFO_NO_NAME, SET_SSV, and SEQUENCE operations to the storage device associated with that filehandle. If a client issues an operation other than those specified above, using the filehandle and storage device listed in the client's layout, that storage device SHOULD return an error to Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 244] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 the client. The client MUST follow the instruction implied by the layout (i.e., which filehandles to use on which devices). As described in Section 12.3.2, a client MUST NOT issue I/Os to storage devices for which it does not hold a valid layout. The storage devices may reject such requests. GETATTR and SETATTR MUST be directed to the metadata server. In the case of a SETATTR of the size attribute, the control protocol is responsible for propagating size updates/truncations to the storage devices. In the case of extending WRITEs to the storage devices, the new size must be visible on the metadata server once a LAYOUTCOMMIT has completed (see Section 12.3.4.2). Section 12.4.6, describes the mechanism by which the client is to handle storage device file's that do not reflect the metadata server's size. 12.4.2.5. COMMIT through metadata server commit_through_mds in the file layout gives the metadata server a preferred way of performing COMMIT. If this flag is true, the client SHOULD send COMMIT to the metadata server instead of sending it to the same data server to which the associated WRITEs were sent. In order to maintain the current NFSv4.1 commit and recovery model, all the data servers MUST return a common verifier for all WRITEs in a given file layout. The value of the write verifier MUST be changed at the metadata server or any data server that is referenced in the layout, whenever there is a server event that can possibly lead to loss of uncommitted data. The scope of the verifier can be for a file or for the entire pNFS server. It might be more difficult for the server to maintain the verifier at the file level but the benefit is that only events that impact a given file will require recovery action. The single COMMIT to the metadata server will return a verifier and the client should compare it to all the verifiers from the WRITEs and fail the COMMIT if there is any mismatched verifiers. If COMMIT to the MDS fails, the client should reissue WRITEs for all the dirty data in the file. The client should treat dirty data with mismatched verifier as WRITE failure and try to recover by reissuing the WRITEs to the original DS or using other path to that data if the layout has not been recalled. Other option the client has is getting a new layout or just rewrite the data through the metadata server. If the flag commit_through_mds is false the client should not send COMMIT to the metadata server. Although it is valid to send COMMIT to the metadata server it should be used only to commit data that was written through the metadata server. See also section 14.7.4 "Storage Device Recover" for recovery options. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 245] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 12.4.3. Global Stateid Requirements Note, there are no stateids returned embedded within the layout. The client MUST use the stateid representing open or lock state as returned by an earlier metadata operation (e.g., OPEN, LOCK), or a special stateid to perform I/O on the storage devices, as in regular NFSv4. Special stateid usage for I/O is subject to the NFSv4 protocol specification. The stateid used for I/O MUST have the same effect and be subject to the same validation on storage device as it would if the I/O was being performed on the metadata server itself in the absence of pNFS. This has the implication that stateids are globally valid on both the metadata and storage devices. This requires the metadata server to propagate changes in lock and open state to the storage devices, so that the storage devices can validate I/O accesses. This is discussed further in Section 12.4.5. Depending on when stateids are propagated, the existence of a valid stateid on the storage device may act as proof of a valid layout. [NOTE: a number of proposals have been made that have the possibility of limiting the amount of validation performed by the storage device, if any of these proposals are accepted or obtain consensus, the global stateid requirement can be revisited.] 12.4.4. The Layout Iomode The layout iomode need not used by the metadata server when servicing NFSv4.1 file-based layouts, although in some circumstances it may be useful to use. For example, if the server implementation supports reading from read-only replicas or mirrors, it would be useful for the server to return a layout enabling the client to do so. As such, the client should set the iomode based on its intent to read or write the data. The client may default to an iomode of READ/WRITE (LAYOUTIOMODE_RW). The iomode need not be checked by the storage devices when clients perform I/O. However, the storage devices SHOULD still validate that the client holds a valid layout and return an error if the client does not. 12.4.5. Storage Device State Propagation Since the metadata server, which handles lock and open-mode state changes, as well as ACLs, may not be co-located with the storage devices where I/O access are validated, as such, the server implementation MUST take care of propagating changes of this state to the storage devices. Once the propagation to the storage devices is complete, the full effect of those changes must be in effect at the storage devices. However, some state changes need not be propagated immediately, although all changes SHOULD be propagated promptly. These state propagations have an impact on the design of the control Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 246] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 protocol, even though the control protocol is outside of the scope of this specification. Immediate propagation refers to the synchronous propagation of state from the metadata server to the storage device(s); the propagation must be complete before returning to the client. 12.4.5.1. Lock State Propagation Mandatory locks MUST be made effective at the storage devices before the request that establishes them returns to the caller. Thus, mandatory lock state MUST be synchronously propagated to the storage devices. On the other hand, since advisory lock state is not used for checking I/O accesses at the storage devices, there is no semantic reason for propagating advisory lock state to the storage devices. However, since all lock, unlock, open downgrades and upgrades affect the sequence ID stored within the stateid, the stateid changes which may cause difficulty if this state is not propagated. Thus, when a client uses a stateid on a storage device for I/O with a newer sequence number than the one the storage device has, the storage device should query the metadata server and get any pending updates to that stateid. This allows stateid sequence number changes to be propagated lazily, on-demand. [NOTE: With the reliance on the sessions protocol, there is no real need for sequence ID portion of the stateid to be validated on I/O accesses. It is proposed that the seq. ID checking is obsoleted.] Since updates to advisory locks neither confer nor remove privileges, these changes need not be propagated immediately, and may not need to be propagated promptly. The updates to advisory locks need only be propagated when the storage device needs to resolve a question about a stateid. In fact, if byte-range locking is not mandatory (i.e., is advisory) the clients are advised not to use the lock-based stateids for I/O at all. The stateids returned by open are sufficient and eliminate overhead for this kind of state propagation. 12.4.5.2. Open-mode Validation Open-mode validation MUST be performed against the open mode(s) held by the storage devices. However, the server implementation may not always require the immediate propagation of changes. Reduction in access because of CLOSEs or DOWNGRADEs do not have to be propagated immediately, but SHOULD be propagated promptly; whereas changes due to revocation MUST be propagated immediately. On the other hand, changes that expand access (e.g., new OPEN's and upgrades) don't have to be propagated immediately but the storage device SHOULD NOT reject a request because of mode issues without making sure that the upgrade is not in flight. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 247] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 12.4.5.3. File Attributes Since the SETATTR operation has the ability to modify state that is visible on both the metadata and storage devices (e.g., the size), care must be taken to ensure that the resultant state across the set of storage devices is consistent; especially when truncating or growing the file. As described earlier, the LAYOUTCOMMIT operation is used to ensure that the metadata is synced with changes made to the storage devices. For the file-based protocol, it is necessary to re-sync state such as the size attribute, and the setting of mtime/atime. See Section 12.3.4 for a full description of the semantics regarding LAYOUTCOMMIT and attribute synchronization. It should be noted, that by using a file-based layout type, it is possible to synchronize this state before LAYOUTCOMMIT occurs. For example, the control protocol can be used to query the attributes present on the storage devices. Any changes to file attributes that control authorization or access as reflected by ACCESS calls or READs and WRITEs on the metadata server, MUST be propagated to the storage devices for enforcement on READ and WRITE I/O calls. If the changes made on the metadata server result in more restrictive access permissions for any user, those changes MUST be propagated to the storage devices synchronously. Recall that the NFSv4 protocol RFC3530 [2] specifies that: ...since the NFS version 4 protocol does not impose any requirement that READs and WRITEs issued for an open file have the same credentials as the OPEN itself, the server still must do appropriate access checking on the READs and WRITEs themselves. This also includes changes to ACLs. The propagation of access right changes due to changes in ACLs may be asynchronous only if the server implementation is able to determine that the updated ACL is not more restrictive for any user specified in the old ACL. Due to the relative infrequency of ACL updates, it is suggested that all changes be propagated synchronously. [NOTE: it has been suggested that the NFSv4 specification is in error with regard to allowing principals other than those used for OPEN to be used for file I/O. If changes within a minor version alter the behavior of NFSv4 with regard to OPEN principals and stateids some access control checking at the storage device can be made less expensive. pNFS should be altered to take full advantage of these changes.] Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 248] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 12.4.6. Storage Device Component File Size A potential problem exists when a component data file on a particular storage device is grown past EOF; the problem exists for both dense and sparse layouts. Imagine the following scenario: a client creates a new file (size == 0) and writes to byte 128KB; the client then seeks to the beginning of the file and reads byte 100. The client should receive 0s back as a result of the read. However, if the read falls on a different storage device to the client's original write, the storage device servicing the READ may still believe that the file's size is at 0 and return no data with the EOF flag set. The storage device can only return 0s if it knows that the file's size has been extended. This would require the immediate propagation of the file's size to all storage devices, which is potentially very costly. Therefore, the client that has initiated the extension of the file's size MUST be prepared to deal with these EOF conditions; the EOF'd or short reads will be treated as a hole in the file and the NFS client will substitute 0s for the data when the offset is less than the client's view of the file size. The NFS protocol only provides close to open file data cache semantics; meaning that when the file is closed all modified data is written to the NFS server. When a subsequent open of the file is done, the change time is inspected for a difference from a cached value for the change time. For the case above, this means that a LAYOUTCOMMIT will be done at close (along with the data writes) and will update the file's size and change time. Access from another client after that point will result in the appropriate size being returned. 12.4.7. Crash Recovery Considerations As described in Section 12.3.7, the layout type specific storage protocol is responsible for handling the effects of I/Os started before lease expiration, extending through lease expiration. The NFSv4.1 file layout type prevents all I/Os from being executed after lease expiration, without relying on a precise client lease timer and without requiring storage devices to maintain lease timers. It works as follows. In the presence of sessions, each compound begins with a SEQUENCE operation that contains the "clientID". On the storage device, the clientID can be used to validate that the client has a valid layout for the I/O being performed, if it does not, the I/O is rejected. Before the metadata server takes any action to invalidate a layout given out by a previous instance, it must make sure that all layouts from that previous instance are invalidated at the storage devices. Note: it is sufficient to invalidate the stateids associated with the layout only if special Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 249] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 stateids are not being used for I/O at the storage devices, otherwise the layout itself must be invalidated. This means that a metadata server may not restripe a file until it has contacted all of the storage devices to invalidate the layouts from the previous instance nor may it give out locks that conflict with locks embodied by the stateids associated with any layout from the previous instance without either doing a specific invalidation (as it would have to do anyway) or doing a global storage device invalidation. 12.4.8. Security Considerations for the File Layout Type The NFSv4.1 file layout type MUST adhere to the security considerations outlined in Section 12.3.8. More specifically, storage devices must make all of the required access checks on each READ or WRITE I/O as determined by the [[Comment.15: get rid of references tro RFC3530]]NFSv4 protocol RFC3530 [2]. If the metadata server would deny an operation on a given file due its ACL, mode attribute, open mode, open deny mode, mandatory lock state, or any other attributes and state, the data server MUST also deny the operation. This impacts the control protocol and the propagation of state from the metadata server to the storage devices; see Section 12.4.5 for more details. The methods for authentication, integrity, and privacy for file layout-based data servers are the same as that used for metadata servers. Metadata and data servers use ONC RPC security flavors to authenticate, and SECINFO and SECINFO_NO_NAME to negotiate the security mechanism and services to be used. For a given file object, a metadata server MAY require different security parameters (secinfo4 value) than the data server. For a given file object with multiple data servers, the secinfo4 value SHOULD be the same across all data servers. If an NFSv4.1 implementation supports parallel NFS and supports file layouts, then the implementation MUST support the SECINFO_NO_NAME operation, on both the metadata and data servers. 12.4.9. Alternate Approaches Two alternate approaches exist for file-based layouts and the method used by clients to obtain stateids used for I/O. Both approaches embed stateids within the layout. However, before examining these approaches it is important to understand the distinction between clients and owners. Delegations Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 250] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 belong to clients, while locks (e.g., record and share reservations) are held by owners which in turn belong to a specific client. As such, delegations can only protect against inter-client conflicts, not intra-client conflicts. Layouts are held by clients and SHOULD NOT be associated with state held by owners. Therefore, if stateids used for data access are embedded within a layout, these stateids can only act as delegation stateids, protecting against inter-client conflicts; stateids pertaining to an owner can not be embedded within the layout. This has the implication that the client MUST arbitrate among all intra-client conflicts (e.g., arbitrating among lock requests by different processes) before issuing pNFS operations. Using the stateids stored within the layout, storage devices can only arbitrate between clients (not owners). The first alternate approach is to do away with global stateids, stateids returned by OPEN/LOCK that are valid on the metadata server and storage devices, and use only stateids embedded within the layout. This approach has the drawback that the stateids used for I/O access can not be validated against per owner state, since they are only associated with the client holding the layout. It breaks the semantics of tying a stateid used for I/O to an open instance. This has the implication that clients must delegate per owner lock and open requests internally, rather than push the work onto the storage devices. The storage devices can still arbitrate and enforce inter-client lock and open state. The second approach is a hybrid approach. This approach allows for stateids to be embedded with the layout, but also allows for the possibility of global stateids. If the stateid embedded within the layout is a special stateid of all zeros, then the stateid referring to the last successful OPEN/LOCK should be used. This approach is recommended if it is decided that using NFSv4 as a control protocol is required. This proposal suggests the global stateid approach due to the cleaner semantics it provides regarding the relationship between stateids used for I/O and their corresponding open instance or lock state. However, it does have a profound impact on the control protocol's implementation and the state propagation that is required (as described in Section 12.4.5). 13. Internationalization The primary issue in which NFS version 4 needs to deal with internationalization, or I18N, is with respect to file names and other strings as used within the protocol. The choice of string representation must allow reasonable name/string access to clients Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 251] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 which use various languages. The UTF-8 encoding of the UCS as defined by ISO10646 [10] allows for this type of access and follows the policy described in "IETF Policy on Character Sets and Languages", RFC2277 [11]. RFC3454 [12], otherwise know as "stringprep", documents a framework for using Unicode/UTF-8 in networking protocols, so as "to increase the likelihood that string input and string comparison work in ways that make sense for typical users throughout the world." A protocol must define a profile of stringprep "in order to fully specify the processing options." The remainder of this Internationalization section defines the NFS version 4 stringprep profiles. Much of terminology used for the remainder of this section comes from stringprep. There are three UTF-8 string types defined for NFS version 4: utf8str_cs, utf8str_cis, and utf8str_mixed. Separate profiles are defined for each. Each profile defines the following, as required by stringprep: o The intended applicability of the profile o The character repertoire that is the input and output to stringprep (which is Unicode 3.2 for referenced version of stringprep) o The mapping tables from stringprep used (as described in section 3 of stringprep) o Any additional mapping tables specific to the profile o The Unicode normalization used, if any (as described in section 4 of stringprep) o The tables from stringprep listing of characters that are prohibited as output (as described in section 5 of stringprep) o The bidirectional string testing used, if any (as described in section 6 of stringprep) o Any additional characters that are prohibited as output specific to the profile Stringprep discusses Unicode characters, whereas NFS version 4 renders UTF-8 characters. Since there is a one-to-one mapping from UTF-8 to Unicode, when the remainder of this document refers to Unicode, the reader should assume UTF-8. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 252] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Much of the text for the profiles comes from RFC3491 [13]. 13.1. Stringprep profile for the utf8str_cs type Every use of the utf8str_cs type definition in the NFS version 4 protocol specification follows the profile named nfs4_cs_prep. 13.1.1. Intended applicability of the nfs4_cs_prep profile The utf8str_cs type is a case sensitive string of UTF-8 characters. Its primary use in NFS Version 4 is for naming components and pathnames. Components and pathnames are stored on the server's file system. Two valid distinct UTF-8 strings might be the same after processing via the utf8str_cs profile. If the strings are two names inside a directory, the NFS version 4 server will need to either: o disallow the creation of a second name if it's post processed form collides with that of an existing name, or o allow the creation of the second name, but arrange so that after post processing, the second name is different than the post processed form of the first name. 13.1.2. Character repertoire of nfs4_cs_prep The nfs4_cs_prep profile uses Unicode 3.2, as defined in stringprep's Appendix A.1 13.1.3. Mapping used by nfs4_cs_prep The nfs4_cs_prep profile specifies mapping using the following tables from stringprep: Table B.1 Table B.2 is normally not part of the nfs4_cs_prep profile as it is primarily for dealing with case-insensitive comparisons. However, if the NFS version 4 file server supports the case_insensitive file system attribute, and if case_insensitive is true, the NFS version 4 server MUST use Table B.2 (in addition to Table B1) when processing utf8str_cs strings, and the NFS version 4 client MUST assume Table B.2 (in addition to Table B.1) are being used. If the case_preserving attribute is present and set to false, then the NFS version 4 server MUST use table B.2 to map case when processing utf8str_cs strings. Whether the server maps from lower to upper case or the upper to lower case is an implementation dependency. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 253] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 13.1.4. Normalization used by nfs4_cs_prep The nfs4_cs_prep profile does not specify a normalization form. A later revision of this specification may specify a particular normalization form. Therefore, the server and client can expect that they may receive unnormalized characters within protocol requests and responses. If the operating environment requires normalization, then the implementation must normalize utf8str_cs strings within the protocol before presenting the information to an application (at the client) or local file system (at the server). 13.1.5. Prohibited output for nfs4_cs_prep The nfs4_cs_prep profile specifies prohibiting using the following tables from stringprep: Table C.3 Table C.4 Table C.5 Table C.6 Table C.7 Table C.8 Table C.9 13.1.6. Bidirectional output for nfs4_cs_prep The nfs4_cs_prep profile does not specify any checking of bidirectional strings. 13.2. Stringprep profile for the utf8str_cis type Every use of the utf8str_cis type definition in the NFS version 4 protocol specification follows the profile named nfs4_cis_prep. 13.2.1. Intended applicability of the nfs4_cis_prep profile The utf8str_cis type is a case insensitive string of UTF-8 characters. Its primary use in NFS Version 4 is for naming NFS servers. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 254] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 13.2.2. Character repertoire of nfs4_cis_prep The nfs4_cis_prep profile uses Unicode 3.2, as defined in stringprep's Appendix A.1 13.2.3. Mapping used by nfs4_cis_prep The nfs4_cis_prep profile specifies mapping using the following tables from stringprep: Table B.1 Table B.2 13.2.4. Normalization used by nfs4_cis_prep The nfs4_cis_prep profile specifies using Unicode normalization form KC, as described in stringprep. 13.2.5. Prohibited output for nfs4_cis_prep The nfs4_cis_prep profile specifies prohibiting using the following tables from stringprep: Table C.1.2 Table C.2.2 Table C.3 Table C.4 Table C.5 Table C.6 Table C.7 Table C.8 Table C.9 13.2.6. Bidirectional output for nfs4_cis_prep The nfs4_cis_prep profile specifies checking bidirectional strings as described in stringprep's section 6. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 255] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 13.3. Stringprep profile for the utf8str_mixed type Every use of the utf8str_mixed type definition in the NFS version 4 protocol specification follows the profile named nfs4_mixed_prep. 13.3.1. Intended applicability of the nfs4_mixed_prep profile The utf8str_mixed type is a string of UTF-8 characters, with a prefix that is case sensitive, a separator equal to '@', and a suffix that is fully qualified domain name. Its primary use in NFS Version 4 is for naming principals identified in an Access Control Entry. 13.3.2. Character repertoire of nfs4_mixed_prep The nfs4_mixed_prep profile uses Unicode 3.2, as defined in stringprep's Appendix A.1 13.3.3. Mapping used by nfs4_cis_prep For the prefix and the separator of a utf8str_mixed string, the nfs4_mixed_prep profile specifies mapping using the following table from stringprep: Table B.1 For the suffix of a utf8str_mixed string, the nfs4_mixed_prep profile specifies mapping using the following tables from stringprep: Table B.1 Table B.2 13.3.4. Normalization used by nfs4_mixed_prep The nfs4_mixed_prep profile specifies using Unicode normalization form KC, as described in stringprep. 13.3.5. Prohibited output for nfs4_mixed_prep The nfs4_mixed_prep profile specifies prohibiting using the following tables from stringprep: Table C.1.2 Table C.2.2 Table C.3 Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 256] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Table C.4 Table C.5 Table C.6 Table C.7 Table C.8 Table C.9 13.3.6. Bidirectional output for nfs4_mixed_prep The nfs4_mixed_prep profile specifies checking bidirectional strings as described in stringprep's section 6. 13.4. UTF-8 Related Errors Where the client sends an invalid UTF-8 string, the server should return an NFS4ERR_INVAL (Table 8) error. This includes cases in which inappropriate prefixes are detected and where the count includes trailing bytes that do not constitute a full UCS character. Where the client supplied string is valid UTF-8 but contains characters that are not supported by the server as a value for that string (e.g. names containing characters that have more than two octets on a file system that supports Unicode characters only), the server should return an NFS4ERR_BADCHAR (Table 8) error. Where a UTF-8 string is used as a file name, and the file system, while supporting all of the characters within the name, does not allow that particular name to be used, the server should return the error NFS4ERR_BADNAME (Table 8). This includes situations in which the server file system imposes a normalization constraint on name strings, but will also include such situations as file system prohibitions of "." and ".." as file names for certain operations, and other such constraints. 14. Error Values NFS error numbers are assigned to failed operations within a compound request. A compound request contains a number of NFS operations that have their results encoded in sequence in a compound reply. The results of successful operations will consist of an NFS4_OK status followed by the encoded results of the operation. If an NFS operation fails, an error status will be entered in the reply and the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 257] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 compound request will be terminated. 14.1. Error Definitions Protocol Error Definitions +-----------------------------------+--------+----------------------+ | Error | Number | Description | +-----------------------------------+--------+----------------------+ | NFS4_OK | 0 | Indicates the | | | | operation completed | | | | successfully. | | NFS4ERR_ACCESS | 13 | Permission denied. | | | | The caller does not | | | | have the correct | | | | permission to | | | | perform the | | | | requested operation. | | | | Contrast this with | | | | NFS4ERR_PERM, which | | | | restricts itself to | | | | owner or privileged | | | | user permission | | | | failures. | | NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP | 10032 | An attribute | | | | specified is not | | | | supported by the | | | | server. Does not | | | | apply to the GETATTR | | | | operation. | | NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED | 10047 | Due to administrator | | | | intervention, the | | | | lockowner's record | | | | locks, share | | | | reservations, and | | | | delegations have | | | | been revoked by the | | | | server. | | NFS4ERR_BADCHAR | 10040 | A UTF-8 string | | | | contains a character | | | | which is not | | | | supported by the | | | | server in the | | | | context in which it | | | | being used. | | NFS4ERR_BAD_COOKIE | 10003 | READDIR cookie is | | | | stale. | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 258] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE | 10001 | Illegal NFS | | | | filehandle. The | | | | filehandle failed | | | | internal consistency | | | | checks. | | NFS4ERR_BADIOMODE | 10049 | Layout iomode is | | | | invalid. | | NFS4ERR_BADLAYOUT | 10050 | Layout specified is | | | | invalid. | | NFS4ERR_BADNAME | 10041 | A name string in a | | | | request consists of | | | | valid UTF-8 | | | | characters supported | | | | by the server but | | | | the name is not | | | | supported by the | | | | server as a valid | | | | name for current | | | | operation. | | NFS4ERR_BADOWNER | 10039 | An owner, | | | | owner_group, or ACL | | | | attribute value can | | | | not be translated to | | | | local | | | | representation. | | NFS4ERR_BAD_SESSION_DIGEST | 10051 | The digest used in a | | | | SET_SSV or | | | | BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION | | | | request is not | | | | valid. | | NFS4ERR_BADTYPE | 10007 | An attempt was made | | | | to create an object | | | | of a type not | | | | supported by the | | | | server. | | NFS4ERR_BAD_RANGE | 10042 | The range for a | | | | LOCK, LOCKT, or | | | | LOCKU operation is | | | | not appropriate to | | | | the allowable range | | | | of offsets for the | | | | server. | | NFS4ERR_BAD_SEQID | 10026 | The sequence number | | | | in a locking request | | | | is neither the next | | | | expected number or | | | | the last number | | | | processed. | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 259] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NFS4ERR_BADSESSION | 10052 | TDB | | NFS4ERR_BADSLOT | 10053 | TDB | | NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID | 10025 | A stateid generated | | | | by the current | | | | server instance, but | | | | which does not | | | | designate any | | | | locking state | | | | (either current or | | | | superseded) for a | | | | current | | | | lockowner-file pair, | | | | was used. | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR | 10036 | The server | | | | encountered an XDR | | | | decoding error while | | | | processing an | | | | operation. | | NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE | 10017 | The EXCHANGE_ID | | | | operation has found | | | | that a client id is | | | | already in use by | | | | another client. | | NFS4ERR_COMPLETE_ALREADY | 10054 | A RECLAIM_COMPLETE | | | | operation was done | | | | by a client which | | | | had already | | | | performed one. | | NFS4ERR_CONN_NOT_BOUND_TO_SESSION | 10055 | The connection is | | | | not bound to the | | | | specified session. | | NFS4ERR_CONN_BINDING_NOT_ENFORCED | 10073 | Client is trying use | | | | enforced connection | | | | binding, but it | | | | disabled enforcement | | | | when the session was | | | | created. | | NFS4ERR_DEADLOCK | 10045 | The server has been | | | | able to determine a | | | | file locking | | | | deadlock condition | | | | for a blocking lock | | | | request. | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 260] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NFS4ERR_DELAY | 10008 | The server initiated | | | | the request, but was | | | | not able to complete | | | | it in a timely | | | | fashion. The client | | | | should wait and then | | | | try the request with | | | | a new RPC | | | | transaction ID. For | | | | example, this error | | | | should be returned | | | | from a server that | | | | supports | | | | hierarchical storage | | | | and receives a | | | | request to process a | | | | file that has been | | | | migrated. In this | | | | case, the server | | | | should start the | | | | immigration process | | | | and respond to | | | | client with this | | | | error. This error | | | | may also occur when | | | | a necessary | | | | delegation recall | | | | makes processing a | | | | request in a timely | | | | fashion impossible. | | NFS4ERR_DELEG_ALREADY_WANTED | 10056 | The client has | | | | already registered | | | | that it wants a | | | | delegation. | | NFS4ERR_DENIED | 10010 | An attempt to lock a | | | | file is denied. | | | | Since this may be a | | | | temporary condition, | | | | the client is | | | | encouraged to retry | | | | the lock request | | | | until the lock is | | | | accepted. | | NFS4ERR_DIRDELEG_UNAVAIL | 10057 | TBD | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 261] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NFS4ERR_DQUOT | 69 | Resource (quota) | | | | hard limit exceeded. | | | | The user's resource | | | | limit on the server | | | | has been exceeded. | | NFS4ERR_EXIST | 17 | File exists. The | | | | file specified | | | | already exists. | | NFS4ERR_EXPIRED | 10011 | A lease has expired | | | | that is being used | | | | in the current | | | | operation. | | NFS4ERR_FBIG | 27 | File too large. The | | | | operation would have | | | | caused a file to | | | | grow beyond the | | | | server's limit. | | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED | 10014 | The filehandle | | | | provided is volatile | | | | and has expired at | | | | the server. | | NFS4ERR_FILE_OPEN | 10046 | The operation can | | | | not be successfully | | | | processed because a | | | | file involved in the | | | | operation is | | | | currently open. | | NFS4ERR_GRACE | 10013 | The server is in its | | | | recovery or grace | | | | period which should | | | | match the lease | | | | period of the | | | | server. | | NFS4ERR_INVAL | 22 | Invalid argument or | | | | unsupported argument | | | | for an operation. | | | | Two examples are | | | | attempting a | | | | READLINK on an | | | | object other than a | | | | symbolic link or | | | | specifying a value | | | | for an enum field | | | | that is not defined | | | | in the protocol | | | | (e.g. nfs_ftype4). | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 262] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NFS4ERR_IO | 5 | I/O error. A hard | | | | error (for example, | | | | a disk error) | | | | occurred while | | | | processing the | | | | requested operation. | | NFS4ERR_ISDIR | 21 | Is a directory. The | | | | caller specified a | | | | directory in a | | | | non-directory | | | | operation. | | NFS4ERR_LAYOUTTRYLATER | 10058 | Layouts are | | | | temporarily | | | | unavailable for the | | | | file, client should | | | | retry later. | | NFS4ERR_LAYOUTUNAVAILABLE | 10059 | Layouts are not | | | | available for the | | | | file or its | | | | containing file | | | | system. | | NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED | 10031 | A lease being | | | | renewed is | | | | associated with a | | | | file system that has | | | | been migrated to a | | | | new server. | | NFS4ERR_LOCKED | 10012 | A read or write | | | | operation was | | | | attempted on a | | | | locked file. | | NFS4ERR_LOCK_NOTSUPP | 10043 | Server does not | | | | support atomic | | | | upgrade or downgrade | | | | of locks. | | NFS4ERR_LOCK_RANGE | 10028 | A lock request is | | | | operating on a | | | | sub-range of a | | | | current lock for the | | | | lock owner and the | | | | server does not | | | | support this type of | | | | request. | | NFS4ERR_LOCKS_HELD | 10037 | A CLOSE was | | | | attempted and file | | | | locks would exist | | | | after the CLOSE. | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 263] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NFS4ERR_MINOR_VERS_MISMATCH | 10021 | The server has | | | | received a request | | | | that specifies an | | | | unsupported minor | | | | version. The server | | | | must return a | | | | COMPOUND4res with a | | | | zero length | | | | operations result | | | | array. | | NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED | 10063 | The requester sent a | | | | SEQUENCE or | | | | CB_SEQUENCE | | | | operation with an | | | | invalid sequenceid. | | NFS4ERR_SEQUENCE_POS | 10064 | The requester sent a | | | | COMPOUND or | | | | CB_COMPOUND with a | | | | SEQUENCE or | | | | CB_SEQUENCE | | | | operation that was | | | | not the first | | | | operation. | | NFS4ERR_MLINK | 31 | Too many hard links. | | NFS4ERR_MOVED | 10019 | The file system | | | | which contains the | | | | current filehandle | | | | object is not | | | | present at the | | | | server. It may have | | | | been relocated, | | | | migrated to another | | | | server or may have | | | | never been present. | | | | The client may | | | | obtain the new file | | | | system location by | | | | obtaining the | | | | "fs_locations" | | | | attribute for the | | | | current filehandle. | | | | For further | | | | discussion, refer to | | | | the section | | | | "Multi-server Name | | | | Space". | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 264] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NFS4ERR_NAMETOOLONG | 63 | The filename in an | | | | operation was too | | | | long. | | NFS4ERR_NOENT | 2 | No such file or | | | | directory. The file | | | | or directory name | | | | specified does not | | | | exist. | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE | 10020 | The logical current | | | | filehandle value | | | | (or, in the case of | | | | RESTOREFH, the saved | | | | filehandle value) | | | | has not been set | | | | properly. This may | | | | be a result of a | | | | malformed COMPOUND | | | | operation (i.e. no | | | | PUTFH or PUTROOTFH | | | | before an operation | | | | that requires the | | | | current filehandle | | | | be set). | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 265] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE | 10033 | A reclaim of client | | | | state was attempted | | | | in circumstances in | | | | which the server | | | | cannot guarantee | | | | that conflicting | | | | state has not been | | | | provided to another | | | | client. This can | | | | occur because the | | | | reclaim has been | | | | done outside of the | | | | grace period of the | | | | server, after the | | | | client has done a | | | | RECLAIM_COMPLETE | | | | operation, or | | | | because previous | | | | operations have | | | | created a situation | | | | in which the server | | | | is not able to | | | | determine that a | | | | reclaim-interfering | | | | edge condition does | | | | not exist. | | NFS4ERR_NOMATCHING_LAYOUT | 10060 | Client has no | | | | matching layout | | | | (segment) to return. | | NFS4ERR_NOSPC | 28 | No space left on | | | | device. The | | | | operation would have | | | | caused the server's | | | | file system to | | | | exceed its limit. | | NFS4ERR_NOTDIR | 20 | Not a directory. The | | | | caller specified a | | | | non-directory in a | | | | directory operation. | | NFS4ERR_NOTEMPTY | 66 | An attempt was made | | | | to remove a | | | | directory that was | | | | not empty. | | NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP | 10004 | Operation is not | | | | supported. | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 266] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NFS4ERR_NOT_SAME | 10027 | This error is | | | | returned by the | | | | VERIFY operation to | | | | signify that the | | | | attributes compared | | | | were not the same as | | | | provided in the | | | | client's request. | | NFS4ERR_NXIO | 6 | I/O error. No such | | | | device or address. | | NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID | 10024 | A stateid which | | | | designates the | | | | locking state for a | | | | lockowner-file at an | | | | earlier time was | | | | used. | | NFS4ERR_OPENMODE | 10038 | The client attempted | | | | a READ, WRITE, LOCK | | | | or SETATTR operation | | | | not sanctioned by | | | | the stateid passed | | | | (e.g. writing to a | | | | file opened only for | | | | read). | | NFS4ERR_OP_ILLEGAL | 10044 | An illegal operation | | | | value has been | | | | specified in the | | | | argop field of a | | | | COMPOUND or | | | | CB_COMPOUND | | | | procedure. | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION | 10070 | The COMPOUND or | | | | CB_COMPOUND contains | | | | an operation that | | | | requires a SEQUENCE | | | | or CB_SEQUENCE | | | | operation to precede | | | | it in order to | | | | establish a session. | | NFS4ERR_PERM | 1 | Not owner. The | | | | operation was not | | | | allowed because the | | | | caller is either not | | | | a privileged user | | | | (root) or not the | | | | owner of the target | | | | of the operation. | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 267] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NFS4ERR_RECALLCONFLICT | 10061 | Layout is | | | | unavailable due to a | | | | conflicting | | | | LAYOUTRECALL that is | | | | in progress. | | NFS4ERR_RECLAIM_BAD | 10034 | The reclaim provided | | | | by the client does | | | | not match any of the | | | | server's state | | | | consistency checks | | | | and is bad. | | NFS4ERR_RECLAIM_CONFLICT | 10035 | The reclaim provided | | | | by the client has | | | | encountered a | | | | conflict and can not | | | | be provided. | | | | Potentially | | | | indicates a | | | | misbehaving client. | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG | 10066 | The reply to a | | | | COMPOUND or | | | | CB_COMPOUND would | | | | exceed the channel's | | | | negotiated maximum | | | | response size. | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE | 10067 | The reply to a | | | | COMPOUND or | | | | CB_COMPOUND would | | | | exceed the channel's | | | | negotiated maximum | | | | size for replies | | | | cached in the reply | | | | cache. | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG | 10065 | The COMPOUND or | | | | CB_COMPOUND request | | | | exceeds the | | | | channel's negotiated | | | | maximum size for | | | | requests. | | NFS4ERR_RESTOREFH | 10030 | The RESTOREFH | | | | operation does not | | | | have a saved | | | | filehandle | | | | (identified by | | | | SAVEFH) to operate | | | | upon. | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 268] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP | 10068 | The requester has | | | | attempted a retry of | | | | COMPOUND or | | | | CB_COMPOUND which it | | | | previously requested | | | | not be placed in the | | | | reply cache. | | NFS4ERR_ROFS | 30 | Read-only file | | | | system. A modifying | | | | operation was | | | | attempted on a | | | | read-only file | | | | system. | | NFS4ERR_SAME | 10009 | This error is | | | | returned by the | | | | NVERIFY operation to | | | | signify that the | | | | attributes compared | | | | were the same as | | | | provided in the | | | | client's request. | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT | 10006 | An error occurred on | | | | the server which | | | | does not map to any | | | | of the legal NFS | | | | version 4 protocol | | | | error values. The | | | | client should | | | | translate this into | | | | an appropriate | | | | error. UNIX clients | | | | may choose to | | | | translate this to | | | | EIO. | | NFS4ERR_SHARE_DENIED | 10015 | An attempt to OPEN a | | | | file with a share | | | | reservation has | | | | failed because of a | | | | share conflict. | | NFS4ERR_STALE | 70 | Invalid filehandle. | | | | The filehandle given | | | | in the arguments was | | | | invalid. The file | | | | referred to by that | | | | filehandle no longer | | | | exists or access to | | | | it has been revoked. | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 269] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID | 10022 | A clientid not | | | | recognized by the | | | | server was used in a | | | | locking or | | | | CREATE_SESSION | | | | request. | | NFS4ERR_STALE_STATEID | 10023 | A stateid generated | | | | by an earlier server | | | | instance was used. | | NFS4ERR_SYMLINK | 10029 | The current | | | | filehandle provided | | | | for a LOOKUP is not | | | | a directory but a | | | | symbolic link. Also | | | | used if the final | | | | component of the | | | | OPEN path is a | | | | symbolic link. | | NFS4ERR_TOOSMALL | 10005 | The encoded response | | | | to a READDIR request | | | | exceeds the size | | | | limit set by the | | | | initial request. | | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS | 10070 | The COMPOUND or | | | | CB_COMPOUND request | | | | has too many | | | | operations. | | NFS4ERR_UNKNOWN_LAYOUTTYPE | 10062 | Layout type is | | | | unknown. | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND | 10069 | The client has sent | | | | a COMPOUND request | | | | with an unsafe mix | | | | of operations. | | NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC | 10016 | The security | | | | mechanism being used | | | | by the client for | | | | the operation does | | | | not match the | | | | server's security | | | | policy. The client | | | | should change the | | | | security mechanism | | | | being used and retry | | | | the operation. | | NFS4ERR_XDEV | 18 | Attempt to do an | | | | operation between | | | | different fsids. | +-----------------------------------+--------+----------------------+ Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 270] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Table 8 14.2. Operations and their valid errors Mappings of valid error returns for each protocol operation +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | Operation | Errors | +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | ACCESS | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_DELAY, | | | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_INVAL, | | | NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE | | BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION | NFS4ERR_BAD_SESSION_DIGEST, | | | NFS4ERR_CONN_BINDING_NOT_ENFORCED | | CLOSE | NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED, NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_BAD_SEQID, NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_DELAY, | | | NFS4ERR_EXPIRED, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_ISDIR, | | | NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED, NFS4ERR_LOCKS_HELD, | | | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE, | | | NFS4ERR_STALE_STATEID | | COMMIT | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_ISDIR, | | | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, NFS4ERR_ROFS, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 271] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | CREATE | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP, | | | NFS4ERR_BADCHAR, NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_BADNAME, NFS4ERR_BADOWNER, | | | NFS4ERR_BADTYPE, NFS4ERR_BADXDR, | | | NFS4ERR_DELAY, NFS4ERR_DQUOT, | | | NFS4ERR_EXIST, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_NAMETOOLONG, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_NOSPC, NFS4ERR_NOTDIR, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, NFS4ERR_PERM, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, NFS4ERR_ROFS, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE | | EXCHANGE_ID | | | CREATE_SESSION | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, | | | NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID | | DELEGPURGE | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP, | | | NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED, NFS4ERR_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, | | | NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID | | DELEGRETURN | NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED, | | | NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID, NFS4ERR_BADXDR, | | | NFS4ERR_EXPIRED, NFS4ERR_INVAL, | | | NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED, NFS4ERR_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP, | | | NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE, | | | NFS4ERR_STALE_STATEID | | DESTROY_SESSION | | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 272] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | GET_DIR_DELEGATION | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOTDIR, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE, | | | NFS4ERR_DIRDELEG_UNAVAIL, | | | NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC, NFS4ERR_EIO, | | | NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP | | GETATTR | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_DELAY, | | | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_INVAL, | | | NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE | | GETDEVICEINFO | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_INVAL, | | | NFS4ERR_TOOSMALL, | | | NFS4ERR_UNKNOWN_LAYOUTTYPE | | GETDEVICELIST | NFS4ERR_BAD_COOKIE, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_TOOSMALL, | | | NFS4ERR_UNKNOWN_LAYOUTTYPE | | GETFH | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE | | ILLEGAL | NFS4ERR_OP_ILLEGAL | | LAYOUTCOMMIT | NFS4ERR_BADLAYOUT, NFS4ERR_BADIOMODE, | | | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_INVAL, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE, | | | NFS4ERR_RECLAIM_BAD, NFS4ERR_STALE, | | | NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID, | | | NFS4ERR_UNKNOWN_LAYOUTTYPE | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 273] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | LAYOUTGET | NFS4ERR_BADLAYOUT, NFS4ERR_BADIOMODE, | | | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_INVAL, | | | NFS4ERR_LAYOUTUNAVAILABLE, | | | NFS4ERR_LAYOUTTRYLATER, NFS4ERR_LOCKED, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP, | | | NFS4ERR_RECALLCONFLICT, NFS4ERR_STALE, | | | NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID, NFS4ERR_TOOSMALL, | | | NFS4ERR_UNKNOWN_LAYOUTTYPE | | LAYOUTRETURN | NFS4ERR_BADLAYOUT, NFS4ERR_BADIOMODE, | | | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_INVAL, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE, | | | NFS4ERR_STALE, NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID, | | | NFS4ERR_UNKNOWN_LAYOUTTYPE | | LINK | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADCHAR, | | | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, NFS4ERR_BADNAME, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_DELAY, | | | NFS4ERR_DQUOT, NFS4ERR_EXIST, | | | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_FILE_OPEN, | | | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_ISDIR, | | | NFS4ERR_MLINK, NFS4ERR_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_NAMETOOLONG, NFS4ERR_NOENT, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOSPC, | | | NFS4ERR_NOTDIR, NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, NFS4ERR_ROFS, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE, | | | NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC, NFS4ERR_XDEV | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 274] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | LOCK | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED, | | | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, NFS4ERR_BAD_RANGE, | | | NFS4ERR_BAD_SEQID, NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_DEADLOCK, | | | NFS4ERR_DELAY, NFS4ERR_DENIED, | | | NFS4ERR_EXPIRED, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_GRACE, NFS4ERR_INVAL, | | | NFS4ERR_ISDIR, NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_LOCK_NOTSUPP, NFS4ERR_LOCK_RANGE, | | | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE, NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID, | | | NFS4ERR_OPENMODE, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_RECLAIM_BAD, | | | NFS4ERR_RECLAIM_CONFLICT, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE, | | | NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID, | | | NFS4ERR_STALE_STATEID | | LOCKT | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_BAD_RANGE, NFS4ERR_BADXDR, | | | NFS4ERR_DELAY, NFS4ERR_DENIED, | | | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_GRACE, | | | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_ISDIR, | | | NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED, NFS4ERR_LOCK_RANGE, | | | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE, | | | NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 275] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | LOCKU | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED, | | | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, NFS4ERR_BAD_RANGE, | | | NFS4ERR_BAD_SEQID, NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_EXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_GRACE, | | | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_ISDIR, | | | NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED, NFS4ERR_LOCK_RANGE, | | | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE, | | | NFS4ERR_STALE_STATEID | | LOOKUP | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADCHAR, | | | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, NFS4ERR_BADNAME, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_NAMETOOLONG, NFS4ERR_NOENT, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOTDIR, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE, | | | NFS4ERR_SYMLINK, NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC | | LOOKUPP | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_IO, | | | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOENT, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOTDIR, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE, | | | NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 276] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NVERIFY | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP, | | | NFS4ERR_BADCHAR, NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_DELAY, | | | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_INVAL, | | | NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, NFS4ERR_SAME, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE | | OPEN | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED, | | | NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP, NFS4ERR_BADCHAR, | | | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, NFS4ERR_BADNAME, | | | NFS4ERR_BADOWNER, NFS4ERR_BAD_SEQID, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_DELAY, | | | NFS4ERR_DQUOT, NFS4ERR_EXIST, | | | NFS4ERR_EXPIRED, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_GRACE, NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_INVAL, | | | NFS4ERR_ISDIR, NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NAMETOOLONG, | | | NFS4ERR_NOENT, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_NOSPC, NFS4ERR_NOTDIR, | | | NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE, NFS4ERR_PERM, | | | NFS4ERR_RECLAIM_BAD, | | | NFS4ERR_RECLAIM_CONFLICT, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, NFS4ERR_ROFS, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_SHARE_DENIED, | | | NFS4ERR_STALE, NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID, | | | NFS4ERR_SYMLINK, NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC | | OPEN_DOWNGRADE | NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED, NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_BAD_SEQID, NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_EXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_INVAL, | | | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE, | | | NFS4ERR_STALE_STATEID | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 277] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | OPENATTR | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_DELAY, | | | NFS4ERR_DQUOT, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOENT, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOSPC, | | | NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, NFS4ERR_ROFS, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE | | PUTFH | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, NFS4ERR_BADXDR, | | | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE, | | | NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC | | PUTPUBFH | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC | | PUTROOTFH | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 278] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | READ | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED, | | | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_DELAY, | | | NFS4ERR_EXPIRED, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_GRACE, NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_INVAL, | | | NFS4ERR_ISDIR, NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_LOCKED, NFS4ERR_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NXIO, | | | NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_OPENMODE, NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE, | | | NFS4ERR_STALE_STATEID | | READDIR | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_BAD_COOKIE, NFS4ERR_BADXDR, | | | NFS4ERR_DELAY, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOTDIR, | | | NFS4ERR_NOT_SAME, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE, | | | NFS4ERR_TOOSMALL | | READLINK | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_DELAY, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_ISDIR, | | | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE | | RECLAIM_COMPLETE | NFS4ERR_COMPLETE_ALREADY | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 279] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | RELEASE_LOCKOWNER | NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED, NFS4ERR_BADXDR, | | | NFS4ERR_EXPIRED, NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_LOCKS_HELD, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, | | | NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID | | REMOVE | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADCHAR, | | | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, NFS4ERR_BADNAME, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_DELAY, | | | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_FILE_OPEN, | | | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_NAMETOOLONG, NFS4ERR_NOENT, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOTDIR, | | | NFS4ERR_NOTEMPTY, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, NFS4ERR_ROFS, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE | | RENAME | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADCHAR, | | | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, NFS4ERR_BADNAME, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_DELAY, | | | NFS4ERR_DQUOT, NFS4ERR_EXIST, | | | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_FILE_OPEN, | | | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_NAMETOOLONG, NFS4ERR_NOENT, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOSPC, | | | NFS4ERR_NOTDIR, NFS4ERR_NOTEMPTY, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, NFS4ERR_ROFS, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE, | | | NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC, NFS4ERR_XDEV | | RESTOREFH | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_RESTOREFH, NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, | | | NFS4ERR_STALE, NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 280] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | SAVEFH | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE | | SECINFO | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADCHAR, | | | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, NFS4ERR_BADNAME, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_NAMETOOLONG, NFS4ERR_NOENT, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOTDIR, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE | | SECINFO_NO_NAME | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADCHAR, | | | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, NFS4ERR_BADNAME, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_NAMETOOLONG, NFS4ERR_NOENT, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOTDIR, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE | | SEQUENCE | NFS4ERR_BADSESSION, NFS4ERR_BADSLOT, | | | NFS4ERR_CONN_NOT_BOUND_TO_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED, | | | NFS4ERR_SEQUENCE_POS, NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE | | SET_SSV | NFS4ERR_BAD_SESSION_DIGEST, | | | NFS4ERR_CONN_BINDING_NOT_ENFORCED | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 281] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | SETATTR | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED, | | | NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP, NFS4ERR_BADCHAR, | | | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, NFS4ERR_BADOWNER, | | | NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID, NFS4ERR_BADXDR, | | | NFS4ERR_DELAY, NFS4ERR_DQUOT, | | | NFS4ERR_EXPIRED, NFS4ERR_FBIG, | | | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_GRACE, | | | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_ISDIR, | | | NFS4ERR_LOCKED, NFS4ERR_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOSPC, | | | NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID, NFS4ERR_OPENMODE, | | | NFS4ERR_PERM, NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, NFS4ERR_ROFS, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE, | | | NFS4ERR_STALE_STATEID | | EXCHANGE_ID | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE, | | | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT | | CREATE_SESSION | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE, | | | NFS4ERR_DELAY, NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, | | | NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID | | VERIFY | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP, | | | NFS4ERR_BADCHAR, NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_DELAY, | | | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_INVAL, | | | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, | | | NFS4ERR_NOT_SAME, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE | | WANT_DELEGATION | | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 282] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | WRITE | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED, | | | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID, | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_DELAY, | | | NFS4ERR_DQUOT, NFS4ERR_EXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_FBIG, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, | | | NFS4ERR_GRACE, NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_IO, | | | NFS4ERR_ISDIR, NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_LOCKED, NFS4ERR_MOVED, | | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOSPC, | | | NFS4ERR_NXIO, NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID, | | | NFS4ERR_OPENMODE, | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, NFS4ERR_ROFS, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE, | | | NFS4ERR_STALE_STATEID | +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+ Table 9 Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 283] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 14.3. Callback operations and their valid errors Mappings of valid error returns for each protocol callback operation +-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | Callback Operation | Errors | +-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | CB_GETATTR | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE NFS4ERR_BADXDR | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT | | CB_ILLEGAL | NFS4ERR_OP_ILLEGAL | | CB_LAYOUTRECALL | NFS4ERR_NOMATCHING_LAYOUT | | CB_NOTIFY | NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID NFS4ERR_INVAL | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT | | CB_PUSH_DELEG | | | CB_RECALL | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID | | | NFS4ERR_BADXDR | | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT | | CB_RECALL_ANY | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, | | | NFS4ERR_INVAL | | CB_RECALLABLE_OBJ_AVAIL | | | CB_RECALL_CREDIT | | | CB_SEQUENCE | NFS4ERR_BADSESSION, NFS4ERR_BADSLOT, | | | NFS4ERR_CONN_NOT_BOUND_TO_SESSION, | | | NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED, | | | NFS4ERR_SEQUENCE_POS, | | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, | | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE | +-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ Table 10 Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 284] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 14.4. Errors and the operations that use them +-----------------------------------+-------------------------------+ | Error | Operations | +-----------------------------------+-------------------------------+ | NFS4ERR_ACCESS | ACCESS, COMMIT, CREATE, | | | GETATTR, GET_DIR_DELEGATION, | | | LINK, LOCK, LOCKT, LOCKU, | | | LOOKUP, LOOKUPP, NVERIFY, | | | OPEN, OPENATTR, READ, | | | READDIR, READLINK, REMOVE, | | | RENAME, SECINFO, | | | SECINFO_NO_NAME, SETATTR, | | | VERIFY, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED | CLOSE, DELEGRETURN, LOCK, | | | LOCKU, OPEN, OPEN_DOWNGRADE, | | | READ, RELEASE_LOCKOWNER, | | | SETATTR, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP | CREATE, NVERIFY, OPEN, | | | SETATTR, VERIFY | | NFS4ERR_BADCHAR | CREATE, LINK, LOOKUP, | | | NVERIFY, OPEN, REMOVE, | | | RENAME, SECINFO, | | | SECINFO_NO_NAME, SETATTR, | | | VERIFY | | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE | ACCESS, CB_GETATTR, | | | CB_RECALL, CLOSE, COMMIT, | | | CREATE, GETATTR, GETFH, | | | GET_DIR_DELEGATION, LINK, | | | LOCK, LOCKT, LOCKU, LOOKUP, | | | LOOKUPP, NVERIFY, OPEN, | | | OPENATTR, OPEN_DOWNGRADE, | | | PUTFH, READ, READDIR, | | | READLINK, REMOVE, RENAME, | | | RESTOREFH, SAVEFH, SECINFO, | | | SECINFO_NO_NAME, SETATTR, | | | VERIFY, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_BADIOMODE | LAYOUTCOMMIT, LAYOUTGET, | | | LAYOUTRETURN | | NFS4ERR_BADLAYOUT | LAYOUTCOMMIT, LAYOUTGET, | | | LAYOUTRETURN | | NFS4ERR_BADNAME | CREATE, LINK, LOOKUP, OPEN, | | | REMOVE, RENAME, SECINFO, | | | SECINFO_NO_NAME | | NFS4ERR_BADOWNER | CREATE, OPEN, SETATTR | | NFS4ERR_BADSESSION | CB_SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE | | NFS4ERR_BADSLOT | CB_SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE | | NFS4ERR_BADTYPE | CREATE | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 285] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NFS4ERR_BADXDR | ACCESS, CB_GETATTR, | | | CB_NOTIFY, CB_RECALL, CLOSE, | | | COMMIT, CREATE, | | | CREATE_SESSION, DELEGPURGE, | | | DELEGRETURN, EXCHANGE_ID, | | | GETATTR, GET_DIR_DELEGATION, | | | LINK, LOCK, LOCKT, LOCKU, | | | LOOKUP, NVERIFY, OPEN, | | | OPENATTR, OPEN_DOWNGRADE, | | | PUTFH, READ, READDIR, | | | RELEASE_LOCKOWNER, REMOVE, | | | RENAME, SECINFO, | | | SECINFO_NO_NAME, SETATTR, | | | VERIFY, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_BAD_COOKIE | GETDEVICELIST, READDIR | | NFS4ERR_BAD_RANGE | LOCK, LOCKT, LOCKU | | NFS4ERR_BAD_SEQID | CLOSE, LOCK, LOCKU, OPEN, | | | OPEN_DOWNGRADE | | NFS4ERR_BAD_SESSION_DIGEST | BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION, SET_SSV | | NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID | CB_NOTIFY, CB_RECALL, CLOSE, | | | DELEGRETURN, LOCK, LOCKU, | | | OPEN_DOWNGRADE, READ, | | | SETATTR, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE | CREATE_SESSION, EXCHANGE_ID | | NFS4ERR_COMPLETE_ALREADY | RECLAIM_COMPLETE | | NFS4ERR_CONN_BINDING_NOT_ENFORCED | BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION, SET_SSV | | NFS4ERR_CONN_NOT_BOUND_TO_SESSION | CB_SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE | | NFS4ERR_DEADLOCK | LOCK | | NFS4ERR_DELAY | ACCESS, CLOSE, CREATE, | | | CREATE_SESSION, GETATTR, | | | LINK, LOCK, LOCKT, NVERIFY, | | | OPEN, OPENATTR, READ, | | | READDIR, READLINK, REMOVE, | | | RENAME, SETATTR, VERIFY, | | | WRITE | | NFS4ERR_DENIED | LOCK, LOCKT | | NFS4ERR_DIRDELEG_UNAVAIL | GET_DIR_DELEGATION | | NFS4ERR_DQUOT | CREATE, LINK, OPEN, OPENATTR, | | | RENAME, SETATTR, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_EIO | GET_DIR_DELEGATION | | NFS4ERR_EXIST | CREATE, LINK, OPEN, RENAME | | NFS4ERR_EXPIRED | CLOSE, DELEGRETURN, LOCK, | | | LOCKU, OPEN, OPEN_DOWNGRADE, | | | READ, RELEASE_LOCKOWNER, | | | SETATTR, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_FBIG | SETATTR, WRITE | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 286] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED | ACCESS, CLOSE, COMMIT, | | | CREATE, GETATTR, | | | GETDEVICEINFO, GETDEVICELIST, | | | GETFH, GET_DIR_DELEGATION, | | | LAYOUTCOMMIT, LAYOUTGET, | | | LAYOUTRETURN, LINK, LOCK, | | | LOCKT, LOCKU, LOOKUP, | | | LOOKUPP, NVERIFY, OPEN, | | | OPENATTR, OPEN_DOWNGRADE, | | | PUTFH, READ, READDIR, | | | READLINK, REMOVE, RENAME, | | | RESTOREFH, SAVEFH, SECINFO, | | | SECINFO_NO_NAME, SETATTR, | | | VERIFY, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_FILE_OPEN | LINK, REMOVE, RENAME | | NFS4ERR_GRACE | LOCK, LOCKT, LOCKU, OPEN, | | | READ, SETATTR, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_INVAL | ACCESS, CB_NOTIFY, | | | CB_RECALL_ANY, CLOSE, COMMIT, | | | CREATE, DELEGRETURN, | | | EXCHANGE_ID, GETATTR, | | | GETDEVICEINFO, GETDEVICELIST, | | | GET_DIR_DELEGATION, | | | LAYOUTCOMMIT, LAYOUTGET, | | | LAYOUTRETURN, LINK, LOCK, | | | LOCKT, LOCKU, LOOKUP, | | | NVERIFY, OPEN, | | | OPEN_DOWNGRADE, READ, | | | READDIR, READLINK, REMOVE, | | | RENAME, SECINFO, | | | SECINFO_NO_NAME, SETATTR, | | | VERIFY, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_IO | ACCESS, COMMIT, CREATE, | | | GETATTR, LINK, LOOKUP, | | | LOOKUPP, NVERIFY, OPEN, | | | OPENATTR, READ, READDIR, | | | READLINK, REMOVE, RENAME, | | | SETATTR, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_ISDIR | CLOSE, COMMIT, LINK, LOCK, | | | LOCKT, LOCKU, OPEN, READ, | | | READLINK, SETATTR, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_LAYOUTTRYLATER | LAYOUTGET | | NFS4ERR_LAYOUTUNAVAILABLE | LAYOUTGET | | NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED | CLOSE, DELEGPURGE, | | | DELEGRETURN, LOCK, LOCKT, | | | LOCKU, OPEN, READ, | | | RELEASE_LOCKOWNER, WRITE | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 287] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NFS4ERR_LOCKED | LAYOUTGET, READ, SETATTR, | | | WRITE | | NFS4ERR_LOCKS_HELD | CLOSE, RELEASE_LOCKOWNER | | NFS4ERR_LOCK_NOTSUPP | LOCK | | NFS4ERR_LOCK_RANGE | LOCK, LOCKT, LOCKU | | NFS4ERR_MLINK | LINK | | NFS4ERR_MOVED | ACCESS, CLOSE, COMMIT, | | | CREATE, DELEGPURGE, | | | DELEGRETURN, GETATTR, GETFH, | | | GET_DIR_DELEGATION, LINK, | | | LOCK, LOCKT, LOCKU, LOOKUP, | | | LOOKUPP, NVERIFY, OPEN, | | | OPENATTR, OPEN_DOWNGRADE, | | | PUTFH, READ, READDIR, | | | READLINK, REMOVE, RENAME, | | | RESTOREFH, SAVEFH, SECINFO, | | | SECINFO_NO_NAME, SETATTR, | | | VERIFY, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_NAMETOOLONG | CREATE, LINK, LOOKUP, OPEN, | | | REMOVE, RENAME, SECINFO, | | | SECINFO_NO_NAME | | NFS4ERR_NOENT | LINK, LOOKUP, LOOKUPP, OPEN, | | | OPENATTR, REMOVE, RENAME, | | | SECINFO, SECINFO_NO_NAME | | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE | ACCESS, CLOSE, COMMIT, | | | CREATE, DELEGRETURN, GETATTR, | | | GETFH, GET_DIR_DELEGATION, | | | LAYOUTCOMMIT, LAYOUTGET, | | | LAYOUTRETURN, LINK, LOCK, | | | LOCKT, LOCKU, LOOKUP, | | | LOOKUPP, NVERIFY, OPEN, | | | OPENATTR, OPEN_DOWNGRADE, | | | READ, READDIR, READLINK, | | | REMOVE, RENAME, SAVEFH, | | | SECINFO, SECINFO_NO_NAME, | | | SETATTR, VERIFY, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_NOMATCHING_LAYOUT | CB_LAYOUTRECALL | | NFS4ERR_NOSPC | CREATE, LINK, OPEN, OPENATTR, | | | RENAME, SETATTR, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_NOTDIR | CREATE, GET_DIR_DELEGATION, | | | LINK, LOOKUP, LOOKUPP, OPEN, | | | READDIR, REMOVE, RENAME, | | | SECINFO, SECINFO_NO_NAME | | NFS4ERR_NOTEMPTY | REMOVE, RENAME | | NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP | DELEGPURGE, DELEGRETURN, | | | GET_DIR_DELEGATION, | | | LAYOUTGET, LINK, OPENATTR, | | | READLINK | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 288] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NFS4ERR_NOT_SAME | READDIR, VERIFY | | NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE | LAYOUTCOMMIT, LAYOUTRETURN, | | | LOCK, OPEN | | NFS4ERR_NXIO | READ, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID | CLOSE, DELEGRETURN, LOCK, | | | LOCKU, OPEN_DOWNGRADE, READ, | | | SETATTR, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_OPENMODE | LOCK, READ, SETATTR, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_OP_ILLEGAL | CB_ILLEGAL, ILLEGAL | | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION | ACCESS, CB_GETATTR, | | | CB_RECALL, CB_RECALL_ANY, | | | CLOSE, COMMIT, CREATE, | | | DELEGPURGE, DELEGRETURN, | | | GETATTR, GETFH, | | | GET_DIR_DELEGATION, LINK, | | | LOCK, LOCKT, LOCKU, LOOKUP, | | | LOOKUPP, NVERIFY, OPEN, | | | OPENATTR, OPEN_DOWNGRADE, | | | PUTFH, PUTPUBFH, PUTROOTFH, | | | READ, READDIR, READLINK, | | | RELEASE_LOCKOWNER, REMOVE, | | | RENAME, RESTOREFH, SAVEFH, | | | SECINFO, SECINFO_NO_NAME, | | | SETATTR, VERIFY, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_PERM | CREATE, OPEN, SETATTR | | NFS4ERR_RECALLCONFLICT | LAYOUTGET | | NFS4ERR_RECLAIM_BAD | LAYOUTCOMMIT, LOCK, OPEN | | NFS4ERR_RECLAIM_CONFLICT | LOCK, OPEN | | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG | ACCESS, CB_GETATTR, | | | CB_RECALL, CB_RECALL_ANY, | | | CB_SEQUENCE, CLOSE, COMMIT, | | | CREATE, DELEGPURGE, | | | DELEGRETURN, GETATTR, GETFH, | | | GET_DIR_DELEGATION, LINK, | | | LOCK, LOCKT, LOCKU, LOOKUP, | | | LOOKUPP, NVERIFY, OPEN, | | | OPENATTR, OPEN_DOWNGRADE, | | | PUTFH, PUTPUBFH, PUTROOTFH, | | | READ, READDIR, READLINK, | | | RELEASE_LOCKOWNER, REMOVE, | | | RENAME, RESTOREFH, SAVEFH, | | | SECINFO, SECINFO_NO_NAME, | | | SEQUENCE, SETATTR, VERIFY, | | | WRITE | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 289] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE | ACCESS, CB_GETATTR, | | | CB_RECALL, CB_RECALL_ANY, | | | CB_SEQUENCE, CLOSE, COMMIT, | | | CREATE, DELEGPURGE, | | | DELEGRETURN, GETATTR, GETFH, | | | GET_DIR_DELEGATION, LINK, | | | LOCK, LOCKT, LOCKU, LOOKUP, | | | LOOKUPP, NVERIFY, OPEN, | | | OPENATTR, OPEN_DOWNGRADE, | | | PUTFH, PUTPUBFH, PUTROOTFH, | | | READ, READDIR, READLINK, | | | RELEASE_LOCKOWNER, REMOVE, | | | RENAME, RESTOREFH, SAVEFH, | | | SECINFO, SECINFO_NO_NAME, | | | SEQUENCE, SETATTR, VERIFY, | | | WRITE | | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG | ACCESS, CB_GETATTR, | | | CB_RECALL, CB_RECALL_ANY, | | | CB_SEQUENCE, CLOSE, COMMIT, | | | CREATE, DELEGPURGE, | | | DELEGRETURN, GETATTR, GETFH, | | | GET_DIR_DELEGATION, LINK, | | | LOCK, LOCKT, LOCKU, LOOKUP, | | | LOOKUPP, NVERIFY, OPEN, | | | OPENATTR, OPEN_DOWNGRADE, | | | PUTFH, PUTPUBFH, PUTROOTFH, | | | READ, READDIR, READLINK, | | | RELEASE_LOCKOWNER, REMOVE, | | | RENAME, RESTOREFH, SAVEFH, | | | SECINFO, SECINFO_NO_NAME, | | | SEQUENCE, SETATTR, VERIFY, | | | WRITE | | NFS4ERR_RESTOREFH | RESTOREFH | | NFS4ERR_ROFS | COMMIT, CREATE, LINK, OPEN, | | | OPENATTR, REMOVE, RENAME, | | | SETATTR, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_SAME | NVERIFY | | NFS4ERR_SEQUENCE_POS | CB_SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE | | NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED | CB_SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 290] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT | ACCESS, CB_GETATTR, | | | CB_NOTIFY, CB_RECALL, CLOSE, | | | COMMIT, CREATE, | | | CREATE_SESSION, DELEGPURGE, | | | DELEGRETURN, EXCHANGE_ID, | | | GETATTR, GETFH, | | | GET_DIR_DELEGATION, LINK, | | | LOCK, LOCKT, LOCKU, LOOKUP, | | | LOOKUPP, NVERIFY, OPEN, | | | OPENATTR, OPEN_DOWNGRADE, | | | PUTFH, PUTPUBFH, PUTROOTFH, | | | READ, READDIR, READLINK, | | | RELEASE_LOCKOWNER, REMOVE, | | | RENAME, RESTOREFH, SAVEFH, | | | SECINFO, SECINFO_NO_NAME, | | | SETATTR, VERIFY, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_SHARE_DENIED | OPEN | | NFS4ERR_STALE | ACCESS, CLOSE, COMMIT, | | | CREATE, DELEGRETURN, GETATTR, | | | GETFH, GET_DIR_DELEGATION, | | | LAYOUTCOMMIT, LAYOUTGET, | | | LAYOUTRETURN, LINK, LOCK, | | | LOCKT, LOCKU, LOOKUP, | | | LOOKUPP, NVERIFY, OPEN, | | | OPENATTR, OPEN_DOWNGRADE, | | | PUTFH, READ, READDIR, | | | READLINK, REMOVE, RENAME, | | | RESTOREFH, SAVEFH, SECINFO, | | | SECINFO_NO_NAME, SETATTR, | | | VERIFY, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID | CREATE_SESSION, DELEGPURGE, | | | LAYOUTCOMMIT, LAYOUTGET, | | | LAYOUTRETURN, LOCK, LOCKT, | | | OPEN, RELEASE_LOCKOWNER | | NFS4ERR_STALE_STATEID | CLOSE, DELEGRETURN, LOCK, | | | LOCKU, OPEN_DOWNGRADE, READ, | | | SETATTR, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_SYMLINK | LOOKUP, OPEN | | NFS4ERR_TOOSMALL | GETDEVICEINFO, GETDEVICELIST, | | | LAYOUTGET, READDIR | Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 291] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS | ACCESS, CB_GETATTR, | | | CB_RECALL, CB_RECALL_ANY, | | | CB_SEQUENCE, CLOSE, COMMIT, | | | CREATE, DELEGPURGE, | | | DELEGRETURN, GETATTR, GETFH, | | | GET_DIR_DELEGATION, LINK, | | | LOCK, LOCKT, LOCKU, LOOKUP, | | | LOOKUPP, NVERIFY, OPEN, | | | OPENATTR, OPEN_DOWNGRADE, | | | PUTFH, PUTPUBFH, PUTROOTFH, | | | READ, READDIR, READLINK, | | | RELEASE_LOCKOWNER, REMOVE, | | | RENAME, RESTOREFH, SAVEFH, | | | SECINFO, SECINFO_NO_NAME, | | | SEQUENCE, SETATTR, VERIFY, | | | WRITE | | NFS4ERR_UNKNOWN_LAYOUTTYPE | GETDEVICEINFO, GETDEVICELIST, | | | LAYOUTCOMMIT, LAYOUTGET, | | | LAYOUTRETURN | | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND | ACCESS, CB_GETATTR, CLOSE, | | | COMMIT, CREATE, DELEGPURGE, | | | DELEGRETURN, GETATTR, GETFH, | | | GET_DIR_DELEGATION, LINK, | | | LOCK, LOCKT, LOCKU, LOOKUP, | | | LOOKUPP, NVERIFY, OPEN, | | | OPENATTR, OPEN_DOWNGRADE, | | | PUTFH, PUTPUBFH, PUTROOTFH, | | | READ, READDIR, READLINK, | | | RELEASE_LOCKOWNER, REMOVE, | | | RENAME, RESTOREFH, SAVEFH, | | | SECINFO, SECINFO_NO_NAME, | | | SETATTR, VERIFY, WRITE | | NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC | GET_DIR_DELEGATION, LINK, | | | LOOKUP, LOOKUPP, OPEN, PUTFH, | | | PUTPUBFH, PUTROOTFH, RENAME, | | | RESTOREFH | | NFS4ERR_XDEV | LINK, RENAME | +-----------------------------------+-------------------------------+ Table 11 15. NFS version 4.1 Procedures 15.1. Procedure 0: NULL - No Operation Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 292] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 15.1.1. SYNOPSIS 15.1.2. ARGUMENTS void; 15.1.3. RESULTS void; 15.1.4. DESCRIPTION Standard NULL procedure. Void argument, void response. This procedure has no functionality associated with it. Because of this it is sometimes used to measure the overhead of processing a service request. Therefore, the server should ensure that no unnecessary work is done in servicing this procedure. 15.1.5. ERRORS None. 15.2. Procedure 1: COMPOUND - Compound Operations 15.2.1. SYNOPSIS compoundargs -> compoundres 15.2.2. ARGUMENTS union nfs_argop4 switch (nfs_opnum4 argop) { case : ; ... }; struct COMPOUND4args { utf8str_cs tag; uint32_t minorversion; nfs_argop4 argarray<>; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 293] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 15.2.3. RESULTS union nfs_resop4 switch (nfs_opnum4 resop){ case : ; ... }; struct COMPOUND4res { nfsstat4 status; utf8str_cs tag; nfs_resop4 resarray<>; }; 15.2.4. DESCRIPTION The COMPOUND procedure is used to combine one or more of the NFS operations into a single RPC request. The main NFS RPC program has two main procedures: NULL and COMPOUND. All other operations use the COMPOUND procedure as a wrapper. The COMPOUND procedure is used to combine individual operations into a single RPC request. The server interprets each of the operations in turn. If an operation is executed by the server and the status of that operation is NFS4_OK, then the next operation in the COMPOUND procedure is executed. The server continues this process until there are no more operations to be executed or one of the operations has a status value other than NFS4_OK. In the processing of the COMPOUND procedure, the server may find that it does not have the available resources to execute any or all of the operations within the COMPOUND sequence. See Section 2.9.4.4 for a more detailed discussion. The server will generally choose between two methods of decoding the client's request. The first would be the traditional one pass XDR decode. If there is an XDR decoding error in this case, the RPC XDR decode error would be returned. The second method would be to make an initial pass to decode the basic COMPOUND request and then to XDR decode the individual operations; the most interesting is the decode of attributes. In this case, the server may encounter an XDR decode error during the second pass. In this case, the server would return the error NFS4ERR_BADXDR to signify the decode error. The COMPOUND arguments contain a "minorversion" field. For NFSv4.1, the value for this field is 1. If the server receives a COMPOUND procedure with a minorversion field value that it does not support, the server MUST return an error of NFS4ERR_MINOR_VERS_MISMATCH and a zero length resultdata array. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 294] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Contained within the COMPOUND results is a "status" field. If the results array length is non-zero, this status must be equivalent to the status of the last operation that was executed within the COMPOUND procedure. Therefore, if an operation incurred an error then the "status" value will be the same error value as is being returned for the operation that failed. Note that operations, 0 (zero) and 1 (one) are not defined for the COMPOUND procedure. Operation 2 is not defined but reserved for future definition and use with minor versioning. If the server receives a operation array that contains operation 2 and the minorversion field has a value of 0 (zero), an error of NFS4ERR_OP_ILLEGAL, as described in the next paragraph, is returned to the client. If an operation array contains an operation 2 and the minorversion field is non-zero and the server does not support the minor version, the server returns an error of NFS4ERR_MINOR_VERS_MISMATCH. Therefore, the NFS4ERR_MINOR_VERS_MISMATCH error takes precedence over all other errors. It is possible that the server receives a request that contains an operation that is less than the first legal operation (OP_ACCESS) or greater than the last legal operation (OP_RELEASE_LOCKOWNER). In this case, the server's response will encode the opcode OP_ILLEGAL rather than the illegal opcode of the request. The status field in the ILLEGAL return results will set to NFS4ERR_OP_ILLEGAL. The COMPOUND procedure's return results will also be NFS4ERR_OP_ILLEGAL. The definition of the "tag" in the request is left to the implementor. It may be used to summarize the content of the compound request for the benefit of packet sniffers and engineers debugging implementations. However, the value of "tag" in the response SHOULD be the same value as provided in the request. This applies to the tag field of the CB_COMPOUND procedure as well. 15.2.4.1. Current File Handle and Stateid The COMPOUND procedure offers a simple environment for the execution of the operations specified by the client. The first two relate to the file handle while the second two relate to the current stateid. 15.2.4.1.1. Current File Handle The current and saved file handle are used throughout the protocol. Most operations implicitly use the current file handle as a argument and many set the current file handle as part of the results. The combination of client specified sequences of operations and current and saved file handle arguments and results allows for greater Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 295] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 protocol flexibility. The best or easiest example of current file handle usage is a sequence like the following: PUTFH fh1 {fh1} LOOKUP "compA" {fh2} GETATTR {fh2} LOOKUP "compB" {fh3} GETATTR {fh3} LOOKUP "compC" {fh4} GETATTR {fh4} GETFH Figure 72 In this example, the PUTFH operation explicitly sets the current file handle value while the result of each LOOKUP operation sets the current file handle value to the resultant file system object. Also, the client is able to insert GETATTR operations using the current file handle as an argument. Along with the current file handle, there is a saved file handle. While the current file handle is set as the result of operations like LOOKUP, the saved file handle must be set directly with the use of the SAVEFH operation. The SAVEFH operations copies the current file handle value to the saved value. The saved file handle value is used in combination with the current file handle value for the LINK and RENAME operations. The RESTOREFH operation will copy the saved file handle value to the current file handle value; as a result, the saved file handle value may be used a sort of "scratch" area for the client's series of operations. 15.2.4.1.2. Current Stateid With NFSv4.1, additions of a current stateid and a saved stateid have been made to the COMPOUND processing environment; this allows for the passing of stateids between operations. There are no changes to the syntax of the protocol, only changes to the semantics of a few operations. A "current stateid" is the stateid that is associated with the current file handle. The current stateid may only be changed by an operation that modifies the current file handle or returns a stateid. If an operation returns a stateid it MUST set the current stateid to the returned value. If an operation sets the current file handle but does not return a stateid, the current stateid MUST be set to the all-zeros special stateid. As an example, PUTFH will change the current server state from {ocfh, osid} to {cfh, 0} while LOCK will Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 296] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 change the current state from {cfh, osid} to {cfh, nsid}. The SAVEFH and RESTOREFH operations will save and restore both the file handle and the stateid as a set. Any operation which takes as an argument a stateid that is not the special all-zeros stateid MUST set the current stateid to the all- zeros value before evaluating the operation. If the argument is the special all-zeros stateid, the operation is evaluated using the current stateid. The following example is the common case of a simple READ operation with a supplied stateid showing that the PUTFH initializes the current stateid to zero. The subsequent READ with stateid sid1 replaces the current stateid before evaluating the operation. PUTFH fh1 - -> {fh1, 0} READ sid1,0,1024 {fh1, sid1} -> {fh1, sid1} Figure 73 This next example performs an OPEN with the client provided stateid sid1 and as a result generates stateid sid2. The next operation specifies the READ with the special all-zero stateid but the current stateid set by the previous operation is actually used when the operation is evaluated, allowing correct interaction with any existing, potentially conflicting, locks. PUTFH fh1 - -> {fh1, 0} OPEN R,sid1,"compA" {fh1, sid1} -> {fh2, sid2} READ 0,0,1024 {fh2, sid2} -> {fh2, sid2} CLOSE 0 {fh2, sid2} -> {fh2, sid3} Figure 74 The final example is similar to the second in how it passes the stateid sid2 generated by the LOCK operation to the next READ operation. This allows the client to explicitly surround a single I/O operation with a lock and its appropriate stateid to guarantee correctness with other client locks. PUTFH fh1 - -> {fh1, 0} LOCK W,0,1024,sid1 {fh1, sid1} -> {fh1, sid2} READ 0,0,1024 {fh1, sid2} -> {fh1, sid2} LOCKU W,0,1024,0 {fh1, sid2} -> {fh1, sid3} Figure 75 Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 297] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 15.2.5. IMPLEMENTATION 15.2.6. ERRORS All errors defined in the protocol 16. NFS version 4.1 Operations 16.1. Operation 3: ACCESS - Check Access Rights 16.1.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), accessreq -> supported, accessrights 16.1.2. ARGUMENTS /* * ACCESS: Check access permission */ const ACCESS4_READ = 0x00000001; const ACCESS4_LOOKUP = 0x00000002; const ACCESS4_MODIFY = 0x00000004; const ACCESS4_EXTEND = 0x00000008; const ACCESS4_DELETE = 0x00000010; const ACCESS4_EXECUTE = 0x00000020; struct ACCESS4args { /* CURRENT_FH: object */ uint32_t access; }; 16.1.3. RESULTS struct ACCESS4resok { uint32_t supported; uint32_t access; }; union ACCESS4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: ACCESS4resok resok4; default: void; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 298] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.1.4. DESCRIPTION ACCESS determines the access rights that a user, as identified by the credentials in the RPC request, has with respect to the file system object specified by the current filehandle. The client encodes the set of access rights that are to be checked in the bit mask "access". The server checks the permissions encoded in the bit mask. If a status of NFS4_OK is returned, two bit masks are included in the response. The first, "supported", represents the access rights for which the server can verify reliably. The second, "access", represents the access rights available to the user for the filehandle provided. On success, the current filehandle retains its value. Note that the supported field will contain only as many values as was originally sent in the arguments. For example, if the client sends an ACCESS operation with only the ACCESS4_READ value set and the server supports this value, the server will return only ACCESS4_READ even if it could have reliably checked other values. The results of this operation are necessarily advisory in nature. A return status of NFS4_OK and the appropriate bit set in the bit mask does not imply that such access will be allowed to the file system object in the future. This is because access rights can be revoked by the server at any time. The following access permissions may be requested: ACCESS4_READ Read data from file or read a directory. ACCESS4_LOOKUP Look up a name in a directory (no meaning for non- directory objects). ACCESS4_MODIFY Rewrite existing file data or modify existing directory entries. ACCESS4_EXTEND Write new data or add directory entries. ACCESS4_DELETE Delete an existing directory entry. ACCESS4_EXECUTE Execute file (no meaning for a directory). On success, the current filehandle retains its value. 16.1.5. IMPLEMENTATION In general, it is not sufficient for the client to attempt to deduce access permissions by inspecting the uid, gid, and mode fields in the file attributes or by attempting to interpret the contents of the ACL Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 299] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 attribute. This is because the server may perform uid or gid mapping or enforce additional access control restrictions. It is also possible that the server may not be in the same ID space as the client. In these cases (and perhaps others), the client can not reliably perform an access check with only current file attributes. In the NFS version 2 protocol, the only reliable way to determine whether an operation was allowed was to try it and see if it succeeded or failed. Using the ACCESS operation in the NFS version 4 protocol, the client can ask the server to indicate whether or not one or more classes of operations are permitted. The ACCESS operation is provided to allow clients to check before doing a series of operations which will result in an access failure. The OPEN operation provides a point where the server can verify access to the file object and method to return that information to the client. The ACCESS operation is still useful for directory operations or for use in the case the UNIX API "access" is used on the client. The information returned by the server in response to an ACCESS call is not permanent. It was correct at the exact time that the server performed the checks, but not necessarily afterwards. The server can revoke access permission at any time. The client should use the effective credentials of the user to build the authentication information in the ACCESS request used to determine access rights. It is the effective user and group credentials that are used in subsequent read and write operations. Many implementations do not directly support the ACCESS4_DELETE permission. Operating systems like UNIX will ignore the ACCESS4_DELETE bit if set on an access request on a non-directory object. In these systems, delete permission on a file is determined by the access permissions on the directory in which the file resides, instead of being determined by the permissions of the file itself. Therefore, the mask returned enumerating which access rights can be determined will have the ACCESS4_DELETE value set to 0. This indicates to the client that the server was unable to check that particular access right. The ACCESS4_DELETE bit in the access mask returned will then be ignored by the client. 16.2. Operation 4: CLOSE - Close File 16.2.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), seqid, open_stateid -> open_stateid Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 300] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.2.2. ARGUMENTS /* * CLOSE: Close a file and release share reservations */ struct CLOSE4args { /* CURRENT_FH: object */ seqid4 seqid; stateid4 open_stateid; }; 16.2.3. RESULTS union CLOSE4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: stateid4 open_stateid; default: void; }; 16.2.4. DESCRIPTION The CLOSE operation releases share reservations for the regular or named attribute file as specified by the current filehandle. The share reservations and other state information released at the server as a result of this CLOSE is only associated with the supplied stateid. The sequence id provides for the correct ordering. State associated with other OPENs is not affected. If record locks are held, the client SHOULD release all locks before issuing a CLOSE. The server MAY free all outstanding locks on CLOSE but some servers may not support the CLOSE of a file that still has record locks held. The server MUST return failure if any locks would exist after the CLOSE. On success, the current filehandle retains its value. 16.2.5. IMPLEMENTATION Even though CLOSE returns a stateid, this stateid is not useful to the client and should be treated as deprecated. CLOSE "shuts down" the state associated with all OPENs for the file by a single open_owner. As noted above, CLOSE will either release all file locking state or return an error. Therefore, the stateid returned by CLOSE is not useful for operations that follow. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 301] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.3. Operation 5: COMMIT - Commit Cached Data 16.3.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), offset, count -> verifier 16.3.2. ARGUMENTS /* * COMMIT: Commit cached data on server to stable storage */ struct COMMIT4args { /* CURRENT_FH: file */ offset4 offset; count4 count; }; 16.3.3. RESULTS struct COMMIT4resok { verifier4 writeverf; }; union COMMIT4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: COMMIT4resok resok4; default: void; }; 16.3.4. DESCRIPTION The COMMIT operation forces or flushes data to stable storage for the file specified by the current filehandle. The flushed data is that which was previously written with a WRITE operation which had the stable field set to UNSTABLE4. The offset specifies the position within the file where the flush is to begin. An offset value of 0 (zero) means to flush data starting at the beginning of the file. The count specifies the number of bytes of data to flush. If count is 0 (zero), a flush from offset to the end of the file is done. The server returns a write verifier upon successful completion of the COMMIT. The write verifier is used by the client to determine if the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 302] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 server has restarted or rebooted between the initial WRITE(s) and the COMMIT. The client does this by comparing the write verifier returned from the initial writes and the verifier returned by the COMMIT operation. The server must vary the value of the write verifier at each server event or instantiation that may lead to a loss of uncommitted data. Most commonly this occurs when the server is rebooted; however, other events at the server may result in uncommitted data loss as well. On success, the current filehandle retains its value. 16.3.5. IMPLEMENTATION The COMMIT operation is similar in operation and semantics to the POSIX fsync(2) system call that synchronizes a file's state with the disk (file data and metadata is flushed to disk or stable storage). COMMIT performs the same operation for a client, flushing any unsynchronized data and metadata on the server to the server's disk or stable storage for the specified file. Like fsync(2), it may be that there is some modified data or no modified data to synchronize. The data may have been synchronized by the server's normal periodic buffer synchronization activity. COMMIT should return NFS4_OK, unless there has been an unexpected error. COMMIT differs from fsync(2) in that it is possible for the client to flush a range of the file (most likely triggered by a buffer- reclamation scheme on the client before file has been completely written). The server implementation of COMMIT is reasonably simple. If the server receives a full file COMMIT request, that is starting at offset 0 and count 0, it should do the equivalent of fsync()'ing the file. Otherwise, it should arrange to have the cached data in the range specified by offset and count to be flushed to stable storage. In both cases, any metadata associated with the file must be flushed to stable storage before returning. It is not an error for there to be nothing to flush on the server. This means that the data and metadata that needed to be flushed have already been flushed or lost during the last server failure. The client implementation of COMMIT is a little more complex. There are two reasons for wanting to commit a client buffer to stable storage. The first is that the client wants to reuse a buffer. In this case, the offset and count of the buffer are sent to the server in the COMMIT request. The server then flushes any cached data based on the offset and count, and flushes any metadata associated with the file. It then returns the status of the flush and the write verifier. The other reason for the client to generate a COMMIT is Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 303] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 for a full file flush, such as may be done at close. In this case, the client would gather all of the buffers for this file that contain uncommitted data, do the COMMIT operation with an offset of 0 and count of 0, and then free all of those buffers. Any other dirty buffers would be sent to the server in the normal fashion. After a buffer is written by the client with the stable parameter set to UNSTABLE4, the buffer must be considered as modified by the client until the buffer has either been flushed via a COMMIT operation or written via a WRITE operation with stable parameter set to FILE_SYNC4 or DATA_SYNC4. This is done to prevent the buffer from being freed and reused before the data can be flushed to stable storage on the server. When a response is returned from either a WRITE or a COMMIT operation and it contains a write verifier that is different than previously returned by the server, the client will need to retransmit all of the buffers containing uncommitted cached data to the server. How this is to be done is up to the implementor. If there is only one buffer of interest, then it should probably be sent back over in a WRITE request with the appropriate stable parameter. If there is more than one buffer, it might be worthwhile retransmitting all of the buffers in WRITE requests with the stable parameter set to UNSTABLE4 and then retransmitting the COMMIT operation to flush all of the data on the server to stable storage. The timing of these retransmissions is left to the implementor. The above description applies to page-cache-based systems as well as buffer-cache-based systems. In those systems, the virtual memory system will need to be modified instead of the buffer cache. 16.4. Operation 6: CREATE - Create a Non-Regular File Object 16.4.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), name, type, attrs -> (cfh), change_info, attrs_set Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 304] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.4.2. ARGUMENTS /* * CREATE: Create a non-regular file */ union createtype4 switch (nfs_ftype4 type) { case NF4LNK: linktext4 linkdata; case NF4BLK: case NF4CHR: specdata4 devdata; case NF4SOCK: case NF4FIFO: case NF4DIR: void; default: void; /* server should return NFS4ERR_BADTYPE */ }; struct CREATE4args { /* CURRENT_FH: directory for creation */ createtype4 objtype; component4 objname; fattr4 createattrs; }; 16.4.3. RESULTS struct CREATE4resok { change_info4 cinfo; bitmap4 attrset; /* attributes set */ }; union CREATE4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: CREATE4resok resok4; default: void; }; 16.4.4. DESCRIPTION The CREATE operation creates a non-regular file object in a directory with a given name. The OPEN operation MUST be used to create a regular file. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 305] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 The objname specifies the name for the new object. The objtype determines the type of object to be created: directory, symlink, etc. If an object of the same name already exists in the directory, the server will return the error NFS4ERR_EXIST. For the directory where the new file object was created, the server returns change_info4 information in cinfo. With the atomic field of the change_info4 struct, the server will indicate if the before and after change attributes were obtained atomically with respect to the file object creation. If the objname has a length of 0 (zero), or if objname does not obey the UTF-8 definition, the error NFS4ERR_INVAL will be returned. The current filehandle is replaced by that of the new object. The createattrs specifies the initial set of attributes for the object. The set of attributes may include any writable attribute valid for the object type. When the operation is successful, the server will return to the client an attribute mask signifying which attributes were successfully set for the object. If createattrs includes neither the owner attribute nor an ACL with an ACE for the owner, and if the server's file system both supports and requires an owner attribute (or an owner ACE) then the server MUST derive the owner (or the owner ACE). This would typically be from the principal indicated in the RPC credentials of the call, but the server's operating environment or file system semantics may dictate other methods of derivation. Similarly, if createattrs includes neither the group attribute nor a group ACE, and if the server's file system both supports and requires the notion of a group attribute (or group ACE), the server MUST derive the group attribute (or the corresponding owner ACE) for the file. This could be from the RPC call's credentials, such as the group principal if the credentials include it (such as with AUTH_SYS), from the group identifier associated with the principal in the credentials (for e.g., POSIX systems have a passwd database that has the group identifier for every user identifier), inherited from directory the object is created in, or whatever else the server's operating environment or file system semantics dictate. This applies to the OPEN operation too. Conversely, it is possible the client will specify in createattrs an owner attribute or group attribute or ACL that the principal indicated the RPC call's credentials does not have permissions to create files for. The error to be returned in this instance is NFS4ERR_PERM. This applies to the OPEN operation too. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 306] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.4.5. IMPLEMENTATION If the client desires to set attribute values after the create, a SETATTR operation can be added to the COMPOUND request so that the appropriate attributes will be set. 16.5. Operation 7: DELEGPURGE - Purge Delegations Awaiting Recovery 16.5.1. SYNOPSIS clientid -> 16.5.2. ARGUMENTS /* * DELEGPURGE: Purge Delegations Awaiting Recovery */ struct DELEGPURGE4args { clientid4 clientid; }; 16.5.3. RESULTS struct DELEGPURGE4res { nfsstat4 status; }; 16.5.4. DESCRIPTION Purges all of the delegations awaiting recovery for a given client. This is useful for clients which do not commit delegation information to stable storage to indicate that conflicting requests need not be delayed by the server awaiting recovery of delegation information. This operation should be used by clients that record delegation information on stable storage on the client. In this case, DELEGPURGE should be issued immediately after doing delegation recovery on all delegations known to the client. Doing so will notify the server that no additional delegations for the client will be recovered allowing it to free resources, and avoid delaying other clients who make requests that conflict with the unrecovered delegations. The set of delegations known to the server and the client may be different. The reason for this is that a client may fail after making a request which resulted in delegation but before it received the results and committed them to the client's stable storage. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 307] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 The server MAY support DELEGPURGE, but if it does not, it MUST NOT support CLAIM_DELEGATE_PREV. 16.6. Operation 8: DELEGRETURN - Return Delegation 16.6.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), stateid -> 16.6.2. ARGUMENTS /* * DELEGRETURN: Return a delegation */ struct DELEGRETURN4args { /* CURRENT_FH: delegated file */ stateid4 deleg_stateid; }; 16.6.3. RESULTS struct DELEGRETURN4res { nfsstat4 status; }; 16.6.4. DESCRIPTION Returns the delegation represented by the current filehandle and stateid. Delegations may be returned when recalled or voluntarily (i.e. before the server has recalled them). In either case the client must properly propagate state changed under the context of the delegation to the server before returning the delegation. 16.7. Operation 9: GETATTR - Get Attributes 16.7.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), attrbits -> attrbits, attrvals Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 308] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.7.2. ARGUMENTS /* * GETATTR: Get file attributes */ struct GETATTR4args { /* CURRENT_FH: directory or file */ bitmap4 attr_request; }; 16.7.3. RESULTS struct GETATTR4resok { fattr4 obj_attributes; }; union GETATTR4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: GETATTR4resok resok4; default: void; }; 16.7.4. DESCRIPTION The GETATTR operation will obtain attributes for the file system object specified by the current filehandle. The client sets a bit in the bitmap argument for each attribute value that it would like the server to return. The server returns an attribute bitmap that indicates the attribute values for which it was able to return, followed by the attribute values ordered lowest attribute number first. The server must return a value for each attribute that the client requests if the attribute is supported by the server. If the server does not support an attribute or cannot approximate a useful value then it must not return the attribute value and must not set the attribute bit in the result bitmap. The server must return an error if it supports an attribute but cannot obtain its value. In that case no attribute values will be returned. All servers must support the mandatory attributes as specified in File Attributes (Section 5). On success, the current filehandle retains its value. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 309] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.7.5. IMPLEMENTATION 16.8. Operation 10: GETFH - Get Current Filehandle 16.8.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh) -> filehandle 16.8.2. ARGUMENTS /* CURRENT_FH: */ void; 16.8.3. RESULTS /* * GETFH: Get current filehandle */ struct GETFH4resok { nfs_fh4 object; }; union GETFH4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: GETFH4resok resok4; default: void; }; 16.8.4. DESCRIPTION This operation returns the current filehandle value. On success, the current filehandle retains its value. 16.8.5. IMPLEMENTATION Operations that change the current filehandle like LOOKUP or CREATE do not automatically return the new filehandle as a result. For instance, if a client needs to lookup a directory entry and obtain its filehandle then the following request is needed. PUTFH (directory filehandle) LOOKUP (entry name) Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 310] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 GETFH 16.9. Operation 11: LINK - Create Link to a File 16.9.1. SYNOPSIS (sfh), (cfh), newname -> (cfh), change_info 16.9.2. ARGUMENTS /* * LINK: Create link to an object */ struct LINK4args { /* SAVED_FH: source object */ /* CURRENT_FH: target directory */ component4 newname; }; 16.9.3. RESULTS struct LINK4resok { change_info4 cinfo; }; union LINK4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: LINK4resok resok4; default: void; }; 16.9.4. DESCRIPTION The LINK operation creates an additional newname for the file represented by the saved filehandle, as set by the SAVEFH operation, in the directory represented by the current filehandle. The existing file and the target directory must reside within the same file system on the server. On success, the current filehandle will continue to be the target directory. If an object exists in the target directory with the same name as newname, the server must return NFS4ERR_EXIST. For the target directory, the server returns change_info4 information in cinfo. With the atomic field of the change_info4 struct, the server will indicate if the before and after change attributes were obtained atomically with respect to the link creation. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 311] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 If the newname has a length of 0 (zero), or if newname does not obey the UTF-8 definition, the error NFS4ERR_INVAL will be returned. 16.9.5. IMPLEMENTATION Changes to any property of the "hard" linked files are reflected in all of the linked files. When a link is made to a file, the attributes for the file should have a value for numlinks that is one greater than the value before the LINK operation. The statement "file and the target directory must reside within the same file system on the server" means that the fsid fields in the attributes for the objects are the same. If they reside on different file systems, the error, NFS4ERR_XDEV, is returned. On some servers, the filenames, "." and "..", are illegal as newname. In the case that newname is already linked to the file represented by the saved filehandle, the server will return NFS4ERR_EXIST. Note that symbolic links are created with the CREATE operation. 16.10. Operation 12: LOCK - Create Lock 16.10.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh) locktype, reclaim, offset, length, locker -> stateid Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 312] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.10.2. ARGUMENTS /* * For LOCK, transition from open_owner to new lock_owner */ struct open_to_lock_owner4 { seqid4 open_seqid; stateid4 open_stateid; seqid4 lock_seqid; lock_owner4 lock_owner; }; /* * For LOCK, existing lock_owner continues to request file locks */ struct exist_lock_owner4 { stateid4 lock_stateid; seqid4 lock_seqid; }; union locker4 switch (bool new_lock_owner) { case TRUE: open_to_lock_owner4 open_owner; case FALSE: exist_lock_owner4 lock_owner; }; /* * LOCK/LOCKT/LOCKU: Record lock management */ struct LOCK4args { /* CURRENT_FH: file */ nfs_lock_type4 locktype; bool reclaim; offset4 offset; length4 length; locker4 locker; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 313] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.10.3. RESULTS struct LOCK4denied { offset4 offset; length4 length; nfs_lock_type4 locktype; lock_owner4 owner; }; struct LOCK4resok { stateid4 lock_stateid; }; union LOCK4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: LOCK4resok resok4; case NFS4ERR_DENIED: LOCK4denied denied; default: void; }; 16.10.4. DESCRIPTION The LOCK operation requests a record lock for the byte range specified by the offset and length parameters. The lock type is also specified to be one of the nfs_lock_type4s. If this is a reclaim request, the reclaim parameter will be TRUE; Bytes in a file may be locked even if those bytes are not currently allocated to the file. To lock the file from a specific offset through the end-of-file (no matter how long the file actually is) use a length field with all bits set to 1 (one). If the length is zero, or if a length which is not all bits set to one is specified, and length when added to the offset exceeds the maximum 64-bit unsigned integer value, the error NFS4ERR_INVAL will result. Some servers may only support locking for byte offsets that fit within 32 bits. If the client specifies a range that includes a byte beyond the last byte offset of the 32-bit range, but does not include the last byte offset of the 32-bit and all of the byte offsets beyond it, up to the end of the valid 64-bit range, such a 32-bit server MUST return the error NFS4ERR_BAD_RANGE. In the case that the lock is denied, the owner, offset, and length of a conflicting lock are returned. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 314] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 On success, the current filehandle retains its value. 16.10.5. IMPLEMENTATION If the server is unable to determine the exact offset and length of the conflicting lock, the same offset and length that were provided in the arguments should be returned in the denied results. The File Locking section contains a full description of this and the other file locking operations. LOCK operations are subject to permission checks and to checks against the access type of the associated file. However, the specific right and modes required for various type of locks, reflect the semantics of the server-exported file system, and are not specified by the protocol. For example, Windows 2000 allows a write lock of a file open for READ, while a POSIX-compliant system does not. When the client makes a lock request that corresponds to a range that the lockowner has locked already (with the same or different lock type), or to a sub-region of such a range, or to a region which includes multiple locks already granted to that lockowner, in whole or in part, and the server does not support such locking operations (i.e. does not support POSIX locking semantics), the server will return the error NFS4ERR_LOCK_RANGE. In that case, the client may return an error, or it may emulate the required operations, using only LOCK for ranges that do not include any bytes already locked by that lock_owner and LOCKU of locks held by that lock_owner (specifying an exactly-matching range and type). Similarly, when the client makes a lock request that amounts to upgrading (changing from a read lock to a write lock) or downgrading (changing from write lock to a read lock) an existing record lock, and the server does not support such a lock, the server will return NFS4ERR_LOCK_NOTSUPP. Such operations may not perfectly reflect the required semantics in the face of conflicting lock requests from other clients. The locker argument specifies the lock_owner that is associated with the LOCK request. The locker4 structure is a switched union that indicates whether the lock_owner is known to the server or if the lock_owner is new to the server. In the case that the lock_owner is known to the server and has an established lock_seqid, the argument is just the lock_owner and lock_seqid. In the case that the lock_owner is not known to the server, the argument contains not only the lock_owner and lock_seqid but also the open_stateid and open_seqid. The new lock_owner case covers the very first lock done by the lock_owner and offers a method to use the established state of the open_stateid to transition to the use of the lock_owner. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 315] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.11. Operation 13: LOCKT - Test For Lock 16.11.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh) locktype, offset, length owner -> {void, NFS4ERR_DENIED -> owner} 16.11.2. ARGUMENTS struct LOCKT4args { /* CURRENT_FH: file */ nfs_lock_type4 locktype; offset4 offset; length4 length; lock_owner4 owner; }; 16.11.3. RESULTS union LOCKT4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4ERR_DENIED: LOCK4denied denied; case NFS4_OK: void; default: void; }; 16.11.4. DESCRIPTION The LOCKT operation tests the lock as specified in the arguments. If a conflicting lock exists, the owner, offset, length, and type of the conflicting lock are returned; if no lock is held, nothing other than NFS4_OK is returned. Lock types READ_LT and READW_LT are processed in the same way in that a conflicting lock test is done without regard to blocking or non-blocking. The same is true for WRITE_LT and WRITEW_LT. The ranges are specified as for LOCK. The NFS4ERR_INVAL and NFS4ERR_BAD_RANGE errors are returned under the same circumstances as for LOCK. On success, the current filehandle retains its value. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 316] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.11.5. IMPLEMENTATION If the server is unable to determine the exact offset and length of the conflicting lock, the same offset and length that were provided in the arguments should be returned in the denied results. The File Locking section contains further discussion of the file locking mechanisms. LOCKT uses a lock_owner4 rather a stateid4, as is used in LOCK to identify the owner. This is because the client does not have to open the file to test for the existence of a lock, so a stateid may not be available. The test for conflicting locks should exclude locks for the current lockowner. Note that since such locks are not examined the possible existence of overlapping ranges may not affect the results of LOCKT. If the server does examine locks that match the lockowner for the purpose of range checking, NFS4ERR_LOCK_RANGE may be returned.. In the event that it returns NFS4_OK, clients may do a LOCK and receive NFS4ERR_LOCK_RANGE on the LOCK request because of the flexibility provided to the server. 16.12. Operation 14: LOCKU - Unlock File 16.12.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh) type, seqid, stateid, offset, length -> stateid 16.12.2. ARGUMENTS struct LOCKU4args { /* CURRENT_FH: file */ nfs_lock_type4 locktype; seqid4 seqid; stateid4 lock_stateid; offset4 offset; length4 length; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 317] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.12.3. RESULTS union LOCKU4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: stateid4 lock_stateid; default: void; }; 16.12.4. DESCRIPTION The LOCKU operation unlocks the record lock specified by the parameters. The client may set the locktype field to any value that is legal for the nfs_lock_type4 enumerated type, and the server MUST accept any legal value for locktype. Any legal value for locktype has no effect on the success or failure of the LOCKU operation. The ranges are specified as for LOCK. The NFS4ERR_INVAL and NFS4ERR_BAD_RANGE errors are returned under the same circumstances as for LOCK. On success, the current filehandle retains its value. 16.12.5. IMPLEMENTATION If the area to be unlocked does not correspond exactly to a lock actually held by the lockowner the server may return the error NFS4ERR_LOCK_RANGE. This includes the case in which the area is not locked, where the area is a sub-range of the area locked, where it overlaps the area locked without matching exactly or the area specified includes multiple locks held by the lockowner. In all of these cases, allowed by POSIX locking semantics, a client receiving this error, should if it desires support for such operations, simulate the operation using LOCKU on ranges corresponding to locks it actually holds, possibly followed by LOCK requests for the sub- ranges not being unlocked. 16.13. Operation 15: LOOKUP - Lookup Filename 16.13.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), component -> (cfh) Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 318] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.13.2. ARGUMENTS /* * LOOKUP: Lookup filename */ struct LOOKUP4args { /* CURRENT_FH: directory */ component4 objname; }; 16.13.3. RESULTS struct LOOKUP4res { /* CURRENT_FH: object */ nfsstat4 status; }; 16.13.4. DESCRIPTION This operation LOOKUPs or finds a file system object using the directory specified by the current filehandle. LOOKUP evaluates the component and if the object exists the current filehandle is replaced with the component's filehandle. If the component cannot be evaluated either because it does not exist or because the client does not have permission to evaluate the component, then an error will be returned and the current filehandle will be unchanged. If the component is a zero length string or if any component does not obey the UTF-8 definition, the error NFS4ERR_INVAL will be returned. 16.13.5. IMPLEMENTATION If the client wants to achieve the effect of a multi-component lookup, it may construct a COMPOUND request such as (and obtain each filehandle): PUTFH (directory filehandle) LOOKUP "pub" GETFH LOOKUP "foo" GETFH LOOKUP "bar" GETFH Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 319] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 NFS version 4 servers depart from the semantics of previous NFS versions in allowing LOOKUP requests to cross mountpoints on the server. The client can detect a mountpoint crossing by comparing the fsid attribute of the directory with the fsid attribute of the directory looked up. If the fsids are different then the new directory is a server mountpoint. UNIX clients that detect a mountpoint crossing will need to mount the server's file system. This needs to be done to maintain the file object identity checking mechanisms common to UNIX clients. Servers that limit NFS access to "shares" or "exported" file systems should provide a pseudo file system into which the exported file systems can be integrated, so that clients can browse the server's name space. The clients view of a pseudo file system will be limited to paths that lead to exported file systems. Note: previous versions of the protocol assigned special semantics to the names "." and "..". NFS version 4 assigns no special semantics to these names. The LOOKUPP operator must be used to lookup a parent directory. Note that this operation does not follow symbolic links. The client is responsible for all parsing of filenames including filenames that are modified by symbolic links encountered during the lookup process. If the current filehandle supplied is not a directory but a symbolic link, the error NFS4ERR_SYMLINK is returned as the error. For all other non-directory file types, the error NFS4ERR_NOTDIR is returned. 16.14. Operation 16: LOOKUPP - Lookup Parent Directory 16.14.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh) -> (cfh) 16.14.2. ARGUMENTS /* CURRENT_FH: object */ void; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 320] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.14.3. RESULTS /* * LOOKUPP: Lookup parent directory */ struct LOOKUPP4res { /* CURRENT_FH: directory */ nfsstat4 status; }; 16.14.4. DESCRIPTION The current filehandle is assumed to refer to a regular directory or a named attribute directory. LOOKUPP assigns the filehandle for its parent directory to be the current filehandle. If there is no parent directory an NFS4ERR_NOENT error must be returned. Therefore, NFS4ERR_NOENT will be returned by the server when the current filehandle is at the root or top of the server's file tree. As for LOOKUP, LOOKUPP will also cross mountpoints. If the current filehandle is not a directory or named attribute directory, the error NFS4ERR_NOTDIR is returned. If the requester's security flavor does not match that configured for the parent directory, then the server SHOULD return NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC (a future minor revision of NFSv4 may upgrade this to MUST) in the LOOKUPP response. However, if the server does so, it MUST support the new SECINFO_NO_NAME operation, so that the client can gracefully determine the correct security flavor. See the discussion of the SECINFO_NO_NAME operation for a description. If the current filehandle is a named attribute directory that is associated with a filesystem object via OPENATTR (i.e. not a sub- directory of a named attribute directory) LOOKUPP SHOULD return the filehandle of the associated filesystem object. 16.14.5. IMPLEMENTATION 16.15. Operation 17: NVERIFY - Verify Difference in Attributes 16.15.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), fattr -> - Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 321] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.15.2. ARGUMENTS /* * NVERIFY: Verify attributes different */ struct NVERIFY4args { /* CURRENT_FH: object */ fattr4 obj_attributes; }; 16.15.3. RESULTS struct NVERIFY4res { nfsstat4 status; }; 16.15.4. DESCRIPTION This operation is used to prefix a sequence of operations to be performed if one or more attributes have changed on some file system object. If all the attributes match then the error NFS4ERR_SAME must be returned. On success, the current filehandle retains its value. 16.15.5. IMPLEMENTATION This operation is useful as a cache validation operator. If the object to which the attributes belong has changed then the following operations may obtain new data associated with that object. For instance, to check if a file has been changed and obtain new data if it has: PUTFH (public) LOOKUP "foobar" NVERIFY attrbits attrs READ 0 32767 In the case that a recommended attribute is specified in the NVERIFY operation and the server does not support that attribute for the file system object, the error NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP is returned to the client. When the attribute rdattr_error or any write-only attribute (e.g. time_modify_set) is specified, the error NFS4ERR_INVAL is returned to the client. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 322] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.16. Operation 18: OPEN - Open a Regular File 16.16.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), seqid, share_access, share_deny, owner, openhow, claim -> (cfh), stateid, cinfo, rflags, open_confirm, attrset delegation 16.16.2. ARGUMENTS /* * Various definitions for OPEN */ enum createmode4 { UNCHECKED4 = 0, GUARDED4 = 1, EXCLUSIVE4 = 2 }; union createhow4 switch (createmode4 mode) { case UNCHECKED4: case GUARDED4: fattr4 createattrs; case EXCLUSIVE4: verifier4 createverf; }; enum opentype4 { OPEN4_NOCREATE = 0, OPEN4_CREATE = 1 }; union openflag4 switch (opentype4 opentype) { case OPEN4_CREATE: createhow4 how; default: void; }; /* Next definitions used for OPEN delegation */ enum limit_by4 { NFS_LIMIT_SIZE = 1, NFS_LIMIT_BLOCKS = 2 /* others as needed */ }; struct nfs_modified_limit4 { uint32_t num_blocks; uint32_t bytes_per_block; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 323] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 }; union nfs_space_limit4 switch (limit_by4 limitby) { /* limit specified as file size */ case NFS_LIMIT_SIZE: uint64_t filesize; /* limit specified by number of blocks */ case NFS_LIMIT_BLOCKS: nfs_modified_limit4 mod_blocks; } ; /* * Share Access and Deny constants for open argument */ const OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_READ = 0x00000001; const OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WRITE = 0x00000002; const OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_BOTH = 0x00000003; const OPEN4_SHARE_DENY_NONE = 0x00000000; const OPEN4_SHARE_DENY_READ = 0x00000001; const OPEN4_SHARE_DENY_WRITE = 0x00000002; const OPEN4_SHARE_DENY_BOTH = 0x00000003; /* new flags for share_access field of OPEN4args */ const OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_DELEG_MASK = 0xFF00; const OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_NO_PREFERENCE = 0x0000; const OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_READ_DELEG = 0x0100; const OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_WRITE_DELEG = 0x0200; const OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_ANY_DELEG = 0x0300; const OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_NO_DELEG = 0x0400; const OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_CANCEL = 0x0500; const OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_SIGNAL_DELEG_WHEN_RESRC_AVAIL = 0x10000; const OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_PUSH_DELEG_WHEN_UNCONTENDED = 0x20000; enum open_delegation_type4 { OPEN_DELEGATE_NONE = 0, OPEN_DELEGATE_READ = 1, OPEN_DELEGATE_WRITE = 2, OPEN_DELEGATE_NONE_EXT = 3 /* new to v4.1 */ }; enum open_claim_type4 { CLAIM_NULL = 0, CLAIM_PREVIOUS = 1, CLAIM_DELEGATE_CUR = 2, CLAIM_DELEGATE_PREV = 3, Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 324] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 /* * Like CLAIM_NULL, but object identified * by the current filehandle. */ CLAIM_FH = 4, /* new to v4.1 */ /* * Like CLAIM_DELEGATE_CUR, but object identified * by current filehandle. */ CLAIM_DELEG_CUR_FH = 5, /* new to v4.1 */ /* * Like CLAIM_DELEGATE_PREV, but object identified * by current filehandle. */ CLAIM_DELEG_PREV_FH = 6 /* new to v4.1 */ }; struct open_claim_delegate_cur4 { stateid4 delegate_stateid; component4 file; }; union open_claim4 switch (open_claim_type4 claim) { /* * No special rights to file. Ordinary OPEN of the specified file. */ case CLAIM_NULL: /* CURRENT_FH: directory */ component4 file; /* * Right to the file established by an open previous to server * reboot. File identified by filehandle obtained at that time * rather than by name. */ case CLAIM_PREVIOUS: /* CURRENT_FH: file being reclaimed */ open_delegation_type4 delegate_type; /* * Right to file based on a delegation granted by the server. * File is specified by name. */ case CLAIM_DELEGATE_CUR: /* CURRENT_FH: directory */ open_claim_delegate_cur4 delegate_cur_info; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 325] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 /* Right to file based on a delegation granted to a previous boot * instance of the client. File is specified by name. */ case CLAIM_DELEGATE_PREV: /* CURRENT_FH: directory */ component4 file_delegate_prev; }; /* * OPEN: Open a file, potentially receiving an open delegation */ struct OPEN4args { seqid4 seqid; uint32_t share_access; uint32_t share_deny; open_owner4 owner; openflag4 openhow; open_claim4 claim; }; 16.16.3. RESULTS struct open_read_delegation4 { stateid4 stateid; /* Stateid for delegation*/ bool recall; /* Pre-recalled flag for delegations obtained by reclaim (CLAIM_PREVIOUS) */ nfsace4 permissions; /* Defines users who don't need an ACCESS call to open for read */ }; struct open_write_delegation4 { stateid4 stateid; /* Stateid for delegation */ bool recall; /* Pre-recalled flag for delegations obtained by reclaim (CLAIM_PREVIOUS) */ nfs_space_limit4 space_limit; /* Defines condition that the client must check to determine whether the file needs to be flushed to the server on close. */ nfsace4 permissions; /* Defines users who don't need an ACCESS call as Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 326] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 part of a delegated open. */ }; enum why_no_delegation4 { /* new to v4.1 */ WND_NOT_WANTED = 0, WND_CONTENTION = 1, WND_RESOURCE = 2, WND_NOT_SUPP_FTYPE = 3, WND_WRITE_DELEG_NOT_SUPP_FTYPE = 4, WND_NOT_SUPP_UPGRADE = 5, WND_NOT_SUPP_DOWNGRADE = 6, WND_CANCELED = 7, WND_IS_DIR = 8 }; union open_none_delegation4 /* new to v4.1 */ switch (why_no_delegation4 ond_why) { case WND_CONTENTION: bool ond_server_will_push_deleg; case WND_RESOURCE: bool ond_server_will_signal_avail; default: void; }; union open_delegation4 switch (open_delegation_type4 delegation_type) { case OPEN_DELEGATE_NONE: void; case OPEN_DELEGATE_READ: open_read_delegation4 read; case OPEN_DELEGATE_WRITE: open_write_delegation4 write; case OPEN_DELEGATE_NONE_EXT: /* new to v4.1 */ open_none_delegation4 od_whynone; }; /* * Result flags */ /* Client must confirm open */ const OPEN4_RESULT_CONFIRM = 0x00000002; /* Type of file locking behavior at the server */ const OPEN4_RESULT_LOCKTYPE_POSIX = 0x00000004; /* Server will preserve file if removed while open */ const OPEN4_RESULT_PRESERVE_UNLINKED = 0x00000008; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 327] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 /* Server may use CB_NOTIFY_LOCK on locks derived from this open */ const OPEN4_RESULT_MAY_NOTIFY_LOCK = 0x00000020; struct OPEN4resok { stateid4 stateid; /* Stateid for open */ change_info4 cinfo; /* Directory Change Info */ uint32_t rflags; /* Result flags */ bitmap4 attrset; /* attribute set for create*/ open_delegation4 delegation; /* Info on any open delegation */ }; union OPEN4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: /* CURRENT_FH: opened file */ OPEN4resok resok4; default: void; }; 16.16.4. DESCRIPTION The OPEN operation creates and/or opens a regular file in a directory with the provided name. If the file does not exist at the server and creation is desired, specification of the method of creation is provided by the openhow parameter. The client has the choice of three creation methods: UNCHECKED, GUARDED, or EXCLUSIVE. If the current filehandle is a named attribute directory, OPEN will then create or open a named attribute file. Note that exclusive create of a named attribute is not supported. If the createmode is EXCLUSIVE4 and the current filehandle is a named attribute directory, the server will return EINVAL. UNCHECKED means that the file should be created if a file of that name does not exist and encountering an existing regular file of that name is not an error. For this type of create, createattrs specifies the initial set of attributes for the file. The set of attributes may include any writable attribute valid for regular files. When an UNCHECKED create encounters an existing file, the attributes specified by createattrs are not used, except that when an size of zero is specified, the existing file is truncated. If GUARDED is specified, the server checks for the presence of a duplicate object by name before performing the create. If a duplicate exists, an error of NFS4ERR_EXIST is returned as the status. If the object does not exist, the request is performed as described for UNCHECKED. For each of these cases (UNCHECKED and GUARDED) where the operation is Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 328] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 successful, the server will return to the client an attribute mask signifying which attributes were successfully set for the object. EXCLUSIVE specifies that the server is to follow exclusive creation semantics, using the verifier to ensure exclusive creation of the target. The server should check for the presence of a duplicate object by name. If the object does not exist, the server creates the object and stores the verifier with the object. If the object does exist and the stored verifier matches the client provided verifier, the server uses the existing object as the newly created object. If the stored verifier does not match, then an error of NFS4ERR_EXIST is returned. No attributes may be provided in this case, since the server may use an attribute of the target object to store the verifier. If the server uses an attribute to store the exclusive create verifier, it will signify which attribute by setting the appropriate bit in the attribute mask that is returned in the results. For the target directory, the server returns change_info4 information in cinfo. With the atomic field of the change_info4 struct, the server will indicate if the before and after change attributes were obtained atomically with respect to the link creation. Upon successful creation, the current filehandle is replaced by that of the new object. The OPEN operation provides for Windows share reservation capability with the use of the share_access and share_deny fields of the OPEN arguments. The client specifies at OPEN the required share_access and share_deny modes. For clients that do not directly support SHAREs (i.e. UNIX), the expected deny value is DENY_NONE. In the case that there is a existing SHARE reservation that conflicts with the OPEN request, the server returns the error NFS4ERR_SHARE_DENIED. For a complete SHARE request, the client must provide values for the owner and seqid fields for the OPEN argument. For additional discussion of SHARE semantics see the section on 'Share Reservations'. [[Comment.16: Add an xref to the Share Reservations section]] In the case that the client is recovering state from a server failure, the claim field of the OPEN argument is used to signify that the request is meant to reclaim state previously held. The "claim" field of the OPEN argument is used to specify the file to be opened and the state information which the client claims to possess. There are seven claim types as follows: Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 329] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | open type | description | +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | CLAIM_NULL CLAIM_FH | For the client, this is a new OPEN request | | | and there is no previous state associate | | | with the file for the client. With | | | CLAIM_NULL the file is identified by the | | | current filehandle and the specified | | | component name. With CLAIM_FH (new to v4.1) | | | the file is identified by just the current | | | filehandle. | | CLAIM_PREVIOUS | The client is claiming basic OPEN state for | | | a file that was held previous to a server | | | reboot. Generally used when a server is | | | returning persistent filehandles; the | | | client may not have the file name to | | | reclaim the OPEN. | | CLAIM_DELEGATE_CUR | The client is claiming a delegation for | | CLAIM_DELEG_PREV_FH | OPEN as granted by the server. Generally | | | this is done as part of recalling a | | | delegation. With CLAIM_DELEGATE_CUR, the | | | file is identified by the current | | | filehandle and the specified component | | | name. With CLAIM_DELEG_PREV_FH (new to | | | v4.1), the file is identified by just the | | | current filehandle. | | CLAIM_DELEGATE_PREV | The client is claiming a delegation granted | | CLAIM_DELEG_PREV_FH | to a previous client instance; used after | | | the client reboots. The server MAY support | | | CLAIM_DELEGATE_PREV or CLAIM_DELEG_PREV_FH. | | | If it does support either open type, | | | SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM MUST NOT remove the | | | client's delegation state, and the server | | | MUST support the DELEGPURGE operation. | +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ For OPEN requests whose claim type is other than CLAIM_PREVIOUS (i.e. requests other than those devoted to reclaiming opens after a server reboot) that reach the server during its grace or lease expiration period, the server returns an error of NFS4ERR_GRACE. For any OPEN request, the server may return an open delegation, which allows further opens and closes to be handled locally on the client as described in the section Open Delegation. Note that delegation is up to the server to decide. The client should never assume that delegation will or will not be granted in a particular instance. It should always be prepared for either case. A partial exception is the reclaim (CLAIM_PREVIOUS) case, in which a delegation type is Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 330] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 claimed. In this case, delegation will always be granted, although the server may specify an immediate recall in the delegation structure. The rflags returned by a successful OPEN allow the server to return information governing how the open file is to be handled. o OPEN4_RESULT_CONFIRM is deprecated and MUST not be returned by an NFSv4.1 server. o OPEN4_RESULT_LOCKTYPE_POSIX indicates the server's file locking behavior supports the complete set of Posix locking techniques. From this the client can choose to manage file locking state in a way to handle a mis-match of file locking management. o OPEN4_RESULT_PRESERVE_UNLINKED indicates the server will preserve the open file if the client (or any other client) removes the file as long as it is open. Furthermore, the server promises to preserve the file through the grace period after server reboot, thereby giving the client the opportunity to reclaim his open. o OPEN4_RESULT_MAY_NOTIFY_LOCK indicates that the server may attempt CB_NOTIFY_LOCK callbacks for locks on this file. This flag is a hint only, and may be safely ignored by the client. If the component is of zero length, NFS4ERR_INVAL will be returned. The component is also subject to the normal UTF-8, character support, and name checks. See the section "UTF-8 Related Errors" for further [[Comment.17: add an xref to the UTD-8 section]]. discussion. When an OPEN is done and the specified lockowner already has the resulting filehandle open, the result is to "OR" together the new share and deny status together with the existing status. In this case, only a single CLOSE need be done, even though multiple OPENs were completed. When such an OPEN is done, checking of share reservations for the new OPEN proceeds normally, with no exception for the existing OPEN held by the same lockowner. If the underlying file system at the server is only accessible in a read-only mode and the OPEN request has specified ACCESS_WRITE or ACCESS_BOTH, the server will return NFS4ERR_ROFS to indicate a read- only file system. As with the CREATE operation, the server MUST derive the owner, owner ACE, group, or group ACE if any of the four attributes are required and supported by the server's file system. For an OPEN with the EXCLUSIVE4 createmode, the server has no choice, since such OPEN calls do not include the createattrs field. Conversely, if Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 331] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 createattrs is specified, and includes owner or group (or corresponding ACEs) that the principal in the RPC call's credentials does not have authorization to create files for, then the server may return NFS4ERR_PERM. In the case of a OPEN which specifies a size of zero (e.g. truncation) and the file has named attributes, the named attributes are left as is. They are not removed. NFSv4.1 gives more precise control to clients over acquisition of delegations via the following new flags for the share_access field of OPEN4args: OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_READ_DELEG OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_WRITE_DELEG OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_ANY_DELEG OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_NO_DELEG OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_CANCEL OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_SIGNAL_DELEG_WHEN_RESRC_AVAIL OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_PUSH_DELEG_WHEN_UNCONTENDED If (share_access & OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_DELEG_MASK) is not zero, then the client will have specified one and only one of: OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_READ_DELEG OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_WRITE_DELEG OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_ANY_DELEG OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_NO_DELEG OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_CANCEL Otherwise the client is indicating no desire for a delegation and the server MAY or MAY not return a delegation in the OPEN response. If the server supports the new _WANT_ flags and the client issues one or more of the new flags, then in the event the server does not return a delegation, it MUST return a delegation type of OPEN_DELEGATE_NONE_EXT. od_whynone indicates why no delegation was returned and will be one of: Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 332] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 WND_NOT_WANTED The client specified OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_NO_DELEG. WND_CONTENTION There is a conflicting delegation or open on the file. WND_RESOURCE Resource limitations prevent the server from granting a delegation. WND_NOT_SUPP_FTYPE The server does not support delegations on this file type. WND_WRITE_DELEG_NOT_SUPP_FTYPE The server does not support write delegations on this file type. WND_NOT_SUPP_UPGRADE The server does not support atomic upgrade of a read delegation to a write delegation. WND_NOT_SUPP_DOWNGRADE The server does not support atomic downgrade of a write delegation to a read delegation. WND_CANCELED The client specified OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_CANCEL and now any "want" for this file object is cancelled. WND_IS_DIR The specified file object is a directory, and the operation is OPEN or WANT_DELEGATION which do not support delegations on directories. OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_READ_DELEG, OPEN_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_WRITE_DELEG, or OPEN_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_ANY_DELEG mean, respectively, the client wants a read, write, or any delegation regardless which of OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_READ, OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WRITE, or OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_BOTH is set. If the client has a read delegation on a file, and requests a write delegation, then the client is requesting atomic upgrade of its read delegation to a write delegation. If the client has a write delegation on a file, and requests a read delegation, then the client is requesting atomic downgrade to a read delegation. A server MAY support atomic upgrade or downgrade. If it does, then the returned delegation_type of OPEN_DELEGATE_READ or OPEN_DELEGATE_WRITE that is different than the delegation type the client currently has, indicates successful upgrade or downgrade. If it does not support atomic delegation upgrade or downgrade, then od_whynone will be WND_NOT_SUPP_UPGRADE or WND_NOT_SUPP_DOWNGRADE. OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_NO_DELEG means the client wants no delegation. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 333] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_CANCEL means the client wants no delegation and wants to cancel any previously registered "want" for a delegation. The client may set one or both of OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_SIGNAL_DELEG_WHEN_RESRC_AVAIL and OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_PUSH_DELEG_WHEN_UNCONTENDED. However, they will have no effect unless one of following are set: o OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_READ_DELEG o OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_WRITE_DELEG o OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_ANY_DELEG If the client specifies OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_SIGNAL_DELEG_WHEN_RESRC_AVAIL, then it wishes to register a "want" for a delegation, in the event the OPEN results do not include a delegation. If so and the server denies the delegation due to insufficient resources, the server MAY later inform the client, via the CB_RECALLABLE_OBJ_AVAIL operation, that the resource limitation condition has eased. The server will tell the client that it intends to send a future CB_RECALLABLE_OBJ_AVAIL operation by setting delegation_type in the results to OPEN_DELEGATE_NONE_EXT, ond_why to WND_RESOURCE, and ond_server_will_signal_avail set to TRUE. If ond_server_will_signal_avail is set to TRUE, the server MUST later send a CB_RECALLABLE_OBJ_AVAIL operation. If the client specifies OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_SIGNAL_DELEG_WHEN_UNCONTENDED, then it wishes to register a "want" for a delegation, in the event the OPEN results do not include a delegation. If so and the server denies the delegation due to insufficient resources, the server MAY later inform the client, via the CB_PUSH_DELEG operation, that the resource limitation condition has eased. The server will tell the client that it intends to send a future CB_PUSH_DELEG operation by setting delegation_type in the results to OPEN_DELEGATE_NONE_EXT, ond_why to WND_CONTENTION, and ond_server_will_push_deleg to TRUE. If ond_server_will_push_deleg is TRUE, the server MUST later send a CB_RECALLABLE_OBJ_AVAIL operation. If the client has previously registered a want for a delegation on a file, and then sends a request to register a want for a delegation on the same file, the server MUST return a new error: NFS4ERR_DELEG_ALREADY_WANTED. If the client wishes to register a different type of delegation want for the same file, it MUST cancel the existing delegation WANT. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 334] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.16.5. IMPLEMENTATION The OPEN operation contains support for EXCLUSIVE create. The mechanism is similar to the support in NFS version 3 [18]. As in NFS version 3, this mechanism provides reliable exclusive creation. Exclusive create is invoked when the how parameter is EXCLUSIVE. In this case, the client provides a verifier that can reasonably be expected to be unique. A combination of a client identifier, perhaps the client network address, and a unique number generated by the client, perhaps the RPC transaction identifier, may be appropriate. [[Comment.18: Isn't this mechanism redundant if the server supports a stable session replay cache?]] If the object does not exist, the server creates the object and stores the verifier in stable storage. For file systems that do not provide a mechanism for the storage of arbitrary file attributes, the server may use one or more elements of the object meta-data to store the verifier. The verifier must be stored in stable storage to prevent erroneous failure on retransmission of the request. It is assumed that an exclusive create is being performed because exclusive semantics are critical to the application. Because of the expected usage, exclusive CREATE does not rely solely on the normally volatile duplicate request cache for storage of the verifier. The duplicate request cache in volatile storage does not survive a crash and may actually flush on a long network partition, opening failure windows. In the UNIX local file system environment, the expected storage location for the verifier on creation is the meta-data (time stamps) of the object. For this reason, an exclusive object create may not include initial attributes because the server would have nowhere to store the verifier. If the server can not support these exclusive create semantics, possibly because of the requirement to commit the verifier to stable storage, it should fail the OPEN request with the error, NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP. During an exclusive CREATE request, if the object already exists, the server reconstructs the object's verifier and compares it with the verifier in the request. If they match, the server treats the request as a success. The request is presumed to be a duplicate of an earlier, successful request for which the reply was lost and that the server duplicate request cache mechanism did not detect. If the verifiers do not match, the request is rejected with the status, NFS4ERR_EXIST. Once the client has performed a successful exclusive create, it must issue a SETATTR to set the correct object attributes. Until it does so, it should not rely upon any of the object attributes, since the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 335] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 server implementation may need to overload object meta-data to store the verifier. The subsequent SETATTR must not occur in the same COMPOUND request as the OPEN. This separation will guarantee that the exclusive create mechanism will continue to function properly in the face of retransmission of the request. Use of the GUARDED attribute does not provide exactly-once semantics. In particular, if a reply is lost and the server does not detect the retransmission of the request, the operation can fail with NFS4ERR_EXIST, even though the create was performed successfully. The client would use this behavior in the case that the application has not requested an exclusive create but has asked to have the file truncated when the file is opened. In the case of the client timing out and retransmitting the create request, the client can use GUARDED to prevent against a sequence like: create, write, create (retransmitted) from occurring. For SHARE reservations, the client must specify a value for share_access that is one of READ, WRITE, or BOTH. For share_deny, the client must specify one of NONE, READ, WRITE, or BOTH. If the client fails to do this, the server must return NFS4ERR_INVAL. Based on the share_access value (READ, WRITE, or BOTH) the client should check that the requester has the proper access rights to perform the specified operation. This would generally be the results of applying the ACL access rules to the file for the current requester. However, just as with the ACCESS operation, the client should not attempt to second-guess the server's decisions, as access rights may change and may be subject to server administrative controls outside the ACL framework. If the requester is not authorized to READ or WRITE (depending on the share_access value), the server must return NFS4ERR_ACCESS. Note that since the NFS version 4 protocol does not impose any requirement that READs and WRITEs issued for an open file have the same credentials as the OPEN itself, the server still must do appropriate access checking on the READs and WRITEs themselves. If the component provided to OPEN is a symbolic link, the error NFS4ERR_SYMLINK will be returned to the client. If the current filehandle is not a directory, the error NFS4ERR_NOTDIR will be returned. The use of the OPEN4_RESULT_PRESERVE_UNLINKED result flag allows a client avoid the common implementation practice of renaming an open file to ".nfs" after it removes the file. After the server returns OPEN4_RESULT_PRESERVE_UNLINKED, if a client issues a REMOVE operation that would reduce the file's link count to zero, the server SHOULD report a value of zero for the FATTR4_NUMLINKS Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 336] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 attribute on the file. 16.16.5.1. WARNING TO CLIENT IMPLEMENTORS OPEN resembles LOOKUP in that it generates a filehandle for the client to use. Unlike LOOKUP though, OPEN creates server state on the filehandle. In normal circumstances, the client can only release this state with a CLOSE operation. CLOSE uses the current filehandle to determine which file to close. Therefore the client MUST follow every OPEN operation with a GETFH operation in the same COMPOUND procedure. This will supply the client with the filehandle such that CLOSE can be used appropriately. Simply waiting for the lease on the file to expire is insufficient because the server may maintain the state indefinitely as long as another client does not attempt to make a conflicting access to the same file. 16.17. Operation 19: OPENATTR - Open Named Attribute Directory 16.17.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh) createdir -> (cfh) 16.17.2. ARGUMENTS /* * OPENATTR: open named attributes directory */ struct OPENATTR4args { /* CURRENT_FH: object */ bool createdir; }; 16.17.3. RESULTS struct OPENATTR4res { /* CURRENT_FH: named attr directory */ nfsstat4 status; }; 16.17.4. DESCRIPTION The OPENATTR operation is used to obtain the filehandle of the named attribute directory associated with the current filehandle. The result of the OPENATTR will be a filehandle to an object of type Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 337] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 NF4ATTRDIR. From this filehandle, READDIR and LOOKUP operations can be used to obtain filehandles for the various named attributes associated with the original file system object. Filehandles returned within the named attribute directory will have a type of NF4NAMEDATTR. The createdir argument allows the client to signify if a named attribute directory should be created as a result of the OPENATTR operation. Some clients may use the OPENATTR operation with a value of FALSE for createdir to determine if any named attributes exist for the object. If none exist, then NFS4ERR_NOENT will be returned. If createdir has a value of TRUE and no named attribute directory exists, one is created. The creation of a named attribute directory assumes that the server has implemented named attribute support in this fashion and is not required to do so by this definition. 16.17.5. IMPLEMENTATION If the server does not support named attributes for the current filehandle, an error of NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP will be returned to the client. 16.18. Operation 21: OPEN_DOWNGRADE - Reduce Open File Access 16.18.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), stateid, seqid, access, deny -> stateid 16.18.2. ARGUMENTS /* * OPEN_DOWNGRADE: downgrade the access/deny for a file */ struct OPEN_DOWNGRADE4args { /* CURRENT_FH: opened file */ stateid4 open_stateid; seqid4 seqid; uint32_t share_access; uint32_t share_deny; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 338] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.18.3. RESULTS struct OPEN_DOWNGRADE4resok { stateid4 open_stateid; }; union OPEN_DOWNGRADE4res switch(nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: OPEN_DOWNGRADE4resok resok4; default: void; }; 16.18.4. DESCRIPTION This operation is used to adjust the share_access and share_deny bits for a given open. This is necessary when a given lockowner opens the same file multiple times with different share_access and share_deny flags. In this situation, a close of one of the opens may change the appropriate share_access and share_deny flags to remove bits associated with opens no longer in effect. The share_access and share_deny bits specified in this operation replace the current ones for the specified open file. The share_access and share_deny bits specified must be exactly equal to the union of the share_access and share_deny bits specified for some subset of the OPENs in effect for current openowner on the current file. If that constraint is not respected, the error NFS4ERR_INVAL should be returned. Since share_access and share_deny bits are subsets of those already granted, it is not possible for this request to be denied because of conflicting share reservations. On success, the current filehandle retains its value. 16.19. Operation 22: PUTFH - Set Current Filehandle 16.19.1. SYNOPSIS filehandle -> (cfh) Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 339] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.19.2. ARGUMENTS /* * PUTFH: Set current filehandle */ struct PUTFH4args { nfs_fh4 object; }; 16.19.3. RESULTS struct PUTFH4res { /* CURRENT_FH: */ nfsstat4 status; }; 16.19.4. DESCRIPTION Replaces the current filehandle with the filehandle provided as an argument. If the security mechanism used by the requester does not meet the requirements of the filehandle provided to this operation, the server MUST return NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC. 16.19.5. IMPLEMENTATION Commonly used as the first operator in an NFS request to set the context for following operations. 16.20. Operation 23: PUTPUBFH - Set Public Filehandle 16.20.1. SYNOPSIS - -> (cfh) 16.20.2. ARGUMENT void; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 340] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.20.3. RESULT /* * PUTPUBFH: Set public filehandle */ struct PUTPUBFH4res { /* CURRENT_FH: public fh */ nfsstat4 status; }; 16.20.4. DESCRIPTION Replaces the current filehandle with the filehandle that represents the public filehandle of the server's name space. This filehandle may be different from the "root" filehandle which may be associated with some other directory on the server. The public filehandle represents the concepts embodied in RFC2054 [25], RFC2055 [26], RFC2224 [32]. The intent for NFS version 4 is that the public filehandle (represented by the PUTPUBFH operation) be used as a method of providing WebNFS server compatibility with NFS versions 2 and 3. The public filehandle and the root filehandle (represented by the PUTROOTFH operation) should be equivalent. If the public and root filehandles are not equivalent, then the public filehandle MUST be a descendant of the root filehandle. 16.20.5. IMPLEMENTATION Used as the first operator in an NFS request to set the context for following operations. With the NFS version 2 and 3 public filehandle, the client is able to specify whether the path name provided in the LOOKUP should be evaluated as either an absolute path relative to the server's root or relative to the public filehandle. RFC2224 [32] contains further discussion of the functionality. With NFS version 4, that type of specification is not directly available in the LOOKUP operation. The reason for this is because the component separators needed to specify absolute vs. relative are not allowed in NFS version 4. Therefore, the client is responsible for constructing its request such that the use of either PUTROOTFH or PUTPUBFH are used to signify absolute or relative evaluation of an NFS URL respectively. Note that there are warnings mentioned in RFC2224 [32] with respect to the use of absolute evaluation and the restrictions the server may Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 341] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 place on that evaluation with respect to how much of its namespace has been made available. These same warnings apply to NFS version 4. It is likely, therefore that because of server implementation details, an NFS version 3 absolute public filehandle lookup may behave differently than an NFS version 4 absolute resolution. There is a form of security negotiation as described in RFC2755 [33] that uses the public filehandle a method of employing SNEGO. This method is not available with NFS version 4 as filehandles are not overloaded with special meaning and therefore do not provide the same framework as NFS versions 2 and 3. Clients should therefore use the security negotiation mechanisms described in this RFC. 16.20.6. ERRORS 16.21. Operation 24: PUTROOTFH - Set Root Filehandle 16.21.1. SYNOPSIS - -> (cfh) 16.21.2. ARGUMENTS void; 16.21.3. RESULTS /* * PUTROOTFH: Set root filehandle */ struct PUTROOTFH4res { /* CURRENT_FH: root fh */ nfsstat4 status; }; 16.21.4. DESCRIPTION Replaces the current filehandle with the filehandle that represents the root of the server's name space. From this filehandle a LOOKUP operation can locate any other filehandle on the server. This filehandle may be different from the "public" filehandle which may be associated with some other directory on the server. 16.21.5. IMPLEMENTATION Commonly used as the first operator in an NFS request to set the context for following operations. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 342] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.22. Operation 25: READ - Read from File 16.22.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), stateid, offset, count -> eof, data 16.22.2. ARGUMENTS /* * READ: Read from file */ struct READ4args { /* CURRENT_FH: file */ stateid4 stateid; offset4 offset; count4 count; }; 16.22.3. RESULTS struct READ4resok { bool eof; opaque data<>; }; union READ4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: READ4resok resok4; default: void; }; 16.22.4. DESCRIPTION The READ operation reads data from the regular file identified by the current filehandle. The client provides an offset of where the READ is to start and a count of how many bytes are to be read. An offset of 0 (zero) means to read data starting at the beginning of the file. If offset is greater than or equal to the size of the file, the status, NFS4_OK, is returned with a data length set to 0 (zero) and eof is set to TRUE. The READ is subject to access permissions checking. If the client specifies a count value of 0 (zero), the READ succeeds and returns 0 (zero) bytes of data again subject to access Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 343] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 permissions checking. The server may choose to return fewer bytes than specified by the client. The client needs to check for this condition and handle the condition appropriately. The stateid value for a READ request represents a value returned from a previous record lock or share reservation request. The stateid is used by the server to verify that the associated share reservation and any record locks are still valid and to update lease timeouts for the client. If the read ended at the end-of-file (formally, in a correctly formed READ request, if offset + count is equal to the size of the file), or the read request extends beyond the size of the file (if offset + count is greater than the size of the file), eof is returned as TRUE; otherwise it is FALSE. A successful READ of an empty file will always return eof as TRUE. If the current filehandle is not a regular file, an error will be returned to the client. In the case the current filehandle represents a directory, NFS4ERR_ISDIR is return; otherwise, NFS4ERR_INVAL is returned. For a READ with a stateid value of all bits 0, the server MAY allow the READ to be serviced subject to mandatory file locks or the current share deny modes for the file. For a READ with a stateid value of all bits 1, the server MAY allow READ operations to bypass locking checks at the server. On success, the current filehandle retains its value. 16.22.5. IMPLEMENTATION It is possible for the server to return fewer than count bytes of data. If the server returns less than the count requested and eof is set to FALSE, the client should issue another READ to get the remaining data. A server may return less data than requested under several circumstances. The file may have been truncated by another client or perhaps on the server itself, changing the file size from what the requesting client believes to be the case. This would reduce the actual amount of data available to the client. It is possible that the server may back off the transfer size and reduce the read request return. Server resource exhaustion may also occur necessitating a smaller read return. If mandatory file locking is on for the file, and if the region corresponding to the data to be read from file is write locked by an owner not associated the stateid, the server will return the NFS4ERR_LOCKED error. The client should try to get the appropriate Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 344] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 read record lock via the LOCK operation before re-attempting the READ. When the READ completes, the client should release the record lock via LOCKU. 16.23. Operation 26: READDIR - Read Directory 16.23.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), cookie, cookieverf, dircount, maxcount, attr_request -> cookieverf { cookie, name, attrs } 16.23.2. ARGUMENTS /* * READDIR: Read directory */ struct READDIR4args { /* CURRENT_FH: directory */ nfs_cookie4 cookie; verifier4 cookieverf; count4 dircount; count4 maxcount; bitmap4 attr_request; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 345] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.23.3. RESULTS struct entry4 { nfs_cookie4 cookie; component4 name; fattr4 attrs; entry4 *nextentry; }; struct dirlist4 { entry4 *entries; bool eof; }; struct READDIR4resok { verifier4 cookieverf; dirlist4 reply; }; union READDIR4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: READDIR4resok resok4; default: void; }; 16.23.4. DESCRIPTION The READDIR operation retrieves a variable number of entries from a file system directory and returns client requested attributes for each entry along with information to allow the client to request additional directory entries in a subsequent READDIR. The arguments contain a cookie value that represents where the READDIR should start within the directory. A value of 0 (zero) for the cookie is used to start reading at the beginning of the directory. For subsequent READDIR requests, the client specifies a cookie value that is provided by the server on a previous READDIR request. The cookieverf value should be set to 0 (zero) when the cookie value is 0 (zero) (first directory read). On subsequent requests, it should be a cookieverf as returned by the server. The cookieverf must match that returned by the READDIR in which the cookie was acquired. If the server determines that the cookieverf is no longer Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 346] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 valid for the directory, the error NFS4ERR_NOT_SAME must be returned. The dircount portion of the argument is a hint of the maximum number of bytes of directory information that should be returned. This value represents the length of the names of the directory entries and the cookie value for these entries. This length represents the XDR encoding of the data (names and cookies) and not the length in the native format of the server. The maxcount value of the argument is the maximum number of bytes for the result. This maximum size represents all of the data being returned within the READDIR4resok structure and includes the XDR overhead. The server may return less data. If the server is unable to return a single directory entry within the maxcount limit, the error NFS4ERR_TOOSMALL will be returned to the client. Finally, attr_request represents the list of attributes to be returned for each directory entry supplied by the server. On successful return, the server's response will provide a list of directory entries. Each of these entries contains the name of the directory entry, a cookie value for that entry, and the associated attributes as requested. The "eof" flag has a value of TRUE if there are no more entries in the directory. The cookie value is only meaningful to the server and is used as a "bookmark" for the directory entry. As mentioned, this cookie is used by the client for subsequent READDIR operations so that it may continue reading a directory. The cookie is similar in concept to a READ offset but should not be interpreted as such by the client. Ideally, the cookie value should not change if the directory is modified since the client may be caching these values. In some cases, the server may encounter an error while obtaining the attributes for a directory entry. Instead of returning an error for the entire READDIR operation, the server can instead return the attribute 'fattr4_rdattr_error'. With this, the server is able to communicate the failure to the client and not fail the entire operation in the instance of what might be a transient failure. Obviously, the client must request the fattr4_rdattr_error attribute for this method to work properly. If the client does not request the attribute, the server has no choice but to return failure for the entire READDIR operation. For some file system environments, the directory entries "." and ".." have special meaning and in other environments, they may not. If the server supports these special entries within a directory, they should not be returned to the client as part of the READDIR response. To Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 347] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 enable some client environments, the cookie values of 0, 1, and 2 are to be considered reserved. Note that the UNIX client will use these values when combining the server's response and local representations to enable a fully formed UNIX directory presentation to the application. For READDIR arguments, cookie values of 1 and 2 should not be used and for READDIR results cookie values of 0, 1, and 2 should not be returned. On success, the current filehandle retains its value. 16.23.5. IMPLEMENTATION The server's file system directory representations can differ greatly. A client's programming interfaces may also be bound to the local operating environment in a way that does not translate well into the NFS protocol. Therefore the use of the dircount and maxcount fields are provided to allow the client the ability to provide guidelines to the server. If the client is aggressive about attribute collection during a READDIR, the server has an idea of how to limit the encoded response. The dircount field provides a hint on the number of entries based solely on the names of the directory entries. Since it is a hint, it may be possible that a dircount value is zero. In this case, the server is free to ignore the dircount value and return directory information based on the specified maxcount value. The cookieverf may be used by the server to help manage cookie values that may become stale. It should be a rare occurrence that a server is unable to continue properly reading a directory with the provided cookie/cookieverf pair. The server should make every effort to avoid this condition since the application at the client may not be able to properly handle this type of failure. The use of the cookieverf will also protect the client from using READDIR cookie values that may be stale. For example, if the file system has been migrated, the server may or may not be able to use the same cookie values to service READDIR as the previous server used. With the client providing the cookieverf, the server is able to provide the appropriate response to the client. This prevents the case where the server may accept a cookie value but the underlying directory has changed and the response is invalid from the client's context of its previous READDIR. Since some servers will not be returning "." and ".." entries as has been done with previous versions of the NFS protocol, the client that requires these entries be present in READDIR responses must fabricate Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 348] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 them. 16.24. Operation 27: READLINK - Read Symbolic Link 16.24.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh) -> linktext 16.24.2. ARGUMENTS /* CURRENT_FH: symlink */ void; 16.24.3. RESULTS /* * READLINK: Read symbolic link */ struct READLINK4resok { linktext4 link; }; union READLINK4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: READLINK4resok resok4; default: void; }; 16.24.4. DESCRIPTION READLINK reads the data associated with a symbolic link. The data is a UTF-8 string that is opaque to the server. That is, whether created by an NFS client or created locally on the server, the data in a symbolic link is not interpreted when created, but is simply stored. On success, the current filehandle retains its value. 16.24.5. IMPLEMENTATION A symbolic link is nominally a pointer to another file. The data is not necessarily interpreted by the server, just stored in the file. It is possible for a client implementation to store a path name that is not meaningful to the server operating system in a symbolic link. A READLINK operation returns the data to the client for interpretation. If different implementations want to share access to Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 349] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 symbolic links, then they must agree on the interpretation of the data in the symbolic link. The READLINK operation is only allowed on objects of type NF4LNK. The server should return the error, NFS4ERR_INVAL, if the object is not of type, NF4LNK. 16.25. Operation 28: REMOVE - Remove File System Object 16.25.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), filename -> change_info 16.25.2. ARGUMENTS /* * REMOVE: Remove filesystem object */ struct REMOVE4args { /* CURRENT_FH: directory */ component4 target; }; 16.25.3. RESULTS struct REMOVE4resok { change_info4 cinfo; }; union REMOVE4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: REMOVE4resok resok4; default: void; }; 16.25.4. DESCRIPTION The REMOVE operation removes (deletes) a directory entry named by filename from the directory corresponding to the current filehandle. If the entry in the directory was the last reference to the corresponding file system object, the object may be destroyed. For the directory where the filename was removed, the server returns change_info4 information in cinfo. With the atomic field of the change_info4 struct, the server will indicate if the before and after Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 350] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 change attributes were obtained atomically with respect to the removal. If the target has a length of 0 (zero), or if target does not obey the UTF-8 definition, the error NFS4ERR_INVAL will be returned. On success, the current filehandle retains its value. 16.25.5. IMPLEMENTATION NFS versions 2 and 3 required a different operator RMDIR for directory removal and REMOVE for non-directory removal. This allowed clients to skip checking the file type when being passed a non- directory delete system call (e.g. unlink() in POSIX) to remove a directory, as well as the converse (e.g. a rmdir() on a non- directory) because they knew the server would check the file type. NFS version 4 REMOVE can be used to delete any directory entry independent of its file type. The implementor of an NFS version 4 client's entry points from the unlink() and rmdir() system calls should first check the file type against the types the system call is allowed to remove before issuing a REMOVE. Alternatively, the implementor can produce a COMPOUND call that includes a LOOKUP/VERIFY sequence to verify the file type before a REMOVE operation in the same COMPOUND call. The concept of last reference is server specific. However, if the numlinks field in the previous attributes of the object had the value 1, the client should not rely on referring to the object via a filehandle. Likewise, the client should not rely on the resources (disk space, directory entry, and so on) formerly associated with the object becoming immediately available. Thus, if a client needs to be able to continue to access a file after using REMOVE to remove it, the client should take steps to make sure that the file will still be accessible. The usual mechanism used is to RENAME the file from its old name to a new hidden name. If the server finds that the file is still open when the REMOVE arrives: .in 7 .IP o The server SHOULD NOT delete the file's directory entry if the file was opened with OPEN4_SHARE_DENY_WRITE or OPEN4_SHARE_DENY_BOTH. .IP o If the file was not opened with OPEN4_SHARE_DENY_WRITE or OPEN4_SHARE_DENY_BOTH, the server SHOULD delete the file's directory entry. However, until last CLOSE of the file, the server MAY continue to allow access to the file via its filehandle. .in 5 Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 351] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.26. Operation 29: RENAME - Rename Directory Entry 16.26.1. SYNOPSIS (sfh), oldname, (cfh), newname -> source_change_info, target_change_info 16.26.2. ARGUMENTS /* * RENAME: Rename directory entry */ struct RENAME4args { /* SAVED_FH: source directory */ component4 oldname; /* CURRENT_FH: target directory */ component4 newname; }; 16.26.3. RESULTS struct RENAME4resok { change_info4 source_cinfo; change_info4 target_cinfo; }; union RENAME4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: RENAME4resok resok4; default: void; }; 16.26.4. DESCRIPTION The RENAME operation renames the object identified by oldname in the source directory corresponding to the saved filehandle, as set by the SAVEFH operation, to newname in the target directory corresponding to the current filehandle. The operation is required to be atomic to the client. Source and target directories must reside on the same file system on the server. On success, the current filehandle will continue to be the target directory. If the target directory already contains an entry with the name, newname, the source object must be compatible with the target: either both are non-directories or both are directories and the target must Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 352] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 be empty. If compatible, the existing target is removed before the rename occurs (See the IMPLEMENTATION subsection of the section "Operation 28: REMOVE - Remove File System Object" for client and server actions whenever a target is removed). If they are not compatible or if the target is a directory but not empty, the server will return the error, NFS4ERR_EXIST. If oldname and newname both refer to the same file (they might be hard links of each other), then RENAME should perform no action and return success. For both directories involved in the RENAME, the server returns change_info4 information. With the atomic field of the change_info4 struct, the server will indicate if the before and after change attributes were obtained atomically with respect to the rename. If the oldname refers to a named attribute and the saved and current filehandles refer to different file system objects, the server will return NFS4ERR_XDEV just as if the saved and current filehandles represented directories on different file systems. If the oldname or newname has a length of 0 (zero), or if oldname or newname does not obey the UTF-8 definition, the error NFS4ERR_INVAL will be returned. 16.26.5. IMPLEMENTATION The RENAME operation must be atomic to the client. The statement "source and target directories must reside on the same file system on the server" means that the fsid fields in the attributes for the directories are the same. If they reside on different file systems, the error, NFS4ERR_XDEV, is returned. Based on the value of the fh_expire_type attribute for the object, the filehandle may or may not expire on a RENAME. However, server implementors are strongly encouraged to attempt to keep filehandles from expiring in this fashion. On some servers, the file names "." and ".." are illegal as either oldname or newname, and will result in the error NFS4ERR_BADNAME. In addition, on many servers the case of oldname or newname being an alias for the source directory will be checked for. Such servers will return the error NFS4ERR_INVAL in these cases. If either of the source or target filehandles are not directories, the server will return NFS4ERR_NOTDIR. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 353] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.27. Operation 31: RESTOREFH - Restore Saved Filehandle 16.27.1. SYNOPSIS (sfh) -> (cfh) 16.27.2. ARGUMENTS /* SAVED_FH: */ void; 16.27.3. RESULTS /* * RESTOREFH: Restore saved filehandle */ struct RESTOREFH4res { /* CURRENT_FH: value of saved fh */ nfsstat4 status; }; 16.27.4. DESCRIPTION Set the current filehandle to the value in the saved filehandle. If there is no saved filehandle then return the error NFS4ERR_RESTOREFH. 16.27.5. IMPLEMENTATION Operations like OPEN and LOOKUP use the current filehandle to represent a directory and replace it with a new filehandle. Assuming the previous filehandle was saved with a SAVEFH operator, the previous filehandle can be restored as the current filehandle. This is commonly used to obtain post-operation attributes for the directory, e.g. PUTFH (directory filehandle) SAVEFH GETATTR attrbits (pre-op dir attrs) CREATE optbits "foo" attrs GETATTR attrbits (file attributes) RESTOREFH GETATTR attrbits (post-op dir attrs) Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 354] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.27.6. ERRORS 16.28. Operation 32: SAVEFH - Save Current Filehandle 16.28.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh) -> (sfh) 16.28.2. ARGUMENTS /* CURRENT_FH: */ void; 16.28.3. RESULTS /* * SAVEFH: Save current filehandle */ struct SAVEFH4res { /* SAVED_FH: value of current fh */ nfsstat4 status; }; 16.28.4. DESCRIPTION Save the current filehandle. If a previous filehandle was saved then it is no longer accessible. The saved filehandle can be restored as the current filehandle with the RESTOREFH operator. On success, the current filehandle retains its value. 16.28.5. IMPLEMENTATION 16.29. Operation 33: SECINFO - Obtain Available Security 16.29.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), name -> { secinfo } Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 355] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.29.2. ARGUMENTS /* * SECINFO: Obtain Available Security Mechanisms */ struct SECINFO4args { /* CURRENT_FH: directory */ component4 name; }; 16.29.3. RESULTS /* * From RFC 2203 */ enum rpc_gss_svc_t { RPC_GSS_SVC_NONE = 1, RPC_GSS_SVC_INTEGRITY = 2, RPC_GSS_SVC_PRIVACY = 3 }; struct rpcsec_gss_info { sec_oid4 oid; qop4 qop; rpc_gss_svc_t service; }; /* RPCSEC_GSS has a value of '6' - See RFC 2203 */ union secinfo4 switch (uint32_t flavor) { case RPCSEC_GSS: rpcsec_gss_info flavor_info; default: void; }; typedef secinfo4 SECINFO4resok<>; union SECINFO4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: SECINFO4resok resok4; default: void; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 356] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.29.4. DESCRIPTION The SECINFO operation is used by the client to obtain a list of valid RPC authentication flavors for a specific directory filehandle, file name pair. SECINFO should apply the same access methodology used for LOOKUP when evaluating the name. Therefore, if the requester does not have the appropriate access to LOOKUP the name then SECINFO must behave the same way and return NFS4ERR_ACCESS. The result will contain an array which represents the security mechanisms available, with an order corresponding to the server's preferences, the most preferred being first in the array. The client is free to pick whatever security mechanism it both desires and supports, or to pick in the server's preference order the first one it supports. The array entries are represented by the secinfo4 structure. The field 'flavor' will contain a value of AUTH_NONE, AUTH_SYS (as defined in RFC1831 [4]), or RPCSEC_GSS (as defined in RFC2203 [5]). The field flavor can also any other security flavor registered with IANA. For the flavors AUTH_NONE and AUTH_SYS, no additional security information is returned. The same is true of many (if not most) other security flavors, including AUTH_DH. For a return value of RPCSEC_GSS, a security triple is returned that contains the mechanism object id (as defined in RFC2743 [8]), the quality of protection (as defined in RFC2743 [8]) and the service type (as defined in RFC2203 [5]). It is possible for SECINFO to return multiple entries with flavor equal to RPCSEC_GSS with different security triple values. On success, the current filehandle retains its value. If the name has a length of 0 (zero), or if name does not obey the UTF-8 definition, the error NFS4ERR_INVAL will be returned. 16.29.5. IMPLEMENTATION The SECINFO operation is expected to be used by the NFS client when the error value of NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC is returned from another NFS operation. This signifies to the client that the server's security policy is different from what the client is currently using. At this point, the client is expected to obtain a list of possible security flavors and choose what best suits its policies. As mentioned, the server's security policies will determine when a client request receives NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC. The operations which may receive this error are: LINK, LOOKUP, LOOKUPP, OPEN, PUTFH, PUTPUBFH, PUTROOTFH, RESTOREFH, RENAME, and indirectly READDIR. LINK and RENAME will only receive this error if the security used for the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 357] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 operation is inappropriate for saved filehandle. With the exception of READDIR, these operations represent the point at which the client can instantiate a filehandle into the "current filehandle" at the server. The filehandle is either provided by the client (PUTFH, PUTPUBFH, PUTROOTFH) or generated as a result of a name to filehandle translation (LOOKUP and OPEN). RESTOREFH is different because the filehandle is a result of a previous SAVEFH. Even though the filehandle, for RESTOREFH, might have previously passed the server's inspection for a security match, the server will check it again on RESTOREFH to ensure that the security policy has not changed. If the client wants to resolve an error return of NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC, the following will occur: o For LOOKUP and OPEN, the client will use SECINFO with the same current filehandle and name as provided in the original LOOKUP or OPEN to enumerate the available security triples. o For LINK, PUTFH, PUTROOTFH, PUTPUBFH, RENAME, and RESTOREFH, the client will use SECINFO_NO_NAME { style = current_fh }. The client will prefix the SECINFO_NO_NAME operation with the appropriate PUTFH, PUTPUBFH, or PUTROOTFH operation that provides the filehandle originally provided by the PUTFH, PUTPUBFH, PUTROOTFH, or RESTOREFH, or for the failed LINK or RENAME, the SAVEFH. o NOTE: In NFSv4.0, the client was required to use SECINFO, and had to reconstruct the parent of the original file handle, and the component name of the original filehandle. o For LOOKUPP, the client will use SECINFO_NO_NAME { style = parent } and provide the filehandle with equals the filehandle originally provided to LOOKUPP. The READDIR operation will not directly return the NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC error. However, if the READDIR request included a request for attributes, it is possible that the READDIR request's security triple did not match that of a directory entry. If this is the case and the client has requested the rdattr_error attribute, the server will return the NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC error in rdattr_error for the entry. See the section "Security Considerations" for a discussion on the recommendations for security flavor used by SECINFO and SECINFO_NO_NAME. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 358] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.30. Operation 34: SETATTR - Set Attributes 16.30.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), stateid, attrmask, attr_vals -> attrsset 16.30.2. ARGUMENTS /* * SETATTR: Set attributes */ struct SETATTR4args { /* CURRENT_FH: target object */ stateid4 stateid; fattr4 obj_attributes; }; 16.30.3. RESULTS struct SETATTR4res { nfsstat4 status; bitmap4 attrsset; }; 16.30.4. DESCRIPTION The SETATTR operation changes one or more of the attributes of a file system object. The new attributes are specified with a bitmap and the attributes that follow the bitmap in bit order. The stateid argument for SETATTR is used to provide file locking context that is necessary for SETATTR requests that set the size attribute. Since setting the size attribute modifies the file's data, it has the same locking requirements as a corresponding WRITE. Any SETATTR that sets the size attribute is incompatible with a share reservation that specifies DENY_WRITE. The area between the old end- of-file and the new end-of-file is considered to be modified just as would have been the case had the area in question been specified as the target of WRITE, for the purpose of checking conflicts with record locks, for those cases in which a server is implementing mandatory record locking behavior. A valid stateid should always be specified. When the file size attribute is not set, the special stateid consisting of all bits zero should be passed. On either success or failure of the operation, the server will return the attrsset bitmask to represent what (if any) attributes were Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 359] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 successfully set. The attrsset in the response is a subset of the bitmap4 that is part of the obj_attributes in the argument. On success, the current filehandle retains its value. 16.30.5. IMPLEMENTATION If the request specifies the owner attribute to be set, the server should allow the operation to succeed if the current owner of the object matches the value specified in the request. Some servers may be implemented in a way as to prohibit the setting of the owner attribute unless the requester has privilege to do so. If the server is lenient in this one case of matching owner values, the client implementation may be simplified in cases of creation of an object followed by a SETATTR. The file size attribute is used to request changes to the size of a file. A value of 0 (zero) causes the file to be truncated, a value less than the current size of the file causes data from new size to the end of the file to be discarded, and a size greater than the current size of the file causes logically zeroed data bytes to be added to the end of the file. Servers are free to implement this using holes or actual zero data bytes. Clients should not make any assumptions regarding a server's implementation of this feature, beyond that the bytes returned will be zeroed. Servers must support extending the file size via SETATTR. SETATTR is not guaranteed atomic. A failed SETATTR may partially change a file's attributes. Changing the size of a file with SETATTR indirectly changes the time_modify. A client must account for this as size changes can result in data deletion. The attributes time_access_set and time_modify_set are write-only attributes constructed as a switched union so the client can direct the server in setting the time values. If the switched union specifies SET_TO_CLIENT_TIME4, the client has provided an nfstime4 to be used for the operation. If the switch union does not specify SET_TO_CLIENT_TIME4, the server is to use its current time for the SETATTR operation. If server and client times differ, programs that compare client time to file times can break. A time maintenance protocol should be used to limit client/server time skew. Use of a COMPOUND containing a VERIFY operation specifying only the change attribute, immediately followed by a SETATTR, provides a means Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 360] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 whereby a client may specify a request that emulates the functionality of the SETATTR guard mechanism of NFS version 3. Since the function of the guard mechanism is to avoid changes to the file attributes based on stale information, delays between checking of the guard condition and the setting of the attributes have the potential to compromise this function, as would the corresponding delay in the NFS version 4 emulation. Therefore, NFS version 4 servers should take care to avoid such delays, to the degree possible, when executing such a request. If the server does not support an attribute as requested by the client, the server should return NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP. A mask of the attributes actually set is returned by SETATTR in all cases. That mask must not include attributes bits not requested to be set by the client, and must be equal to the mask of attributes requested to be set only if the SETATTR completes without error. 16.31. Operation 37: VERIFY - Verify Same Attributes 16.31.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), fattr -> - 16.31.2. ARGUMENTS /* * VERIFY: Verify attributes same */ struct VERIFY4args { /* CURRENT_FH: object */ fattr4 obj_attributes; }; 16.31.3. RESULTS struct VERIFY4res { nfsstat4 status; }; 16.31.4. DESCRIPTION The VERIFY operation is used to verify that attributes have a value assumed by the client before proceeding with following operations in the compound request. If any of the attributes do not match then the error NFS4ERR_NOT_SAME must be returned. The current filehandle Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 361] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 retains its value after successful completion of the operation. 16.31.5. IMPLEMENTATION One possible use of the VERIFY operation is the following compound sequence. With this the client is attempting to verify that the file being removed will match what the client expects to be removed. This sequence can help prevent the unintended deletion of a file. PUTFH (directory filehandle) LOOKUP (file name) VERIFY (filehandle == fh) PUTFH (directory filehandle) REMOVE (file name) This sequence does not prevent a second client from removing and creating a new file in the middle of this sequence but it does help avoid the unintended result. In the case that a recommended attribute is specified in the VERIFY operation and the server does not support that attribute for the file system object, the error NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP is returned to the client. When the attribute rdattr_error or any write-only attribute (e.g. time_modify_set) is specified, the error NFS4ERR_INVAL is returned to the client. 16.32. Operation 38: WRITE - Write to File 16.32.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), stateid, offset, stable, data -> count, committed, writeverf Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 362] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.32.2. ARGUMENTS /* * WRITE: Write to file */ enum stable_how4 { UNSTABLE4 = 0, DATA_SYNC4 = 1, FILE_SYNC4 = 2 }; struct WRITE4args { /* CURRENT_FH: file */ stateid4 stateid; offset4 offset; stable_how4 stable; opaque data<>; }; 16.32.3. RESULTS struct WRITE4resok { count4 count; stable_how4 committed; verifier4 writeverf; }; union WRITE4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: WRITE4resok resok4; default: void; }; 16.32.4. DESCRIPTION The WRITE operation is used to write data to a regular file. The target file is specified by the current filehandle. The offset specifies the offset where the data should be written. An offset of 0 (zero) specifies that the write should start at the beginning of the file. The count, as encoded as part of the opaque data parameter, represents the number of bytes of data that are to be written. If the count is 0 (zero), the WRITE will succeed and return a count of 0 (zero) subject to permissions checking. The server may choose to write fewer bytes than requested by the client. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 363] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Part of the write request is a specification of how the write is to be performed. The client specifies with the stable parameter the method of how the data is to be processed by the server. If stable is FILE_SYNC4, the server must commit the data written plus all file system metadata to stable storage before returning results. This corresponds to the NFS version 2 protocol semantics. Any other behavior constitutes a protocol violation. If stable is DATA_SYNC4, then the server must commit all of the data to stable storage and enough of the metadata to retrieve the data before returning. The server implementor is free to implement DATA_SYNC4 in the same fashion as FILE_SYNC4, but with a possible performance drop. If stable is UNSTABLE4, the server is free to commit any part of the data and the metadata to stable storage, including all or none, before returning a reply to the client. There is no guarantee whether or when any uncommitted data will subsequently be committed to stable storage. The only guarantees made by the server are that it will not destroy any data without changing the value of verf and that it will not commit the data and metadata at a level less than that requested by the client. The stateid value for a WRITE request represents a value returned from a previous record lock or share reservation request. The stateid is used by the server to verify that the associated share reservation and any record locks are still valid and to update lease timeouts for the client. Upon successful completion, the following results are returned. The count result is the number of bytes of data written to the file. The server may write fewer bytes than requested. If so, the actual number of bytes written starting at location, offset, is returned. The server also returns an indication of the level of commitment of the data and metadata via committed. If the server committed all data and metadata to stable storage, committed should be set to FILE_SYNC4. If the level of commitment was at least as strong as DATA_SYNC4, then committed should be set to DATA_SYNC4. Otherwise, committed must be returned as UNSTABLE4. If stable was FILE4_SYNC, then committed must also be FILE_SYNC4: anything else constitutes a protocol violation. If stable was DATA_SYNC4, then committed may be FILE_SYNC4 or DATA_SYNC4: anything else constitutes a protocol violation. If stable was UNSTABLE4, then committed may be either FILE_SYNC4, DATA_SYNC4, or UNSTABLE4. The final portion of the result is the write verifier. The write verifier is a cookie that the client can use to determine whether the server has changed instance (boot) state between a call to WRITE and a subsequent call to either WRITE or COMMIT. This cookie must be consistent during a single instance of the NFS version 4 protocol Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 364] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 service and must be unique between instances of the NFS version 4 protocol server, where uncommitted data may be lost. If a client writes data to the server with the stable argument set to UNSTABLE4 and the reply yields a committed response of DATA_SYNC4 or UNSTABLE4, the client will follow up some time in the future with a COMMIT operation to synchronize outstanding asynchronous data and metadata with the server's stable storage, barring client error. It is possible that due to client crash or other error that a subsequent COMMIT will not be received by the server. For a WRITE with a stateid value of all bits 0, the server MAY allow the WRITE to be serviced subject to mandatory file locks or the current share deny modes for the file. For a WRITE with a stateid value of all bits 1, the server MUST NOT allow the WRITE operation to bypass locking checks at the server and are treated exactly the same as if a stateid of all bits 0 were used. On success, the current filehandle retains its value. 16.32.5. IMPLEMENTATION It is possible for the server to write fewer bytes of data than requested by the client. In this case, the server should not return an error unless no data was written at all. If the server writes less than the number of bytes specified, the client should issue another WRITE to write the remaining data. It is assumed that the act of writing data to a file will cause the time_modified of the file to be updated. However, the time_modified of the file should not be changed unless the contents of the file are changed. Thus, a WRITE request with count set to 0 should not cause the time_modified of the file to be updated. The definition of stable storage has been historically a point of contention. The following expected properties of stable storage may help in resolving design issues in the implementation. Stable storage is persistent storage that survives: 1. Repeated power failures. 2. Hardware failures (of any board, power supply, etc.). 3. Repeated software crashes, including reboot cycle. This definition does not address failure of the stable storage module itself. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 365] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 The verifier is defined to allow a client to detect different instances of an NFS version 4 protocol server over which cached, uncommitted data may be lost. In the most likely case, the verifier allows the client to detect server reboots. This information is required so that the client can safely determine whether the server could have lost cached data. If the server fails unexpectedly and the client has uncommitted data from previous WRITE requests (done with the stable argument set to UNSTABLE4 and in which the result committed was returned as UNSTABLE4 as well) it may not have flushed cached data to stable storage. The burden of recovery is on the client and the client will need to retransmit the data to the server. A suggested verifier would be to use the time that the server was booted or the time the server was last started (if restarting the server without a reboot results in lost buffers). The committed field in the results allows the client to do more effective caching. If the server is committing all WRITE requests to stable storage, then it should return with committed set to FILE_SYNC4, regardless of the value of the stable field in the arguments. A server that uses an NVRAM accelerator may choose to implement this policy. The client can use this to increase the effectiveness of the cache by discarding cached data that has already been committed on the server. Some implementations may return NFS4ERR_NOSPC instead of NFS4ERR_DQUOT when a user's quota is exceeded. In the case that the current filehandle is a directory, the server will return NFS4ERR_ISDIR. If the current filehandle is not a regular file or a directory, the server will return NFS4ERR_INVAL. If mandatory file locking is on for the file, and corresponding record of the data to be written file is read or write locked by an owner that is not associated with the stateid, the server will return NFS4ERR_LOCKED. If so, the client must check if the owner corresponding to the stateid used with the WRITE operation has a conflicting read lock that overlaps with the region that was to be written. If the stateid's owner has no conflicting read lock, then the client should try to get the appropriate write record lock via the LOCK operation before re-attempting the WRITE. When the WRITE completes, the client should release the record lock via LOCKU. If the stateid's owner had a conflicting read lock, then the client has no choice but to return an error to the application that attempted the WRITE. The reason is that since the stateid's owner had a read lock, the server either attempted to temporarily effectively upgrade this read lock to a write lock, or the server has no upgrade capability. If the server attempted to upgrade the read Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 366] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 lock and failed, it is pointless for the client to re-attempt the upgrade via the LOCK operation, because there might be another client also trying to upgrade. If two clients are blocked trying upgrade the same lock, the clients deadlock. If the server has no upgrade capability, then it is pointless to try a LOCK operation to upgrade. 16.33. Operation 40: BACKCHANNEL_CTL - Backchannel control Control aspects of the backchannel 16.33.1. SYNOPSIS Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 367] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.33.2. ARGUMENT /* * NFSv4.1 arguments and results */ struct gss_cb_handles4 { rpc_gss_svc_t gcbp_service; /* RFC 2203 */ opaque gcbp_handle_from_server<>; opaque gcbp_handle_from_client<>; }; union callback_sec_parms4 switch (uint32_t cb_secflavor) { case AUTH_NONE: void; case AUTH_SYS: authsys_parms cbsp_sys_cred; /* RFC 1831 */ case RPCSEC_GSS: gss_cb_handles4 cbsp_gss_handles; }; /* * TEMPORARY definitions */ typedef uint32_t streamchannelattrs4; typedef uint32_t rdmachannelattrs4; struct channel_attrs4 { count4 ca_maxrequestsize; count4 ca_maxresponsesize; count4 ca_maxresponsesize_cached; count4 ca_maxoperations; count4 ca_maxrequests; streamchannelattrs4 ca_stream_chan_attrs<1>; rdmachannelattrs4 ca_rdma_chan_attrs<1>; }; typedef uint32_t sequenceid4; typedef uint32_t slotid4; struct BACKCHANNEL_CTL4args { uint32_t bca_cb_program; callback_sec_parms4 bca_sec_parms<>; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 368] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.33.3. RESULT struct BACKCHANNEL_CTL4res { nfsstat4 bcr_status; }; 16.33.4. DESCRIPTION The BACKCHANNEL_CTL operation replaces the backchannel's callback program number and adds (not replaces) RPCSEC_GSS contexts for use by the callback path. The arguments and results of the BACKCHANNEL_CTL call are a subset of the CREATE_SESSION parameters and have the same meaning. See the descriptions of csa_cb_program and csa_cb_sec_parms in Section 16.36.5. BACKCHANNEL_CTL MUST appear in a COMPOUND that starts with SEQUENCE. 16.33.5. ERRORS TBD 16.34. Operation 41: BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION 16.34.1. SYNOPSIS sessionid, nonce, digest -> nonce, digest 16.34.2. ARGUMENT enum channel_dir_from_client { cdfc_fore = 0x1, cdfc_back = 0x2, cdfc_fore_or_both = 0x3, cdfc_back_or_both = 0x7 }; struct BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION4args { sessionid4 bctsa_sessid; bool bctsa_step1; channel_dir_from_client bctsa_dir; bool bctsa_use_conn_in_rdma_mode; uint64_t bctsa_nonce; opaque bctsa_digest<>; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 369] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.34.3. RESULT enum channel_dir_from_server { cdfs_fore = 0x1, cdfs_back = 0x2, cdfs_both = 0x3 }; struct BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION4res { sessionid4 bctsr_sessid; bool bctsr_challenge; channel_dir_from_server bctsr_dir; bool bctsr_use_conn_in_rdma_mode; uint64_t bctsr_nonce; opaque bctsr_digest<>; }; 16.34.4. DESCRIPTION BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION is used to bind additional connections to a session. It MUST be used on the connection being bound. It MUST be the only operation in the COMPOUND procedure. Any principal, security flavor, or RPCSEC_GSS context can invoke the operation. If when the session was created, the client opted to not enable enforcement of connection binding (see Section 16.36), the client is not required to use BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION, unless the client wishes to the bind the connection to the backchannel. In that case, because the client did not enable connection binding enforcement, it selected no hash algorithms for digest computation. Thus bctsa_digest and bctsr_digest will be zero length, and the neither the client or server verifies either digest. If the client enabled enforcement of connection binding, then to prevent replay attacks, BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION implements a challenge response protocol. This means that the client may be directed to issue BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION a second time on the same connection before the connection is bound to the session. The client is first returned a challenge value in bctsr_nonce, and the client must then calculate a digest using SSV as the key, and the challenge value and other information as the text. Since the server is free to generate nonce values that are unlikely to be re-used, this prevents attackers from engaging in replay attacks to bind rogue connections to the session. bctsa_sessid identifies the session the connection is to be bound to. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 370] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 If bctsa_step1 is TRUE, then the client is trying to initiate a binding of a connection to a session. bctsa_nonce is a sequence value used to deter replay attacks on the server. If bctsa_step1 is FALSE, bctsa_nonce MUST be different from the bctsa_nonce value for previous BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION operation that had bctsa_step1 set to TRUE. bctsa_digest is computed as the output of the HMAC RFC2104 [14] using the current SSV as the key, and the XDR encoded value of data of type struct bctsa_digest_input as the input text: struct bctsa_digest_input { sessionid4 bdai_sessid; uint64_t bdai_nonce1; uint64_t bdai_nonce2; }; bdai_sessid is the same as bctsa_sessid. bdai_nonce1 is the same as bctsa_nonce. If bctsa_step1 was TRUE, then bdai_nonce2 is zero. Otherwise, bdai_nonce2 is the same as bctsr_nonce from previous response to BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION on the same connection and sessionid. In the response, bctsr_challenge is set to TRUE if the server is challenging the client to prove it is not attempting a replay attack. If it is set to true, the client MUST follow up with a BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION request with bctsda_step1 set to FALSE. If bctstr_challenge is set to FALSE, the server is either not challenging the client, or the response is in response to a challenge. bctsr_nonce, MUST NOT be equal to bctsa_nonce and is a nonce used to deter replay attacks on the client and server. bctsr_digest is the output of the HMAC using the SSV as the key, and the XDR encoded value of the following as the text: struct bctsr_digest_input { sessionid4 bdri_sessid; uint64_t bdri_nonce1; uint64_t bdri_nonce2; uint64_t bdri_nonce3; }; bdri_sessid is the same as bctsr_sessid which in turn should be the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 371] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 same as bctsa_sessid. bdri_nonce1 is the same as bctsr_nonce. bdri_nonce2 is the same as bctsa_nonce. If bctsr_challenge is TRUE, bdri_nonce3 is zero. Otherwise bdri_nonce3 is equal to the value of bctsa_nonce as sent in the preceding BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION that had bctsa_step1 set to TRUE. If server's computation of bctsa_digest does not match that in the arguments, the server MUST return NFS4ERR_BAD_SESSION_DIGEST. bctsa_dir indicates whether the client wants to bind the connection to the fore (operations) channel or back channel or both channels. The value cdfc_fore_or_both indicates the client wants to bind to the both the fore and back channel, but will accept the connection being bound to just the fore channel. The value cdfc_back_or_both indicates the client wants to bind to the both the fore and back channel, but will accept the connection being bound to the back channel. The server replies in bctsr_dir which channel(s) the connection is bound to (but bctsr_dir is only meaningful if bctsr_challenge is FALSE). If the client specified cdfc_fore, the server MUST return cdfs_fore. If the client specified cdfc_back, the server MUST return cdfs_back. If the client specified cdfc_fore_or_both, the MUST return cdfs_fore or cdfs_both. If the client specified cdfc_back_or_both, the server MUST return cdfs_back or cdfs_both. Note that if BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION has to be called in two steps, the server only processes the bctsa_dir value from the second step, and the client only processes the bctsr_dir from the second step. See the CREATE_SESSION operation (Section 16.36), and the description of the argument csa_use_conn_in_rdma_mode to understand bctsa_use_conn_in_rdma_mode, and the description of csr_use_conn_in_rdma_mode to understand bctsr_use_conn_in_rdma_mode. 16.34.5. IMPLEMENTATION If the client's computation of bctsr_digest does not match that in the results, the client SHOULD NOT accept successful BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION results, and SHOULD assume there has been an attack. Possibilities include: o The attacker has managed to change the SSV, by binding another connection. o The attacker has not managed to change the SSV. The client recovers from a possible attack as follows. The client can issue SET_SSV to attempt to change the SSV. If SSV is Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 372] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 changed successfully, including verification of the digest in the response to SET_SSV, then this means the attacker did not change the SSV. Thus the attacker has managed to hijack the connection. The client's only recourse is to disconnect, and bind a new connection. Using IPsec to protect the connection will prevent connection hijacking. If SET_SSV fails, or the verification of the digest in the response fails, the attacker has changed the SSV. The client's only recourse is to recreate the session. If the client loses all connections, it needs to use BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION to bind a new connection. The server will not have the SSV if the server has rebooted and the server doesn't keep the replay cache in stable storage. In that event, the preceding SEQUENCE op in the same compound will have returned NFS4ERR_BADSESSION, so the client's state machine goes back to CREATE_SESSION. There is an issue if SET_SSV is sent, no response is returned, and the last bound connection disconnects. The client, per the sessions model, needs to retry the SET_SSV. But it needs a new connection to do so, and needs to bind that connection to the session. The problem is that the digest calculation for BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION uses the SSV as the key, and the SSV may have changed. While there are multiple recovery strategies, a single, general strategy is described here. First the client reconnects. The client issues BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION with the new SSV used as the digest. If the server returns NFS4ERR_BAD_SESSION_DIGEST then this means the server's current SSV was not changed, and the SET_SSV was not executed. The client then tries BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION with the old SSV as the digest key. This should not return NFS4ERR_BAD_SESSION_DIGEST. If it does, an implementation error has occurred on either the client or server, and the client has to create a new session. 16.34.6. ERRORS error list 16.35. Operation 42: EXCHANGE_ID - Instantiate Clientid Create a clientid 16.35.1. SYNOPSIS client -> clientid Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 373] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.35.2. ARGUMENT struct EXCHANGE_ID4args { client_owner4 eia_clientowner; }; 16.35.3. RESULT struct server_owner4 { uint64_t so_minor_id; opaque so_major_id; }; struct EXCHANGE_ID4resok { clientid4 eir_clientid; sequenceid4 eir_sequenceid4; server_owner4 eir_server_owner; opaque eir_server_scope; }; union EXCHANGE_ID4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: EXCHANGE_ID4resok eir_resok4; default: void; }; 16.35.4. DESCRIPTION The client uses the EXCHANGE_ID operation to register a particular client identifier with the server. The clientid returned from this operation will be necessary for requests that create state on the server and will serve as a parent object to sessions created by the client. In order to confirm the clientid it and the returned sequenceid must first be used as an argument to CREATE_SESSION. EXCHANGE_ID MUST not be sent to pNFS data servers. 16.35.5. IMPLEMENTATION A server's client record is a 5-tuple: 1. co_ownerid Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 374] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 The client identifier string, from the eia_clientowner structure of the EXCHANGE_ID4args structure 2. co_verifier: A client-specific value used to indicate reboots, from the eia_clientowner structure of the EXCHANGE_ID4args structure 3. principal: The RPCSEC_GSS principal sent via the RPC headers 4. clientid: The shorthand client identifier, generated by the server and returned via the eir_clientid field in the EXCHANGE_ID4resok structure 5. confirmed: A private field on the server indicating whether or not a client record has been confirmed. A client record is confirmed if there has been a successful CREATE_SESSION operation to confirm it. Otherwise it is unconfirmed. An unconfirmed record is established by a EXCHANGE_ID call. Any unconfirmed record that is not confirmed within a lease period may be removed. The following identifiers represent special values for the fields in the records. id_arg: The value of the eia_clientowner.co_ownerid subfield of the EXCHANGE_ID4args structure of the current request. verifier_arg: The value of the eia_clientowner.co_verifier subfield of the EXCHANGE_ID4args structure of the current request. old_verifier_arg: A value of the eia_clientowner.co_verifier field of a client record received in a previous request; this is distinct from verifier_arg. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 375] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 principal_arg: The value of the RPCSEC_GSS principal for the current request. old_principal_arg: A value of the RPCSEC_GSS principal received for a previous request. This is distinct from principal_arg. clientid_ret: The value of the eir_clientid field the server will return in the EXCHANGE_ID4resok structure for the current request. old_clientid_ret: The value of the eir_clientid field the server returned in the EXCHANGE_ID4resok structure for a previous request. This is distinct from clientid_ret. Since EXCHANGE_ID is a non-idempotent operation, we must consider the possibility that replays might occur as a result of a client reboot, network partition, malfunctioning router, etc. Replays are identified by the value of the client field of EXCHANGE_ID4args and the method for dealing with them is outlined in the scenarios below. The scenarios are described in terms of what client records whose eia_clientowner.co_ownerid subfield have a value equal to id_arg exist in the server's set of client records. Any cases in which there is more than one record with identical values for id_arg represent a server implementation error. Operation in the potential valid cases is summarized as follows. 1. Common case If no client records with eia_clientowner.co_ownerid matching id_arg exist, a new shorthand client identifier clientid_ret is generated, and the following unconfirmed record is added to the server's state. { id_arg, verifier_arg, principal_arg, clientid_ret, FALSE } Subsequently, the server returns clientid_ret. 2. Router Replay If the server has the following confirmed record, then this request is likely the result of a replayed request due to a Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 376] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 faulty router or lost connection. { id_arg, verifier_arg, principal_arg, clientid_ret, TRUE } Since the record has been confirmed, the client must have received the server's reply from the initial EXCHANGE_ID request. Since this is simply a spurious request, there is no modification to the server's state, and the server makes no reply to the client. 3. Client Collision If the server has the following confirmed record, then this request is likely the result of a chance collision between the values of the eia_clientowner.co_ownerid subfield of EXCHANGE_ID4args for two different clients. { id_arg, *, old_principal_arg, clientid_ret, TRUE } Since the value of the eia_clientowner.co_ownerid subfield of each client record must be unique, there is no modification of the server's state, and NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE is returned to indicate the client should retry with a different value for the eia_clientowner.co_ownerid subfield of EXCHANGE_ID4args. This scenario may also represent a malicious attempt to destroy a client's state on the server. For security reasons, the server MUST NOT remove the client's state when there is a principal mismatch. 4. Replay If the server has the following unconfirmed record then this request is likely the result of a client replay due to a network partition or some other connection failure. { id_arg, verifier_arg, principal_arg, clientid_ret, FALSE } Since the response to the EXCHANGE_ID request that created this record may have been lost, it is not acceptable to drop this duplicate request. However, rather than processing it normally, the existing record is left unchanged and clientid_ret, which was generated for the previous request, is returned. 5. Change of Principal Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 377] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 If the server has the following unconfirmed record then this request is likely the result of a client which has for whatever reasons changed principals (possibly to change security flavor) after calling EXCHANGE_ID, but before calling CREATE_SESSION. { id_arg, verifier_arg, old_principal_arg, clientid_ret, FALSE} Since the client has not changed, the principal field of the unconfirmed record is updated to principal_arg and clientid_ret is again returned. There is a small possibility that this is merely a collision on the client field of EXCHANGE_ID4args between unrelated clients, but since that is unlikely, and an unconfirmed record does not generally have any file system pertinent state, we can assume it is the same client without risking loss of any important state. After processing, the following record will exist on the server. { id_arg, verifier_arg, principal_arg, clientid_ret, FALSE} 6. Client Reboot If the server has the following confirmed client record, then this request is likely from a previously confirmed client which has rebooted. { id_arg, old_verifier_arg, principal_arg, clientid_ret, TRUE } Since the previous incarnation of the same client will no longer be making requests, lock and share reservations should be released immediately rather than forcing the new incarnation to wait for the lease time on the previous incarnation to expire. Furthermore, session state should be removed since if the client had maintained that information across reboot, this request would not have been issued. If the server does not support the CLAIM_DELEGATE_PREV claim type, associated delegations should be purged as well; otherwise, delegations are retained and recovery proceeds according to the section Delegation Recovery (Section 9.2.1). The client record is updated with the new verifier and its status is changed to unconfirmed. After processing, clientid_ret is returned to the client and the following record will exist on the server. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 378] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 { id_arg, verifier_arg, principal_arg, clientid_ret, FALSE } 7. Reboot before confirmation If the server has the following unconfirmed record, then this request is likely from a client which rebooted before sending a CREATE_SESSION request. { id_arg, old_verifier_arg, *, clientid_ret, FALSE } Since this is believed to be a request from a new incarnation of the original client, the server updates the value of eia_clientowner.co_verifier and returns the original clientid_ret. After processing, the following state exists on the server. { id_arg, verifier_arg, *, clientid_ret, FALSE } In addition to the clientid and sequenceid, the server returns a server owner (eir_server_owner) and eir_server_scope. The former field is used for network trunking as described in Section 2.9.3.4.1. The latter field is used to allow clients to determine when clientids issued by one server may be recognized by another in the event of file system migration (see Section 10.6.7). 16.36. Operation 43: CREATE_SESSION - Create New Session and Confirm Clientid Start up session and confirm clientid. 16.36.1. SYNOPSIS clientid, session_args -> sessionid, session_args Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 379] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.36.2. ARGUMENT union conn_binding4args switch (bool cba_enforce) { case TRUE: sec_oid4 cba_hash_algs<>; case FALSE: void; }; struct CREATE_SESSION4args { clientid4 csa_clientid; sequenceid4 csa_sequence; bool csa_persist; count4 csa_headerpadsize; bool csa_use_conn_for_back_chan_too; bool csa_use_conn_in_rdma_mode; conn_binding4args csa_conn_binding_opts; channel_attrs4 csa_fore_chan_attrs; channel_attrs4 csa_back_chan_attrs; uint32_t csa_cb_program; callback_sec_parms4 csa_cb_sec_parms<>; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 380] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.36.3. RESULT struct hash_alg_info4 { uint32_t hai_hash_alg; uint32_t hai_ssv_len; }; union conn_binding4res switch (bool cbr_enforce) { case TRUE: hash_alg_info4 cbr_hash_alg_info; case FALSE: void; }; struct CREATE_SESSION4resok { sessionid4 csr_sessionid; sequenceid4 csr_sequence; bool csr_persist; count4 csr_headerpadsize; bool csr_use_conn_for_back_chan_too; bool csr_use_conn_in_rdma_mode; conn_binding4res csr_conn_binding_opts; channel_attrs4 csr_fore_chan_attrs; channel_attrs4 csr_back_chan_attrs; }; union CREATE_SESSION4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: CREATE_SESSION4resok csr_resok4; default: void; }; 16.36.4. DESCRIPTION [[Comment.19: wow, the session at 16 bytes is huge. Does it have to be so big?]] This operation is used by the client to create new session objects on the server. In addition: o The first session created with a new shorthand client identifier (clientid) serves to confirm the creation of that client's state on the server. The server returns the parameter values for the new session. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 381] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 o The connection CREATE_SESSION is issued over is bound to the session and to the session's forward channel. Clients using a clientid to a pNFS metadata server and one of more file-based data servers have the following considerations: o The client MUST create a session to the metadata server before it creates any other sessions. o Data server sessions MUST be created and must be using the same clientid as that used to create the metadata server session. o Data servers MUST reject unconfirmed clientids. Clientids MUST be confirmed only on the metadata server. 16.36.5. IMPLEMENTATION To describe the implementation, the same notation for client records introduced in the description of EXCHANGE_ID is used with the following addition: clientid_arg: The value of the clientid field of the CREATE_SESSION4args structure of the current request. Since CREATE_SESSION is a non-idempotent operation, we must consider the possibility that replays may occur as a result of a client reboot, network partition, malfunctioning router, etc. For each clientid created by EXCHANGE_ID, the server maintains a separate replay cache similar to the session replay cache used for SEQUENCE operations, with two distinctions. First this is a replay cache just for detecting and processing CREATE_SESSION requests for a given clientid. Second, the size of the clientid replay cache is of one slot (and as a result, the CREATE_SESSION request does not carry a slot number). This means that at most one CREATE_SESSION request for a given clientid can be outstanding. When client issues a successful EXCHANGE_ID it returns ccr_sequenceid. The server initializes the clientid slot to be equal to ccr_sequenceid - 1 (accounting for underflow), and records a contrived CREATE_SESSION result with a "cached" result of NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED. With the slot thus initialized, the processing of the CREATE_SESSION operation is divided into four phases: 1. Replay cache lookup. The server verifies it has a replay cache for the clientid. If the server contains no records with clientid equal to clientid_arg, then most likely the client's state has been purged during a period of inactivity, possibly due to a loss of connectivity. NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID is returned, and no changes are made to any client records on the server. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 382] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 2. Sequenceid processing. If csa_sequenceid is equal to the sequenceid in the client's slot, then this is a replay of the previous CREATE_SESSION request, and the server returns the cached result. If csa_sequenceid is not equal to the sequenceid in the slot, and is more than one greater (accounting for wraparound), then the server returns the error NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED, and does not change the slot. If csa_sequenceid is equal to the slot's sequenceid + 1 (accounting for wraparound), then the slot's sequenceid is set to csa_sequenceid, and the CREATE_SESSION processing goes to the next phase. 3. Clientid confirmation. In case the state for the provided clientid has not been verified, it is confirmed before the session is created. Otherwise the clientid confirmation phase is skipped and only the session creation phase occurs. The operational cases are described in terms of what client records whose clientid field have value equal to clientid_arg exist in the server's set of client records. Any cases in which there is more than one record with identical values for clientid represent a server implementation error. Operation in the potential valid cases is summarized as follows. * Common Case If the server has the following unconfirmed record, then this is the expected confirmation of an unconfirmed record. { *, *, principal_arg, clientid_arg, FALSE } The confirmed field of the record is set to TRUE. For pNFS servers that use file-based layouts, once a clientid is confirmed on the metadata server, before a data server processes a separate CREATE_SESSION request for the clientid, it verifies that the clientid is confirmed and active on the metadata server, and then constructs its own per-clientid single slot table. A data server has a per- clientid replay cache/slot table that is independent of such tables on the metadata server and other data servers. The processing of the operation continues to session creation. * Principal Change or Collision If the server has the following record, then the client has changed principals after the previous EXCHANGE_ID request, Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 383] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 or there has been a chance collision between shorthand client identifiers. { *, *, old_principal_arg, clientid_arg, *, sequence_arg } Neither of these cases are permissible. Processing stops and NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE is returned to the client. No changes are made to any client records on the server. 4. Session creation. The server confirmed the clientid, either in this CREATE_SESSION operation, or a previous CREATE_SESSION operation. The server examines the remaining fields of the arguments. For each argument field, if the value is acceptable to the server, it is recommended that the server use the provided value to create the new session. If it is not acceptable, the server may use a different value, but must return the value used to the client. These parameters have the following interpretation. csa_persist: True if the client desires server support for "reliable" semantics. For sessions in which only idempotent operations will be used (e.g. a read-only session), clients should set this value to false. If the server does not or cannot provide "reliable" semantics csr_persist must be set to false on return. csa_headerpadsize: The maximum amount of padding the client is willing to apply to ensure that write payloads are aligned on some boundary at the server. The server should reply in csr_headerpadsize with its preferred value, or zero if padding is not in use. The server may decrease this value but MUST NOT increase it. csa_use_conn_for_back_chan_too: If TRUE, the client is requesting that the server use the connection CREATE_SESSION is called over for the back channel as well as the forward channel. The server sets csr_use_conn_for_back_chan_too to TRUE if it agrees. If csa_use_conn_for_back_chan_too is FALSE then csr_use_conn_for_back_chan_too MUST be FALSE. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 384] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 csa_use_conn_in_rdma_mode: If TRUE, the connection CREATE_SESSION is called over is currently in non-RDMA mode, but has the capability to operate in RDMA mode, and the client is requesting the server agree to "step up" to RDMA mode on the connection. The server sets csa_use_conn_in_rdma_mode to TRUE if it agrees. If csa_use_conn_for_back_chan_too is FALSE then csa_use_conn_in_rdma_mode MUST be FALSE. Note that one the server agrees to step up, it and the client MUST exchange all future traffic on the connection with RPC RDMA framing and not Record Marking. [[Comment.20: add xref]] csa_conn_binding_opts: This argument indicates whether the client wants the server to enforce connection binding ( see Section 2.9.6.3), and if so, which one way hash algorithms to use. The corresponding result is csr_conn_binding_opts. The argument contains the following fields. cba_enforce: Clients SHOULD set cba_enforce to TRUE so that servers reject the use of connections that are not explicitly bound to the session. If TRUE, the server MUST require the client to issue BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION before using a connection on a channel. If FALSE, then the digests used in SET_SSV and BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION MUST be zero length. The corresponding result is cbr_enforce which MUST be equal to cba_enforce. cba_hash_algs: This is the set of algorithms the client supports for the purpose of computing the digests needed for the SET_SSV and BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION operations. Each algorithm is specified as an object identifier (OID). The REQUIRED algorithms for a server are id-sha1, id-sha224, id-sha256, id-sha384, and id-sha512 RFC4055 [15]. If the server does not support any of the offered hash algorithms, CREATE_SESSION fails with error status NFS4ERR_OP_HASH_ALG_UNSUPP. Otherwise, the corresponding result is cbr_hash_alg_info, which contains two fields, hai_hash_alg and hai_ssv_len. The former is the index of the algorithm list of cba_hash_algs that the server has Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 385] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 selected and the client MUST use for SET_SSV and BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION. The latter is the length in octets of the SSV the client MUST use in SET_SSV. The result hai_ssv_len MUST be greater than or equal to the length of the hash produced by the selected algorithm. csa_fore_chan_attrs csa_back_chan_attrs These two fields apply to attributes of the fore channel (aka the operations channel, which conveys requests originating from the client to the server), and the back channel (the channel that conveys callback requests originating from the server to the client). The results are in corresponding structures called csr_fore_chan_attrs and csr_back_chan_attrs. Each structure has the following fields: ca_maxrequestsize: The maximum size of a COMPOUND or CB_COMPOUND request that will be sent by including RPC headers. If a sender sends a request that exceeds ca_maxrequestsize, the error NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG will be returned per the description in Section 2.9.4.4. ca_maxresponsesize: The maximum size of a COMPOUND or CB_COMPOUND reply that the receiver will accept from the sender including RPC headers. The NFSv4.1 server MUST NOT increase the value of this parameter in the CREATE_SESSION results. If a sender sends a request for which the size of the reply would exceed this value, the receiver will return NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG, per the description in Section 2.9.4.4. ca_maxresponsesize_cached: Like ca_maxresponsesize, but the maximum size of a reply that will be stored in the reply cache (Section 2.9.4.1). If ca_maxresponsesize_cached is less than ca_maxresponsesize, then this is an indication to the client that it needs to be selective about which replies it tells the server to cache; large replies (e.g. READ results), should not be cached. The client can decide Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 386] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 which replies to cache via the SEQUENCE (Section 16.46) or CB_SEQUENCE (Section 18.9) operations. If a sender sends a request for which the size of the reply would exceed this value, the receiver will return NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, per the description in Section 2.9.4.4. ca_maxoperations: The maximum number of operations requests the receiver will accept in a COMPOUND or CB_COMPOUND. If client or server do not have a limit, they will set ca_maxoperations to 0xFFFFFFFF. The server MUST NOT increase ca_maxoperations in the reply to CREATE_SESSION. If the requester issues a COMPOUND or CB_COMPOUND with more operations than ca_maxoperations, the replier MUST return NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS. ca_maxrequests: The maximum number of concurrent COMPOUND or CB_COMPOUND requests the sender will issue on the session. Subsequent requests will each be assigned a slot identifier by the client within the range 0 to ca_maxrequests - 1 inclusive. ca_stream_chan_attrs: This array has a maximum of one element. If this array has one element, then the element contains the attributes for all stream-based (e.g. TCP/IP-based) connections bound to the session's channel. [[Comment.21: We need to define the content of the stream attrs or delete the element.]] ca_rdma_chan_attrs: This array has a maximum of one element. If this array has one element, then the element contains the attributes for all rdma-based connections bound to the session's channel. [[Comment.22: We need to define the content of the rdma attrs or delete the element.]] csa_cb_program This is the program number the server must use in any callbacks sent through the back channel to the client. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 387] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 csa_cb_sec_parms This is an array of acceptable security credentials. Three security flavors are supported: AUTH_NONE, AUTH_SYS, and RPCSEC_GSS. If AUTH_NONE is specified for a credential, then this says the client is allowed to use AUTH_NONE on all callbacks for the session. If AUTH_SYS is specified, then the client is allowed to use AUTH_SYS on all callbacks, using the credential specified cbsp_sys_cred. If RPCSEC_GSS is specified, then the server is allowed to use the RPCSEC_GSS context specified in cbsp_gss_parms as the RPCSEC_GSS context in the credential of the RPC header of callbacks to the client. The RPCSEC_GSS context is specified with two RPCSEC_GSS handles. The first handle, gcbp_handle_from_server, is the fore handle the server returned to the client when the RPCSEC_GSS context was created on the server. The second handle, gcbp_handle_from_client is the back handle the client will map to the RPCSEC_GSS context to. The server can immediately use the RPCSEC_GSS context using gcbp_handle_from_client as the value for "handle" in the structure rpc_gss_cred_vers_1_t of the RPCSEC_GSS handle, and gss_proc set to RPCSEC_GSS_DATA. Note that while the GSS context state is shared between the fore and back RPCSEC_GSS contexts, the fore and back RPCSEC_GSS context state are independent of each other as far as the RPCSEC_GSS sequence number. Implementing RPCSEC_GSS callback support requires the client and server change their RPCSEC_GSS implementations. One possible set of changes includes: + Adding a data structure that wraps the GSS-API context with a reference count. + New functions to increment and decrement the reference count. If the reference count is decremented to zero, the wrapper data structure and the GSS-API context it refers to would be freed. + Change RPCSEC_GSS to create the wrapper data structure upon receiving GSS-API context from gss_accept_sec_context() and gss_init_sec_context(). The reference count would be initialized to 1. + Adding a function to map an existing RPCSEC_GSS handle to a pointer to the wrapper data structure. The reference count Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 388] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 would be incremented. + Adding a function to create a new RPCSEC_GSS handle from a pointer to the wrapper data structure. The reference count would be incremented. + Replacing calls from RPCSEC_GSS that free GSS-API contexts, with calls to decrement the reference count on the wrapper data structure. 5. The server creates the session by recording the parameter values used (including whether the persist parameter is true and has been accepted by the server) and allocating space for the session replay cache. For each slot in the replay cache, the server sets the sequenceid to zero (0), and records a result containing a result for a COMPOUND with a single SEQUENCE operation, with the cached error of NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED. Thus, the first SEQUENCE operation a client issues on a slot after the session is created MUST start with a sequenceid of one (1). The client initializes its replay cache for receiving callbacks in the same way, and similarly, the first CB_SEQUENCE operation on a slot after session creation must have a sequenceid of one. 6. If the session state is created successfully, the server associates the session with the clientid provided by the client. 16.37. Operation 44: DESTROY_SESSION - Destroy existing session Destroy existing session. 16.37.1. SYNOPSIS void -> status 16.37.2. ARGUMENT struct DESTROY_SESSION4args { sessionid4 dsa_sessionid; }; 16.37.3. RESULT struct DESTROY_SESSION4res { nfsstat4 dsr_status; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 389] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.37.4. DESCRIPTION The DESTROY_SESSION operation closes the session and discards any active state such as locks, leases, and server duplicate request cache entries. Any remaining connections bound to the session are immediately unbound and may additionally be closed by the server. This operation must be the final, or only operation in any request. Because the operation results in destruction of the session, any duplicate request caching for this request, as well as previously completed requests, will be lost. For this reason, it is advisable to not place this operation in a request with other state-modifying operations. In addition, a SEQUENCE operation is not required in the request. [[Comment.23: Eisler: It is contradictory to say that the operation must be the final one in a request, and then say that it doesn't require SEQUENCE.]] Note that because the operation will never be replayed by the server, a client that retransmits the request may receive an error in response, even though the session may have been successfully destroyed. 16.37.5. IMPLEMENTATION No discussion at this time. 16.38. Operation 45: FREE_STATEID - Free stateid with no locks Test a series of stateids for validity. 16.38.1. SYNOPSIS stateid -> 16.38.2. ARGUMENT struct FREE_STATEID4args { stateid4 fsa_stateid; }; 16.38.3. RESULT struct FREE_STATEID4res { nfsstat4 fsr_status; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 390] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.38.4. DESCRIPTION The FREE_STATEID operation is used to free a stateid which no longer has any associated locks (including opens, byte-range locks, delegations, layouts). This may be cause of client unlock operations or because of server revocation. If there are valid locks (of any kind) associated with the stateid in question, the error NFS4ERR_LOCKS_HELD will be returned, and the associated stateid will not be freed. When a stateid is freed which had been associated with revoked locks, the client, by doing the FREE_STATEID acknowledges the loss of those locks, allowing the server, once all such revoked state, is acknowledged to allow that client again to reclaim locks, without encountering the edge conditions discussed in Section 8.6.2. Once a successful FREE_STATEID is done for a given stateid, any subsequent use of that stateid will result in an NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID error. 16.38.5. IMPLEMENTATION No discussion at this time. 16.39. Operation 46: GET_DIR_DELEGATION - Get a directory delegation Obtain a directory delegation. 16.39.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), requested notification -> (cfh), cookieverf, stateid, supported notification Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 391] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.39.2. ARGUMENT /* * Notification types. */ const DIR_NOTIFICATION_NONE = 0x00000000; const DIR_NOTIFICATION_CHANGE_CHILD_ATTRIBUTES = 0x00000001; const DIR_NOTIFICATION_CHANGE_DIR_ATTRIBUTES = 0x00000002; const DIR_NOTIFICATION_REMOVE_ENTRY = 0x00000004; const DIR_NOTIFICATION_ADD_ENTRY = 0x00000008; const DIR_NOTIFICATION_RENAME_ENTRY = 0x00000010; const DIR_NOTIFICATION_CHANGE_COOKIE_VERIFIER = 0x00000020; typedef uint32_t dir_notification_type4; typedef nfstime4 attr_notice4; struct GET_DIR_DELEGATION4args { bool gdda_signal_deleg_avail; dir_notification_type4 gdda_notification_type; attr_notice4 gdda_child_attr_delay; attr_notice4 gdda_dir_attr_delay; }; 16.39.3. RESULT struct GET_DIR_DELEGATION4resok { verifier4 gddr_cookieverf; /* Stateid for get_dir_delegation */ stateid4 gddr_stateid; /* Which notifications can the server support */ dir_notification_type4 gddr_notification; bitmap4 gddr_child_attributes; bitmap4 gddr_dir_attributes; }; union GET_DIR_DELEGATION4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: /* CURRENT_FH: delegated dir */ GET_DIR_DELEGATION4resok gddr_resok4; case NFS4ERR_DIRDELEG_UNAVAIL: bool gddr_will_signal_deleg_avail; default: void; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 392] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.39.4. DESCRIPTION The GET_DIR_DELEGATION operation is used by a client to request a directory delegation. The directory is represented by the current filehandle. The client also specifies whether it wants the server to notify it when the directory changes in certain ways by setting one or more bits in a bitmap. The server may also choose not to grant the delegation. In that case the server will return NFS4ERR_DIRDELEG_UNAVAIL. If the server decides to hand out the delegation, it will return a cookie verifier for that directory. If the cookie verifier changes when the client is holding the delegation, the delegation will be recalled unless the client has asked for notification for this event. In that case a notification will be sent to the client. The server will also return a directory delegation stateid in addition to the cookie verifier as a result of the GET_DIR_DELEGATION operation. This stateid will appear in callback messages related to the delegation, such as notifications and delegation recalls. The client will use this stateid to return the delegation voluntarily or upon recall. A delegation is returned by calling the DELEGRETURN operation. The server may not be able to support notifications of certain events. If the client asks for such notifications, the server must inform the client of its inability to do so as part of the GET_DIR_DELEGATION reply by not setting the appropriate bits in the supported notifications bitmask contained in the reply. The GET_DIR_DELEGATION operation can be used for both normal and named attribute directories. It covers all the entries in the directory except the ".." entry. That means if a directory and its parent both hold directory delegations, any changes to the parent will not cause a notification to be sent for the child even though the child's ".." entry points to the parent. If client sets gdda_signal_deleg_avail to TRUE, then it is registering with the client a "want" for a directory delegation. If the server supports and will honor the "want", the results will have gddr_will_signal_deleg_avail set to TRUE. If so the client should expect a CB_RECALLABLE_OBJ_AVAIL operation to indicate that a directory delegation is available. 16.39.5. IMPLEMENTATION Directory delegation provides the benefit of improving cache consistency of namespace information. This is done through synchronous callbacks. A server must support synchronous callbacks Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 393] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 in order to support directory delegations. In addition to that, asynchronous notifications provide a way to reduce network traffic as well as improve client performance in certain conditions. Notifications would not be requested when the goal is just cache consistency. Notifications are specified in terms of potential changes to the directory. A client can ask to be notified whenever an entry is added to a directory by setting notification_type to DIR_NOTIFICATION_ADD_ENTRY. It can also ask for notifications on entry removal, renames, directory attribute changes and cookie verifier changes by setting notification_type flag appropriately. In addition to that, the client can also ask for notifications upon attribute changes to children in the directory to keep its attribute cache up to date. However any changes made to child attributes do not cause the delegation to be recalled. If a client is interested in directory entry caching, or negative name caching, it can set the notification_type appropriately and the server will notify it of all changes that would otherwise invalidate its name cache. The kind of notification a client asks for may depend on the directory size, its rate of change and the applications being used to access that directory. However, the conditions under which a client might ask for a notification, is out of the scope of this specification. The client will set one or more bits in a bitmap (notification_type) to let the server know what kind of notification(s) it is interested in. For attribute notifications it will set bits in another bitmap to indicate which attributes it wants to be notified of. If the server does not support notifications for changes to a certain attribute, it should not set that attribute in the supported attribute bitmap (notification) specified in the reply. In addition to that, the client will also let the server know if it wants to get the notification as soon as the attribute change occurs or after a certain delay by setting a delay factor, child_attr_delay for attribute changes to children and dir_attr_delay for attribute changes to the directory. If this delay factor is set to zero, that indicates to the server that the client wants to be notified of any attribute changes as soon as they occur. If the delay factor is set to N, the server will make a best effort guarantee that attribute updates are not out of sync by more than that. One value covers all attribute changes for the directory and another value covers all attribute changes for all children in the directory. If the client asks for a delay factor that the server does not support or that may cause significant resource consumption on the server by causing the server to send a lot of notifications, the server should not commit to sending out notifications for that attribute and therefore must not set the appropriate bit in the child_attributes and Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 394] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 dir_attributes bitmaps in the response. The server will let the client know about which notifications it can support by setting appropriate bits in a bitmap. If it agrees to send attribute notifications, it will also set two attribute masks indicating which attributes it will send change notifications for. One of the masks covers changes in directory attributes and the other covers attribute changes to any files in the directory. The client should use a security flavor that the file system is exported with. If it uses a different flavor, the server should return NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC. 16.40. Operation 47: GETDEVICEINFO - Get Device Information 16.40.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), device_id, layout_type, maxcount -> device_addr 16.40.2. ARGUMENT struct GETDEVICEINFO4args { /* CURRENT_FH: file */ deviceid4 gdia_device_id; layouttype4 gdia_layout_type; count4 gdia_maxcount; }; 16.40.3. RESULT struct GETDEVICEINFO4resok { opaque gdir_device_addr<>; }; union GETDEVICEINFO4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: GETDEVICEINFO4resok gdir_resok4; default: void; }; 16.40.4. DESCRIPTION Returns device address information for a specified device. The device address MUST correspond to the layout type specified by the GETDEVICELIST4args. The current filehandle (cfh) is used to identify Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 395] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 the file system; device IDs are unique per file system (FSID) and are qualified by the layout type. See Section 12.3.1.4 for more details on device ID assignment. If the size of the device address exceeds maxcount bytes, the metadata server will return the error NFS4ERR_TOOSMALL. If an invalid device ID is given, the metadata server will respond with NFS4ERR_INVAL. 16.40.5. IMPLEMENTATION 16.41. Operation 48: GETDEVICELIST 16.41.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), layout_type, maxcount, cookie, cookieverf -> cookie, cookieverf, device_addrs<> 16.41.2. ARGUMENT struct GETDEVICELIST4args { /* CURRENT_FH: file */ layouttype4 gdla_layout_type; count4 gdla_maxcount; nfs_cookie4 gdla_cookie; verifier4 gdla_cookieverf; }; 16.41.3. RESULT struct GETDEVICELIST4resok { nfs_cookie4 gdlr_cookie; verifier4 gdlr_cookieverf; devlist_item4 gdlr_device_addrs<>; bool gdlr_eof; }; union GETDEVICELIST4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: GETDEVICELIST4resok gdlr_resok4; default: void; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 396] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.41.4. DESCRIPTION In some applications, especially SAN environments, it is convenient to find out about all the devices associated with a file system. This lets a client determine if it has access to these devices, e.g., at mount time. This operation returns an array of items (devlist_item4) that establish the association between the short deviceid4 and the addressing information for that device, for a particular layout type. This operation may not be able to fetch all device information at once, thus it uses a cookie based approach, similar to READDIR, to fetch additional device information (see [2], section 14.2.24). The "eof" flag has a value of TRUE if there are no more entries to fetch. As in GETDEVICEINFO, the current filehandle (cfh) is used to identify the file system. As in GETDEVICEINFO, maxcount specifies the maximum number of bytes to return. If the metadata server is unable to return a single device address, it will return the error NFS4ERR_TOOSMALL. If an invalid device ID is given, the metadata server will respond with NFS4ERR_INVAL. 16.41.5. IMPLEMENTATION 16.42. Operation 49: LAYOUTCOMMIT - Commit writes made using a layout 16.42.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), offset, length, reclaim, last_write_offset, time_modify, time_access, layoutupdate -> newsize Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 397] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.42.2. ARGUMENT union newtime4 switch (bool timechanged) { case TRUE: nfstime4 nt_time; case FALSE: void; }; union newoffset4 switch (bool newoffset) { case TRUE: offset4 no_offset; case FALSE: void; }; struct LAYOUTCOMMIT4args { /* CURRENT_FH: file */ offset4 loca_offset; length4 loca_length; bool loca_reclaim; newoffset4 loca_last_write_offset; newtime4 loca_time_modify; newtime4 loca_time_access; layoutupdate4 loca_layoutupdate; }; 16.42.3. RESULT union newsize4 switch (bool sizechanged) { case TRUE: length4 ns_size; case FALSE: void; }; struct LAYOUTCOMMIT4resok { newsize4 locr_newsize; }; union LAYOUTCOMMIT4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: LAYOUTCOMMIT4resok locr_resok4; default: void; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 398] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.42.4. DESCRIPTION Commits changes in the layout segment represented by the current file handle, clientid (derived from the sessionid in the preceding SEQUENCE operation), and byte range. Since layouts are sub- dividable, a smaller portion of a layout, retrieved via LAYOUTGET, may be committed. The region being committed is specified through the byte range (length and offset). Note: the "layoutupdate" structure does not include the length and offset, as they are already specified in the arguments. The LAYOUTCOMMIT operation indicates that the client has completed writes using a layout obtained by a previous LAYOUTGET. The client may have only written a subset of the data range it previously requested. LAYOUTCOMMIT allows it to commit or discard provisionally allocated space and to update the server with a new end of file. The layout referenced by LAYOUTCOMMIT is still valid after the operation completes and can be continued to be referenced by the clientid, filehandle, byte range, and layout type. The "reclaim" field set to "true" in a LAYOUTCOMMIT request specifies that the client is attempting to commit changes to a layout after the reboot of the metadata server during the metadata server's recovery grace period. This type of request may be necessary when the client has uncommitted writes to provisionally allocated regions of a file which were sent to the storage devices before the reboot of the metadata server. In this case the layout provided by the client MUST be a subset of a writable layout that the client held immediately before the reboot of the metadata server. The metadata server is free to accept or reject this request based on its own internal metadata consistency checks. If the metadata server finds that the layout provided by the client does not pass its consistency checks, it MUST reject the request with the status NFS4ERR_RECLAIM_BAD. The successful completion of the LAYOUTCOMMIT request with "reclaim" set to true does NOT provide the client with a layout for the file. It simply commits the changes to the file layout specified in the "layoutupdate" field. To obtain a layout for the file the client must issue a LAYOUTGET request to the server after the server's grace period has expired. If the metadata server receives a LAYOUTCOMMIT request with "reclaim" set to true when the metadata server is not in its recovery grace period, it MUST reject the request with the status NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE. Setting the "reclaim" field to "true" is required if and only if the committed layout was acquired before the metadata server reboot. Committing layouts that were acquired during the metadata server's grace period MUST set the "reclaim" field to "false". Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 399] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 The "last_write_offset" field specifies the offset of the last byte written by the client previous to the LAYOUTCOMMIT. Note: this value is never equal to the file's size (at most it is one byte less than the file's size). The metadata server may use this information to determine whether the file's size needs to be updated. If the metadata server updates the file's size as the result of the LAYOUTCOMMIT operation, it must return the new size as part of the results. The "time_modify" and "time_access" fields allow the client to suggest times it would like the metadata server to set. The metadata server may use these time values or it may use the time of the LAYOUTCOMMIT operation to set these time values. If the metadata server uses the client provided times, it should sanity check the values (e.g., to ensure time does not flow backwards). If the client wants to force the metadata server to set an exact time, the client should use a SETATTR operation in a compound right after LAYOUTCOMMIT. See Section 12.3.4 for more details. If the new client desires the resultant mtime or atime, it should issue a GETATTR following the LAYOUTCOMMIT; e.g., later in the same compound. The "layoutupdate" argument to LAYOUTCOMMIT provides a mechanism for a client to provide layout specific updates to the metadata server. For example, the layout update can describe what regions of the original layout have been used and what regions can be deallocated. There is no NFSv4 file layout specific layoutupdate structure. The layout information is more verbose for block devices than for objects and files because the latter hide the details of block allocation behind their storage protocols. At the minimum, the client needs to communicate changes to the end of file location back to the server, and, if desired, its view of the file modify and access time. For block/volume layouts, it needs to specify precisely which blocks have been used. If the layout identified in the arguments does not exist, the error NFS4ERR_BADLAYOUT is returned. The layout being committed may also be rejected if it does not correspond to an existing layout with an iomode of RW. If the LAYOUTCOMMIT request sets the "reclaim" field to "true" after the metadata server's grace period, NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE is returned. On success, the current filehandle retains its value. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 400] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.42.5. IMPLEMENTATION Optionally, the client can also use LAYOUTCOMMIT with the "reclaim" field set to "true" to convey hints to modified file attributes or to report layout-type specific information such as I/O errors for object-based storage layouts, as normally done during normal operation. Doing so may help the metadata server to recover files more efficiently after reboot. For example, some file system implementations may require expansive recovery of file system objects if the metadata server does not get a positive indication from all clients holding a write layout that they have successfully completed all their writes. Sending a LAYOUTCOMMIT (if required) and then following with LAYOUTRETURN can provide such an indication and allow for graceful and efficient recovery. 16.43. Operation 50: LAYOUTGET - Get Layout Information 16.43.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), signal_avail, layout_type, iomode, offset, length, minlength, maxcount -> layout example synopsis 16.43.2. ARGUMENT struct LAYOUTGET4args { /* CURRENT_FH: file */ bool loga_signal_layout_avail; layouttype4 loga_layout_type; layoutiomode4 loga_iomode; offset4 loga_offset; length4 loga_length; length4 loga_minlength; count4 loga_maxcount; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 401] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.43.3. RESULT struct LAYOUTGET4resok { bool logr_return_on_close; layout4 logr_layout; }; union LAYOUTGET4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: LAYOUTGET4resok logr_resok4; case NFS4ERR_LAYOUTTRYLATER: bool logr_will_signal_layout_avail; default: void; }; 16.43.4. DESCRIPTION Requests a layout for reading or writing (and reading) the file given by the filehandle at the byte range specified by offset and length. Layouts are identified by the clientid (derived from the sessionid in the preceding SEQUENCE operation), filehandle, and layout type. The use of the iomode depends upon the layout type, but should reflect the client's data access intent. The LAYOUTGET operation returns layout information for the specified byte range, a layout segment. To get a layout segment from a specific offset through the end-of-file, regardless of the file's length, a length field with all bits set to 1 (one) should be used. If the length is zero, or if a length which is not all bits set to one is specified, and length when added to the offset exceeds the maximum 64-bit unsigned integer value, the error NFS4ERR_INVAL will result. The "minlength" field specifies the minimum size overlap with the requested offset and length that is to be returned. If this requirement cannot be met, no layout must be returned; the error NFS4ERR_LAYOUTTRYLATER can be returned. The "maxcount" field specifies the maximum layout size (in bytes) that the client can handle. If the size of the layout structure exceeds the size specified by maxcount, the metadata server will return the NFS4ERR_TOOSMALL error. As well, the metadata server may adjust the range of the returned layout segment based on striping patterns and usage implied by the iomode. The client must be prepared to get a layout that does not Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 402] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 line up exactly with their request; there MUST be at least an overlap of "minlength" between the layout returned by the server and the client's request, or the server SHOULD reject the request. See Section 12.3.3 for more details. The metadata server may also return a layout segment with an iomode other than that requested by the client. If it does so, it must ensure that the iomode is more permissive than the iomode requested. E.g., this allows an implementation to upgrade read-only requests to read/write requests at its discretion, within the limits of the layout type specific protocol. An iomode of either LAYOUTIOMODE_READ or LAYOUTIOMODE_RW must be returned. The "logr_return_on_close" result field is a directive to return the layout before closing the file. When the server sets this return value to true, it must be prepared to recall the layout in the case the client fails to return the layout before close. For the server that knows a layout must be returned before a close of the file, this return value can be used to communicate the desired behavior to the client and thus removing one extra step from the client and server's interaction. The format of the returned layout is specific to the underlying file system. Layout types other than the NFSv4 file layout type should be specified outside of this document. If layouts are not supported for the requested file or its containing file system the server SHOULD return NFS4ERR_LAYOUTUNAVAILABLE. If the layout type is not supported, the metadata server should return NFS4ERR_UNKNOWN_LAYOUTTYPE. If layouts are supported but no layout matches the client provided layout identification, the server should return NFS4ERR_BADLAYOUT. If an invalid iomode is specified, or an iomode of LAYOUTIOMODE_ANY is specified, the server should return NFS4ERR_BADIOMODE. If the layout for the file is unavailable due to transient conditions, e.g. file sharing prohibits layouts, the server must return NFS4ERR_LAYOUTTRYLATER. If the layout request is rejected due to an overlapping layout recall, the server must return NFS4ERR_RECALLCONFLICT. See Section 12.3.5.3 for details. If the layout conflicts with a mandatory byte range lock held on the file, and if the storage devices have no method of enforcing mandatory locks, other than through the restriction of layouts, the metadata server should return NFS4ERR_LOCKED. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 403] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 If client sets loga_signal_layout_avail to TRUE, then it is registering with the client a "want" for a layout in the event the layout cannot be obtained due to resource exhaustion. If the server supports and will honor the "want", the results will have logr_will_signal_layout_avail set to TRUE. If so the client should expect a CB_RECALLABLE_OBJ_AVAIL operation to indicate that a layout is available. On success, the current filehandle retains its value. 16.43.5. IMPLEMENTATION Typically, LAYOUTGET will be called as part of a compound RPC after an OPEN operation and results in the client having location information for the file; a client may also hold a layout across multiple OPENs. The client specifies a layout type that limits what kind of layout the server will return. This prevents servers from issuing layouts that are unusable by the client. 16.44. Operation 51: LAYOUTRETURN - Release Layout Information 16.44.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), layout_type, iomode, layoutreturn, reclaim -> - 16.44.2. ARGUMENT struct LAYOUTRETURN4args { /* CURRENT_FH: file */ bool lora_reclaim; layouttype4 lora_layout_type; layoutiomode4 lora_iomode; layoutreturn4 lora_layoutreturn; }; 16.44.3. RESULT struct LAYOUTRETURN4res { nfsstat4 lorr_status; }; 16.44.4. DESCRIPTION Returns one or more layout segments represented by the clientid (derived from the sessionid in the preceding SEQUENCE operation), layout_type, and iomode. When layoutreturn is LAYOUTRETURN_FILE the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 404] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 returned layout segment is identified by the current filehandle, offset, and length. When layoutreturn is LAYOUTRETURN_FSID the current filehandle is used to identify the file system and all layouts matching the clientid, layout_type, and iomode are returned. When layoutreturn is LAYOUTRETURN_ALL all layouts matching the clientid, layout_type, and iomode are returned and the current filehandle is not used. After this call, the client MUST NOT use the returned layout(s) and the associated storage protocol to access the file data. The layout being returned may be a subdivision of a layout previously fetched through LAYOUTGET. As well, it may be a subset or superset of a layout specified by CB_LAYOUTRECALL. However, if it is a subset, the recall is not complete until the full recalled scope (FILE byte range, FSID, or ALL) has been returned. It is also permissible, and no error should result, for a client to return a byte range covering a layout it does not hold. If the length is all 1s, the layout covers the range from offset to EOF. An iomode of ANY specifies that all layouts that match the other arguments to LAYOUTRETURN (i.e., clientid, type, filehandle and byte range, fsid, or all) are being returned. When returntype is set to LAYOUTRETURN_FSID or LAYOUTRETURN_ALL the client also invalidates all the devices in the affected filesystem(s). Any device identifier returned by a subsequent LAYOUTGET in the affected filesystem(s) will have to be resolved using either GETDEVICEINFO or GETDEVICELIST. The "reclaim" field set to "true" in a LAYOUTRETURN request specifies that the client is attempting to return a layout that was acquired before the reboot of the metadata server during the metadata server's grace period. Returning layouts that were acquired during the metadata server's grace period MUST set the "reclaim" field to "false". The "reclaim" field MUST be set to false also when layoutreturn is for LAYOUTRETURN_FSID or LAYOUTRETURN_ALL. See LAYOUTCOMMIT (Section 16.42) for more details. Layouts may be returned when recalled or voluntarily (i.e., before the server has recalled them). In either case the client must properly propagate state changed under the context of the layout to storage or to the server before returning the layout. If a client fails to return a layout in a timely manner, then the metadata server should use its control protocol with the storage devices to fence the client from accessing the data referenced by the layout. See Section 12.3.5 for more details. If the layout identified in the arguments does not exist, the error NFS4ERR_BADLAYOUT is returned. If a layout exists, but the iomode does not match, NFS4ERR_BADIOMODE is returned. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 405] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 If the LAYOUTRETURN request sets the "reclaim" field to "true" after the metadata server's grace period, NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE is returned. If the LAYOUTRETURN request sets the "reclaim" field to "true" and returntype is set to LAYOUTRETURN_FSID or LAYOUTRETURN_ALL, NFS4ERR_INVAL is returned. On success, the current filehandle retains its value. [[Comment.24: Should LAYOUTRETURN be modified to handle FSID callbacks?]] 16.44.5. IMPLEMENTATION The final LAYOUTRETURN operation in response to a CB_LAYOUTRECALL callback MUST be serialized with any outstanding, intersecting layoutreturn operations. Note that it is possible that while a client is returning the layout for some recalled range the server may recall a superset of that range (e.g. RECALL_ALL); the final return operation for the latter must block until the former layout recall is done - when its corresponding final return operation is replied. Returning all layouts in a file system using LAYOUTRETURN_FSID is typically done in response to a CB_LAYOUTRECALL for that file system as the final return operation. Similarly, LAYOUTRETURN_ALL is used in response to a recall callback for all layouts. It is possible that the client already returned some outstanding layouts via individual LAYOUTRETURN calls and the call for LAYOUTRETURN_FSID or LAYOUTRETURN_ALL marks the end of the layoutreturn sequence. See Section 12.3.5.2 for more details. 16.45. Operation 52: SECINFO_NO_NAME - Get Security on Unnamed Object Obtain available security mechanisms with the use of the parent of an object or the current filehandle. 16.45.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), secinfo_style -> { secinfo } Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 406] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.45.2. ARGUMENT enum secinfo_style_4 { current_fh = 0, parent = 1 }; typedef secinfo_style_4 SECINFO_NO_NAME4args; 16.45.3. RESULT typedef SECINFO4res SECINFO_NO_NAME4res; 16.45.4. DESCRIPTION Like the SECINFO operation, SECINFO_NO_NAME is used by the client to obtain a list of valid RPC authentication flavors for a specific file object. Unlike SECINFO, SECINFO_NO_NAME only works with objects are accessed by filehandle. There are two styles of SECINFO_NO_NAME, as determined by the value of the secinfo_style_4 enumeration. If "current_fh" is passed, then SECINFO_NO_NAME is querying for the required security for the current filehandle. If "parent" is passed, then SECINFO_NO_NAME is querying for the required security of the current filehandles's parent. If the style selected is "parent", then SECINFO should apply the same access methodology used for LOOKUPP when evaluating the traversal to the parent directory. Therefore, if the requester does not have the appropriate access to LOOKUPP the parent then SECINFO_NO_NAME must behave the same way and return NFS4ERR_ACCESS. Note that if PUTFH, PUTPUBFH, or PUTROOTFH return NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC, this is tantamount to the server asserting that the client will have to guess what the required security is, because there is no way to query. Therefore, the client must iterate through the security triples available at the client and reattempt the PUTFH, PUTROOTFH or PUTPUBFH operation. In the unfortunate event none of the MANDATORY security triples are supported by the client and server, the client SHOULD try using others that support integrity. Failing that, the client can try using other forms (e.g. AUTH_SYS and AUTH_NONE), but because such forms lack integrity checks, this puts the client at risk. The server implementor should pay particular attention to the section "Clarification of Security Negotiation in NFSv4.1" for implementation suggestions for avoiding NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC error returns from PUTFH, Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 407] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 PUTROOTFH or PUTPUBFH. Everything else about SECINFO_NO_NAME is the same as SECINFO. See the previous discussion on SECINFO. 16.45.5. IMPLEMENTATION See the previous discussion on SECINFO. 16.46. Operation 53: SEQUENCE - Supply per-procedure sequencing and control Supply per-procedure sequencing and control 16.46.1. SYNOPSIS control -> control 16.46.2. ARGUMENT struct SEQUENCE4args { sessionid4 sa_sessionid; sequenceid4 sa_sequenceid; slotid4 sa_slotid; slotid4 sa_maxslot; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 408] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.46.3. RESULT const SEQ4_STATUS_CB_PATH_DOWN = 0x00000001; const SEQ4_STATUS_CB_GSS_CONTEXTS_EXPIRING = 0x00000002; const SEQ4_STATUS_CB_GSS_CONTEXTS_EXPIRED = 0x00000004; const SEQ4_STATUS_EXPIRED_ALL_STATE_REVOKED = 0x00000008; const SEQ4_STATUS_EXPIRED_SOME_STATE_REVOKED = 0x00000010; const SEQ4_STATUS_ADMIN_STATE_REVOKED = 0x00000020; const SEQ4_STATUS_RECALLABLE_STATE_REVOKED = 0x00000040; const SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED = 0x00000080; struct SEQUENCE4resok { sessionid4 sr_sessionid; sequenceid4 sr_sequenceid; slotid4 sr_slotid; slotid4 sr_maxslot; slotid4 sr_target_maxslot; uint32_t sr_status; }; union SEQUENCE4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: SEQUENCE4resok sr_resok4; default: void; }; 16.46.4. DESCRIPTION The SEQUENCE operation is used to manage operational accounting for the session on which the operation is sent. The contents include the client and session to which this request belongs, slotid and sequenceid, used by the server to implement session request control and the duplicate reply cache semantics, and exchanged slot counts which are used to adjust these values. This operation MUST appear as the first operation of any COMPOUND in which it appears. The error NFS4ERR_SEQUENCE_POS will be returned when if it is found in any position in a COMPOUND beyond the first. Operations other than SEQUENCE, BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION, EXCHANGE_ID, CREATE_SESSION, and DESTROY_SESSION, may not appear as the first operation in a COMPOUND. Such operations will get the error NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION if they do appear at the start of a COMPOUND. If SEQUENCE is received on a connection not bound to the session via Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 409] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 CREATE_SESSION or BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION, and the client specified connecting binding enforcement when the session was created (see Section 16.36), then the server returns NFS4ERR_CONN_NOT_BOUND_TO_SESSION. If sa_cachethis is TRUE, then the client is requesting that the server cache the reply in the server's reply cache. The server MUST cache the reply (see Section 2.9.4.1.2). The response to the SEQUENCE operation contains a word of status flags that that can provide to the client information related to the status of the client's lock state and communications paths. Note that any status bits relating to lock state are reset when lock state is lost due to a server reboot or the establishment of a new client instance. SEQ4_STATUS_CB_PATH_DOWN When set, indicates that the client has no operational callback path, making it necessary for the client to re-establish one, return his recallable locks, or both. This bit remains set until the callback path is again available. SEQ4_STATUS_CB_GSS_CONTEXTS_EXPIRING When set, indicates that the GSS contexts to be used for callbacks are expected to expire within a period equal to the lease time. This bit remains set until the expiration time of the contexts is beyond the lease period from the current time. SEQ4_STATUS_CB_GSS_CONTEXTS_EXPIRED When set, indicates the GSS contexts to be used for callbacks have expired. This bit remains set until new non-expired contexts are provided. SEQ4_STATUS_EXPIRED_ALL_STATE_REVOKED When set, indicates that the lease has expired and as a result the server released all of the client's locking state. This status bit remains set until the loss of all such locks has been acknowledged by use of FREE_BADLOCK, or by establishing a new client instance. SEQ4_STATUS_EXPIRED_SOME_STATE_REVOKED When set indicates that some subset of the client's locks have been revoked due to expiration of the lease period followed by another client's conflicting lock request. This status bit remains set until the loss of all such locks has been acknowledged by use of FREE_BADLOCK. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 410] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 SEQ4_STATUS_ADMIN_STATE_REVOKED When set indicates that one or more locks have been revoked without expiration of the lease period, due to administrative action. This status bit remains set until the loss of all such locks has been acknowledged by use of FREE_BADLOCK. SEQ4_STATUS_RECALLABLE_STATE_REVOKED When set indicates that one or more recallable locks have been revoked without expiration of the lease period, due to the client's failure to return them when recalled. This status bit remains set until the loss of all such locks has been acknowledged by use of FREE_BADLOCK. SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED When set indicates that responsibility for lease renewal has been transferred to one or more new servers. This condition will continue until the client receives an NFS4ERR_MOVED error and the server receives the subsequent GETATTR for the fs_locations or fs_locations_info attribute for an access to each file system for which a lease has been moved to a new server. If difference between sa_sequenceid and the sequenceid the server has for the slot is two (2) or more, then server MUST return NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED. If sa_sequenceid is less than the server's cached sequencid (accounting for wraparound of the unsigned sequenceid value), then the server MUST return NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED. If sa_sequenceid and the cached sequenceid are the same, this is a replay, and the server returns the response to the COMPOUND that is cached. Otherwise, if sa_sequenceid is one greater (accounting for wraparound) than the cached sequenceid, then this is a new request, and the slot's sequenceid is incremented. The operations subsequent to SEQUENCE, if any, are processed. If there are no other operations, the only other effects are to cache the SEQUENCE reply in the slot, maintain the session's activity, to renew the lease of state related to the clientid, If SEQUENCE returns an error, then the state of the slot (sequenceid, cached reply) is not changed. 16.46.5. IMPLEMENTATION No discussion at this time. 16.47. Operation 54: SET_SSV 16.47.1. SYNOPSIS ssv, digest -> digest Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 411] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.47.2. ARGUMENT struct SET_SSV4args { opaque ssa_ssv<>; opaque ssa_digest<>; }; 16.47.3. RESULT struct SET_SSV4res { opaque ssr_digest<>; }; 16.47.4. DESCRIPTION This operation is used to set or update the SSV for a session. It MUST be preceded by SEQUENCE in the same COMPOUND. It MUST be invoked only on a connection bound to the session. It MUST NOT be used if the client did not enable connecting binding enforcement when the session was created (see Section 16.36); the server returns NFS4ERR_OP_CONN_BINDING_NOT_ENFORCED in that case. If the client enabled connection binding enforcement, then SET_SSV MUST be invoked at least once prior to a BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION operation. ssa_digest is computed as the output of the HMAC RFC2104 [14] using the current SSV as the key, and the XDR encoded value of the following as the text: struct ssa_digest_input { SEQUENCE4args sdi_seqargs; }; sdi_seqargs is equal to the arguments of the SEQUENCE operation for the COMPOUND procedure that SET_SSV is within. The ssa_ssv is XORed with the current SSV to produce the new SSV. In the response, ssr_digest is the output of the HMAC using the new SSV as the key, and the XDR encoded value of the following as the text: struct ssr_digest_input { SEQUENCE4res sdi_seqres; }; sdi_seqres is equal to the results of SEQUENCE operation for the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 412] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 COMPOUND procedure that SET_SSV is within. 16.47.5. IMPLEMENTATION When the server receives ssa_digest, it MUST verify the digest by computing the digest the same way the client did and comparing it with ssa_digest. If the server gets a different result, this is an error, NFS4ERR_BAD_SESSION_DIGEST. Generally, in order to change the SSV or bind new connections to the session, the client has no recourse but to recreate the session with CREATE_SESSION. However, the IMPLEMENTATION section BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION describes a scenario where a client can legitimately get NFS4ERR_BAD_SESSION_DIGEST for a SET_SSV, and how to recover from it. Clients SHOULD NOT send an ssa_ssv that is equal to a previous ssa_ssv, nor equal to a previous SSV. Clients SHOULD issue SET_SSV with RPCSEC_GSS privacy. Servers MUST support RPCSEC_GSS with privacy for any COMPOUND that has { SEQUENCE, SET_SSV }. 16.48. Operation 55: TEST_STATEID - Test stateids for validity Test a series of stateids for validity. 16.48.1. SYNOPSIS stateids<> -> error_codes<> 16.48.2. ARGUMENT struct TEST_STATEID4args { stateid4 ts_stateids<>; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 413] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.48.3. RESULT struct TEST_STATEID4resok { nfsstat4 tsr_status_codes<>; }; union TEST_STATEID4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: TEST_STATEID4resok tsr_resok4; default: void; }; 16.48.4. DESCRIPTION The TEST_STATEID operation is used to check the validity of a set of stateids. It is intended to be used when the client receives an indication that one or more of its stateids have been invalidated due to lock revocation. TEST_STATEID allows a large set of such stateids to be tested and allows problems with earlier stateids not to interfere with checking of subsequent ones as would happen if individual stateids are tested by operation in a COMPOUND. For each stateid, the server provides the status code that would be returned if that stateid were to be used in normal operation. Returning such an status indication is not an error and does not cause processing to terminate. Checks for the validity of the stateid proceed as they would for normal operations with two exceptions. There is no check for the type of stateid object, as would be the case for normal and there is no reference to the current filehandle. The errors which are validly returned within the status_code array are: NFS4ERR_OK, NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID, NFS4ERR_EXPIRED, NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED, and NFS4ERR_DELEG_REVOKED. 16.48.5. IMPLEMENTATION No discussion at this time. 16.49. Operation 56: WANT_DELEGATION 16.49.1. SYNOPSIS (cfh), (clientid) -> stateid, delegation Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 414] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.49.2. ARGUMENT union deleg_claim4 switch (open_claim_type4 claim) { /* * No special rights to object. Ordinary delegation * request of the specified object. Object identified * by filehandle. */ case CLAIM_FH: /* new to v4.1 */ void; /* * Right to file based on a delegation granted to a previous boot * instance of the client. File is specified by filehandle. */ case CLAIM_DELEG_PREV_FH: /* new to v4.1 */ /* CURRENT_FH: file being opened */ void; /* * Right to the file established by an open previous to server * reboot. File identified by filehandle. * Used during server reclaim grace period. */ case CLAIM_PREVIOUS: /* CURRENT_FH: file being reclaimed */ open_delegation_type4 delegate_type; }; struct WANT_DELEGATION4args { uint32_t wda_want; deleg_claim4 wda_claim; }; 16.49.3. RESULT union WANT_DELEGATION4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: open_delegation4 wdr_resok4; default: void; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 415] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 16.49.4. DESCRIPTION Where this description mandates the return of a specific error code for a specific condition, and where multiple conditions apply, the server MAY return any of the mandated error codes. This operation allows a client to get a delegation on all types of files except directories. The server MAY support this operation. If the server does not support this operation, it MUST return NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP. This operation also allows the client to register a "want" for a delegation for the specified file object, and be notified via a callback when the delegation is available. The server MAY support notifications of availability via callbacks. If the server does not support registration of wants it MUST NOT return an error to indicate that. The client SHOULD NOT set OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_READ and SHOULD NOT set OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WRITE in wda_want. If it does, the server MUST ignore them. The meanings of the following flags in wda_want are the same as they are in OPEN: OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_READ_DELEG OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_WRITE_DELEG OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_ANY_DELEG OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_NO_DELEG OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_CANCEL OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_SIGNAL_DELEG_WHEN_RESRC_AVAIL OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_PUSH_DELEG_WHEN_UNCONTENDED The handling of the above flags in WANT_DELEGATION is the same as in OPEN. A request for a conflicting delegation MUST NOT trigger the recall of the existing delegation. The successful results of WANT_DELEG are of type open_delegation4 which is the same type as the "delegation" field in the results of the OPEN operation. The server constructs wdr_resok4 the same way it constructs OPEN's "delegation" with one differences: WANT_DELEGATION MUST NOT return a delegation type of OPEN_DELEGATE_NONE. As with Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 416] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 OPEN, if (wda_want & OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT_DELEG_MASK) is zero then the client is indicating no desire for a delegation and the server MAY or MAY not return a delegation in the WANT_DELEG response. 16.49.5. IMPLEMENTATION TBD 16.50. Operation 10044: ILLEGAL - Illegal operation 16.50.1. SYNOPSIS -> () 16.50.2. ARGUMENTS void; 16.50.3. RESULTS /* * ILLEGAL: Response for illegal operation numbers */ struct ILLEGAL4res { nfsstat4 status; }; 16.50.4. DESCRIPTION This operation is a placeholder for encoding a result to handle the case of the client sending an operation code within COMPOUND that is not supported. See the COMPOUND procedure description for more details. The status field of ILLEGAL4res MUST be set to NFS4ERR_OP_ILLEGAL. 16.50.5. IMPLEMENTATION A client will probably not send an operation with code OP_ILLEGAL but if it does, the response will be ILLEGAL4res just as it would be with any other invalid operation code. Note that if the server gets an illegal operation code that is not OP_ILLEGAL, and if the server checks for legal operation codes during the XDR decode phase, then the ILLEGAL4res would not be returned. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 417] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 17. NFS version 4.1 Callback Procedures The procedures used for callbacks are defined in the following sections. In the interest of clarity, the terms "client" and "server" refer to NFS clients and servers, despite the fact that for an individual callback RPC, the sense of these terms would be precisely the opposite. 17.1. Procedure 0: CB_NULL - No Operation 17.1.1. SYNOPSIS 17.1.2. ARGUMENTS void; 17.1.3. RESULTS void; 17.1.4. DESCRIPTION Standard NULL procedure. Void argument, void response. Even though there is no direct functionality associated with this procedure, the server will use CB_NULL to confirm the existence of a path for RPCs from server to client. 17.1.5. ERRORS None. 17.2. Procedure 1: CB_COMPOUND - Compound Operations 17.2.1. SYNOPSIS compoundargs -> compoundres Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 418] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 17.2.2. ARGUMENTS enum nfs_cb_opnum4 { OP_CB_GETATTR = 3, OP_CB_RECALL = 4, OP_CB_ILLEGAL = 10044 }; union nfs_cb_argop4 switch (unsigned argop) { case OP_CB_GETATTR: CB_GETATTR4args opcbgetattr; case OP_CB_RECALL: CB_RECALL4args opcbrecall; case OP_CB_ILLEGAL: void opcbillegal; }; struct CB_COMPOUND4args { utf8str_cs tag; uint32_t minorversion; nfs_cb_argop4 argarray<>; }; 17.2.3. RESULTS union nfs_cb_resop4 switch (unsigned resop){ case OP_CB_GETATTR: CB_GETATTR4res opcbgetattr; case OP_CB_RECALL: CB_RECALL4res opcbrecall; }; struct CB_COMPOUND4res { nfsstat4 status; utf8str_cs tag; nfs_cb_resop4 resarray<>; }; 17.2.4. DESCRIPTION The CB_COMPOUND procedure is used to combine one or more of the callback procedures into a single RPC request. The main callback RPC program has two main procedures: CB_NULL and CB_COMPOUND. All other operations use the CB_COMPOUND procedure as a wrapper. In the processing of the CB_COMPOUND procedure, the client may find that it does not have the available resources to execute any or all of the operations within the CB_COMPOUND sequence. This is discussed in Section 2.9.4.4. The minorversion field of the arguments MUST be the same as the minorversion of the COMPOUND procedure used to created the clientid and session. For NFSv4.1, minorversion MUST be set to 1. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 419] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Contained within the CB_COMPOUND results is a 'status' field. This status must be equivalent to the status of the last operation that was executed within the CB_COMPOUND procedure. Therefore, if an operation incurred an error then the 'status' value will be the same error value as is being returned for the operation that failed. For the definition of the "tag" field, see the section "Procedure 1: COMPOUND - Compound Operations". [[Comment.25: Need an xref.]] Illegal operation codes are handled in the same way as they are handled for the COMPOUND procedure. 17.2.5. IMPLEMENTATION The CB_COMPOUND procedure is used to combine individual operations into a single RPC request. The client interprets each of the operations in turn. If an operation is executed by the client and the status of that operation is NFS4_OK, then the next operation in the CB_COMPOUND procedure is executed. The client continues this process until there are no more operations to be executed or one of the operations has a status value other than NFS4_OK. 17.2.6. ERRORS NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID NFS4ERR_BADXDR NFS4ERR_OP_ILLEGAL NFS4ERR_RESOURCE NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT 18. NFS version 4.1 Callback Operations 18.1. Operation 3: CB_GETATTR - Get Attributes 18.1.1. SYNOPSIS fh, attr_request -> attrmask, attr_vals Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 420] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 18.1.2. ARGUMENT /* * NFS4 Callback Procedure Definitions and Program */ /* * CB_GETATTR: Get Current Attributes */ struct CB_GETATTR4args { nfs_fh4 fh; bitmap4 attr_request; }; 18.1.3. RESULT struct CB_GETATTR4resok { fattr4 obj_attributes; }; union CB_GETATTR4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: CB_GETATTR4resok resok4; default: void; }; 18.1.4. DESCRIPTION The CB_GETATTR operation is used by the server to obtain the current modified state of a file that has been write delegated. The attributes size and change are the only ones guaranteed to be serviced by the client. See the section "Handling of CB_GETATTR" for a full description of how the client and server are to interact with the use of CB_GETATTR. If the filehandle specified is not one for which the client holds a write open delegation, an NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE error is returned. 18.1.5. IMPLEMENTATION The client returns attrmask bits and the associated attribute values only for the change attribute, and attributes that it may change (time_modify, and size). Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 421] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 18.2. Operation 4: CB_RECALL - Recall an Open Delegation 18.2.1. SYNOPSIS stateid, truncate, fh -> () 18.2.2. ARGUMENT /* * CB_RECALL: Recall an Open Delegation */ struct CB_RECALL4args { stateid4 stateid; bool truncate; nfs_fh4 fh; }; 18.2.3. RESULT struct CB_RECALL4res { nfsstat4 status; }; 18.2.4. DESCRIPTION The CB_RECALL operation is used to begin the process of recalling an open delegation and returning it to the server. The truncate flag is used to optimize recall for a file which is about to be truncated to zero. When it is set, the client is freed of obligation to propagate modified data for the file to the server, since this data is irrelevant. If the handle specified is not one for which the client holds an open delegation, an NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE error is returned. If the stateid specified is not one corresponding to an open delegation for the file specified by the filehandle, an NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID is returned. 18.2.5. IMPLEMENTATION The client should reply to the callback immediately. Replying does not complete the recall except when an error was returned. The recall is not complete until the delegation is returned using a DELEGRETURN. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 422] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 18.3. Operation 5: CB_LAYOUTRECALL 18.3.1. SYNOPSIS layout_type, iomode, layoutchanged, layoutrecall -> - 18.3.2. ARGUMENT /* * NFSv4.1 callback arguments and results */ enum layoutrecall_type4 { LAYOUTRECALL_FILE = 1, LAYOUTRECALL_FSID = 2, LAYOUTRECALL_ALL = 3 }; struct layoutrecall_file4 { nfs_fh4 lor_fh; offset4 lor_offset; length4 lor_length; }; union layoutrecall4 switch(layoutrecall_type4 recalltype) { case LAYOUTRECALL_FILE: layoutrecall_file4 lor_layout; case LAYOUTRECALL_FSID: fsid4 lor_fsid; case LAYOUTRECALL_ALL: void; }; struct CB_LAYOUTRECALL4args { layouttype4 lora_type; layoutiomode4 lora_iomode; bool lora_changed; layoutrecall4 lora_recall; }; 18.3.3. RESULT struct CB_LAYOUTRECALL4res { nfsstat4 lorr_status; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 423] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 18.3.4. DESCRIPTION The CB_LAYOUTRECALL operation is used to begin the process of recalling a layout, a portion thereof, all layouts pertaining to a particular file system (FSID), or layouts in all filesystems (ALL). If LAYOUTRECALL_FILE is specified, the offset and length fields specify the portion of the layout to be returned. If a length of all ones is specified then the layout corresponding to the byte range from "offset" to the end-of-file MUST be returned. The iomode specifies the set of layouts to be returned. An iomode of ANY specifies that all matching layouts, regardless of iomode, must be returned; otherwise, only layouts that exactly match the iomode must be returned. If the "lora_changed" field is TRUE, then the client SHOULD not flush its dirty data to the devices specified by the layout being recalled. Instead, it is preferable for the client to flush the dirty data through the metadata server. Alternatively, the client may attempt to obtain a new layout. Note: in order to obtain a new layout the client must first return the old layout. Since obtaining a new layout is not guaranteed to succeed, the client must be ready to flush its dirty data through the metadata server. Layouts are returned through the LAYOUTRETURN operation. If the client does not hold any layout segment either matching or overlapping with the requested layout, it returns NFS4ERR_NOMATCHING_LAYOUT. If LAYOUTRECALL_FSID is specified, the fsid specifies the file system for which any outstanding layouts MUST be returned. If LAYOUTRECALL_ALL is specified, all outstanding layouts MUST be returned. In addition, LAYOUTRECALL_FSID and LAYOUTRECALL_ALL specify that all the devices in the affected filesystem(s) are also recalled. The respective LAYOUTRETURN with either RETURN_FSID or RETURN_ALL acknowledges to the server that the client invalidated the said devices. Devices are invalidated also when no layouts are found for LAYOUTRECALL_FSID or LAYOUTRECALL_ALL and NFS4ERR_NOMATCHING_LAYOUT is returned. 18.3.5. IMPLEMENTATION The client should reply to the callback immediately. Replying does not complete the recall except when an error is returned. The recall is not complete until the layout(s) are returned using a LAYOUTRETURN. The client should complete any in-flight I/O operations using the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 424] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 recalled layout(s) before returning it/them via LAYOUTRETURN. If the client has buffered dirty data there are a number of options for flushing that data. If "lora_changed" is false, the client may choose to write dirty data directly to storage before calling LAYOUTRETURN. However, if "lora_changed" is true, the client may either choose to write it later using normal NFSv4 WRITE operations to the metadata server or it may attempt to obtain a new layout, after first returning the recalled layout, using the new layout to flush the dirty data. Regardless of whether the client is holding a layout, it may always write data through the metadata server. If dirty data is flushed while the layout is held, the client must still issue LAYOUTCOMMIT operations at the appropriate time, especially before issuing the LAYOUTRETURN. If a large amount of dirty data is outstanding, the client may issue LAYOUTRETURNs for portions of the layout being recalled; this allows the server to monitor the client's progress and adherence to the callback. However, the last LAYOUTRETURN in a sequence of returns, MUST specify the full range being recalled (see Section 12.3.5.2 for details). 18.4. Operation 6: CB_NOTIFY - Notify directory changes Tell the client of directory changes. 18.4.1. SYNOPSIS stateid, notification -> {} 18.4.2. ARGUMENT /* * Changed entry information. */ struct notify_entry4 { component4 ne_file; fattr4 ne_attrs; }; /* * Previous entry information */ struct prev_entry4 { notify_entry4 pe_prev_entry; /* what READDIR returned for this entry */ nfs_cookie4 pe_prev_entry_cookie; }; union prev_entry_info4 switch (bool isprev) { Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 425] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 case TRUE: /* A previous entry exists */ prev_entry4 pei_prev_entry_info; case FALSE: /* we are adding to an empty directory */ void; }; struct notify_add4 { notify_entry4 nad_new_entry; /* what READDIR would have returned for this entry */ nfs_cookie4 nad_new_entry_cookie; bool nad_last_entry; prev_entry_info4 nad_prev_info; }; struct notify_attr4 { notify_entry4 na_changed_entry; }; struct notify_remove4 { notify_entry4 nrm_old_entry; nfs_cookie4 nrm_old_entry_cookie; }; struct notify_rename4 { notify_entry4 nrn_old_entry; notify_add4 nrn_new_entry; }; struct notify_verifier4 { verifier4 nv_old_cookieverf; verifier4 nv_new_cookieverf; }; enum notify_type4 { NOTIFY_CHANGE_CHILD_ATTRS = 0, NOTIFY_CHANGE_DIR_ATTRS = 1, NOTIFY_REMOVE_ENTRY = 2, NOTIFY_ADD_ENTRY = 3, NOTIFY_RENAME_ENTRY = 4, NOTIFY_CHANGE_COOKIE_VERIFIER = 5 }; /* * Notification information sent to the client. */ union notify4 switch (notify_type4 n_type) { case NOTIFY_CHANGE_CHILD_ATTRS: Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 426] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 notify_attr4 n_change_child_attrs; case NOTIFY_CHANGE_DIR_ATTRS: fattr4 n_change_dir_attrs; case NOTIFY_REMOVE_ENTRY: notify_remove4 n_remove_notify; case NOTIFY_ADD_ENTRY: notify_add4 n_add_notify; case NOTIFY_RENAME_ENTRY: notify_rename4 n_rename_notify; case NOTIFY_CHANGE_COOKIE_VERIFIER: notify_verifier4 n_verf_notify; }; struct CB_NOTIFY4args { stateid4 na_stateid; notify4 na_changes<>; }; 18.4.3. RESULT struct CB_NOTIFY4res { nfsstat4 nr_status; }; 18.4.4. DESCRIPTION The CB_NOTIFY operation is used by the server to send notifications to clients about changes in a delegated directory. These notifications are sent over the callback path. The notification is sent once the original request has been processed on the server. The server will send an array of notifications for all changes that might have occurred in the directory. The notify_type4 can only have one bit set for each notification in the array. If the client holding the delegation makes any changes in the directory that cause files or sub directories to be added or removed, the server will notify that client of the resulting change(s). If the client holding the delegation is making attribute or cookie verifier changes only, the server does not need to send notifications to that client. The server will send the following information for each operation: ADDING A FILE The server will send information about the new entry being created along with the cookie for that entry. The entry information contains the nfs name of the entry and attributes. If this entry is added to the end of the directory, the server will set a last_entry flag to true. If the file is added such that there is at least one entry before it, the server will also return Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 427] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 the previous entry information along with its cookie. This is to help clients find the right location in their DNLC or directory caches where this entry should be cached. REMOVING A FILE The server will send information about the directory entry being deleted. The server will also send the cookie value for the deleted entry so that clients can get to the cached information for this entry. RENAMING A FILE The server will send information about both the old entry and the new entry. This includes name and attributes for each entry. This notification is only sent if both entries are in the same directory. If the rename is across directories, the server will send a remove notification to one directory and an add notification to the other directory, assuming both have a directory delegation. FILE/DIR ATTRIBUTE CHANGE The client will use the attribute mask to inform the server of attributes for which it wants to receive notifications. This change notification can be requested for both changes to the attributes of the directory as well as changes to any file attributes in the directory by using two separate attribute masks. The client can not ask for change attribute notification per file. One attribute mask covers all the files in the directory. Upon any attribute change, the server will send back the values of changed attributes. Notifications might not make sense for some file system wide attributes and it is up to the server to decide which subset it wants to support. The client can negotiate the frequency of attribute notifications by letting the server know how often it wants to be notified of an attribute change. The server will return supported notification frequencies or an indication that no notification is permitted for directory or child attributes by setting the dir_notif_delay and dir_entry_notif_delay attributes respectively. COOKIE VERIFIER CHANGE If the cookie verifier changes while a client is holding a delegation, the server will notify the client so that it can invalidate its cookies and reissue a READDIR to get the new set of cookies. 18.4.5. IMPLEMENTATION 18.5. Operation 7: CB_PUSH_DELEG 18.5.1. SYNOPSIS fh, stateid -> { } Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 428] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 18.5.2. ARGUMENT struct CB_PUSH_DELEG4args { nfs_fh4 pda_fh; stateid4 pda_stateid; open_delegation4 pda_delegation; }; 18.5.3. RESULT struct CB_PUSH_DELEG4res { nfsstat4 cpdr_status; }; 18.5.4. DESCRIPTION CB_PUSH_DELEG is used by the server to both signal to the client that the delegation it wants is available and to simultaneously offer the delegation to the client. The client has the choice of accepting the delegation by returning NFS4_OK to the server, delaying the decision to accept the offered delegation by returning NFS4ERR_DELAY or permanently rejecting the offer of the delegation via any other error status. The server MUST send in pda_delegation a delegation corresponding to the type of what the client requested in the OPEN, WANT_DELEGATION, or GET_DIR_DELEGATION request. If the client does return NFS4ERR_DELAY and there is a conflicting delegation request, the server MAY process it at the expense of the client that returned NFS4ERR_DELAY. The client's want will not be cancelled, but MAY processed behind other delegation requests or registered wants. 18.5.5. IMPLEMENTATION TBD 18.6. Operation 8: CB_RECALL_ANY - Keep any N delegations Notify client to return delegation and keep N of them. 18.6.1. SYNOPSIS N, type_mask -> {} Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 429] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 18.6.2. ARGUMENT const TYPE_MASK_RDATA_DLG = 0; const TYPE_MASK_WDATA_DLG = 1; const TYPE_MASK_DIR_DLG = 2; const TYPE_MASK_FILE_LAYOUT = 3; const TYPE_MASK_BLK_LAYOUT_MIN = 4; const TYPE_MASK_BLK_LAYOUT_MAX = 7; const TYPE_MASK_OBJ_LAYOUT_MIN = 8; const TYPE_MASK_OBJ_LAYOUT_MAX = 11; const TYPE_MASK_OTHER_LAYOUT_MIN = 12; const TYPE_MASK_OTHER_LAYOUT_MAX = 15; struct CB_RECALL_ANY4args { uint32_t rca_objects_to_keep; bitmap4 rca_type_mask; }; 18.6.3. RESULT struct CB_RECALL_ANY4res { nfsstat4 rcr_status; }; 18.6.4. DESCRIPTION The server may decide that it cannot hold all of the state for recallable objects, such as delegations and layouts, without running out of resources. In such a case, it is free to recall individual objects to reduce the load but this would be far from optimal. Because the general purpose of such recallable objects as delegations is to eliminate client interaction with the server, the server cannot interpret lack of recent use as indicating that the object is no longer useful. The absence of visible use may be the result of a large number of potential operations eliminated. In the case of layouts, the layout will be used explicitly but the meta-data server does not have direct knowledge of such use. In order to implement an effective reclaim scheme for such objects, the server's knowledge of available resources must be used to determine when objects must be recalled with the clients selecting the actual objects to be returned. Server implementations may differ in their resource allocation requirements. For example, one server may share resources among all Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 430] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 classes of recallable objects whereas another may use separate resource pools for layouts and for delegations, or further separate resources by types of delegations. When a given resource pool is over-utilized, the server can issue a CB_RECALL_ANY to clients holding recallable objects of the types involved, allowing it to keep a certain number of such objects and return any excess. A mask specifies which types of objects are to be limited. The client chooses, based on its own knowledge of current usefulness, which of the objects in that class should be returned. For NFSv4.1, sixteen bits are defined. For some of these, ranges are defined and it is up to the definition of the storage protocol to specify how these are to be used. There are ranges for blocks-based storage protocols, for object-based storage protocols and a reserved range for other experimental storage protocols. The RFC defining such a storage protocol needs to specify how particular bits within its range are to be used. For example, it may specify a mapping between attributes of the layout (read vs. write, size of area) and the bit to be used or it may define a field in the layout where the associated bit position is made available by the server to the client. When an undefined bit is set in the type mask, NFS4ERR_INVAL should be returned. However even if a client does not support an object of the specified type, if the bit is defined, NFS4ERR_INVAL should not be returned. Future minor versions of NFSv4 may expand the set of valid type mask bits. CB_RECALL_ANY specifies a count of objects that the client may keep as opposed to a count that the client must return. This is to avoid potential race between a CB_RECALL_ANY that had a count of objects to free with a set of client-originated operations to return layouts or delegations. As a result of the race, the client and server would have differing ideas as to how many objects to return. Hence the client could mistakenly free too many. If resource demands prompt it, the server may send another CB_RECALL_ANY with a lower count, even it has not yet received an acknowledgement from the client for a previous CB_RECALL_ANY with the same type mask. Although the possibility exists that these will be received by the client in a order different from the order in which they were sent, any such permutation of the callback stream is harmless. It is the job of the client to bring down the size of the recallable object set in line with each CB_RECALL_ANY received and until that obligation is met it cannot be canceled or modified by any subsequent CB_RECALL_ANY for the same type mask. Thus if the server sends two CB_RECALL_ANY's, the effect will be the same as if the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 431] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 lower count was sent, whatever the order of recall receipt. Note that this means that a server may not cancel the effect of a CB_RECALL_ANY by sending another recall with a higher count. When a CB_RECALL_ANY is received and the count is already within the limit set or is above a limit that the client is working to get down to, that callback has no effect. The client can choose to return any type of object specified by the mask. If a server wishes to limit use of objects of a specific type, it should only specify that type in the mask sent. The client may not return requested objects and it is up to the server to handle this situation, typically by doing specific recalls to properly limit resource usage. The server should give the client enough time to return objects before proceeding to specific recalls. This time should not be less than the lease period. Servers are generally free not to give out recallable objects when insufficient resources are available. Note that the effect of such a policy is implicitly to give precedence to existing objects relative to requested ones, with the result that resources might not be optimally used. To prevent this, servers are well advised to make the point at which they start issuing CB_RECALL_ANY callbacks somewhat below that at which they cease to give out new delegations and layouts. This allows the client to purge its less-used objects whenever appropriate and so continue to have its subsequent requests given new resources freed up by object returns. 18.6.5. IMPLEMENTATION 18.7. Operation 9: CB_RECALLABLE_OBJ_AVAIL 18.7.1. SYNOPSIS TBD 18.7.2. ARGUMENT typedef CB_RECALL_ANY4args CB_RECALLABLE_OBJ_AVAIL4args; 18.7.3. RESULT struct CB_RECALLABLE_OBJ_AVAIL4res { nfsstat4 roa_status; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 432] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 18.7.4. DESCRIPTION CB_RECALLABLE_OBJ_AVAIL is used by the server to signal the client that the server has resources to grant recallable objects that might previously have been denied by OPEN, WANT_DELEGATION, GET_DIR_DELEG, or LAYOUTGET. The argument, objects_to_keep means the total number of recallable objects of the types indicated in the argument type_mask that the server believes it can allow the client to have, including the number of such objects the client already has. A client that tries to acquire more recallable objects than the server informs it can have runs the risk of having objects recalled. 18.7.5. IMPLEMENTATION TBD 18.8. Operation 10: CB_RECALL_SLOT - change flow control limits Change flow control limits 18.8.1. SYNOPSIS targetcount -> status 18.8.2. ARGUMENT struct CB_RECALL_SLOT4args { uint32_t rcc_target; }; 18.8.3. RESULT struct CB_RECALL_SLOT4res { nfsstat4 rcr_status; }; 18.8.4. DESCRIPTION The CB_RECALL_SLOT operation requests the client to return session slots, and if applicable, transport credits (e.g. RDMA credits for connections bound to the operations channel) to the server. To avoid races between this operation and operation initiated by the client that return slots and credits, CB_RECALL_SLOT specifies rsa_target_slot_count, the target slot count the server wants for the Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 433] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 session. The client, should then work toward reducing the slot count to target slot count. If the session only non-RDMA connections bound to its operations channel, then the client need only wait for all outstanding requests with a slotid greater than rsa_target_slot_count to complete, then issue a single COMPOUND consisting of a single SEQUENCE operation, with the sa_maxslot field set to rsa_target_slot_count. If there are RDMA-based connections bound to operation channel, then the client needs to also issue enough zero-length RDMA Sends to take the total RDMA credit count to rsa_target_slot_count or less. 18.8.5. IMPLEMENTATION No discussion at this time. 18.9. Operation 11: CB_SEQUENCE - Supply callback channel sequencing and control Sequence and control 18.9.1. SYNOPSIS control -> control 18.9.2. ARGUMENT struct referring_call4 { sequenceid4 rc_sequenceid; slotid4 rc_slotid; }; struct referring_call_list4 { sessionid4 rcl_sessionid; referring_call4 rcl_referring_calls<>; }; struct CB_SEQUENCE4args { sessionid4 csa_sessionid; sequenceid4 csa_sequenceid; slotid4 csa_slotid; slotid4 csa_maxslot; bool csa_cachethis; referring_call_list4 csa_referring_call_lists<>; }; Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 434] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 18.9.3. RESULT struct CB_SEQUENCE4resok { sessionid4 csr_sessionid; sequenceid4 csr_sequenceid; slotid4 csr_slotid; slotid4 csr_maxslot; slotid4 csr_target_maxslot; }; union CB_SEQUENCE4res switch (nfsstat4 status) { case NFS4_OK: CB_SEQUENCE4resok csr_resok4; default: void; }; 18.9.4. DESCRIPTION The CB_SEQUENCE operation is used to manage operational accounting for the callback channel of the session on which the operation is sent. The contents include the client and session to which this request belongs, slotid and sequenceid, used by the server to implement session request control and the duplicate reply cache semantics, and exchanged slot counts which are used to adjust these values. This operation MUST appear once as the first operation in each CB_COMPOUND sent after the callback channel is successfully bound, or a protocol error must result. See Section 16.46.4 for a description of how slots are processed. If csa_cachethis is TRUE, then the server is requesting that the client cache the reply in the callback reply cache. The client MUST cache the reply (see Section 2.9.4.1.2). The csa_referring_call_lists array is the list of COMPOUND calls, identified by sessionid, slotid and sequencid, that the client previously sent to the server that could have triggered the callback. A sessionid is included because leased state is tied to a clientid, and a clientid can have multiple sessions. See Section 2.9.4.3 Resolving server callback races with sessions. If difference between csa_sequenceid and the sequenceid the client has for the slot is two (2) or more, then client MUST return NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED. If csa_sequenceid is less than the client's cached sequencid (accounting for wraparound of the unsigned sequenceid value), then the client MUST return NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED. If sa_sequenceid and the cached sequenceid Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 435] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 are the same, this is a replay, and the client returns the response to the CB_COMPOUND that is cached. Otherwise, if sa_sequenceid is one greater (accounting for wraparound) than the cached sequenceid, then this is a new request, and the slot's sequenceid is incremented. The operations subsequent to CB_SEQUENCE, if any, are processed. If there are no other operations, the only other effects are to cache the CB_SEQUENCE reply in the slot. If CB_SEQUENCE returns an error, then the state of the slot (sequenceid, cached reply) is not changed. 18.9.5. IMPLEMENTATION No discussion at this time. 18.10. Operation 12: CB_WANTS_CANCELLED 18.10.1. SYNOPSIS fh, size -> - 18.10.2. ARGUMENT struct CB_WANTS_CANCELLED4args { bool wca_contended_wants_cancelled; bool wca_resourced_wants_cancelled; }; 18.10.3. RESULT struct CB_WANTS_CANCELLED4res { nfsstat4 wca_status; }; 18.10.4. DESCRIPTION The CB_WANTS_CANCELLED operation is used to notify the client that the some or all wants it registered for recallable delegations and layouts have been canceled. If wca_contended_wants_cancelled is TRUE, this indicates the server will not be pushing to the client any delegations that become available after contention passes. If wca_resourced_wants_cancelled is TRUE, this indicates the server will not notify the client when there are resources on the server Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 436] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 grant delegations or layouts. After receiving a CB_WANTS_CANCELLED operation, the client is free to attempt to acquire the delegations or layouts it was waiting for, and possibly re-register wants. 18.10.5. IMPLEMENTATION 18.11. Operation 13: CB_NOTIFY_LOCK - Notify of possible lock availability 18.11.1. SYNOPSIS fh, lockowner -> () 18.11.2. ARGUMENT struct CB_NOTIFY_LOCK4args { nfs_fh4 file; lock_owner4 lock_owner; }; 18.11.3. RESULT struct CB_NOTIFY_LOCK4res { nfsstat4 status; }; 18.11.4. DESCRIPTION The server may use this operation to indicate that a lock for the given file and lockowner may have become available. This callback is meant to be used by servers to help reduce the latency of blocking locks in the case where they recognize that a client which has been polling for a blocking lock may now be able to acquire the lock. The notification is purely a hint, provided as a possible performance optimization, and is not required for correctness. 18.11.5. IMPLEMENTATION The server must not grant the lock to the client unless and until it receives an actual lock request from the client. Similarly, the client receiving this callback cannot assume that it now has the lock, or that a subsequent request for the lock will be successful. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 437] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 The server is not required to implement this callback, and even if it does, it is not required to use it in any particular case. Therefore the client must still rely on polling for blocking locks, as described in the "Blocking Locks" section. Similarly, the client is not required to implement this callback, and even it does, is still free to ignore it. Therefore the server must not assume that the client will act based on the callback. If the server supports this callback for a given file, it should set the OPEN4_RESULT_MAY_NOTIFY_LOCK flag when responding to successful opens for that file. This does not commit the server to use of CB_NOTIFY_LOCK, but the client may use this as a hint to decide how frequently poll for locks derived from that open. 18.12. Operation 10044: CB_ILLEGAL - Illegal Callback Operation 18.12.1. SYNOPSIS -> () 18.12.2. ARGUMENT void; 18.12.3. RESULT /* * CB_ILLEGAL: Response for illegal operation numbers */ struct CB_ILLEGAL4res { nfsstat4 status; }; 18.12.4. DESCRIPTION This operation is a placeholder for encoding a result to handle the case of the client sending an operation code within COMPOUND that is not supported. See the COMPOUND procedure description for more details. The status field of CB_ILLEGAL4res MUST be set to NFS4ERR_OP_ILLEGAL. 18.12.5. IMPLEMENTATION A server will probably not send an operation with code OP_CB_ILLEGAL but if it does, the response will be CB_ILLEGAL4res just as it would Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 438] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 be with any other invalid operation code. Note that if the client gets an illegal operation code that is not OP_ILLEGAL, and if the client checks for legal operation codes during the XDR decode phase, then the CB_ILLEGAL4res would not be returned. 19. Security Considerations TBD 20. IANA Considerations 20.1. Defining new layout types New layout type numbers will be requested from IANA. IANA will only provide layout type numbers for Standards Track RFCs approved by the IESG, in accordance with Standards Action policy defined in RFC2434 [16]. The author of a new pNFS layout specification must follow these steps to obtain acceptance of the layout type as a standard: 1. The author devises the new layout specification. 2. The new layout type specification MUST, at a minimum: * Define the following data types: the device address, the layout, the layouthint, and the layoutupdate structure * Describe or define the storage access protocol used to access the data servers * Include a security considerations section 3. The author documents the new layout specification as an Internet Draft. 4. The author submits the Internet Draft for review through the IETF standards process as defined in "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1). The new layout specification will be submitted for eventual publication as a standards track RFC. 5. The layout specification progresses through the IETF standards process; the new option will be reviewed by the NFSv4 Working Group (if that group still exists), or as an Internet Draft not submitted by an IETF working group. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 439] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 21. References 21.1. Normative References [1] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", March 1997. [2] Shepler, S., Callaghan, B., Robinson, D., Thurlow, R., Beame, C., Eisler, M., and D. Noveck, "Network File System (NFS) version 4 Protocol", RFC 3530, April 2003. [3] Eisler, M., "XDR: External Data Representation Standard", STD 67, RFC 4506, May 2006. [4] Srinivasan, R., "RPC: Remote Procedure Call Protocol Specification Version 2", RFC 1831, August 1995. [5] Eisler, M., Chiu, A., and L. Ling, "RPCSEC_GSS Protocol Specification", RFC 2203, September 1997. [6] Linn, J., "The Kerberos Version 5 GSS-API Mechanism", RFC 1964, June 1996. [7] Eisler, M., "LIPKEY - A Low Infrastructure Public Key Mechanism Using SPKM", RFC 2847, June 2000. [8] Linn, J., "Generic Security Service Application Program Interface Version 2, Update 1", RFC 2743, January 2000. [9] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture", RFC 1884, December 1995. [10] International Organization for Standardization, "Information Technology - Universal Multiple-octet coded Character Set (UCS) - Part 1: Architecture and Basic Multilingual Plane", ISO Standard 10646-1, May 1993. [11] Alvestrand, H., "IETF Policy on Character Sets and Languages", BCP 18, RFC 2277, January 1998. [12] Hoffman, P. and M. Blanchet, "Preparation of Internationalized Strings ("stringprep")", RFC 3454, December 2002. [13] Hoffman, P. and M. Blanchet, "Nameprep: A Stringprep Profile for Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)", RFC 3491, March 2003. [14] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-Hashing Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 440] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, February 1997. [15] Schaad, J., Kaliski, B., and R. Housley, "Additional Algorithms and Identifiers for RSA Cryptography for use in the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 4055, June 2005. [16] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434, October 1998. 21.2. Informative References [17] Nowicki, B., "NFS: Network File System Protocol specification", RFC 1094, March 1989. [18] Callaghan, B., Pawlowski, B., and P. Staubach, "NFS Version 3 Protocol Specification", RFC 1813, June 1995. [19] Eisler, M., "NFS Version 2 and Version 3 Security Issues and the NFS Protocol's Use of RPCSEC_GSS and Kerberos V5", RFC 2623, June 1999. [20] Juszczak, C., "Improving the Performance and Correctness of an NFS Server", USENIX Conference Proceedings , June 1990. [21] Reynolds, J., "Assigned Numbers: RFC 1700 is Replaced by an On- line Database", RFC 3232, January 2002. [22] Srinivasan, R., "Binding Protocols for ONC RPC Version 2", RFC 1833, August 1995. [23] Zelenka, J., Welch, B., and B. Halevy, "Object-based pNFS Operations", July 2005, . [24] Black, D., "pNFS Block/Volume Layout", July 2005, . [25] Callaghan, B., "WebNFS Client Specification", RFC 2054, October 1996. [26] Callaghan, B., "WebNFS Server Specification", RFC 2055, October 1996. [27] Shepler, S., "NFS Version 4 Design Considerations", RFC 2624, June 1999. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 441] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 [28] Simonsen, K., "Character Mnemonics and Character Sets", RFC 1345, June 1992. [29] Satran, J., Meth, K., Sapuntzakis, C., Chadalapaka, M., and E. Zeidner, "Internet Small Computer Systems Interface (iSCSI)", RFC 3720, April 2004. [30] Snively, R., "Fibre Channel Protocol for SCSI, 2nd Version (FCP-2)", ANSI/INCITS 350-2003, Oct 2003. [31] Weber, R., "Object-Based Storage Device Commands (OSD)", ANSI/ INCITS 400-2004, July 2004, . [32] Callaghan, B., "NFS URL Scheme", RFC 2224, October 1997. [33] Chiu, A., Eisler, M., and B. Callaghan, "Security Negotiation for WebNFS", RFC 2755, January 2000. Appendix A. Acknowledgments The initial drafts for the SECINFO extensions were edited by Mike Eisler with contributions from Tom Talpey, Saadia Khan, and Jon Bauman. The initial drafts for the SESSIONS extensions were edited by Tom Talpey, Spencer Shepler, Jon Bauman with contributions from Charles Antonelli, Brent Callaghan, Mike Eisler, John Howard, Chet Juszczak, Trond Myklebust, Dave Noveck, John Scott, Mike Stolarchuk and Mark Wittle. The initial drafts for the Directory Delegations support were contributed by Saadia Khan with input from Dave Noveck, Mike Eisler, Carl Burnett, Ted Anderson and Tom Talpey. The initial drafts for the ACL explanations were contributed by Sam Falkner and Lisa Week. The initial drafts for the parallel NFS support were edited by Brent Welch and Garth Goodson. Additional authors for those documents were Benny Halevy, David Black, and Andy Adamson. Additional input came from the informal group which contributed to the construction of the initial pNFS drafts; specific acknowledgement goes to Gary Grider, Peter Corbett, Dave Noveck, and Peter Honeyman. The pNFS work was inspired by the NASD and OSD work done by Garth Gibson. Gary Grider of the national labs (LANL) has also been a champion of high- performance parallel I/O. Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 442] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Authors' Addresses Spencer Shepler Sun Microsystems, Inc. 7808 Moonflower Drive Austin, TX 78750 USA Phone: +1-512-349-9376 Email: spencer.shepler@sun.com Mike Eisler Network Appliance, Inc. 5765 Chase Point Circle Colorado Springs, CO 80919 USA Phone: +1-719-599-9026 Email: email2mre-@yahoo.com URI: Insert ietf2 between the - and @ symbols in the above address David Noveck Network Appliance, Inc. 1601 Trapelo Road, Suite 16 Waltham, MA 02454 USA Phone: +1-781-768-5347 Email: dnoveck@netapp.com Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 443] Internet-Draft NFSv4 Minor Version 1 October 2006 Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 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The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org. Acknowledgment Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by the IETF Administrative Support Activity (IASA). Shepler, et al. Expires April 25, 2007 [Page 444]