MMUSIC Working Group C. Holmberg Internet-Draft Ericsson Updates: 3264 (if approved) H. Alvestrand Intended status: Standards Track Google Expires: March 14, 2015 C. Jennings Cisco September 10, 2014 Negotiating Media Multiplexing Using the Session Description Protocol (SDP) draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation-10.txt Abstract This specification defines a new SDP Grouping Framework extension, 'BUNDLE'. The extension can be used with the Session Description Protocol (SDP) Offer/Answer mechanism to negotiate the usage of a single 5-tuple for sending and receiving media associated with multiple SDP media descriptions ("m="). This is referred to as bundled media. This specification also defines a new SDP attribute, 'bundle-only', which can be used to request that specific media is only used if bundled. This specification also updates sections 5.1, 8.1 and 8.2 of RFC 3264. The update allows an answerer to assign a non-zero port value to an "m=" line in an SDP answer, even if the "m=" line in the associated SDP offer contained a zero port value. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on March 14, 2015. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4. Applicability Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5. SDP Grouping Framework BUNDLE Extension . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. SDP 'bundle-only' Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6.2. Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. SDP Information Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7.2. Connection Data (c=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7.3. Bandwidth (b=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7.4. Attributes (a=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8. SDP Offer/Answer Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8.2. Generating the Initial SDP Offer . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8.2.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8.2.2. Request offerer BUNDLE address selection . . . . . . 10 8.3. Generating the SDP Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8.3.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8.3.2. Answerer Selection of Offerer Bundle Address . . . . 11 8.3.3. Answerer Selection of Answerer BUNDLE Address . . . . 12 8.3.4. Moving A Media Description Out Of A BUNDLE Group . . 12 8.3.5. Rejecting A Media Description In A BUNDLE Group . . . 12 8.4. Offerer Processing of the SDP Answer . . . . . . . . . . 13 8.4.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 8.4.2. Bundle Address Synchronization (BAS) . . . . . . . . 13 8.5. Modifying the Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 8.5.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 8.5.2. Request a new offerer BUNDLE address . . . . . . . . 15 Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 8.5.3. Adding a media description to a BUNDLE group . . . . 15 8.5.4. Moving A Media Description Out Of A BUNDLE Group . . 16 8.5.5. Disabling A Media Description In A BUNDLE Group . . . 16 9. Protocol Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 9.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 9.2. STUN, DTLS, SRTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 10. RTP Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 10.1. Single RTP Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 10.1.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 10.1.2. Payload Type (PT) Value Re-usage . . . . . . . . . . 18 10.2. Associating RTP/RTCP Packets With Correct SDP Media Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 10.3. RTP/RTCP Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 10.3.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 10.3.2. SDP Offer/Answer Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 11. ICE Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 11.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 11.2. SDP Offer/Answer Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 11.2.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 11.2.2. Generating the Initial SDP Offer . . . . . . . . . . 22 11.2.3. Generating the SDP Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 11.2.4. Offerer Processing of the SDP Answer . . . . . . . . 22 11.2.5. Modifying the Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 12. Update to RFC 3264 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 12.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 12.2. Original text of section 5.1 (2nd paragraph) of RFC 3264 22 12.3. New text replacing section 5.1 (2nd paragraph) of RFC 3264 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 12.4. Original text of section 8.2 (2nd paragraph) of RFC 3264 23 12.5. New text replacing section 8.2 (2nd paragraph) of RFC 3264 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 12.6. Original text of section 8.4 (6th paragraph) of RFC 3264 23 12.7. New text replacing section 8.4 (6th paragraph) of RFC 3264 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 13. RTP/RTCP extensions for mid value transport . . . . . . . . . 24 13.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 13.2. RTP MID SDES Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 13.3. RTP MID Header Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 13.4. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 14. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 15. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 15.1. Example: Bundle Address Selection . . . . . . . . . . . 26 15.2. Example: BUNDLE Extension Rejected . . . . . . . . . . . 28 15.3. Example: Offerer Adds A Media Description To A BUNDLE Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 15.4. Example: Offerer Moves A Media Description Out Of A BUNDLE Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 15.5. Example: Offerer Disables A Media Description Within A Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 BUNDLE Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 16. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 17. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 18. Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 19. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 19.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 19.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Appendix A. Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 A.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 A.2. UA Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 A.3. Usage of port number value zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 A.4. B2BUA And Proxy Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 A.4.1. Traffic Policing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 A.4.2. Bandwidth Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 A.5. Candidate Gathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 1. Introduction In the IETF RTCWEB WG, a need to use a single 5-tuple for sending and receiving media associated with multiple SDP media descriptions ("m=" lines) has been identified. This would e.g. allow the usage of a single set of Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) [RFC5245] candidates for multiple media descriptions. This specification defines a new SDP Grouping Framework [RFC5888] extension , 'BUNDLE'. The extension can be used with the Session Description Protocol (SDP) Offer/Answer mechanism [RFC3264] to negotiate the usage of a single 5-tuple for sending and receiving media associated with multiple SDP media descriptions ("m="). This is referred to as bundled media. This specification also defines a new SDP attribute, 'bundle-only', which can be used to request that specific media is only used if bundled. The offerer and answerer [RFC3264] use the BUNDLE extension to negotiate the 5-tuples (BUNDLE addresses), one for the offerer (offerer BUNDLE address) and one for the answerer (answerer BUNDLE address) to be used for the bundled media associated with a BUNDLE group. Once the offerer and the answerer have negotiated a BUNDLE group, and the associated BUNDLE addresses, each endpoint can assign its BUNDLE address to each "m=" line within, and use the address to send and receive all media associated with, the BUNDLE group. NOTE: As defined in RFC 4566 [RFC4566], the semantics of assigning the same port value to multiple "m=" lines are undefined, and there is no grouping defined by such means. Instead, an explicit grouping Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 mechanism needs to be used to express the intended semantics. This specification provides such an extension. This specification also updates sections 5.1, 8.1 and 8.2 of RFC 3264 [RFC3264]. The update allows an answerer to assign a non-zero port value to an "m=" line in an SDP answer, even if the "m=" line in the associated SDP offer contained a zero port value. SDP bodies can contain multiple BUNDLE groups. A given BUNDLE address MUST only be associated with a single BUNDLE group. The procedures in this specification apply independently to a given BUNDLE group. All Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) [RFC3550] based media flows associated with a single BUNDLE group belong to a single RTP session [RFC3550]. The BUNDLE extension is backward compatible. Endpoints that do not support the extension are expected to generate offers and answers without an SDP 'group:BUNDLE' attribute, and are expected to assign a unique address to each "m=" line within an offer and answer, according to the procedures in [RFC4566] and [RFC3264] 2. Terminology 5-tuple: A collection of the following values: source address, source port, destination address, destination port and protocol. Unique address: An IP address and IP port combination that is assigned to only one "m=" line in an offer or answer. Shared address: An IP address and IP port combination that is assigned to multiple "m=" lines within an offer or answer. Offerer suggested BUNDLE mid: The first mid value in a given SDP 'group:BUNDLE' attribute mid list in an offer. Answerer selected BUNDLE mid: The first mid value in a given SDP 'group:BUNDLE' attribute mid list in an answer. Offerer BUNDLE address: Within a given BUNDLE group, an IP address and IP port combination used by an offerer to receive all media associated with each "m=" line within the BUNDLE group. Answerer BUNDLE address: Within a given BUNDLE group, an IP address and IP port combination used by an answerer to receive all media associated with each "m=" line within the BUNDLE group. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 BUNDLE group: A set of "m=" lines, created using an SDP Offer/Answer exchange, for which each endpoint use a single 5-tuple is to send and receive media. Each endpoint uses its BUNDLE address, associated with the BUNDLE group, to send and receive the media. Bundled "m=" line: An "m=" line, which SDP 'mid' attribute value is placed in a SDP 'group:BUNDLE' attribute mid value list in an offer or answer. Bundle-only "m=" line: A bundled "m=" line with an associated SDP 'bundle-only' attribute. Bundled media: All media associated with a given BUNDLE group. Initial offer: The first offer, within an SDP session, in which the offerer indicates that it wants to create a given BUNDLE group. Subsequent offer: An offer which contains a BUNDLE group that has been created as part of a previous SDP Offer/Answer exchange. 3. Conventions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. 4. Applicability Statement The mechanism in this specification only applies to the Session Description Protocol (SDP) [RFC4566], when used together with the SDP Offer/Answer mechanism [RFC3264]. 5. SDP Grouping Framework BUNDLE Extension 5.1. General This section defines a new SDP Grouping Framework extension [RFC5888], 'BUNDLE'. The BUNDLE extension can be used with the Session Description Protocol (SDP) Offer/Answer mechanism to negotiate the usage of a single 5-tuple for sending and receiving media, referred to as bundled media, associated with multiple SDP media descriptions ("m=" lines). Within a successfully created BUNDLE group, media described with "m=" lines associated with the BUNDLE group will be sent and received using a single 5-tuple. The BUNDLE extension is indicated using an SDP 'group' attribute with a "BUNDLE" semantics value [RFC5888]. An SDP "mid" attribute is Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 assigned to each bundled "m=" line, and the "mid" attribute value is listed in the 'group:BUNDLE' attribute mid value list. Each "m=" line, which mid value is listed in the mid value list, is associated with a given BUNDLE group. SDP bodies can contain multiple BUNDLE groups. Any given bundled "m=" line MUST NOT be associated with more than one BUNDLE group. [Section 8] defines the detailed SDP Offer/Answer procedures for the BUNDLE extension. 6. SDP 'bundle-only' Attribute 6.1. General This section defines a new SDP media-level attribute [RFC4566], 'bundle-only'. The 'bundle-only' attribute can be associated with a bundled "m=" line in an offer, to request that the answerer only accepts the "m=" line if the answerer keeps the "m=" line within the associated BUNDLE group. In order to ensure that an answerer that does not supports the BUNDLE extension always rejects a 'bundle-only' "m=" line, the offerer can assign a zero port value to the "m=" line. According to [RFC4566] an answerer will reject such "m=" line. The usage of the 'bundle-only' attribute is only defined for a bundled "m=" line within an offer. Other usage is unspecified. [Section 8] defines the detailed SDP Offer/Answer procedures for the 'bundle-only' attribute. 6.2. Syntax This section defines the Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) [RFC5234] for the SDP 'bundle-only' attribute, based on the SDP [RFC4566] grammar. attribute =/ bundle-only-attribute bundle-only-attribute = "bundle-only" Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 7. SDP Information Considerations 7.1. General This section describes restrictions associated with the usage of SDP parameters within a BUNDLE group. It also describes, when parameter and attribute values have been assigned to each bundled "m=" line, how to calculate a value for the whole BUNDLE group. 7.2. Connection Data (c=) The "c=" line nettype value [RFC4566] assigned to a bundled "m=" line MUST be 'IN'. The "c=" line addrtype value [RFC4566] assigned to a bundled "m=" line MUST be 'IP4' or 'IP6'. The same value MUST be assigned to each "m=" line. NOTE: Extensions to this specification can specify usage of the BUNDLE mechanism for other nettype and addrtype values than the ones listed above. 7.3. Bandwidth (b=) The proposed bandwidth for a bundled "m=" line SHOULD be calculated in the same way as for a non-bundled "m=" line. The total proposed bandwidth for a BUNDLE group is the sum of the proposed bandwidth for each bundled "m=" line. The total proposed bandwidth for an offer or answer is the sum of the proposed bandwidth for each "m=" line (bundled and non-bundled) within the offer or answer. 7.4. Attributes (a=) An offerer and answerer MUST use the rules and restrictions defined in [I-D.mmusic-sdp-mux-attributes] for when associating SDP attributes with bundled "m=" lines. 8. SDP Offer/Answer Procedures 8.1. General This section describes the SDP Offer/Answer [RFC3264] procedures for: o Negotiating and creating of a BUNDLE group; Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 o Selecting the BUNDLE addresses (offerer BUNDLE address and answerer BUNDLE address); o Adding an "m=" line to a BUNDLE group; o Moving an "m=" line out of a BUNDLE group; and o Disabling an "m=" line within a BUNDLE group. The generic rules and procedures defined in [RFC3264] and [RFC5888] also apply to the BUNDLE extension. For example, if an offer is rejected by the answerer, the previously negotiated SDP parameters and characteristics (including those associated with a BUNDLE group) apply. Hence, if an offerer generates an offer in which the offerer wants to create a BUNDLE group, and the answerer rejects the offer, the BUNDLE group is not created. The procedures in this section are independent of the media type or transport protocol represented by a bundled "m=" line. [Section 10] defines additional considerations for RTP based media. [Section 6] defines additional considerations for the usage of the SDP 'bundle- only' attribute. [Section 11] defines additional considerations for the usage of Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) mechanism [RFC5245]. The offerer and answerer MUST follow the rules and restrictions defined in [Section 7] when creating offers and answers. 8.2. Generating the Initial SDP Offer 8.2.1. General When an offerer generates an initial offer, in order to create a BUNDLE group, it MUST: o Assign a unique address to each "m=" line within the offer, following the procedures in [RFC3264]; o Assign an SDP 'group:BUNDLE' attribute to the offer; o Place the SDP 'mid' attribute value [RFC5888] of each bundled "m=" line to the SDP 'group:BUNDLE' attribute mid value list; and o Indicate which unique address the offerer wants the answerer to select as the offerer BUNDLE address [Section 8.2.2]. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 If the offerer wants to request that the answerer accepts a given "m=" line only if the the answerer keeps the "m=" line within the BUNDLE group, the offerer MUST: o Associate an SDP 'bundle-only' attribute [Section 8.2.2] with the "m=" line; and o Assign a zero port value to the "m=" line. NOTE: If the offerer assigns a zero port value to an "m=" line, but does not also associate an SDP 'bundle-only' attribute with the "m=" line, it is an indication that the offerer wants to disable the "m=" line [Section 8.5.5]. [Section 15.1] shows an example of an initial offer. 8.2.2. Request offerer BUNDLE address selection In the offer, the address assigned to the "m=" line associated with the offerer suggested BUNDLE mid indicates the address that the offerer wants the answer to select as the offerer BUNDLE address [Section 8.3.2]. 8.3. Generating the SDP Answer 8.3.1. General When an answerer generates an answer, which contains a BUNDLE group, the following general SDP grouping framework restrictions, defined in [RFC5888], also apply to the BUNDLE group: o The answerer MUST NOT include a BUNDLE group in the answer, unless the offerer requested the BUNDLE group to be created in the associated offer; and o The answerer MUST NOT include an "m=" line within a BUNDLE group, unless the offerer requested to "m=" line to be within a BUNDLE group in the associated offer. If the answer contains a BUNDLE group, the answerer MUST: o Select an Offerer BUNDLE Address [Section 8.3.2]; and o Select an Answerer BUNDLE Address [Section 8.3.3]; The answerer is allowed to select a new Answerer BUNDLE address each time it generates an answer to an offer. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 If the answerer does not want to keep an "m=" line within a BUNDLE group, it MUST: o Move the "m=" line out of the BUNDLE group [Section 8.3.4]; or o Reject the "m=" line [Section 8.3.5]; If a bundled "m=" line in an offer has an associated SDP 'bundle- only' attribute, and if the answerer keeps the "m=" line within the BUNDLE group, the answerer MUST process the "m=" line as any other bundled "m=" line in the offer. The answerer MUST NOT include a 'bundle-only' attribute in an answer. NOTE: If a bundled "m=" line in an offer contains a port zero value, but the "m=" line does not contain an SDP 'bundle-only' attribute, it is an indication that the offerer wants to disable the "m=" line [Section 8.5.5]. 8.3.2. Answerer Selection of Offerer Bundle Address In an offer, the address (unique or shared) assigned to the bundled "m=" line associated with the offerer suggested BUNDLE mid indicates the address that the offerer wants the answer to select as the offerer BUNDLE address [Section 8.2.2]. The answerer MUST check whether the "m=" line fulfills the following criteria: o The answerer will not move the "m=" line out of the BUNDLE group [Section 8.3.4]; o The answerer will not reject the "m=" line [Section 8.3.5]; and o The "m=" line does not contain a zero port value. If all of the criteria above is fulfilled, the answerer MUST select the address associated with the "m=" line as the offerer BUNDLE address. In the answer, the answerer selected BUNDLE mid represents the "m=" line, and the address associated with the "m=" line in the offer becomes the offerer BUNDLE address. If all of the criteria is not fulfilled, the answerer MUST select the next mid value in the mid list, and perform the same criteria check for the "m=" line associated with that mid value. If there are no more mid values in the mid list, the answerer MUST NOT create the BUNDLE group. [Section 15.1] shows an example of an offerer BUNDLE address selection. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 8.3.3. Answerer Selection of Answerer BUNDLE Address When the answerer selects a BUNDLE address for itself, referred to as the answerer BUNDLE address, it MUST assign the address to each bundled "m=" line within the created BUNDLE group in the answer. The answerer MUST NOT assign the answerer BUNDLE address to an "m=" line that is not within the BUNDLE group, or to an "m=" line that is within another BUNDLE group. [Section 15.1] shows an example of an answerer BUNDLE address selection. 8.3.4. Moving A Media Description Out Of A BUNDLE Group When an answerer moves a "m=" line out of a BUNDLE group, it assigns an address to the "m=" line in the answer based on the following rules: o In the associated offer, if the "m=" line contains a shared address (e.g. a previously selected offerer BUNDLE address), the answerer MUST reject the moved "m=" line [Section 8.3.5]; o In the associated offer, if the "m=" line contains a unique address, the answerer MUST assign a unique address to the "m=" line in the answer; or o In the associated offer, if the "m=" line contains an SDP 'bundle- only' attribute the answerer MUST reject the "m=" line [Section 8.3.5]. In addition, in either case above, the answerer MUST NOT include a mid value, associated with the moved "m=" line, in the SDP 'group:BUNDLE' attribute mid list associated with the BUNDLE group. 8.3.5. Rejecting A Media Description In A BUNDLE Group When an answerer rejects an "m=" line, it MUST assign an address with a zero port value to the "m=" line in the answer, according to the procedures in [RFC4566]. In addition, the answerer MUST NOT include a mid value, associated with the rejected "m=" line, in the SDP 'group:BUNDLE' attribute mid list associated with the BUNDLE group. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 8.4. Offerer Processing of the SDP Answer 8.4.1. General When an offerer receives an answer, if the answer contains a BUNDLE group, the offerer MUST check that any bundled "m=" line in the answer was indicated as bundled in the associated offer. If there is no mismatch, the offerer MUST apply the offerer BUNDLE address, selected by the answerer [Section 8.3.2], to each bundled "m=" line. The offerer MUST assign the address to each bundled "m=" line (excluding a bundled "m=" line added to a BUNDLE group, to which the offerer MAY assign a unique address [Section 8.5.3]) in any subsequent offer. NOTE: As the answerer might reject one or more bundled "m=" lines, or move a bundled "m=" line out of a BUNDLE group, each bundled "m=" line in the offer might not be indicated as bundled in the answer. If the answer does not contain a BUNDLE group, the offerer MUST process the answer as a normal answer. 8.4.2. Bundle Address Synchronization (BAS) When an offerer receives an answer, if the answer contains a BUNDLE group, the offerer MUST check whether the offerer BUNDLE address, selected by the answerer [Section 8.3.2], matches was assigned to each bundled "m=" line (excluding any bundled "m=" line that was rejected, or moved out of the BUNDLE group, by the answer) in the associated offer. If there is a mismatch, the offerer SHOULD as soon as possible generate a subsequent offer, in which it assigns the offerer BUNDLE address to each bundled "m=" line. Such offer is referred to as a Bundle Address Synchronization (BAS) offer. A BAS offer is typically sent in the following scenarios: o The offerer receives an answer to an initial offer, as the bundled "m=" lines in the initial offer always contain unique addresses [Section 8.2]; or o The offerer receives an answer to an offer, in which a new bundled "m=" line has been added to the BUNDLE group [Section 8.5.3], and the offerer assigned a unique address to the bundled "m=" line in the offer. The offerer is allowed to modify any SDP parameter in the BAS offer. NOTE: It is important that the BAS offer gets accepted by the answerer. For that reason the offerer needs to consider the Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 necessity to modify SDP parameters in the BAS offer, in such a way that could trigger the answerer to reject the BAS offer. Disabling "m=" lines, or reducing the number of codecs, in a BAS offer is considered to have a low risk of being rejected. NOTE: The main purpose of the BAS offer is to ensure that intermediaries, that might not support the BUNDLE extension, have correct information regarding the address is going to be used to transport the bundled media. [Section 15.1] shows an example of a BAS offer. 8.5. Modifying the Session 8.5.1. General When an offerer generates a subsequent offer, it MUST assign the previously selected offerer BUNDLE address [Section 8.3.2], to each bundled "m=" line (including any bundle-only "m=" line), with the following exceptions: o The offerer wants to request the answerer to select a new offerer BUNDLE address [Section 8.5.2]; o The offerer wants to add a bundled "m=" line to the BUNDLE group [Section 8.5.3]; o The offerer wants to move a bundled "m=" line out of the BUNDLE group [Section 8.5.4]; or o The offerer wants to disable the bundled "m=" line [Section 8.5.5]. In addition, the offerer MUST select an offerer suggested BUNDLE mid [Section 8.2.2], even if the offerer does not want the answerer to select a new offerer BUNDLE address. If the offerer associates an SDP 'bundle-only' attribute with a bundled "m=" line in the subsequent offer, if MUST assign the offerer BUNDLE address to the "m=" line. The offerer MUST NOT assign a unique address, or a zero port value, to a bundle-only "m=" line in a subsequent offer. NOTE: The offerer can associate an SDP 'bundle-only' attribute with a bundled "m=" line in a subsequent offer, even if the offerer did not associate a 'bundle-only' attribute with the same "m=" line in a previous offer. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 8.5.2. Request a new offerer BUNDLE address When an offerer generates an offer, in which it wants the answerer to select a new offerer BUNDLE address [Section 8.2.2], the offerer MUST: o Assign a unique address, which the offerer wants the answerer to select as the offerer BUNDLE address, to a bundled "m=" line (added to the BUNDLE group in a previous offer/answer transaction, or requested to be added to the BUNDLE group in the current offer); and o Indicate that the offerer wants the answerer to select the unique address as the offerer BUNDLE address [Section 8.2.2] NOTE: The offerer can assign a unique address to each bundled "m=" line in the offer, or it can assign the previously negotiated offerer BUNDLE address to each "m=" line (except the "m=" line to which it assigns the unique address that it wants the answerer to select as the new offerer BUNDLE address). 8.5.3. Adding a media description to a BUNDLE group When an offerer generates an offer, in which it wants to add a bundled "m=" line to BUNDLE group, the offerer MUST: o Assign a unique address (excluding bundle-only "m=" lines), or the offerer BUNDLE address (selected by the answerer in a previous offer/answer transaction), to the "m=" line; o Place the SDP 'mid' attribute value associated with the "m=" line in the SDP 'group:BUNDLE' attribute mid list associated with the BUNDLE group [Section 8.2.2]. NOTE: Adding a unique address to the "m=" line allows the answerer to move the "m=" line out of the BUNDLE group [Section 8.3.4], without having to reject the "m=" line. If the offerer wants the answerer to select the address associated with the added "m=" line as the new offerer BUNDLE address, the offerer suggested BUNDLE mid MUST represent the added "m=" line [Section 8.2.2]. If the offerer associates an SDP 'bundle-only' attribute with the added "m=" line, the offerer MUST assign the offerer BUNDLE address (selected by the answerer in a previous offer/answer transaction) to the "m=" line. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 15] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 [Section 15.3] shows an example where an offerer sends an offer in order to add a bundled "m=" line to a BUNDLE group. 8.5.4. Moving A Media Description Out Of A BUNDLE Group When an offerer generates an offer, in which it wants to move a bundled "m=" line (added to the BUNDLE group in a previous offer/ answer transaction), the offerer: o MUST assign a unique address to the "m=" line; o MUST NOT place a mid value associated with the "m=" line in the SDP 'group:BUNDLE' attribute mid list associated with the BUNDLE group; and o MUST NOT associate an SDP 'bundle-only' attribute with the "m=" line. [Section 15.4] shows an example of an offer for moving an "m=" line out of a BUNDLE group. 8.5.5. Disabling A Media Description In A BUNDLE Group When an offerer generates an offer, in which it wants to disable a bundled "m=" line (added to the BUNDLE group in a previous offer/ answer transaction), the offerer: o MUST assign an address with a zero port value to the "m=" line, following the procedures in [RFC4566]; o MUST NOT place a mid value associated with the "m=" line in the SDP 'group:BUNDLE' attribute mid list associated with the BUNDLE group; and o MUST NOT associate an SDP 'bundle-only' attribute with the "m=" line. [Section 15.5] shows an example of an offer for disabling an "m=" line within a BUNDLE group. 9. Protocol Identification 9.1. General If bundled "m=" lines represent different transport protocols, there MUST exist a publically available specification which describes a mechanism, for this specific transport protocol combination, how to associate a received packet with the correct transport protocol. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 16] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 In addition, if a received packet can be associated with more than one bundled "m=" line, there MUST exist a publically available specification which describes a mechanism how to associated the received packet with the correct "m=" line. 9.2. STUN, DTLS, SRTP Section 5.1.2 of [RFC5764] describes a mechanism how to identify the protocol among the STUN, DTLS and SRTP protocols (in any combination). If an offer or answerer in offers or answers include bundled "m=" lines that represent these protocols, the offerer or answerer MUST support the mechanism described in [RFC5764], and no explicit negotiation is required in order to indicate support and usage of the mechanism. [RFC5764] does not describe how to identify different protocols transported on DTLS, only how to identify the DTLS protocol itself. If multiple protocols are transported on DTLS, there MUST exist a specification describing a mechanism how to identify each individual protocol. In addition, if a received DTLS packet can be associated with more than one "m=" line, there MUST exist a specification which describes a mechanism how to associate the received DTLS packet with the correct "m=" line. [Section 10.2] describes how to associate a received (S)RTP packet with the correct "m=" line. 10. RTP Considerations 10.1. Single RTP Session 10.1.1. General All RTP-based media within a single BUNDLE group belong to a single RTP session [RFC3550]. Disjoint BUNDLE groups will form multiple RTP sessions, one per BUNDLE group. Since a single RTP session is used for each bundle group, all "m=" lines representing RTP-based media in a bundle group will share a single SSRC numbering space [RFC3550]. The following rules and restrictions apply for a single RTP session: o A specific payload type value can be used in multiple bundled "m=" lines if each codec associated with the payload type number shares an identical codec configuration [Section 10.1.2]. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 17] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 o The "proto" value in each bundled "m=" line MUST be identical (e.g. RTP/AVPF). o A given SSRC SHOULD NOT transmit RTP packets using payload types that originates from different bundled "m=" lines. NOTE: The last bullet above is to avoid sending multiple media types from the same SSRC. If transmission of multiple media types are done with time overlap RTP and RTCP fails to function. Even if done in proper sequence this causes RTP Timestamp rate switching issues [ref to draft-ietf-avtext-multiple-clock-rates]. 10.1.2. Payload Type (PT) Value Re-usage Multiple bundled "m=" lines might represent RTP based media. As all RTP based media associated with a BUNDLE group belong to the same RTP session, in order for a given payload type value to used inside more than one bundled "m=" line, all codecs associated with the payload type numbers MUST share an identical codec configuration. This means that the codecs MUST share the same media type, encoding name, clock rate and any parameter that can affect the codec configuration and packetization. [I-D.mmusic-sdp-mux-attributes] lists SDP attributes, which attribute values must be identical for all codecs that use the same payload type value. 10.2. Associating RTP/RTCP Packets With Correct SDP Media Description In general, there are multiple mechanisms that can be used by an endpoint in order to associate received RTP/RTCP packets with the bundled "m=" line representing the RTP packets. Such mechanisms include using the local address:port combination on which the RTP packets are received, the payload type value carried inside the RTP packets, the SSRC values carried inside the RTP packets, and other "m=" line specific information carried inside the RTP packets. As all RTP/RTCP packets associated with a BUNDLE group are sent and received using the same 5-tuple, the local address:port combination cannot be used to associate received RTP packets with the correct "m=" line. As described in [Section 10.1.2], the same payload type value might be used inside RTP packets described by multiple "m=" lines. In such cases, the payload type value cannot be used to associate received RTP packets with the correct "m=" line. An offerer and answerer can in an offer and answer inform each other which SSRC values they will use inside sent RTP/RTCP packets by, by assigning an SDP 'ssrc' attribute [RFC5576] to each bundled "m=" line Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 18] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 which contains a payload type value that is also used inside another bundled "m=" line. As the SSRC values will be carried inside the RTP/RTCP packets, the offerer and answerer can then use that information to associate received RTP packets with the correct "m=" line. However, an offerer will not know which SSRC values the answerer will use until it has received the answer providing that information. Due to this, before the offerer has received the answer, the offerer will not be able to associate received RTP/RTCP packets with the correct "m=" line using the SSRC values. In order for an offerer and answerer to always be able to associate received RTP and RTCP packets with the correct "m=" line, an offerer and answerer using the BUNDLE extension MUST use the mechanism defined in [Section 13], where the remote endpoint inserts the SDP 'mid' attribute value of an "m=" line in RTP and RTCP packets associated with that "m=" line. 10.3. RTP/RTCP Multiplexing 10.3.1. General When a BUNDLE group, which contains RTP based media, is created, the offerer and answerer MUST negotiate whether to enable RTP/RTCP multiplexing for the RTP based media associated with the BUNDLE group [RFC5761]. If RTP/RTCP multiplexing is not enabled, separate 5-tuples will be used for sending and receiving the RTP packets and the RTCP packets. 10.3.2. SDP Offer/Answer Procedures 10.3.2.1. General This section describes how an offerer and answerer can use the SDP 'rtcp-mux' attribute [RFC5761] and the SDP 'rtcp' attribute [RFC3605] to negotiate usage of RTP/RTCP multiplexing for RTP based associated with a BUNDLE group. 10.3.2.2. Generating the Initial SDP Offer When an offerer generates an initial offer, if the offerer wants to negotiate usage of RTP/RTCP multiplexing within a BUNDLE group, the offerer MUST assign an SDP 'rtcp-mux' attribute [RFC5761] to each bundled "m=" line (including any bundle-only "m=" line) in the offer. In addition, the offerer MUST assign an SDP 'rtcp' attribute [RFC3605] to each bundled "m=" line (including any bundle-only "m=" line), with an attribute value that is identical to the port value assigned to the "m=" line itself, in the offer. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 19] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 If the offerer does not want to negotiate usage of RTP/RTCP multiplexing, it MUST NOT assign the SDP attributes above to any bundled "m=" line. 10.3.2.3. Generating the SDP Answer When an answerer generates an answer, if the offerer indicated support of RTP/RTCP multiplexing [RFC5761] within a BUNDLE group in the associated offer, the answerer MUST either accept or reject the usage of RTP/RTCP multiplexing in the answer. If the answerer accepts usage of RTP/RTCP multiplexing within the BUNDLE group, it MUST assign an SDP 'rtcp-mux' attribute to each bundled "m=" line in the answer. The answerer MUST NOT assign an SDP 'rtcp' attribute to any bundled "m=" line in the answer. If the answerer rejects usage of RTP/RTCP multiplexing within the BUNDLE group, it MUST NOT assign an SDP 'rtcp-mux' or SDP 'rtcp' attribute to any bundled "m=" line in the answer. If the usage of RTP/RTCP multiplexing has been negotiated in a previous offer/answer transaction, and the offerer indicates that it wants to continue using RTP/RTCP multiplexing in a subsequent offer, the answerer MUST assign an SDP 'rtcp-mux' attribute to each bundled "m=" line in the answer. I.e. the answerer MUST NOT disable the usage of RTP/RTCP multiplexing. 10.3.2.4. Offerer Processing of the SDP Answer When the offerer receives an answer, if the answerer accepts the usage of RTP/RTCP multiplexing, by including an SDP 'rtcp-mux' attribute to each bundled "m=" line in the answer [Section 10.3.2.3], the answerer follows the procedures for RTP/RTCP multiplexing defined in [RFC5245]. If the answerer does not accept the usage of RTP/RTCP multiplexing [Section 10.3.2.3], the offerer MUST use separate 5-tuples for RTP and RTCP. 10.3.2.5. Modifying the Session When an offerer generates a subsequent offer, if it wants to negotiate usage of RTP/RTCP multiplexing within a BUNDLE group, or if it wants to continue usage of RTP/RTCP multiplexing (negotiated in a previous offer/answer transaction), it MUST assign SDP 'rtcp-mux' and 'rtcp' attributes to each bundled "m=" line (including bundle-only "m=" lines, and a bundled "m=" line that the offerer wants to add to Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 20] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 the BUNDLE group), unless the offerer wants to disable or remove the "m=" line from the BUNDLE group. If the offerer does not want to negotiate usage of RTP/RTCP multiplexing within the BUNDLE group, or if it wants to disable usage of RTP/RTCP multiplexing (negotiated in a previous offer/answer transaction), the offerer MUST NOT assign SDP 'rtcp-mux' and 'rtcp' attributes to any bundled "m=" line in the subsequent offer. NOTE: It is RECOMMENDED that, once usage of RTP/RTCP multiplexing has been negotiated within a BUNDLE group, that the usage is not disabled. Disabling RTP/RTCP multiplexing means that the offerer and answerer need to reserve new IP ports, to be used for sending and receiving RTCP packets. 11. ICE Considerations 11.1. General This section describes how to use the BUNDLE grouping extension together with the Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) mechanism [RFC5245]. The procedures defined in [RFC5245] also apply to usage of ICE with BUNDLE, with the following exception: o When BUNDLE addresses for a BUNDLE group have been selected for both endpoints, ICE connectivity checks and keep-alives only need to be performed for the whole BUNDLE group, instead of per bundled "m=" line. Support and usage of ICE mechanism together with the BUNDLE extension is OPTIONAL. 11.2. SDP Offer/Answer Procedures 11.2.1. General When an offerer or answerer assigns a unique address to a bundled "m=" line (excluding bundle-only "m=" lines), it MUST also assign unique ICE candidates [RFC5245] to the "m=" line. When an offerer or answerer assigns a shared address (i.e. a previously selected BUNDLE address) to one or more bundled "m=" line (including bundle-only "m=" lines), and when it assigns an address with a zero port value to one or more bundle-only "m=" lines, it MUST assign identical ICE candidates (referred to as shared ICE candidates) to each of those "m=" lines. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 21] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 11.2.2. Generating the Initial SDP Offer When an offerer generates an initial offer, it assigns unique or shared ICE candidates to the bundled "m=" lines, according to [Section 11.1]. 11.2.3. Generating the SDP Answer When an answerer generates an answer, which contains a BUNDLE group, the answerer MUST assign shared ICE candidates to each bundled "m=" line (including "m=" lines that were indicated as bundle-only in the associated offer) in the answer. 11.2.4. Offerer Processing of the SDP Answer When an offerer receives an answer, if the answerer supports and uses the ICE mechanism and the BUNDLE extension, the offerer MUST assign the ICE candidates, associated with the "m=" line representing the offerer BUNDLE address (selected by the answerer) to each bundled "m=" line. 11.2.5. Modifying the Session When an offerer generates a subsequent offer, it assigns unique or shared ICE candidates to the bundled "m=" lines, according to [Section 11.1]. 12. Update to RFC 3264 12.1. General This section replaces the text of the following sections of RFC 3264: o Section 5.1 (Unicast Streams). o Section 8.2 (Removing a Media Stream). o Section 8.4 (Putting a Unicast Media Stream on Hold). 12.2. Original text of section 5.1 (2nd paragraph) of RFC 3264 For recvonly and sendrecv streams, the port number and address in the offer indicate where the offerer would like to receive the media stream. For sendonly RTP streams, the address and port number indirectly indicate where the offerer wants to receive RTCP reports. Unless there is an explicit indication otherwise, reports are sent to the port number one higher than the number indicated. The IP address and port present in the offer indicate nothing about the source IP Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 22] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 address and source port of RTP and RTCP packets that will be sent by the offerer. A port number of zero in the offer indicates that the stream is offered but MUST NOT be used. This has no useful semantics in an initial offer, but is allowed for reasons of completeness, since the answer can contain a zero port indicating a rejected stream (Section 6). Furthermore, existing streams can be terminated by setting the port to zero (Section 8). In general, a port number of zero indicates that the media stream is not wanted. 12.3. New text replacing section 5.1 (2nd paragraph) of RFC 3264 For recvonly and sendrecv streams, the port number and address in the offer indicate where the offerer would like to receive the media stream. For sendonly RTP streams, the address and port number indirectly indicate where the offerer wants to receive RTCP reports. Unless there is an explicit indication otherwise, reports are sent to the port number one higher than the number indicated. The IP address and port present in the offer indicate nothing about the source IP address and source port of RTP and RTCP packets that will be sent by the offerer. A port number of zero in the offer by default indicates that the stream is offered but MUST NOT be used, but an extension mechanism might specify different semantics for the usage of a zero port value. Furthermore, existing streams can be terminated by setting the port to zero (Section 8). In general, a port number of zero by default indicates that the media stream is not wanted. 12.4. Original text of section 8.2 (2nd paragraph) of RFC 3264 A stream that is offered with a port of zero MUST be marked with port zero in the answer. Like the offer, the answer MAY omit all attributes present previously, and MAY list just a single media format from amongst those in the offer. 12.5. New text replacing section 8.2 (2nd paragraph) of RFC 3264 A stream that is offered with a port of zero MUST by default be marked with port zero in the answer, unless an extension mechanism, which specifies semantics for the usage of a non-zero port value, is used. 12.6. Original text of section 8.4 (6th paragraph) of RFC 3264 RFC 2543 [10] specified that placing a user on hold was accomplished by setting the connection address to 0.0.0.0. Its usage for putting a call on hold is no longer recommended, since it doesn't allow for RTCP to be used with held streams, doesn't work with IPv6, and breaks with connection oriented media. However, it can be useful in an initial offer when the offerer knows it wants to use a particular set Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 23] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 of media streams and formats, but doesn't know the addresses and ports at the time of the offer. Of course, when used, the port number MUST NOT be zero, which would specify that the stream has been disabled. An agent MUST be capable of receiving SDP with a connection address of 0.0.0.0, in which case it means that neither RTP nor RTCP should be sent to the peer. 12.7. New text replacing section 8.4 (6th paragraph) of RFC 3264 RFC 2543 [10] specified that placing a user on hold was accomplished by setting the connection address to 0.0.0.0. Its usage for putting a call on hold is no longer recommended, since it doesn't allow for RTCP to be used with held streams, doesn't work with IPv6, and breaks with connection oriented media. However, it can be useful in an initial offer when the offerer knows it wants to use a particular set of media streams and formats, but doesn't know the addresses and ports at the time of the offer. Of course, when used, the port number MUST NOT be zero, if it would specify that the stream has been disabled. However, an extension mechanism might specify different semantics of the zero port number usage. An agent MUST be capable of receiving SDP with a connection address of 0.0.0.0, in which case it means that neither RTP nor RTCP should be sent to the peer. 13. RTP/RTCP extensions for mid value transport 13.1. General SDP Offerers and Answerers [RFC3264] can assign values, mid values, to SDP Media Descriptions (m= lines) within SDP Offers and Answers, using the procedures in [RFC5888]. Each mid value uniquely references an m= line. This section defines a new RTP SDES item [RFC3550], 'MID', which is used to carry mid values within RTCP SDES packets. This section also defines a new RTP header extension [RFC5285], which can be used to carry the mid value in RTP packets. The SDES item and RTP header extension makes is possible for a receiver to associate received RTCP- and RTP packets with a specific m= line, to which the receiver has assigned a mid value, even if those m= lines are part of the same RTP session. The endpoint informs the remote endpoint about the mid values using the procedures in [RFC5888], and the remote endpoint then inserts the mid values in RTCP- and RTP packets sent towards the other endpoint. NOTE: This text above defines how the mid value is carried in SDP Offers and Answers. The usage of other signalling protocols for Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 24] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 carrying the mid value is not prevented, but the usage of such protocols is outside the scope of this document. The RTP MID SDES item SHOULD be sent in the first few RTCP packets sent on joining the session, and SHOULD be sent regularly thereafter. The exact number of RTCP packets in which this SDES item is sent is intentionally not specified here, as it will depend on the expected packet loss rate, the RTCP reporting interval, and the allowable overhead. The RTP MID header extension SHOULD be included in some RTP packets at the start of the session and whenever the SSRC changes. It might also be useful to include the header extension in RTP packets that comprise random access points in the media (e.g., with video I-frames). The exact number of RTP packets in which this header extension is sent is intentionally not specified here, as it will depend on expected packet loss rate and loss patterns, the overhead the application can tolerate, and the importance of immediate receipt of the mid value. For robustness purpose, endpoints need to be prepared for situations where the mid value is delayed, and SHOULD NOT terminate sessions in such cases, as the mid value is likely to arrive soon. 13.2. RTP MID SDES Item 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | MID=TBD | length | mid value ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ The mid value payload is UTF-8 encoded, as in SDP. 13.3. RTP MID Header Extension The payload, containing the mid value, of the RTP MID header extension element can be encoded using either the one-byte or two- byte header [RFC5285]. The mid value payload is UTF-8 encoded, as in SDP. 13.4. IANA Considerations [RFC EDITOR NOTE: Please replace RFCXXXX with the RFC number of this document.] Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 25] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 [RFC EDITOR NOTE: Please replace TBD with the assigned SDES identifier value.] This document adds the MID SDES item to the IANA "RTP SDES item types" registry as follows: Value: TBD Abbrev.: MID Name: Media Identification Reference: RFCXXXX This document defines a new extension URI in the RTP Compact Header Extensions subregistry of the Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Parameters registry, according to the following data: Extension URI: urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid Description: Media identification Contact: christer.holmberg@ericsson.com Reference: RFCXXXX 14. Security Considerations The security considerations defined in [RFC3264] and [RFC5888] apply to the BUNDLE extension. When the BUNDLE extension is used the a single set of security credentials might be used for all media streams associated with a BUNDLE group. If the security credentials are compromised, an attacker will have access to all media content. 15. Examples 15.1. Example: Bundle Address Selection The example below shows: o 1. An offer, in which the offerer assigns a unique address to each bundled "m=" line within the BUNDLE group. o 2. An answer, in which the answerer selects the offerer BUNDLE address, and in which selects its own BUNDLE address (the answerer BUNDLE address) and assigns it each bundled "m=" line within the BUNDLE group. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 26] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 o 3. A subsequent offer (BAS offer), which is used to perform a Bundle Address Synchronization (BAS). SDP Offer (1) v=0 o=alice 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 atlanta.example.com s= c=IN IP4 atlanta.example.com t=0 0 a=group:BUNDLE foo bar m=audio 10000 RTP/AVP 0 8 97 a=mid:foo b=AS:200 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 a=rtpmap:97 iLBC/8000 m=video 10002 RTP/AVP 31 32 a=mid:bar b=AS:1000 a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000 a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000 SDP Answer (2) v=0 o=bob 2808844564 2808844564 IN IP4 biloxi.example.com s= c=IN IP4 biloxi.example.com t=0 0 a=group:BUNDLE foo bar m=audio 20000 RTP/AVP 0 a=mid:foo b=AS:200 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 m=video 20000 RTP/AVP 32 a=mid:bar b=AS:1000 a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000 SDP Offer (3) v=0 o=alice 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 atlanta.example.com s= Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 27] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 c=IN IP4 atlanta.example.com t=0 0 a=group:BUNDLE foo bar m=audio 10000 RTP/AVP 0 8 97 a=mid:foo b=AS:200 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 a=rtpmap:97 iLBC/8000 m=video 10000 RTP/AVP 31 32 a=mid:bar b=AS:1000 a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000 a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000 15.2. Example: BUNDLE Extension Rejected The example below shows: o 1. An offer, in which the offerer assigns a unique address to each bundled "m=" line within the BUNDLE group. o 2. An answer, in which the answerer rejects the offered BUNDLE group, and assigns a unique addresses to each "m=" line (following normal RFC 3264 procedures). Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 28] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 SDP Offer (1) v=0 o=alice 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 atlanta.example.com s= c=IN IP4 atlanta.example.com t=0 0 a=group:BUNDLE foo bar m=audio 10000 RTP/AVP 0 8 97 a=mid:foo b=AS:200 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 a=rtpmap:97 iLBC/8000 m=video 10002 RTP/AVP 31 32 a=mid:bar b=AS:1000 a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000 a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000 SDP Answer (2) v=0 o=bob 2808844564 2808844564 IN IP4 biloxi.example.com s= c=IN IP4 biloxi.example.com t=0 0 m=audio 20000 RTP/AVP 0 b=AS:200 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 m=video 30000 RTP/AVP 32 b=AS:1000 a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000 15.3. Example: Offerer Adds A Media Description To A BUNDLE Group The example below shows: o 1. An offer, in which the offerer adds a new "m=" line, represented by the "zen" mid value, to a previously negotiated BUNDLE group, assigns a unique address to the added "m=" line, and assigns the previously selected offerer BUNDLE address to each of the other bundled "m=" lines within the BUNDLE group. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 29] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 o 2. An answer, in which the answerer assigns the answerer BUNDLE address to each bundled "m=" line (including the newly added "m=" line) within the BUNDLE group. o 3. A subsequent offer (BAS offer), which is used to perform a Bundle Address Synchronization (BAS). SDP Offer (1) v=0 o=alice 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 atlanta.example.com s= c=IN IP4 atlanta.example.com t=0 0 a=group:BUNDLE foo bar zen m=audio 10000 RTP/AVP 0 8 97 a=mid:foo b=AS:200 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 a=rtpmap:97 iLBC/8000 m=video 10000 RTP/AVP 31 32 a=mid:bar b=AS:1000 a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000 a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000 m=video 20000 RTP/AVP 66 a=mid:zen b=AS:1000 a=rtpmap:66 H261/90000 SDP Answer (2) v=0 o=bob 2808844564 2808844564 IN IP4 biloxi.example.com s= c=IN IP4 biloxi.example.com t=0 0 a=group:BUNDLE foo bar zen m=audio 20000 RTP/AVP 0 a=mid:foo b=AS:200 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 m=video 20000 RTP/AVP 32 a=mid:bar b=AS:1000 Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 30] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000 m=video 20000 RTP/AVP 66 a=mid:zen b=AS:1000 a=rtpmap:66 H261/90000 SDP Offer (3) v=0 o=alice 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 atlanta.example.com s= c=IN IP4 atlanta.example.com t=0 0 a=group:BUNDLE foo bar zen m=audio 10000 RTP/AVP 0 8 97 a=mid:foo b=AS:200 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 a=rtpmap:97 iLBC/8000 m=video 10000 RTP/AVP 31 32 a=mid:bar b=AS:1000 a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000 a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000 m=video 10000 RTP/AVP 66 a=mid:zen b=AS:1000 a=rtpmap:66 H261/90000 15.4. Example: Offerer Moves A Media Description Out Of A BUNDLE Group The example below shows: o 1. An offer, in which the offerer moves a bundled "m=" line out of a BUNDLE group, assigns a unique address to the moved "m=" line, and assigns the offerer BUNDLE address to each other bundled "m=" line within the BUNDLE group. o 2. An answer, in which the answerer moves the "m=" line out of the BUNDLE group, assigns unique address to the moved "m=" line, and assigns the answerer BUNDLE address to each other bundled "m=" line within the BUNDLE group. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 31] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 SDP Offer (1) v=0 o=alice 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 atlanta.example.com s= c=IN IP4 atlanta.example.com t=0 0 a=group:BUNDLE foo bar m=audio 10000 RTP/AVP 0 8 97 a=mid:foo b=AS:200 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 a=rtpmap:97 iLBC/8000 m=video 10000 RTP/AVP 31 32 a=mid:bar b=AS:1000 a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000 a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000 m=video 50000 RTP/AVP 66 b=AS:1000 a=rtpmap:66 H261/90000 SDP Answer (2) v=0 o=bob 2808844564 2808844564 IN IP4 biloxi.example.com s= c=IN IP4 biloxi.example.com t=0 0 a=group:BUNDLE foo bar m=audio 20000 RTP/AVP 0 a=mid:foo b=AS:200 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 m=video 20000 RTP/AVP 32 a=mid:bar b=AS:1000 a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000 m=video 60000 RTP/AVP 66 b=AS:1000 a=rtpmap:66 H261/90000 Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 32] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 15.5. Example: Offerer Disables A Media Description Within A BUNDLE Group The example below shows: o 1. An offer, in which the offerer disables a bundled "m=" line within BUNDLE group, assigns a zero port number the disabled "m=" line, and assigns the offerer BUNDLE address to each of the other bundled "m=" lines within the BUNDLE group. o 2. An answer, in which the answerer moves the disabled "m=" line out of the BUNDLE group, assigns a zero port value to the disabled "m=" line, and assigns the answerer BUNDLE address to each of the other bundled "m=" lines within the BUNDLE group. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 33] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 SDP Offer (1) v=0 o=alice 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 atlanta.example.com s= c=IN IP4 atlanta.example.com t=0 0 a=group:BUNDLE foo bar m=audio 10000 RTP/AVP 0 8 97 a=mid:foo b=AS:200 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 a=rtpmap:97 iLBC/8000 m=video 10000 RTP/AVP 31 32 a=mid:bar b=AS:1000 a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000 a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000 m=video 0 RTP/AVP 66 a=rtpmap:66 H261/90000 SDP Answer (2) v=0 o=bob 2808844564 2808844564 IN IP4 biloxi.example.com s= c=IN IP4 biloxi.example.com t=0 0 a=group:BUNDLE foo bar m=audio 20000 RTP/AVP 0 a=mid:foo b=AS:200 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 m=video 20000 RTP/AVP 32 a=mid:bar b=AS:1000 a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000 m=video 0 RTP/AVP 66 a=rtpmap:66 H261/90000 Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 34] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 16. IANA Considerations This document requests IANA to register the new SDP Grouping semantic extension called BUNDLE. 17. Acknowledgements The usage of the SDP grouping extension for negotiating bundled media is based on a similar alternatives proposed by Harald Alvestrand and Cullen Jennings. The BUNDLE extension described in this document is based on the different alternative proposals, and text (e.g. SDP examples) have been borrowed (and, in some cases, modified) from those alternative proposals. The SDP examples are also modified versions from the ones in the Alvestrand proposal. Thanks to Paul Kyzivat, Martin Thompson and Flemming Andreasen for taking the time to read the text along the way, and providing useful feedback. 18. Change Log [RFC EDITOR NOTE: Please remove this section when publishing] Changes from draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation-09 o Terminology change: "bundle-only attribute assigned to m= line" to "bundle-only attribute associated with m= line". o Editorial corrections. Changes from draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation-08 o Editorial corrections. o - "of"->"if" (8.3.2.5). o - "optional"->"OPTIONAL" (9.1). o - Syntax/ABNF for 'bundle-only' attribute added. o - SDP Offer/Answer sections merged. o - 'Request new offerer BUNDLE address' section added Changes from draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation-07 Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 35] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 o OPEN ISSUE regarding Receiver-ID closed. o - RTP MID SDES Item. o - RTP MID Header Extension. o OPEN ISSUE regarding insertion of SDP 'rtcp' attribute in answers closed. o - Indicating that, when rtcp-mux is used, the answerer MUST NOT include an 'rtcp' attribute in the answer, based on the procedures in section 5.1.3 of RFC 5761. Changes from draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation-06 o Draft title changed. o Added "SDP" to section names containing "Offer" or "Answer". o Editorial fixes based on comments from Paul Kyzivat (http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/mmusic/current/ msg13314.html). o Editorial fixed based on comments from Colin Perkins (http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/mmusic/current/ msg13318.html). o - Removed text about extending BUNDLE to allow multiple RTP sessions within a BUNDLE group. Changes from draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation-05 o Major re-structure of SDP Offer/Answer sections, to align with RFC 3264 structure. o Additional definitions added. o - Shared address. o - Bundled "m=" line. o - Bundle-only "m=" line. o - Offerer suggested BUNDLE mid. o - Answerer selected BUNDLE mid. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 36] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 o Q6 Closed (IETF#88): An Offerer MUST NOT assign a shared address to multiple "m=" lines until it has received an SDP Answer indicating support of the BUNDLE extension. o Q8 Closed (IETF#88): An Offerer can, before it knows whether the Answerer supports the BUNDLE extension, assign a zero port value to a 'bundle-only' "m=" line. o SDP 'bundle-only' attribute section added. o Connection data nettype/addrtype restrictions added. o RFC 3264 update section added. o Indicating that a specific payload type value can be used in multiple "m=" lines, if the value represents the same codec configuration in each "m=" line. Changes from draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation-04 o Updated Offerer procedures (http://www.ietf.org/mail- archive/web/mmusic/current/msg12293.html). o Updated Answerer procedures (http://www.ietf.org/mail- archive/web/mmusic/current/msg12333.html). o Usage of SDP 'bundle-only' attribute added. o Reference to Trickle ICE document added. Changes from draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation-02 o Mechanism modified, to be based on usage of SDP Offers with both different and identical port number values, depending on whether it is known if the remote endpoint supports the extension. o Cullen Jennings added as co-author. Changes from draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation-01 o No changes. New version due to expiration. Changes from draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation-00 o No changes. New version due to expiration. Changes from draft-holmberg-mmusic-sdp-multiplex-negotiation-00 Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 37] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 o Draft name changed. o Harald Alvestrand added as co-author. o "Multiplex" terminology changed to "bundle". o Added text about single versus multiple RTP Sessions. o Added reference to RFC 3550. 19. References 19.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC3264] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model with Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3264, June 2002. [RFC4566] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session Description Protocol", RFC 4566, July 2006. [RFC5234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008. [RFC5285] Singer, D. and H. Desineni, "A General Mechanism for RTP Header Extensions", RFC 5285, July 2008. [RFC5761] Perkins, C. and M. Westerlund, "Multiplexing RTP Data and Control Packets on a Single Port", RFC 5761, April 2010. [RFC5888] Camarillo, G. and H. Schulzrinne, "The Session Description Protocol (SDP) Grouping Framework", RFC 5888, June 2010. [I-D.mmusic-sdp-mux-attributes] Nandakumar, S., "A Framework for SDP Attributes when Multiplexing", draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-mux-attributes-02 (work in progress), July 2014. 19.2. Informative References [RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V. Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, July 2003. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 38] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 [RFC3605] Huitema, C., "Real Time Control Protocol (RTCP) attribute in Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3605, October 2003. [RFC5245] Rosenberg, J., "Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE): A Protocol for Network Address Translator (NAT) Traversal for Offer/Answer Protocols", RFC 5245, April 2010. [RFC5576] Lennox, J., Ott, J., and T. Schierl, "Source-Specific Media Attributes in the Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 5576, June 2009. [RFC5764] McGrew, D. and E. Rescorla, "Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) Extension to Establish Keys for the Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 5764, May 2010. [I-D.ietf-mmusic-trickle-ice] Ivov, E., Rescorla, E., and J. Uberti, "Trickle ICE: Incremental Provisioning of Candidates for the Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) Protocol", draft-ietf- mmusic-trickle-ice-01 (work in progress), February 2014. Appendix A. Design Considerations A.1. General One of the main issues regarding the BUNDLE grouping extensions has been whether, in SDP Offers and SDP Answers, the same port number value should be inserted in "m=" lines associated with a BUNDLE group, as the purpose of the extension is to negotiate the usage of a single 5-tuple for media associated with the "m=" lines. Issues with both approaches, discussed in the Appendix have been raised. The outcome was to specify a mechanism which uses SDP Offers with both different and identical port number values. Below are the primary issues that have been considered when defining the "BUNDLE" grouping extension: o 1) Interoperability with existing UAs. o 2) Interoperability with intermediary B2BUA- and proxy entities. o 3) Time to gather, and the number of, ICE candidates. o 4) Different error scenarios, and when they occur. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 39] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 o 5) SDP Offer/Answer impacts, including usage of port number value zero. NOTE: Before this document is published as an RFC, this Appendix might be removed. A.2. UA Interoperability Consider the following SDP Offer/Answer exchange, where Alice sends an SDP Offer to Bob: SDP Offer v=0 o=alice 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 atlanta.example.com s= c=IN IP4 atlanta.example.com t=0 0 m=audio 10000 RTP/AVP 97 a=rtpmap:97 iLBC/8000 m=video 10002 RTP/AVP 97 a=rtpmap:97 H261/90000 SDP Answer v=0 o=bob 2808844564 2808844564 IN IP4 biloxi.example.com s= c=IN IP4 biloxi.example.com t=0 0 m=audio 20000 RTP/AVP 97 a=rtpmap:97 iLBC/8000 m=video 20002 RTP/AVP 97 a=rtpmap:97 H261/90000 RFC 4961 specifies a way of doing symmetric RTP but that is an a later invention to RTP and Bob can not assume that Alice supports RFC 4961. This means that Alice may be sending RTP from a different port than 10000 or 10002 - some implementation simply send the RTP from an ephemeral port. When Bob's endpoint receives an RTP packet, the only way that Bob know if it should be passed to the video or audio codec is by looking at the port it was received on. This lead some SDP implementations to use the fact that each "m=" line had a different Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 40] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 port number to use that port number as an index to find the correct m line in the SDP. As a result, some implementations that do support symmetric RTP and ICE still use a SDP data structure where SDP with "m=" lines with the same port such as: SDP Offer v=0 o=alice 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 atlanta.example.com s= c=IN IP4 atlanta.example.com t=0 0 m=audio 10000 RTP/AVP 97 a=rtpmap:97 iLBC/8000 m=video 10000 RTP/AVP 98 a=rtpmap:98 H261/90000 will result in the second "m=" line being considered an SDP error because it has the same port as the first line. A.3. Usage of port number value zero In an SDP Offer or SDP Answer, the media associated with an "m=" line can be disabled/rejected by setting the port number value to zero. This is different from e.g. using the SDP direction attributes, where RTCP traffic will continue even if the SDP "inactive" attribute is indicated for the associated "m=" line. If each "m=" line associated with a BUNDLE group would contain different port number values, and one of those port would be used for the 5-tuple, problems would occur if an endpoint wants to disable/ reject the "m=" line associated with that port, by setting the port number value to zero. After that, no "m=" line would contain the port number value which is used for the 5-tuple. In addition, it is unclear what would happen to the ICE candidates associated with the "m=" line, as they are also used for the 5-tuple. A.4. B2BUA And Proxy Interoperability Some back to back user agents may be configured in a mode where if the incoming call leg contains an SDP attribute the B2BUA does not understand, the B2BUS still generates that SDP attribute in the Offer for the outgoing call leg. Consider an B2BUA that did not understand the SDP "rtcp" attribute, defined in RFC 3605, yet acted this way. Further assume that the B2BUA was configured to tear down any call Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 41] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 where it did not see any RTCP for 5 minutes. In this cases, if the B2BUA received an Offer like: SDP Offer v=0 o=alice 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 atlanta.example.com s= c=IN IP4 atlanta.example.com t=0 0 m=audio 49170 RTP/AVP 0 a=rtcp:53020 It would be looking for RTCP on port 49172 but would not see any because the RTCP would be on port 53020 and after five minutes, it would tear down the call. Similarly, an SBC that did not understand BUNDLE yet put BUNDLE in it's offer may be looking for media on the wrong port and tear down the call. It is worth noting that a B2BUA that generated an Offer with capabilities it does not understand is not compliant with the specifications. A.4.1. Traffic Policing Sometimes intermediaries do not act as B2BUA, in the sense that they don't modify SDP bodies, nor do they terminate SIP dialogs. Still, however, they may use SDP information (e.g. IP address and port) in order to control traffic gating functions, and to set traffic policing rules. There might be rules which will trigger a session to be terminated in case media is not sent or received on the ports retrieved from the SDP. This typically occurs once the session is already established and ongoing. A.4.2. Bandwidth Allocation Sometimes intermediaries do not act as B2BUA, in the sense that they don't modify SDP bodies, nor do they terminate SIP dialogs. Still, however, they may use SDP information (e.g. codecs and media types) in order to control bandwidth allocation functions. The bandwidth allocation is done per "m=" line, which means that it might not be enough if media associated with all "m=" lines try to use that bandwidth. That may either simply lead to bad user experience, or to termination of the call. Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 42] Internet-Draft Bundled media September 2014 A.5. Candidate Gathering When using ICE, an candidate needs to be gathered for each port. This takes approximately 20 ms extra for each extra "m=" line due to the NAT pacing requirements. All of this gather can be overlapped with other things while the page is loading to minimize the impact. If the client only wants to generate TURN or STUN ICE candidates for one of the "m=" lines and then use trickle ICE [I-D.ietf-mmusic-trickle-ice] to get the non host ICE candidates for the rest of the "m=" lines, it MAY do that and will not need any additional gathering time. Some people have suggested a TURN extension to get a bunch of TURN allocation at once. This would only provide a single STUN result so in cases where the other end did not support BUNDLE, may cause more use of the TURN server but would be quick in the cases where both sides supported BUNDLE and would fall back to a successful call in the other cases. Authors' Addresses Christer Holmberg Ericsson Hirsalantie 11 Jorvas 02420 Finland Email: christer.holmberg@ericsson.com Harald Tveit Alvestrand Google Kungsbron 2 Stockholm 11122 Sweden Email: harald@alvestrand.no Cullen Jennings Cisco 400 3rd Avenue SW, Suite 350 Calgary, AB T2P 4H2 Canada Email: fluffy@iii.ca Holmberg, et al. Expires March 14, 2015 [Page 43]