JOSE Working Group M. Jones Internet-Draft Microsoft Intended status: Standards Track J. Bradley Expires: March 19, 2014 Ping Identity N. Sakimura NRI September 15, 2013 JSON Web Signature (JWS) draft-ietf-jose-json-web-signature-16 Abstract JSON Web Signature (JWS) represents content secured with digital signatures or Message Authentication Codes (MACs) using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) based data structures. Cryptographic algorithms and identifiers for use with this specification are described in the separate JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) specification and an IANA registry defined by that specification. Related encryption capabilities are described in the separate JSON Web Encryption (JWE) specification. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on March 19, 2014. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 1] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1. Notational Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. JSON Web Signature (JWS) Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.1. Example JWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4. JWS Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.1. Registered Header Parameter Names . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.1.1. "alg" (Algorithm) Header Parameter . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.1.2. "jku" (JWK Set URL) Header Parameter . . . . . . . . . 9 4.1.3. "jwk" (JSON Web Key) Header Parameter . . . . . . . . 9 4.1.4. "x5u" (X.509 URL) Header Parameter . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.1.5. "x5t" (X.509 Certificate SHA-1 Thumbprint) Header Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.1.6. "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) Header Parameter . . . 10 4.1.7. "kid" (Key ID) Header Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.1.8. "typ" (Type) Header Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.1.9. "cty" (Content Type) Header Parameter . . . . . . . . 11 4.1.10. "crit" (Critical) Header Parameter . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.2. Public Header Parameter Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.3. Private Header Parameter Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5. Producing and Consuming JWSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.1. Message Signing or MACing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.2. Message Signature or MAC Validation . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.3. String Comparison Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6. Key Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 7. Serializations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 7.1. JWS Compact Serialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 7.2. JWS JSON Serialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 8.1. JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 8.1.1. Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 8.1.2. Initial Registry Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 8.2. JSON Web Signature and Encryption Type Values Registry . . 21 8.2.1. Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 8.2.2. Initial Registry Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 8.3. Media Type Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 8.3.1. Registry Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 2] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 9.1. Cryptographic Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . 23 9.2. JSON Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 9.3. Unicode Comparison Security Considerations . . . . . . . . 25 9.4. TLS Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Appendix A. JWS Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 A.1. Example JWS using HMAC SHA-256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 A.1.1. Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 A.1.2. Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 A.1.3. Validating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 A.2. Example JWS using RSASSA-PKCS-v1_5 SHA-256 . . . . . . . . 31 A.2.1. Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 A.2.2. Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 A.2.3. Validating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 A.3. Example JWS using ECDSA P-256 SHA-256 . . . . . . . . . . 34 A.3.1. Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 A.3.2. Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 A.3.3. Validating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 A.4. Example JWS using ECDSA P-521 SHA-512 . . . . . . . . . . 37 A.4.1. Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 A.4.2. Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 A.4.3. Validating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 A.5. Example Plaintext JWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 A.6. Example JWS Using JWS JSON Serialization . . . . . . . . . 40 A.6.1. JWS Per-Signature Protected Headers . . . . . . . . . 40 A.6.2. JWS Per-Signature Unprotected Headers . . . . . . . . 41 A.6.3. Complete JWS Header Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 A.6.4. Complete JWS JSON Serialization Representation . . . . 41 Appendix B. "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) Example . . . . . . . 42 Appendix C. Notes on implementing base64url encoding without padding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Appendix D. Negative Test Case for "crit" Header Parameter . . . 45 Appendix E. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Appendix F. Document History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 3] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 1. Introduction JSON Web Signature (JWS) represents content secured with digital signatures or Message Authentication Codes (MACs) using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) [RFC4627] based data structures. The JWS cryptographic mechanisms provide integrity protection for an arbitrary sequence of octets. Two closely related serializations for JWS objects are defined. The JWS Compact Serialization is a compact, URL-safe representation intended for space constrained environments such as HTTP Authorization headers and URI query parameters. The JWS JSON Serialization represents JWS objects as JSON objects and enables multiple signatures and/or MACs to be applied to the same content. Both share the same cryptographic underpinnings. Cryptographic algorithms and identifiers for use with this specification are described in the separate JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) [JWA] specification and an IANA registry defined by that specification. Related encryption capabilities are described in the separate JSON Web Encryption (JWE) [JWE] specification. Names defined by this specification are short because a core goal is for the resulting representations to be compact. 1.1. Notational Conventions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels [RFC2119]. If these words are used without being spelled in uppercase then they are to be interpreted with their normal natural language meanings. 2. Terminology JSON Web Signature (JWS) A data structure representing a digitally signed or MACed message. The structure represents three values: the JWS Header, the JWS Payload, and the JWS Signature. JSON Text Object A UTF-8 [RFC3629] encoded text string representing a JSON object; the syntax of JSON objects is defined in Section 2.2 of [RFC4627]. Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 4] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 JWS Header A JSON Text Object (or JSON Text Objects, when using the JWS JSON Serialization) that describes the digital signature or MAC operation applied to create the JWS Signature value. The members of the JWS Header object(s) are Header Parameters. JWS Payload The sequence of octets to be secured -- a.k.a., the message. The payload can contain an arbitrary sequence of octets. JWS Signature A sequence of octets containing the cryptographic material that ensures the integrity of the JWS Protected Header and the JWS Payload. The JWS Signature value is a digital signature or MAC value calculated over the JWS Signing Input using the parameters specified in the JWS Header. JWS Protected Header A JSON Text Object that contains the portion of the JWS Header that is integrity protected. For the JWS Compact Serialization, this comprises the entire JWS Header. For the JWS JSON Serialization, this is one component of the JWS Header. Header Parameter A name/value pair that is member of the JWS Header. Header Parameter Name The name of a member of the JWS Header. Header Parameter Value The value of a member of the JWS Header. Base64url Encoding Base64 encoding using the URL- and filename-safe character set defined in Section 5 of RFC 4648 [RFC4648], with all trailing '=' characters omitted (as permitted by Section 3.2). (See Appendix C for notes on implementing base64url encoding without padding.) Encoded JWS Header Base64url encoding of the JWS Protected Header. Encoded JWS Payload Base64url encoding of the JWS Payload. Encoded JWS Signature Base64url encoding of the JWS Signature. JWS Signing Input The concatenation of the Encoded JWS Header, a period ('.') character, and the Encoded JWS Payload. JWS Compact Serialization A representation of the JWS as the concatenation of the Encoded JWS Header, the Encoded JWS Payload, and the Encoded JWS Signature in that order, with the three strings being separated by two period ('.') characters. This representation is compact and URL-safe. Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 5] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 JWS JSON Serialization A representation of the JWS as a JSON structure containing JWS Header, Encoded JWS Payload, and Encoded JWS Signature values. Unlike the JWS Compact Serialization, the JWS JSON Serialization enables multiple digital signatures and/or MACs to be applied to the same content. This representation is neither compact nor URL-safe. Collision Resistant Name A name in a namespace that enables names to be allocated in a manner such that they are highly unlikely to collide with other names. Examples of collision resistant namespaces include: Domain Names, Object Identifiers (OIDs) as defined in the ITU-T X.660 and X.670 Recommendation series, and Universally Unique IDentifiers (UUIDs) [RFC4122]. When using an administratively delegated namespace, the definer of a name needs to take reasonable precautions to ensure they are in control of the portion of the namespace they use to define the name. StringOrURI A JSON string value, with the additional requirement that while arbitrary string values MAY be used, any value containing a ":" character MUST be a URI [RFC3986]. StringOrURI values are compared as case-sensitive strings with no transformations or canonicalizations applied. 3. JSON Web Signature (JWS) Overview JWS represents digitally signed or MACed content using JSON data structures and base64url encoding. Three values are represented in a JWS: the JWS Header, the JWS Payload, and the JWS Signature. In the Compact Serialization, the three values are base64url-encoded for transmission, and represented as the concatenation of the encoded strings in that order, with the three strings being separated by two period ('.') characters. A JSON Serialization for this information is also defined in Section 7.2. The JWS Header describes the signature or MAC method and parameters employed. The JWS Payload is the message content to be secured. The JWS Signature ensures the integrity of both the JWS Protected Header and the JWS Payload. 3.1. Example JWS This section provides an example of a JWS. Its computation is described in more detail in Appendix A.1, including specifying the exact octet sequences representing the JSON values used and the key value used. The following example JWS Header declares that the encoded object is Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 6] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 a JSON Web Token (JWT) [JWT] and the JWS Header and the JWS Payload are secured using the HMAC SHA-256 algorithm: {"typ":"JWT", "alg":"HS256"} Base64url encoding the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JWS Header yields this Encoded JWS Header value: eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLA0KICJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9 The UTF-8 representation of following JSON object is used as the JWS Payload. (Note that the payload can be any content, and need not be a representation of a JSON object.) {"iss":"joe", "exp":1300819380, "http://example.com/is_root":true} Base64url encoding the JWS Payload yields this Encoded JWS Payload (with line breaks for display purposes only): eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly9leGFt cGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ Computing the HMAC of the octets of the ASCII [USASCII] representation of the JWS Signing Input (the concatenation of the Encoded JWS Header, a period ('.') character, and the Encoded JWS Payload) with the HMAC SHA-256 algorithm using the key specified in Appendix A.1 and base64url encoding the result yields this Encoded JWS Signature value: dBjftJeZ4CVP-mB92K27uhbUJU1p1r_wW1gFWFOEjXk Concatenating these values in the order Header.Payload.Signature with period ('.') characters between the parts yields this complete JWS representation using the JWS Compact Serialization (with line breaks for display purposes only): eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLA0KICJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9 . eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly9leGFt cGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ . dBjftJeZ4CVP-mB92K27uhbUJU1p1r_wW1gFWFOEjXk See Appendix A for additional examples. Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 7] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 4. JWS Header The members of the JSON object(s) representing the JWS Header describe the digital signature or MAC applied to the Encoded JWS Header and the Encoded JWS Payload and optionally additional properties of the JWS. The Header Parameter Names within the JWS Header MUST be unique; recipients MUST either reject JWSs with duplicate Header Parameter Names or use a JSON parser that returns only the lexically last duplicate member name, as specified in Section 15.12 (The JSON Object) of ECMAScript 5.1 [ECMAScript]. Implementations are required to understand the specific header parameters defined by this specification that are designated as "MUST be understood" and process them in the manner defined in this specification. All other header parameters defined by this specification that are not so designated MUST be ignored when not understood. Unless listed as a critical header parameter, per Section 4.1.10, all header parameters not defined by this specification MUST be ignored when not understood. There are three classes of Header Parameter Names: Registered Header Parameter Names, Public Header Parameter Names, and Private Header Parameter Names. 4.1. Registered Header Parameter Names The following Header Parameter Names are registered in the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters registry defined in Section 8.1, with meanings as defined below. As indicated by the common registry, JWSs and JWEs share a common header parameter space; when a parameter is used by both specifications, its usage must be compatible between the specifications. 4.1.1. "alg" (Algorithm) Header Parameter The "alg" (algorithm) header parameter identifies the cryptographic algorithm used to secure the JWS. The signature, MAC, or plaintext value is not valid if the "alg" value does not represent a supported algorithm, or if there is not a key for use with that algorithm associated with the party that digitally signed or MACed the content. "alg" values SHOULD either be registered in the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms registry defined in [JWA] or be a value that contains a Collision Resistant Name. The "alg" value is a case sensitive string containing a StringOrURI value. Use of this header parameter is REQUIRED. This header parameter MUST be understood and processed by implementations. Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 8] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 A list of defined "alg" values can be found in the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms registry defined in [JWA]; the initial contents of this registry are the values defined in Section 3.1 of the JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) [JWA] specification. 4.1.2. "jku" (JWK Set URL) Header Parameter The "jku" (JWK Set URL) header parameter is a URI [RFC3986] that refers to a resource for a set of JSON-encoded public keys, one of which corresponds to the key used to digitally sign the JWS. The keys MUST be encoded as a JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set) [JWK]. The protocol used to acquire the resource MUST provide integrity protection; an HTTP GET request to retrieve the JWK Set MUST use TLS [RFC2818] [RFC5246]; the identity of the server MUST be validated, as per Section 3.1 of HTTP Over TLS [RFC2818]. Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL. 4.1.3. "jwk" (JSON Web Key) Header Parameter The "jwk" (JSON Web Key) header parameter is the public key that corresponds to the key used to digitally sign the JWS. This key is represented as a JSON Web Key [JWK]. Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL. 4.1.4. "x5u" (X.509 URL) Header Parameter The "x5u" (X.509 URL) header parameter is a URI [RFC3986] that refers to a resource for the X.509 public key certificate or certificate chain [RFC5280] corresponding to the key used to digitally sign the JWS. The identified resource MUST provide a representation of the certificate or certificate chain that conforms to RFC 5280 [RFC5280] in PEM encoded form [RFC1421]. The certificate containing the public key corresponding to the key used to digitally sign the JWS MUST be the first certificate. This MAY be followed by additional certificates, with each subsequent certificate being the one used to certify the previous one. The protocol used to acquire the resource MUST provide integrity protection; an HTTP GET request to retrieve the certificate MUST use TLS [RFC2818] [RFC5246]; the identity of the server MUST be validated, as per Section 3.1 of HTTP Over TLS [RFC2818]. Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL. 4.1.5. "x5t" (X.509 Certificate SHA-1 Thumbprint) Header Parameter The "x5t" (X.509 Certificate SHA-1 Thumbprint) header parameter is a base64url encoded SHA-1 thumbprint (a.k.a. digest) of the DER encoding of the X.509 certificate [RFC5280] corresponding to the key used to digitally sign the JWS. Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL. Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 9] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 If, in the future, certificate thumbprints need to be computed using hash functions other than SHA-1, it is suggested that additional related header parameters be defined for that purpose. For example, it is suggested that a new "x5t#S256" (X.509 Certificate Thumbprint using SHA-256) header parameter could be defined by registering it in the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters registry defined in Section 8.1. 4.1.6. "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) Header Parameter The "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) header parameter contains the X.509 public key certificate or certificate chain [RFC5280] corresponding to the key used to digitally sign the JWS. The certificate or certificate chain is represented as a JSON array of certificate value strings. Each string in the array is a base64 encoded ([RFC4648] Section 4 -- not base64url encoded) DER [ITU.X690.1994] PKIX certificate value. The certificate containing the public key corresponding to the key used to digitally sign the JWS MUST be the first certificate. This MAY be followed by additional certificates, with each subsequent certificate being the one used to certify the previous one. The recipient MUST verify the certificate chain according to [RFC5280] and reject the signature if any validation failure occurs. Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL. See Appendix B for an example "x5c" value. 4.1.7. "kid" (Key ID) Header Parameter The "kid" (key ID) header parameter is a hint indicating which key was used to secure the JWS. This parameter allows originators to explicitly signal a change of key to recipients. Should the recipient be unable to locate a key corresponding to the "kid" value, they SHOULD treat that condition as an error. The interpretation of the "kid" value is unspecified. Its value MUST be a string. Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL. When used with a JWK, the "kid" value can be used to match a JWK "kid" parameter value. 4.1.8. "typ" (Type) Header Parameter The "typ" (type) header parameter is used to declare the type of this complete JWS object in an application-specific manner in contexts where this is useful to the application. This parameter has no effect upon the JWS processing. The type value "JOSE" can be used by applications to indicate that this object is a JWS or JWE using the JWS Compact Serialization or the JWE Compact Serialization. The type Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 10] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 value "JOSE+JSON" can be used by applications to indicate that this object is a JWS or JWE using the JWS JSON Serialization or the JWE JSON Serialization. Other type values can also be used by applications. The "typ" value is a case sensitive string. Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL. MIME Media Type [RFC2046] values MAY be used as "typ" values. When MIME Media Type values are used, it is RECOMMENDED that they be spelled using the exact character case used in the MIME Media Types registry [IANA.MediaTypes], since this field is case sensitive, whereas MIME Media Type values are case insensitive. "typ" values SHOULD either be registered in the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Type Values registry defined in Section 8.2 or be a value that contains a Collision Resistant Name. 4.1.9. "cty" (Content Type) Header Parameter The "cty" (content type) header parameter is used to declare the type of the secured content (the payload) in an application-specific manner in contexts where this is useful to the application. This parameter has no effect upon the JWS processing. The "cty" value is a case sensitive string. Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL. The values used for the "cty" header parameter come from the same value space as the "typ" header parameter, with the same rules applying. 4.1.10. "crit" (Critical) Header Parameter The "crit" (critical) header parameter indicates that extensions to [[ this specification ]] are being used that MUST be understood and processed. Its value is an array listing the header parameter names defined by those extensions that are used in the JWS Header. If any of the listed extension header parameters are not understood and supported by the receiver, it MUST reject the JWS. Senders MUST NOT include header parameter names defined by [[ this specification ]] or by [JWA] for use with JWS, duplicate names, or names that do not occur as header parameter names within the JWS Header in the "crit" list. Senders MUST not use the empty list "[]" as the "crit" value. Recipients MAY reject the JWS if the critical list contains any header parameter names defined by [[ this specification ]] or by [JWA] for use with JWS, or any other constraints on its use are violated. This header parameter MUST be integrity protected, and therefore MUST occur only with the JWS Protected Header, when used. Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL. This header parameter MUST be understood and processed by implementations. Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 11] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 An example use, along with a hypothetical "exp" (expiration-time) field is: {"alg":"ES256", "crit":["exp"], "exp":1363284000 } 4.2. Public Header Parameter Names Additional Header Parameter Names can be defined by those using JWSs. However, in order to prevent collisions, any new Header Parameter Name SHOULD either be registered in the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters registry defined in Section 8.1 or be a Public Name: a value that contains a Collision Resistant Name. In each case, the definer of the name or value needs to take reasonable precautions to make sure they are in control of the part of the namespace they use to define the Header Parameter Name. New header parameters should be introduced sparingly, as they can result in non-interoperable JWSs. 4.3. Private Header Parameter Names A producer and consumer of a JWS may agree to use Header Parameter Names that are Private Names: names that are not Registered Header Parameter Names Section 4.1 or Public Header Parameter Names Section 4.2. Unlike Public Header Parameter Names, Private Header Parameter Names are subject to collision and should be used with caution. 5. Producing and Consuming JWSs 5.1. Message Signing or MACing To create a JWS, one MUST perform these steps. The order of the steps is not significant in cases where there are no dependencies between the inputs and outputs of the steps. 1. Create the content to be used as the JWS Payload. 2. Base64url encode the octets of the JWS Payload. This encoding becomes the Encoded JWS Payload. 3. Create a JWS Header containing the desired set of header parameters. Note that white space is explicitly allowed in the representation and no canonicalization need be performed before Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 12] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 encoding. 4. Base64url encode the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JWS Protected Header to create the Encoded JWS Header. If the JWS Protected Header is not present (which can only happen when using the JWS JSON Serialization and no "protected" member is present), let the Encoded JWS Header be the empty string. 5. Compute the JWS Signature in the manner defined for the particular algorithm being used over the JWS Signing Input (the concatenation of the Encoded JWS Header, a period ('.') character, and the Encoded JWS Payload). The "alg" (algorithm) header parameter MUST be present in the JWS Header, with the algorithm value accurately representing the algorithm used to construct the JWS Signature. 6. Base64url encode the representation of the JWS Signature to create the Encoded JWS Signature. 7. The three encoded parts are result values used in both the JWS Compact Serialization and the JWS JSON Serialization representations. 8. If the JWS JSON Serialization is being used, repeat this process for each digital signature or MAC value being applied. 9. Create the desired serialized output. The JWS Compact Serialization of this result is the concatenation of the Encoded JWS Header, the Encoded JWS Payload, and the Encoded JWS Signature in that order, with the three strings being separated by two period ('.') characters. The JWS JSON Serialization is described in Section 7.2. 5.2. Message Signature or MAC Validation When validating a JWS, the following steps MUST be taken. The order of the steps is not significant in cases where there are no dependencies between the inputs and outputs of the steps. If any of the listed steps fails, then the signature or MAC cannot be validated. It is an application decision which signatures, MACs, or plaintext values must successfully validate for the JWS to be accepted. In some cases, all must successfully validate or the JWS will be rejected. In other cases, only a specific signature, MAC, or plaintext value needs to be successfully validated. However, in all cases, at least one signature, MAC, or plaintext value MUST successfully validate or the JWS MUST be rejected. Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 13] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 1. Parse the serialized input to determine the values of the JWS Header, the Encoded JWS Payload, and the Encoded JWS Signature. When using the JWS Compact Serialization, the Encoded JWS Header, the Encoded JWS Payload, and the Encoded JWS Signature are represented as text strings in that order, separated by two period ('.') characters. The JWS JSON Serialization is described in Section 7.2. 2. The Encoded JWS Header MUST be successfully base64url decoded following the restriction given in this specification that no padding characters have been used. 3. Let the JWS Protected Header value be the result of base64url decoding the Encoded JWS Header. 4. The resulting JWS Protected Header MUST be a completely valid JSON object conforming to RFC 4627 [RFC4627]. 5. If using the JWS Compact Serialization, let the JWS Header be the JWS Protected Header; otherwise, when using the JWS JSON Serialization, let the JWS Header be the union of the members of the corresponding "protected" and "header" header parameter values, all of which must be completely valid JSON objects. 6. The resulting JWS Header MUST NOT contain duplicate Header Parameter Names. When using the JWS JSON Serialization, this restriction includes that the same Header Parameter Name also MUST NOT occur in distinct JSON Text Object values that together comprise the JWS Header. 7. The resulting JWS Header MUST be validated to only include parameters and values whose syntax and semantics are both understood and supported or that are specified as being ignored when not understood. 8. The Encoded JWS Payload MUST be successfully base64url decoded following the restriction given in this specification that no padding characters have been used. 9. The Encoded JWS Signature MUST be successfully base64url decoded following the restriction given in this specification that no padding characters have been used. 10. The JWS Signature MUST be successfully validated against the JWS Signing Input (the concatenation of the Encoded JWS Header, a period ('.') character, and the Encoded JWS Payload) in the manner defined for the algorithm being used, which MUST be accurately represented by the value of the "alg" (algorithm) Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 14] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 header parameter, which MUST be present. 11. If the JWS JSON Serialization is being used, repeat this process for each digital signature or MAC value contained in the representation. 5.3. String Comparison Rules Processing a JWS inevitably requires comparing known strings to values in JSON objects. For example, in checking what the algorithm is, the Unicode string encoding "alg" will be checked against the member names in the JWS Header to see if there is a matching Header Parameter Name. A similar process occurs when determining if the value of the "alg" header parameter represents a supported algorithm. Comparisons between JSON strings and other Unicode strings MUST be performed as specified below: 1. Remove any JSON escaping from the input JSON string and convert the string into a sequence of Unicode code points. 2. Likewise, convert the string to be compared against into a sequence of Unicode code points. 3. Unicode Normalization [USA15] MUST NOT be applied at any point to either the JSON string or to the string it is to be compared against. 4. Comparisons between the two strings MUST be performed as a Unicode code point to code point equality comparison. (Note that values that originally used different Unicode encodings (UTF-8, UTF-16, etc.) may result in the same code point values.) Also, see the JSON security considerations in Section 9.2 and the Unicode security considerations in Section 9.3. 6. Key Identification It is necessary for the recipient of a JWS to be able to determine the key that was employed for the digital signature or MAC operation. The key employed can be identified using the Header Parameter methods described in Section 4.1 or can be identified using methods that are outside the scope of this specification. Specifically, the Header Parameters "jku", "jwk", "x5u", "x5t", "x5c", and "kid" can be used to identify the key used. These header parameters MUST be integrity protected if the information that they convey is to be utilized in a trust decision. Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 15] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 The sender SHOULD include sufficient information in the Header Parameters to identify the key used, unless the application uses another means or convention to determine the key used. Validation of the signature or MAC fails when the algorithm used requires a key (which is true of all algorithms except for "none") and the key used cannot be determined. The means of exchanging any shared symmetric keys used is outside the scope of this specification. 7. Serializations JWS objects use one of two serializations, the JWS Compact Serialization or the JWS JSON Serialization. The JWS Compact Serialization is mandatory to implement. Implementation of the JWS JSON Serialization is OPTIONAL. 7.1. JWS Compact Serialization The JWS Compact Serialization represents digitally signed or MACed content as a compact URL-safe string. This string is the concatenation of the Encoded JWS Header, the Encoded JWS Payload, and the Encoded JWS Signature in that order, with the three strings being separated by two period ('.') characters. Only one signature/MAC is supported by the JWS Compact Serialization. 7.2. JWS JSON Serialization The JWS JSON Serialization represents digitally signed or MACed content as a JSON object. Unlike the JWS Compact Serialization, content using the JWS JSON Serialization can be secured with more than one digital signature and/or MAC value. The representation is closely related to that used in the JWS Compact Serialization, with the following differences for the JWS JSON Serialization: o Values in the JWS JSON Serialization are represented as members of a JSON object, rather than as base64url encoded strings separated by period ('.') characters. (However binary values and values that are integrity protected are still base64url encoded.) o The Encoded JWS Payload value is stored in the "payload" member. o There can be multiple signature and/or MAC values, rather than just one. A JSON array in the "signatures" member is used to hold values that are specific to a particular signature or MAC Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 16] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 computation, with one array element per signature/MAC represented. These array elements are JSON objects. o Each Encoded JWS Signature value, if non-empty, is stored in the "signature" member of a JSON object that is an element of the "signatures" array. o Each Encoded JWS Header value, which is a base64url encoded set of header parameter values that are included in the signature/MAC computation, if non-empty, is stored in the "protected" member of the corresponding element of the "signatures" array. o Unlike the JWS Compact Serialization, in the JWS JSON Serialization there can also be header parameter values that are not included in the signature/MAC computation. If present, unprotected header parameter values are represented as an unencoded JSON Text Object in the "header" member of the corresponding element of the "signatures" array. o The header parameter values used when creating or validating individual signature or MAC values are the union of the two sets of header parameter values that may be present: (1) the integrity- protected per-signature/MAC values represented in the "protected" member of the signature/MAC's array element, and (2) the non- integrity-protected per-signature/MAC values in the "header" member of the signature/MAC's array element. The union of these sets of header parameters comprises the JWS Header. The header parameter names in the two locations MUST be disjoint. The syntax of a JWS using the JWS JSON Serialization is as follows: { "payload":"" "signatures":[ {"protected":", "header":"", "signature":""}, ... {"protected":", "header":"", "signature":""}], } Of these members, only the "payload", "signatures", and "signature" members MUST be present. At least one of the "protected" and "header" members MUST be present for each signature/MAC computation so that an "alg" header parameter value is conveyed. Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 17] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 The contents of the Encoded JWS Payload and Encoded JWS Signature values are exactly as defined in the rest of this specification. They are interpreted and validated in the same manner, with each corresponding Encoded JWS Signature and set of header parameter values being created and validated together. The JWS Header values used are the union of the header parameters in the corresponding "protected" and "header" members, as described earlier. Each JWS Signature value is computed on the JWS Signing Input using the parameters of the corresponding JWS Header value in the same manner as for the JWS Compact Serialization. This has the desirable property that each Encoded JWS Signature value in the "signatures" array is identical to the value that would have been computed for the same parameter in the JWS Compact Serialization, provided that the Encoded JWS Header value for that signature/MAC computation (which represents the integrity-protected header parameter values) matches that used in the JWS Compact Serialization. See Appendix A.6 for an example of computing a JWS using the JWS JSON Serialization. 8. IANA Considerations The following registration procedure is used for all the registries established by this specification. Values are registered with a Specification Required [RFC5226] after a two-week review period on the [TBD]@ietf.org mailing list, on the advice of one or more Designated Experts. However, to allow for the allocation of values prior to publication, the Designated Expert(s) may approve registration once they are satisfied that such a specification will be published. Registration requests must be sent to the [TBD]@ietf.org mailing list for review and comment, with an appropriate subject (e.g., "Request for access token type: example"). [[ Note to the RFC Editor: The name of the mailing list should be determined in consultation with the IESG and IANA. Suggested name: jose-reg-review. ]] Within the review period, the Designated Expert(s) will either approve or deny the registration request, communicating this decision to the review list and IANA. Denials should include an explanation and, if applicable, suggestions as to how to make the request successful. Registration requests that are undetermined for a period longer than 21 days can be brought to the IESG's attention (using the iesg@iesg.org mailing list) for resolution. Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 18] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 Criteria that should be applied by the Designated Expert(s) includes determining whether the proposed registration duplicates existing functionality, determining whether it is likely to be of general applicability or whether it is useful only for a single application, and whether the registration makes sense. IANA must only accept registry updates from the Designated Expert(s) and should direct all requests for registration to the review mailing list. It is suggested that multiple Designated Experts be appointed who are able to represent the perspectives of different applications using this specification, in order to enable broadly-informed review of registration decisions. In cases where a registration decision could be perceived as creating a conflict of interest for a particular Expert, that Expert should defer to the judgment of the other Expert(s). 8.1. JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters Registry This specification establishes the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters registry for JWS and JWE Header Parameter Names. The registry records the Header Parameter Name and a reference to the specification that defines it. The same Header Parameter Name MAY be registered multiple times, provided that the parameter usage is compatible between the specifications. Different registrations of the same Header Parameter Name will typically use different Header Parameter Usage Location(s) values. 8.1.1. Registration Template Header Parameter Name: The name requested (e.g., "example"). Because a core goal of this specification is for the resulting representations to be compact, it is RECOMMENDED that the name be short -- not to exceed 8 characters without a compelling reason to do so. This name is case sensitive. Names may not match other registered names in a case insensitive manner unless the Designated Expert(s) state that there is a compelling reason to allow an exception in this particular case. Header Parameter Usage Location(s): The header parameter usage locations, which should be one or more of the values "JWS" or "JWE". Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 19] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 Change Controller: For Standards Track RFCs, state "IESG". For others, give the name of the responsible party. Other details (e.g., postal address, email address, home page URI) may also be included. Specification Document(s): Reference to the document(s) that specify the parameter, preferably including URI(s) that can be used to retrieve copies of the document(s). An indication of the relevant sections may also be included but is not required. 8.1.2. Initial Registry Contents This specification registers the Header Parameter Names defined in Section 4.1 in this registry. o Header Parameter Name: "alg" o Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWS o Change Controller: IESG o Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.1 of [[ this document ]] o Header Parameter Name: "jku" o Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWS o Change Controller: IESG o Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.2 of [[ this document ]] o Header Parameter Name: "jwk" o Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWS o Change Controller: IESG o Specification document(s): Section 4.1.3 of [[ this document ]] o Header Parameter Name: "x5u" o Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWS o Change Controller: IESG o Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.4 of [[ this document ]] o Header Parameter Name: "x5t" o Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWS o Change Controller: IESG o Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.5 of [[ this document ]] o Header Parameter Name: "x5c" o Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWS o Change Controller: IESG o Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.6 of [[ this document ]] Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 20] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 o Header Parameter Name: "kid" o Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWS o Change Controller: IESG o Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.7 of [[ this document ]] o Header Parameter Name: "typ" o Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWS o Change Controller: IESG o Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.8 of [[ this document ]] o Header Parameter Name: "cty" o Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWS o Change Controller: IESG o Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.9 of [[ this document ]] o Header Parameter Name: "crit" o Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWS o Change Controller: IESG o Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.10 of [[ this document ]] 8.2. JSON Web Signature and Encryption Type Values Registry This specification establishes the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Type Values registry for values of the JWS and JWE "typ" (type) header parameter. It is RECOMMENDED that all registered "typ" values also include a MIME Media Type [RFC2046] value that the registered value is a short name for. The registry records the "typ" value, the MIME type value that it is an abbreviation for (if any), and a reference to the specification that defines it. MIME Media Type [RFC2046] values MUST NOT be directly registered as "typ" values; rather, "typ" values MAY be registered as short names for MIME types. 8.2.1. Registration Template "typ" Header Parameter Value: The name requested (e.g., "example"). Because a core goal of this specification is for the resulting representations to be compact, it is RECOMMENDED that the name be short -- not to exceed 8 characters without a compelling reason to do so. This name is case sensitive. Names may not match other registered names in a case insensitive manner unless the Designated Expert(s) state that there is a compelling reason to allow an exception in this particular case. Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 21] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 Abbreviation for MIME Type: The MIME type that this name is an abbreviation for (e.g., "application/example"). Change Controller: For Standards Track RFCs, state "IESG". For others, give the name of the responsible party. Other details (e.g., postal address, email address, home page URI) may also be included. Specification Document(s): Reference to the document(s) that specify the parameter, preferably including URI(s) that can be used to retrieve copies of the document(s). An indication of the relevant sections may also be included but is not required. 8.2.2. Initial Registry Contents This specification registers the "JOSE" and "JOSE+JSON" type values in this registry: o "typ" Header Parameter Value: "JOSE" o Abbreviation for MIME type: application/jose o Change Controller: IESG o Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.8 of [[ this document ]] o "typ" Header Parameter Value: "JOSE+JSON" o Abbreviation for MIME type: application/jose+json o Change Controller: IESG o Specification Document(s): Section 4.1.8 of [[ this document ]] 8.3. Media Type Registration 8.3.1. Registry Contents This specification registers the "application/jose" Media Type [RFC2046] in the MIME Media Types registry [IANA.MediaTypes], which can be used to indicate that the content is a JWS or JWE object using the JWS Compact Serialization or the JWE Compact Serialization and the "application/jose+json" Media Type in the MIME Media Types registry, which can be used to indicate that the content is a JWS or JWE object using the JWS JSON Serialization or the JWE JSON Serialization. o Type name: application o Subtype name: jose o Required parameters: n/a Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 22] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 o Optional parameters: n/a o Encoding considerations: 8bit; application/jose values are encoded as a series of base64url encoded values (some of which may be the empty string) separated by period ('.') characters. o Security considerations: See the Security Considerations section of [[ this document ]] o Interoperability considerations: n/a o Published specification: [[ this document ]] o Applications that use this media type: OpenID Connect, Mozilla Persona, Salesforce, Google, numerous others that use signed JWTs o Additional information: Magic number(s): n/a, File extension(s): n/a, Macintosh file type code(s): n/a o Person & email address to contact for further information: Michael B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com o Intended usage: COMMON o Restrictions on usage: none o Author: Michael B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com o Change Controller: IESG o Type name: application o Subtype name: jose+json o Required parameters: n/a o Optional parameters: n/a o Encoding considerations: 8bit; application/jose+json values are represented as a JSON Object; UTF-8 encoding SHOULD be employed for the JSON object. o Security considerations: See the Security Considerations section of [[ this document ]] o Interoperability considerations: n/a o Published specification: [[ this document ]] o Applications that use this media type: TBD o Additional information: Magic number(s): n/a, File extension(s): n/a, Macintosh file type code(s): n/a o Person & email address to contact for further information: Michael B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com o Intended usage: COMMON o Restrictions on usage: none o Author: Michael B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com o Change Controller: IESG 9. Security Considerations 9.1. Cryptographic Security Considerations All of the security issues faced by any cryptographic application must be faced by a JWS/JWE/JWK agent. Among these issues are protecting the user's private and symmetric keys, preventing various Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 23] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 attacks, and helping the user avoid mistakes such as inadvertently encrypting a message for the wrong recipient. The entire list of security considerations is beyond the scope of this document, but some significant concerns are listed here. All the security considerations in XML DSIG 2.0 [W3C.CR-xmldsig-core2-20120124], also apply to this specification, other than those that are XML specific. Likewise, many of the best practices documented in XML Signature Best Practices [W3C.WD-xmldsig-bestpractices-20110809] also apply to this specification, other than those that are XML specific. Keys are only as strong as the amount of entropy used to generate them. A minimum of 128 bits of entropy should be used for all keys, and depending upon the application context, more may be required. In particular, it may be difficult to generate sufficiently random values in some browsers and application environments. Creators of JWSs should not allow third parties to insert arbitrary content into the message without adding entropy not controlled by the third party. When utilizing TLS to retrieve information, the authority providing the resource MUST be authenticated and the information retrieved MUST be free from modification. When cryptographic algorithms are implemented in such a way that successful operations take a different amount of time than unsuccessful operations, attackers may be able to use the time difference to obtain information about the keys employed. Therefore, such timing differences must be avoided. A SHA-1 hash is used when computing "x5t" (x.509 certificate thumbprint) values, for compatibility reasons. Should an effective means of producing SHA-1 hash collisions be developed, and should an attacker wish to interfere with the use of a known certificate on a given system, this could be accomplished by creating another certificate whose SHA-1 hash value is the same and adding it to the certificate store used by the intended victim. A prerequisite to this attack succeeding is the attacker having write access to the intended victim's certificate store. If, in the future, certificate thumbprints need to be computed using hash functions other than SHA-1, it is suggested that additional related header parameters be defined for that purpose. For example, it is suggested that a new "x5t#S256" (X.509 Certificate Thumbprint using SHA-256) header parameter could be defined and used. Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 24] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 9.2. JSON Security Considerations Strict JSON validation is a security requirement. If malformed JSON is received, then the intent of the sender is impossible to reliably discern. Ambiguous and potentially exploitable situations could arise if the JSON parser used does not reject malformed JSON syntax. Section 2.2 of the JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) specification [RFC4627] states "The names within an object SHOULD be unique", whereas this specification states that "Header Parameter Names within this object MUST be unique; recipients MUST either reject JWSs with duplicate Header Parameter Names or use a JSON parser that returns only the lexically last duplicate member name, as specified in Section 15.12 (The JSON Object) of ECMAScript 5.1 [ECMAScript]". Thus, this specification requires that the Section 2.2 "SHOULD" be treated as a "MUST" by senders and that it be either treated as a "MUST" or in the manner specified in ECMAScript 5.1 by receivers. Ambiguous and potentially exploitable situations could arise if the JSON parser used does not enforce the uniqueness of member names or returns an unpredictable value for duplicate member names. Some JSON parsers might not reject input that contains extra significant characters after a valid input. For instance, the input "{"tag":"value"}ABCD" contains a valid JSON object followed by the extra characters "ABCD". Such input MUST be rejected in its entirety. 9.3. Unicode Comparison Security Considerations Header Parameter Names and algorithm names are Unicode strings. For security reasons, the representations of these names must be compared verbatim after performing any escape processing (as per RFC 4627 [RFC4627], Section 2.5). This means, for instance, that these JSON strings must compare as being equal ("sig", "\u0073ig"), whereas these must all compare as being not equal to the first set or to each other ("SIG", "Sig", "si\u0047"). JSON strings can contain characters outside the Unicode Basic Multilingual Plane. For instance, the G clef character (U+1D11E) may be represented in a JSON string as "\uD834\uDD1E". Ideally, JWS implementations SHOULD ensure that characters outside the Basic Multilingual Plane are preserved and compared correctly; alternatively, if this is not possible due to these characters exercising limitations present in the underlying JSON implementation, then input containing them MUST be rejected. Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 25] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 9.4. TLS Requirements Implementations MUST support TLS. Which version(s) ought to be implemented will vary over time, and depend on the widespread deployment and known security vulnerabilities at the time of implementation. At the time of this writing, TLS version 1.2 [RFC5246] is the most recent version, but has very limited actual deployment, and might not be readily available in implementation toolkits. TLS version 1.0 [RFC2246] is the most widely deployed version, and will give the broadest interoperability. To protect against information disclosure and tampering, confidentiality protection MUST be applied using TLS with a ciphersuite that provides confidentiality and integrity protection. Whenever TLS is used, a TLS server certificate check MUST be performed, per RFC 6125 [RFC6125]. 10. References 10.1. Normative References [ECMAScript] Ecma International, "ECMAScript Language Specification, 5.1 Edition", ECMA 262, June 2011. [IANA.MediaTypes] Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), "MIME Media Types", 2005. [ITU.X690.1994] International Telecommunications Union, "Information Technology - ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)", ITU-T Recommendation X.690, 1994. [JWA] Jones, M., "JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)", draft-ietf-jose-json-web-algorithms (work in progress), September 2013. [JWK] Jones, M., "JSON Web Key (JWK)", draft-ietf-jose-json-web-key (work in progress), September 2013. [RFC1421] Linn, J., "Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part I: Message Encryption and Authentication Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 26] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 Procedures", RFC 1421, February 1993. [RFC2046] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046, November 1996. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2246] Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0", RFC 2246, January 1999. [RFC2818] Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000. [RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003. [RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986, January 2005. [RFC4627] Crockford, D., "The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)", RFC 4627, July 2006. [RFC4648] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings", RFC 4648, October 2006. [RFC5226] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226, May 2008. [RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008. [RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S., Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008. [RFC6125] Saint-Andre, P. and J. Hodges, "Representation and Verification of Domain-Based Application Service Identity within Internet Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX) Certificates in the Context of Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 6125, March 2011. [USA15] Davis, M., Whistler, K., and M. Deurst, "Unicode Normalization Forms", Unicode Standard Annex 15, 09 2009. Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 27] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 [USASCII] American National Standards Institute, "Coded Character Set -- 7-bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange", ANSI X3.4, 1986. [W3C.WD-xmldsig-bestpractices-20110809] Datta, P. and F. Hirsch, "XML Signature Best Practices", World Wide Web Consortium WD WD-xmldsig-bestpractices- 20110809, August 2011, . 10.2. Informative References [CanvasApp] Facebook, "Canvas Applications", 2010. [JSS] Bradley, J. and N. Sakimura (editor), "JSON Simple Sign", September 2010. [JWE] Jones, M., Rescorla, E., and J. Hildebrand, "JSON Web Encryption (JWE)", draft-ietf-jose-json-web-encryption (work in progress), September 2013. [JWT] Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Token (JWT)", draft-ietf-oauth-json-web-token (work in progress), July 2013. [MagicSignatures] Panzer (editor), J., Laurie, B., and D. Balfanz, "Magic Signatures", January 2011. [RFC4122] Leach, P., Mealling, M., and R. Salz, "A Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", RFC 4122, July 2005. [W3C.CR-xmldsig-core2-20120124] Eastlake, D., Reagle, J., Yiu, K., Solo, D., Datta, P., Hirsch, F., Cantor, S., and T. Roessler, "XML Signature Syntax and Processing Version 2.0", World Wide Web Consortium CR CR-xmldsig-core2-20120124, January 2012, . Appendix A. JWS Examples This section provides several examples of JWSs. While the first three examples all represent JSON Web Tokens (JWTs) [JWT], the payload can be any octet sequence, as shown in Appendix A.4. Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 28] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 A.1. Example JWS using HMAC SHA-256 A.1.1. Encoding The following example JWS Header declares that the data structure is a JSON Web Token (JWT) [JWT] and the JWS Signing Input is secured using the HMAC SHA-256 algorithm. {"typ":"JWT", "alg":"HS256"} The following octet sequence contains the UTF-8 representation of the JWS Header: [123, 34, 116, 121, 112, 34, 58, 34, 74, 87, 84, 34, 44, 13, 10, 32, 34, 97, 108, 103, 34, 58, 34, 72, 83, 50, 53, 54, 34, 125] Base64url encoding these octets yields this Encoded JWS Header value: eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLA0KICJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9 The JWS Payload used in this example is the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JSON object below. (Note that the payload can be any base64url encoded octet sequence, and need not be a base64url encoded JSON object.) {"iss":"joe", "exp":1300819380, "http://example.com/is_root":true} The following octet sequence, which is the UTF-8 representation of the JSON object above, is the JWS Payload: [123, 34, 105, 115, 115, 34, 58, 34, 106, 111, 101, 34, 44, 13, 10, 32, 34, 101, 120, 112, 34, 58, 49, 51, 48, 48, 56, 49, 57, 51, 56, 48, 44, 13, 10, 32, 34, 104, 116, 116, 112, 58, 47, 47, 101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, 46, 99, 111, 109, 47, 105, 115, 95, 114, 111, 111, 116, 34, 58, 116, 114, 117, 101, 125] Base64url encoding the JWS Payload yields this Encoded JWS Payload value (with line breaks for display purposes only): eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly9leGFt cGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ Concatenating the Encoded JWS Header, a period ('.') character, and the Encoded JWS Payload yields this JWS Signing Input value (with line breaks for display purposes only): Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 29] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLA0KICJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9 . eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly9leGFt cGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ The ASCII representation of the JWS Signing Input is the following octet sequence: [101, 121, 74, 48, 101, 88, 65, 105, 79, 105, 74, 75, 86, 49, 81, 105, 76, 65, 48, 75, 73, 67, 74, 104, 98, 71, 99, 105, 79, 105, 74, 73, 85, 122, 73, 49, 78, 105, 74, 57, 46, 101, 121, 74, 112, 99, 51, 77, 105, 79, 105, 74, 113, 98, 50, 85, 105, 76, 65, 48, 75, 73, 67, 74, 108, 101, 72, 65, 105, 79, 106, 69, 122, 77, 68, 65, 52, 77, 84, 107, 122, 79, 68, 65, 115, 68, 81, 111, 103, 73, 109, 104, 48, 100, 72, 65, 54, 76, 121, 57, 108, 101, 71, 70, 116, 99, 71, 120, 108, 76, 109, 78, 118, 98, 83, 57, 112, 99, 49, 57, 121, 98, 50, 57, 48, 73, 106, 112, 48, 99, 110, 86, 108, 102, 81] HMACs are generated using keys. This example uses the symmetric key represented in JSON Web Key [JWK] format below (with line breaks for display purposes only): {"kty":"oct", "k":"AyM1SysPpbyDfgZld3umj1qzKObwVMkoqQ-EstJQLr_T-1qS0gZH75 aKtMN3Yj0iPS4hcgUuTwjAzZr1Z9CAow" } Running the HMAC SHA-256 algorithm on the octets of the ASCII representation of the JWS Signing Input with this key yields this octet sequence: [116, 24, 223, 180, 151, 153, 224, 37, 79, 250, 96, 125, 216, 173, 187, 186, 22, 212, 37, 77, 105, 214, 191, 240, 91, 88, 5, 88, 83, 132, 141, 121] Base64url encoding the above HMAC output yields this Encoded JWS Signature value: dBjftJeZ4CVP-mB92K27uhbUJU1p1r_wW1gFWFOEjXk Concatenating these values in the order Header.Payload.Signature with period ('.') characters between the parts yields this complete JWS representation using the JWS Compact Serialization (with line breaks for display purposes only): Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 30] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLA0KICJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9 . eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly9leGFt cGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ . dBjftJeZ4CVP-mB92K27uhbUJU1p1r_wW1gFWFOEjXk A.1.2. Decoding Decoding the JWS requires base64url decoding the Encoded JWS Header, Encoded JWS Payload, and Encoded JWS Signature to produce the JWS Header, JWS Payload, and JWS Signature octet sequences. The octet sequence containing the UTF-8 representation of the JWS Header is decoded into the JWS Header string. A.1.3. Validating Next we validate the decoded results. Since the "alg" parameter in the header is "HS256", we validate the HMAC SHA-256 value contained in the JWS Signature. First, we validate that the JWS Header string is legal JSON. To validate the HMAC value, we repeat the previous process of using the correct key and the ASCII representation of the JWS Signing Input as input to the HMAC SHA-256 function and then taking the output and determining if it matches the JWS Signature. If it matches exactly, the HMAC has been validated. A.2. Example JWS using RSASSA-PKCS-v1_5 SHA-256 A.2.1. Encoding The JWS Header in this example is different from the previous example in two ways: First, because a different algorithm is being used, the "alg" value is different. Second, for illustration purposes only, the optional "typ" parameter is not used. (This difference is not related to the algorithm employed.) The JWS Header used is: {"alg":"RS256"} The following octet sequence contains the UTF-8 representation of the JWS Header: [123, 34, 97, 108, 103, 34, 58, 34, 82, 83, 50, 53, 54, 34, 125] Base64url encoding these octets yields this Encoded JWS Header value: Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 31] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9 The JWS Payload used in this example, which follows, is the same as in the previous example. Since the Encoded JWS Payload will therefore be the same, its computation is not repeated here. {"iss":"joe", "exp":1300819380, "http://example.com/is_root":true} Concatenating the Encoded JWS Header, a period ('.') character, and the Encoded JWS Payload yields this JWS Signing Input value (with line breaks for display purposes only): eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9 . eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly9leGFt cGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ The ASCII representation of the JWS Signing Input is the following octet sequence: [101, 121, 74, 104, 98, 71, 99, 105, 79, 105, 74, 83, 85, 122, 73, 49, 78, 105, 74, 57, 46, 101, 121, 74, 112, 99, 51, 77, 105, 79, 105, 74, 113, 98, 50, 85, 105, 76, 65, 48, 75, 73, 67, 74, 108, 101, 72, 65, 105, 79, 106, 69, 122, 77, 68, 65, 52, 77, 84, 107, 122, 79, 68, 65, 115, 68, 81, 111, 103, 73, 109, 104, 48, 100, 72, 65, 54, 76, 121, 57, 108, 101, 71, 70, 116, 99, 71, 120, 108, 76, 109, 78, 118, 98, 83, 57, 112, 99, 49, 57, 121, 98, 50, 57, 48, 73, 106, 112, 48, 99, 110, 86, 108, 102, 81] This example uses the RSA key represented in JSON Web Key [JWK] format below (with line breaks for display purposes only): {"kty":"RSA", "n":"ofgWCuLjybRlzo0tZWJjNiuSfb4p4fAkd_wWJcyQoTbji9k0l8W26mPddx HmfHQp-Vaw-4qPCJrcS2mJPMEzP1Pt0Bm4d4QlL-yRT-SFd2lZS-pCgNMs D1W_YpRPEwOWvG6b32690r2jZ47soMZo9wGzjb_7OMg0LOL-bSf63kpaSH SXndS5z5rexMdbBYUsLA9e-KXBdQOS-UTo7WTBEMa2R2CapHg665xsmtdV MTBQY4uDZlxvb3qCo5ZwKh9kG4LT6_I5IhlJH7aGhyxXFvUK-DWNmoudF8 NAco9_h9iaGNj8q2ethFkMLs91kzk2PAcDTW9gb54h4FRWyuXpoQ", "e":"AQAB", "d":"Eq5xpGnNCivDflJsRQBXHx1hdR1k6Ulwe2JZD50LpXyWPEAeP88vLNO97I jlA7_GQ5sLKMgvfTeXZx9SE-7YwVol2NXOoAJe46sui395IW_GO-pWJ1O0 BkTGoVEn2bKVRUCgu-GjBVaYLU6f3l9kJfFNS3E0QbVdxzubSu3Mkqzjkn 439X0M_V51gfpRLI9JYanrC4D4qAdGcopV_0ZHHzQlBjudU2QvXt4ehNYT CBr6XCLQUShb1juUO1ZdiYoFaFQT5Tw8bGUl_x_jTj3ccPDVZFD9pIuhLh BOneufuBiB4cS98l2SR_RQyGWSeWjnczT0QU91p1DhOVRuOopznQ" Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 32] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 } The RSA private key is then passed to the RSA signing function, which also takes the hash type, SHA-256, and the octets of the ASCII representation of the JWS Signing Input as inputs. The result of the digital signature is an octet sequence, which represents a big endian integer. In this example, it is: [112, 46, 33, 137, 67, 232, 143, 209, 30, 181, 216, 45, 191, 120, 69, 243, 65, 6, 174, 27, 129, 255, 247, 115, 17, 22, 173, 209, 113, 125, 131, 101, 109, 66, 10, 253, 60, 150, 238, 221, 115, 162, 102, 62, 81, 102, 104, 123, 0, 11, 135, 34, 110, 1, 135, 237, 16, 115, 249, 69, 229, 130, 173, 252, 239, 22, 216, 90, 121, 142, 232, 198, 109, 219, 61, 184, 151, 91, 23, 208, 148, 2, 190, 237, 213, 217, 217, 112, 7, 16, 141, 178, 129, 96, 213, 248, 4, 12, 167, 68, 87, 98, 184, 31, 190, 127, 249, 217, 46, 10, 231, 111, 36, 242, 91, 51, 187, 230, 244, 74, 230, 30, 177, 4, 10, 203, 32, 4, 77, 62, 249, 18, 142, 212, 1, 48, 121, 91, 212, 189, 59, 65, 238, 202, 208, 102, 171, 101, 25, 129, 253, 228, 141, 247, 127, 55, 45, 195, 139, 159, 175, 221, 59, 239, 177, 139, 93, 163, 204, 60, 46, 176, 47, 158, 58, 65, 214, 18, 202, 173, 21, 145, 18, 115, 160, 95, 35, 185, 232, 56, 250, 175, 132, 157, 105, 132, 41, 239, 90, 30, 136, 121, 130, 54, 195, 212, 14, 96, 69, 34, 165, 68, 200, 242, 122, 122, 45, 184, 6, 99, 209, 108, 247, 202, 234, 86, 222, 64, 92, 178, 33, 90, 69, 178, 194, 85, 102, 181, 90, 193, 167, 72, 160, 112, 223, 200, 163, 42, 70, 149, 67, 208, 25, 238, 251, 71] Base64url encoding the digital signature produces this value for the Encoded JWS Signature (with line breaks for display purposes only): cC4hiUPoj9Eetdgtv3hF80EGrhuB__dzERat0XF9g2VtQgr9PJbu3XOiZj5RZmh7 AAuHIm4Bh-0Qc_lF5YKt_O8W2Fp5jujGbds9uJdbF9CUAr7t1dnZcAcQjbKBYNX4 BAynRFdiuB--f_nZLgrnbyTyWzO75vRK5h6xBArLIARNPvkSjtQBMHlb1L07Qe7K 0GarZRmB_eSN9383LcOLn6_dO--xi12jzDwusC-eOkHWEsqtFZESc6BfI7noOPqv hJ1phCnvWh6IeYI2w9QOYEUipUTI8np6LbgGY9Fs98rqVt5AXLIhWkWywlVmtVrB p0igcN_IoypGlUPQGe77Rw Concatenating these values in the order Header.Payload.Signature with period ('.') characters between the parts yields this complete JWS representation using the JWS Compact Serialization (with line breaks for display purposes only): Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 33] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9 . eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly9leGFt cGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ . cC4hiUPoj9Eetdgtv3hF80EGrhuB__dzERat0XF9g2VtQgr9PJbu3XOiZj5RZmh7 AAuHIm4Bh-0Qc_lF5YKt_O8W2Fp5jujGbds9uJdbF9CUAr7t1dnZcAcQjbKBYNX4 BAynRFdiuB--f_nZLgrnbyTyWzO75vRK5h6xBArLIARNPvkSjtQBMHlb1L07Qe7K 0GarZRmB_eSN9383LcOLn6_dO--xi12jzDwusC-eOkHWEsqtFZESc6BfI7noOPqv hJ1phCnvWh6IeYI2w9QOYEUipUTI8np6LbgGY9Fs98rqVt5AXLIhWkWywlVmtVrB p0igcN_IoypGlUPQGe77Rw A.2.2. Decoding Decoding the JWS requires base64url decoding the Encoded JWS Header, Encoded JWS Payload, and Encoded JWS Signature to produce the JWS Header, JWS Payload, and JWS Signature octet sequences. The octet sequence containing the UTF-8 representation of the JWS Header is decoded into the JWS Header string. A.2.3. Validating Since the "alg" parameter in the header is "RS256", we validate the RSASSA-PKCS-v1_5 SHA-256 digital signature contained in the JWS Signature. First, we validate that the JWS Header string is legal JSON. Validating the JWS Signature is a little different from the previous example. First, we base64url decode the Encoded JWS Signature to produce a digital signature S to check. We then pass (n, e), S and the octets of the ASCII representation of the JWS Signing Input to an RSASSA-PKCS-v1_5 signature verifier that has been configured to use the SHA-256 hash function. A.3. Example JWS using ECDSA P-256 SHA-256 A.3.1. Encoding The JWS Header for this example differs from the previous example because a different algorithm is being used. The JWS Header used is: {"alg":"ES256"} The following octet sequence contains the UTF-8 representation of the JWS Header: [123, 34, 97, 108, 103, 34, 58, 34, 69, 83, 50, 53, 54, 34, 125] Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 34] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 Base64url encoding these octets yields this Encoded JWS Header value: eyJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiJ9 The JWS Payload used in this example, which follows, is the same as in the previous examples. Since the Encoded JWS Payload will therefore be the same, its computation is not repeated here. {"iss":"joe", "exp":1300819380, "http://example.com/is_root":true} Concatenating the Encoded JWS Header, a period ('.') character, and the Encoded JWS Payload yields this JWS Signing Input value (with line breaks for display purposes only): eyJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiJ9 . eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly9leGFt cGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ The ASCII representation of the JWS Signing Input is the following octet sequence: [101, 121, 74, 104, 98, 71, 99, 105, 79, 105, 74, 70, 85, 122, 73, 49, 78, 105, 74, 57, 46, 101, 121, 74, 112, 99, 51, 77, 105, 79, 105, 74, 113, 98, 50, 85, 105, 76, 65, 48, 75, 73, 67, 74, 108, 101, 72, 65, 105, 79, 106, 69, 122, 77, 68, 65, 52, 77, 84, 107, 122, 79, 68, 65, 115, 68, 81, 111, 103, 73, 109, 104, 48, 100, 72, 65, 54, 76, 121, 57, 108, 101, 71, 70, 116, 99, 71, 120, 108, 76, 109, 78, 118, 98, 83, 57, 112, 99, 49, 57, 121, 98, 50, 57, 48, 73, 106, 112, 48, 99, 110, 86, 108, 102, 81] This example uses the elliptic curve key represented in JSON Web Key [JWK] format below: {"kty":"EC", "crv":"P-256", "x":"f83OJ3D2xF1Bg8vub9tLe1gHMzV76e8Tus9uPHvRVEU", "y":"x_FEzRu9m36HLN_tue659LNpXW6pCyStikYjKIWI5a0", "d":"jpsQnnGQmL-YBIffH1136cspYG6-0iY7X1fCE9-E9LI" } The ECDSA private part d is then passed to an ECDSA signing function, which also takes the curve type, P-256, the hash type, SHA-256, and the octets of the ASCII representation of the JWS Signing Input as inputs. The result of the digital signature is the EC point (R, S), where R and S are unsigned integers. In this example, the R and S Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 35] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 values, given as octet sequences representing big endian integers are: +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | Result | Value | | Name | | +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | R | [14, 209, 33, 83, 121, 99, 108, 72, 60, 47, 127, 21, 88, | | | 7, 212, 2, 163, 178, 40, 3, 58, 249, 124, 126, 23, 129, | | | 154, 195, 22, 158, 166, 101] | | S | [197, 10, 7, 211, 140, 60, 112, 229, 216, 241, 45, 175, | | | 8, 74, 84, 128, 166, 101, 144, 197, 242, 147, 80, 154, | | | 143, 63, 127, 138, 131, 163, 84, 213] | +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+ Concatenating the S array to the end of the R array and base64url encoding the result produces this value for the Encoded JWS Signature (with line breaks for display purposes only): DtEhU3ljbEg8L38VWAfUAqOyKAM6-Xx-F4GawxaepmXFCgfTjDxw5djxLa8ISlSA pmWQxfKTUJqPP3-Kg6NU1Q Concatenating these values in the order Header.Payload.Signature with period ('.') characters between the parts yields this complete JWS representation using the JWS Compact Serialization (with line breaks for display purposes only): eyJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiJ9 . eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly9leGFt cGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ . DtEhU3ljbEg8L38VWAfUAqOyKAM6-Xx-F4GawxaepmXFCgfTjDxw5djxLa8ISlSA pmWQxfKTUJqPP3-Kg6NU1Q A.3.2. Decoding Decoding the JWS requires base64url decoding the Encoded JWS Header, Encoded JWS Payload, and Encoded JWS Signature to produce the JWS Header, JWS Payload, and JWS Signature octet sequences. The octet sequence containing the UTF-8 representation of the JWS Header is decoded into the JWS Header string. A.3.3. Validating Since the "alg" parameter in the header is "ES256", we validate the ECDSA P-256 SHA-256 digital signature contained in the JWS Signature. Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 36] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 First, we validate that the JWS Header string is legal JSON. Validating the JWS Signature is a little different from the first example. First, we base64url decode the Encoded JWS Signature as in the previous examples but we then need to split the 64 member octet sequence that must result into two 32 octet sequences, the first R and the second S. We then pass (x, y), (R, S) and the octets of the ASCII representation of the JWS Signing Input to an ECDSA signature verifier that has been configured to use the P-256 curve with the SHA-256 hash function. A.4. Example JWS using ECDSA P-521 SHA-512 A.4.1. Encoding The JWS Header for this example differs from the previous example because different ECDSA curves and hash functions are used. The JWS Header used is: {"alg":"ES512"} The following octet sequence contains the UTF-8 representation of the JWS Header: [123, 34, 97, 108, 103, 34, 58, 34, 69, 83, 53, 49, 50, 34, 125] Base64url encoding these octets yields this Encoded JWS Header value: eyJhbGciOiJFUzUxMiJ9 The JWS Payload used in this example, is the ASCII string "Payload". The representation of this string is the octet sequence: [80, 97, 121, 108, 111, 97, 100] Base64url encoding these octets yields this Encoded JWS Payload value: UGF5bG9hZA Concatenating the Encoded JWS Header, a period ('.') character, and the Encoded JWS Payload yields this JWS Signing Input value: eyJhbGciOiJFUzUxMiJ9.UGF5bG9hZA The ASCII representation of the JWS Signing Input is the following octet sequence: Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 37] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 [101, 121, 74, 104, 98, 71, 99, 105, 79, 105, 74, 70, 85, 122, 85, 120, 77, 105, 74, 57, 46, 85, 71, 70, 53, 98, 71, 57, 104, 90, 65] This example uses the elliptic curve key represented in JSON Web Key [JWK] format below (with line breaks for display purposes only): {"kty":"EC", "crv":"P-521", "x":"AekpBQ8ST8a8VcfVOTNl353vSrDCLLJXmPk06wTjxrrjcBpXp5EOnYG_ NjFZ6OvLFV1jSfS9tsz4qUxcWceqwQGk", "y":"ADSmRA43Z1DSNx_RvcLI87cdL07l6jQyyBXMoxVg_l2Th-x3S1WDhjDl y79ajL4Kkd0AZMaZmh9ubmf63e3kyMj2", "d":"AY5pb7A0UFiB3RELSD64fTLOSV_jazdF7fLYyuTw8lOfRhWg6Y6rUrPA xerEzgdRhajnu0ferB0d53vM9mE15j2C" } The ECDSA private part d is then passed to an ECDSA signing function, which also takes the curve type, P-521, the hash type, SHA-512, and the octets of the ASCII representation of the JWS Signing Input as inputs. The result of the digital signature is the EC point (R, S), where R and S are unsigned integers. In this example, the R and S values, given as octet sequences representing big endian integers are: +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | Result | Value | | Name | | +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | R | [1, 220, 12, 129, 231, 171, 194, 209, 232, 135, 233, | | | 117, 247, 105, 122, 210, 26, 125, 192, 1, 217, 21, 82, | | | 91, 45, 240, 255, 83, 19, 34, 239, 71, 48, 157, 147, | | | 152, 105, 18, 53, 108, 163, 214, 68, 231, 62, 153, 150, | | | 106, 194, 164, 246, 72, 143, 138, 24, 50, 129, 223, 133, | | | 206, 209, 172, 63, 237, 119, 109] | | S | [0, 111, 6, 105, 44, 5, 41, 208, 128, 61, 152, 40, 92, | | | 61, 152, 4, 150, 66, 60, 69, 247, 196, 170, 81, 193, | | | 199, 78, 59, 194, 169, 16, 124, 9, 143, 42, 142, 131, | | | 48, 206, 238, 34, 175, 83, 203, 220, 159, 3, 107, 155, | | | 22, 27, 73, 111, 68, 68, 21, 238, 144, 229, 232, 148, | | | 188, 222, 59, 242, 103] | +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+ Concatenating the S array to the end of the R array and base64url encoding the result produces this value for the Encoded JWS Signature (with line breaks for display purposes only): AdwMgeerwtHoh-l192l60hp9wAHZFVJbLfD_UxMi70cwnZOYaRI1bKPWROc-mZZq wqT2SI-KGDKB34XO0aw_7XdtAG8GaSwFKdCAPZgoXD2YBJZCPEX3xKpRwcdOO8Kp Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 38] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 EHwJjyqOgzDO7iKvU8vcnwNrmxYbSW9ERBXukOXolLzeO_Jn Concatenating these values in the order Header.Payload.Signature with period ('.') characters between the parts yields this complete JWS representation using the JWS Compact Serialization (with line breaks for display purposes only): eyJhbGciOiJFUzUxMiJ9 . UGF5bG9hZA . AdwMgeerwtHoh-l192l60hp9wAHZFVJbLfD_UxMi70cwnZOYaRI1bKPWROc-mZZq wqT2SI-KGDKB34XO0aw_7XdtAG8GaSwFKdCAPZgoXD2YBJZCPEX3xKpRwcdOO8Kp EHwJjyqOgzDO7iKvU8vcnwNrmxYbSW9ERBXukOXolLzeO_Jn A.4.2. Decoding Decoding the JWS requires base64url decoding the Encoded JWS Header, Encoded JWS Payload, and Encoded JWS Signature to produce the JWS Header, JWS Payload, and JWS Signature octet sequences. The octet sequence containing the UTF-8 representation of the JWS Header is decoded into the JWS Header string. A.4.3. Validating Since the "alg" parameter in the header is "ES512", we validate the ECDSA P-521 SHA-512 digital signature contained in the JWS Signature. First, we validate that the JWS Header string is legal JSON. Validating the JWS Signature is similar to the previous example. First, we base64url decode the Encoded JWS Signature as in the previous examples but we then need to split the 132 member octet sequence that must result into two 66 octet sequences, the first R and the second S. We then pass (x, y), (R, S) and the octets of the ASCII representation of the JWS Signing Input to an ECDSA signature verifier that has been configured to use the P-521 curve with the SHA-512 hash function. A.5. Example Plaintext JWS The following example JWS Header declares that the encoded object is a Plaintext JWS: {"alg":"none"} Base64url encoding the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JWS Header yields this Encoded JWS Header: Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 39] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 eyJhbGciOiJub25lIn0 The JWS Payload used in this example, which follows, is the same as in the previous examples. Since the Encoded JWS Payload will therefore be the same, its computation is not repeated here. {"iss":"joe", "exp":1300819380, "http://example.com/is_root":true} The Encoded JWS Signature is the empty string. Concatenating these parts in the order Header.Payload.Signature with period ('.') characters between the parts yields this complete JWS (with line breaks for display purposes only): eyJhbGciOiJub25lIn0 . eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly9leGFt cGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ . A.6. Example JWS Using JWS JSON Serialization This section contains an example using the JWS JSON Serialization. This example demonstrates the capability for conveying multiple digital signatures and/or MACs for the same payload. The Encoded JWS Payload used in this example is the same as that used in the examples in Appendix A.2 and Appendix A.3 (with line breaks for display purposes only): eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly9leGFt cGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ Two digital signatures are used in this example: the first using RSASSA-PKCS-v1_5 SHA-256 and the second using ECDSA P-256 SHA-256. For the first, the JWS Protected Header and key are the same as in Appendix A.2, resulting in the same JWS Signature value; therefore, its computation is not repeated here. For the second, the JWS Protected Header and key are the same as in Appendix A.3, resulting in the same JWS Signature value; therefore, its computation is not repeated here. A.6.1. JWS Per-Signature Protected Headers The JWS Protected Header value used for the first signature is: Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 40] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 {"alg":"RS256"} Base64url encoding these octets yields this Encoded JWS Header value: eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9 The JWS Protected Header value used for the second signature is: {"alg":"ES256"} Base64url encoding these octets yields this Encoded JWS Header value: eyJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiJ9 A.6.2. JWS Per-Signature Unprotected Headers Key ID values are supplied for both keys using per-signature header parameters. The two values used to represent these Key IDs are: {"kid":"2010-12-29"} and {"kid":"e9bc097a-ce51-4036-9562-d2ade882db0d"} A.6.3. Complete JWS Header Values Combining the protected and unprotected header values supplied, the JWS Header values used for the first and second signatures respectively are: {"alg":"RS256", "kid":"2010-12-29"} and {"alg":"ES256", "kid":"e9bc097a-ce51-4036-9562-d2ade882db0d"} A.6.4. Complete JWS JSON Serialization Representation The complete JSON Web Signature JSON Serialization for these values is as follows (with line breaks for display purposes only): Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 41] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 {"payload": "eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLA0KICJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsDQogImh0dHA6Ly9leGF tcGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ", "signatures":[ {"protected":"eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9", "header": {"kid":"2010-12-29"}, "signature": "cC4hiUPoj9Eetdgtv3hF80EGrhuB__dzERat0XF9g2VtQgr9PJbu3XOiZj5RZ mh7AAuHIm4Bh-0Qc_lF5YKt_O8W2Fp5jujGbds9uJdbF9CUAr7t1dnZcAcQjb KBYNX4BAynRFdiuB--f_nZLgrnbyTyWzO75vRK5h6xBArLIARNPvkSjtQBMHl b1L07Qe7K0GarZRmB_eSN9383LcOLn6_dO--xi12jzDwusC-eOkHWEsqtFZES c6BfI7noOPqvhJ1phCnvWh6IeYI2w9QOYEUipUTI8np6LbgGY9Fs98rqVt5AX LIhWkWywlVmtVrBp0igcN_IoypGlUPQGe77Rw"}, {"protected":"eyJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiJ9", "header": {"kid":"e9bc097a-ce51-4036-9562-d2ade882db0d"}, "signature": "DtEhU3ljbEg8L38VWAfUAqOyKAM6-Xx-F4GawxaepmXFCgfTjDxw5djxLa8IS lSApmWQxfKTUJqPP3-Kg6NU1Q"}] } Appendix B. "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) Example The JSON array below is an example of a certificate chain that could be used as the value of an "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) header parameter, per Section 4.1.6. Note that since these strings contain base64 encoded (not base64url encoded) values, they are allowed to contain white space and line breaks. ["MIIE3jCCA8agAwIBAgICAwEwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwYzELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVM xITAfBgNVBAoTGFRoZSBHbyBEYWRkeSBHcm91cCwgSW5jLjExMC8GA1UECxMoR2 8gRGFkZHkgQ2xhc3MgMiBDZXJ0aWZpY2F0aW9uIEF1dGhvcml0eTAeFw0wNjExM TYwMTU0MzdaFw0yNjExMTYwMTU0MzdaMIHKMQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzEQMA4GA1UE CBMHQXJpem9uYTETMBEGA1UEBxMKU2NvdHRzZGFsZTEaMBgGA1UEChMRR29EYWR keS5jb20sIEluYy4xMzAxBgNVBAsTKmh0dHA6Ly9jZXJ0aWZpY2F0ZXMuZ29kYW RkeS5jb20vcmVwb3NpdG9yeTEwMC4GA1UEAxMnR28gRGFkZHkgU2VjdXJlIENlc nRpZmljYXRpb24gQXV0aG9yaXR5MREwDwYDVQQFEwgwNzk2OTI4NzCCASIwDQYJ KoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAMQt1RWMnCZM7DI161+4WQFapmGBWTt wY6vj3D3HKrjJM9N55DrtPDAjhI6zMBS2sofDPZVUBJ7fmd0LJR4h3mUpfjWoqV Tr9vcyOdQmVZWt7/v+WIbXnvQAjYwqDL1CBM6nPwT27oDyqu9SoWlm2r4arV3aL GbqGmu75RpRSgAvSMeYddi5Kcju+GZtCpyz8/x4fKL4o/K1w/O5epHBp+YlLpyo 7RJlbmr2EkRTcDCVw5wrWCs9CHRK8r5RsL+H0EwnWGu1NcWdrxcx+AuP7q2BNgW JCJjPOq8lh8BJ6qf9Z/dFjpfMFDniNoW1fho3/Rb2cRGadDAW/hOUoz+EDU8CAw EAAaOCATIwggEuMB0GA1UdDgQWBBT9rGEyk2xF1uLuhV+auud2mWjM5zAfBgNVH SMEGDAWgBTSxLDSkdRMEXGzYcs9of7dqGrU4zASBgNVHRMBAf8ECDAGAQH/AgEA MDMGCCsGAQUFBwEBBCcwJTAjBggrBgEFBQcwAYYXaHR0cDovL29jc3AuZ29kYWR Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 42] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 keS5jb20wRgYDVR0fBD8wPTA7oDmgN4Y1aHR0cDovL2NlcnRpZmljYXRlcy5nb2 RhZGR5LmNvbS9yZXBvc2l0b3J5L2dkcm9vdC5jcmwwSwYDVR0gBEQwQjBABgRVH SAAMDgwNgYIKwYBBQUHAgEWKmh0dHA6Ly9jZXJ0aWZpY2F0ZXMuZ29kYWRkeS5j b20vcmVwb3NpdG9yeTAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMCAQYwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQADggE BANKGwOy9+aG2Z+5mC6IGOgRQjhVyrEp0lVPLN8tESe8HkGsz2ZbwlFalEzAFPI UyIXvJxwqoJKSQ3kbTJSMUA2fCENZvD117esyfxVgqwcSeIaha86ykRvOe5GPLL 5CkKSkB2XIsKd83ASe8T+5o0yGPwLPk9Qnt0hCqU7S+8MxZC9Y7lhyVJEnfzuz9 p0iRFEUOOjZv2kWzRaJBydTXRE4+uXR21aITVSzGh6O1mawGhId/dQb8vxRMDsx uxN89txJx9OjxUUAiKEngHUuHqDTMBqLdElrRhjZkAzVvb3du6/KFUJheqwNTrZ EjYx8WnM25sgVjOuH0aBsXBTWVU+4=", "MIIE+zCCBGSgAwIBAgICAQ0wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwgbsxJDAiBgNVBAcTG1Z hbGlDZXJ0IFZhbGlkYXRpb24gTmV0d29yazEXMBUGA1UEChMOVmFsaUNlcnQsIE luYy4xNTAzBgNVBAsTLFZhbGlDZXJ0IENsYXNzIDIgUG9saWN5IFZhbGlkYXRpb 24gQXV0aG9yaXR5MSEwHwYDVQQDExhodHRwOi8vd3d3LnZhbGljZXJ0LmNvbS8x IDAeBgkqhkiG9w0BCQEWEWluZm9AdmFsaWNlcnQuY29tMB4XDTA0MDYyOTE3MDY yMFoXDTI0MDYyOTE3MDYyMFowYzELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxITAfBgNVBAoTGFRoZS BHbyBEYWRkeSBHcm91cCwgSW5jLjExMC8GA1UECxMoR28gRGFkZHkgQ2xhc3MgM iBDZXJ0aWZpY2F0aW9uIEF1dGhvcml0eTCCASAwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEN ADCCAQgCggEBAN6d1+pXGEmhW+vXX0iG6r7d/+TvZxz0ZWizV3GgXne77ZtJ6XC APVYYYwhv2vLM0D9/AlQiVBDYsoHUwHU9S3/Hd8M+eKsaA7Ugay9qK7HFiH7Eux 6wwdhFJ2+qN1j3hybX2C32qRe3H3I2TqYXP2WYktsqbl2i/ojgC95/5Y0V4evLO tXiEqITLdiOr18SPaAIBQi2XKVlOARFmR6jYGB0xUGlcmIbYsUfb18aQr4CUWWo riMYavx4A6lNf4DD+qta/KFApMoZFv6yyO9ecw3ud72a9nmYvLEHZ6IVDd2gWMZ Eewo+YihfukEHU1jPEX44dMX4/7VpkI+EdOqXG68CAQOjggHhMIIB3TAdBgNVHQ 4EFgQU0sSw0pHUTBFxs2HLPaH+3ahq1OMwgdIGA1UdIwSByjCBx6GBwaSBvjCBu zEkMCIGA1UEBxMbVmFsaUNlcnQgVmFsaWRhdGlvbiBOZXR3b3JrMRcwFQYDVQQK Ew5WYWxpQ2VydCwgSW5jLjE1MDMGA1UECxMsVmFsaUNlcnQgQ2xhc3MgMiBQb2x pY3kgVmFsaWRhdGlvbiBBdXRob3JpdHkxITAfBgNVBAMTGGh0dHA6Ly93d3cudm FsaWNlcnQuY29tLzEgMB4GCSqGSIb3DQEJARYRaW5mb0B2YWxpY2VydC5jb22CA QEwDwYDVR0TAQH/BAUwAwEB/zAzBggrBgEFBQcBAQQnMCUwIwYIKwYBBQUHMAGG F2h0dHA6Ly9vY3NwLmdvZGFkZHkuY29tMEQGA1UdHwQ9MDswOaA3oDWGM2h0dHA 6Ly9jZXJ0aWZpY2F0ZXMuZ29kYWRkeS5jb20vcmVwb3NpdG9yeS9yb290LmNybD BLBgNVHSAERDBCMEAGBFUdIAAwODA2BggrBgEFBQcCARYqaHR0cDovL2NlcnRpZ mljYXRlcy5nb2RhZGR5LmNvbS9yZXBvc2l0b3J5MA4GA1UdDwEB/wQEAwIBBjAN BgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOBgQC1QPmnHfbq/qQaQlpE9xXUhUaJwL6e4+PrxeNYiY+ Sn1eocSxI0YGyeR+sBjUZsE4OWBsUs5iB0QQeyAfJg594RAoYC5jcdnplDQ1tgM QLARzLrUc+cb53S8wGd9D0VmsfSxOaFIqII6hR8INMqzW/Rn453HWkrugp++85j 09VZw==", "MIIC5zCCAlACAQEwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwgbsxJDAiBgNVBAcTG1ZhbGlDZXJ 0IFZhbGlkYXRpb24gTmV0d29yazEXMBUGA1UEChMOVmFsaUNlcnQsIEluYy4xNT AzBgNVBAsTLFZhbGlDZXJ0IENsYXNzIDIgUG9saWN5IFZhbGlkYXRpb24gQXV0a G9yaXR5MSEwHwYDVQQDExhodHRwOi8vd3d3LnZhbGljZXJ0LmNvbS8xIDAeBgkq hkiG9w0BCQEWEWluZm9AdmFsaWNlcnQuY29tMB4XDTk5MDYyNjAwMTk1NFoXDTE 5MDYyNjAwMTk1NFowgbsxJDAiBgNVBAcTG1ZhbGlDZXJ0IFZhbGlkYXRpb24gTm V0d29yazEXMBUGA1UEChMOVmFsaUNlcnQsIEluYy4xNTAzBgNVBAsTLFZhbGlDZ XJ0IENsYXNzIDIgUG9saWN5IFZhbGlkYXRpb24gQXV0aG9yaXR5MSEwHwYDVQQD ExhodHRwOi8vd3d3LnZhbGljZXJ0LmNvbS8xIDAeBgkqhkiG9w0BCQEWEWluZm9 AdmFsaWNlcnQuY29tMIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQDOOnHK5a Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 43] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 vIWZJV16vYdA757tn2VUdZZUcOBVXc65g2PFxTXdMwzzjsvUGJ7SVCCSRrCl6zf N1SLUzm1NZ9WlmpZdRJEy0kTRxQb7XBhVQ7/nHk01xC+YDgkRoKWzk2Z/M/VXwb P7RfZHM047QSv4dk+NoS/zcnwbNDu+97bi5p9wIDAQABMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQU AA4GBADt/UG9vUJSZSWI4OB9L+KXIPqeCgfYrx+jFzug6EILLGACOTb2oWH+heQ C1u+mNr0HZDzTuIYEZoDJJKPTEjlbVUjP9UNV+mWwD5MlM/Mtsq2azSiGM5bUMM j4QssxsodyamEwCW/POuZ6lcg5Ktz885hZo+L7tdEy8W9ViH0Pd"] Appendix C. Notes on implementing base64url encoding without padding This appendix describes how to implement base64url encoding and decoding functions without padding based upon standard base64 encoding and decoding functions that do use padding. To be concrete, example C# code implementing these functions is shown below. Similar code could be used in other languages. static string base64urlencode(byte [] arg) { string s = Convert.ToBase64String(arg); // Regular base64 encoder s = s.Split('=')[0]; // Remove any trailing '='s s = s.Replace('+', '-'); // 62nd char of encoding s = s.Replace('/', '_'); // 63rd char of encoding return s; } static byte [] base64urldecode(string arg) { string s = arg; s = s.Replace('-', '+'); // 62nd char of encoding s = s.Replace('_', '/'); // 63rd char of encoding switch (s.Length % 4) // Pad with trailing '='s { case 0: break; // No pad chars in this case case 2: s += "=="; break; // Two pad chars case 3: s += "="; break; // One pad char default: throw new System.Exception( "Illegal base64url string!"); } return Convert.FromBase64String(s); // Standard base64 decoder } As per the example code above, the number of '=' padding characters that needs to be added to the end of a base64url encoded string without padding to turn it into one with padding is a deterministic function of the length of the encoded string. Specifically, if the length mod 4 is 0, no padding is added; if the length mod 4 is 2, two '=' padding characters are added; if the length mod 4 is 3, one '=' Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 44] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 padding character is added; if the length mod 4 is 1, the input is malformed. An example correspondence between unencoded and encoded values follows. The octet sequence below encodes into the string below, which when decoded, reproduces the octet sequence. 3 236 255 224 193 A-z_4ME Appendix D. Negative Test Case for "crit" Header Parameter Conforming implementations must reject input containing critical extensions that are not understood or cannot be processed. The following JWS must be rejected by all implementations, because it uses an extension header parameter name "http://example.invalid/UNDEFINED" that they do not understand. Any other similar input, in which the use of the value "http://example.invalid/UNDEFINED" is substituted for any other header parameter name not understood by the implementation, must also be rejected. The JWS Header value for this JWS is: {"alg":"none", "crit":["http://example.invalid/UNDEFINED"], "http://example.invalid/UNDEFINED":true } The complete JWS that must be rejected is as follows (with line breaks for display purposes only): eyJhbGciOiJub25lIiwNCiAiY3JpdCI6WyJodHRwOi8vZXhhbXBsZS5jb20vVU5ERU ZJTkVEIl0sDQogImh0dHA6Ly9leGFtcGxlLmNvbS9VTkRFRklORUQiOnRydWUNCn0. RkFJTA. Appendix E. Acknowledgements Solutions for signing JSON content were previously explored by Magic Signatures [MagicSignatures], JSON Simple Sign [JSS], and Canvas Applications [CanvasApp], all of which influenced this draft. Thanks to Axel Nennker for his early implementation and feedback on the JWS and JWE specifications. This specification is the work of the JOSE Working Group, which includes dozens of active and dedicated participants. In particular, Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 45] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 the following individuals contributed ideas, feedback, and wording that influenced this specification: Dirk Balfanz, Richard Barnes, Brian Campbell, Breno de Medeiros, Dick Hardt, Joe Hildebrand, Jeff Hodges, Edmund Jay, Yaron Y. Goland, Ben Laurie, James Manger, Matt Miller, Tony Nadalin, Axel Nennker, John Panzer, Emmanuel Raviart, Eric Rescorla, Jim Schaad, Paul Tarjan, Hannes Tschofenig, and Sean Turner. Jim Schaad and Karen O'Donoghue chaired the JOSE working group and Sean Turner and Stephen Farrell served as Security area directors during the creation of this specification. Appendix F. Document History [[ to be removed by the RFC Editor before publication as an RFC ]] -16 o Changes to address editorial and minor issues #50, #98, #99, #102, #104, #106, #107, #111, and #112. -15 o Clarified that it is an application decision which signatures, MACs, or plaintext values must successfully validate for the JWS to be accepted, addressing issue #35. o Corrected editorial error in "ES512" example. o Changes to address editorial and minor issues #34, #96, #100, #101, #104, #105, and #106. -14 o Stated that the "signature" parameter is to be omitted in the JWS JSON Serialization when its value would be empty (which is only the case for a Plaintext JWS). -13 o Made all header parameter values be per-signature/MAC, addressing issue #24. -12 Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 46] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 o Clarified that the "typ" and "cty" header parameters are used in an application-specific manner and have no effect upon the JWS processing. o Replaced the MIME types "application/jws+json" and "application/jws" with "application/jose+json" and "application/jose". o Stated that recipients MUST either reject JWSs with duplicate Header Parameter Names or use a JSON parser that returns only the lexically last duplicate member name. o Added a Serializations section with parallel treatment of the JWS Compact Serialization and the JWS JSON Serialization and also moved the former Implementation Considerations content there. -11 o Added Key Identification section. o For the JWS JSON Serialization, enable header parameter values to be specified in any of three parameters: the "protected" member that is integrity protected and shared among all recipients, the "unprotected" member that is not integrity protected and shared among all recipients, and the "header" member that is not integrity protected and specific to a particular recipient. (This does not affect the JWS Compact Serialization, in which all header parameter values are in a single integrity protected JWE Header value.) o Removed suggested compact serialization for multiple digital signatures and/or MACs. o Changed the MIME type name "application/jws-js" to "application/jws+json", addressing issue #22. o Tightened the description of the "crit" (critical) header parameter. o Added a negative test case for the "crit" header parameter -10 o Added an appendix suggesting a possible compact serialization for JWSs with multiple digital signatures and/or MACs. -09 Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 47] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 o Added JWS JSON Serialization, as specified by draft-jones-jose-jws-json-serialization-04. o Registered "application/jws-js" MIME type and "JWS-JS" typ header parameter value. o Defined that the default action for header parameters that are not understood is to ignore them unless specifically designated as "MUST be understood" or included in the new "crit" (critical) header parameter list. This addressed issue #6. o Changed term "JWS Secured Input" to "JWS Signing Input". o Changed from using the term "byte" to "octet" when referring to 8 bit values. o Changed member name from "recipients" to "signatures" in the JWS JSON Serialization. o Added complete values using the JWS Compact Serialization for all examples. -08 o Applied editorial improvements suggested by Jeff Hodges and Hannes Tschofenig. Many of these simplified the terminology used. o Clarified statements of the form "This header parameter is OPTIONAL" to "Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL". o Added a Header Parameter Usage Location(s) field to the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters registry. o Added seriesInfo information to Internet Draft references. -07 o Updated references. -06 o Changed "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) representation from being a single string to being an array of strings, each containing a single base64 encoded DER certificate value, representing elements of the certificate chain. o Applied changes made by the RFC Editor to RFC 6749's registry language to this specification. Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 48] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 -05 o Added statement that "StringOrURI values are compared as case- sensitive strings with no transformations or canonicalizations applied". o Indented artwork elements to better distinguish them from the body text. -04 o Completed JSON Security Considerations section, including considerations about rejecting input with duplicate member names. o Completed security considerations on the use of a SHA-1 hash when computing "x5t" (x.509 certificate thumbprint) values. o Refer to the registries as the primary sources of defined values and then secondarily reference the sections defining the initial contents of the registries. o Normatively reference XML DSIG 2.0 [W3C.CR-xmldsig-core2-20120124] for its security considerations. o Added this language to Registration Templates: "This name is case sensitive. Names that match other registered names in a case insensitive manner SHOULD NOT be accepted." o Reference draft-jones-jose-jws-json-serialization instead of draft-jones-json-web-signature-json-serialization. o Described additional open issues. o Applied editorial suggestions. -03 o Added the "cty" (content type) header parameter for declaring type information about the secured content, as opposed to the "typ" (type) header parameter, which declares type information about this object. o Added "Collision Resistant Namespace" to the terminology section. o Reference ITU.X690.1994 for DER encoding. o Added an example JWS using ECDSA P-521 SHA-512. This has particular illustrative value because of the use of the 521 bit Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 49] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 integers in the key and signature values. This is also an example in which the payload is not a base64url encoded JSON object. o Added an example "x5c" value. o No longer say "the UTF-8 representation of the JWS Secured Input (which is the same as the ASCII representation)". Just call it "the ASCII representation of the JWS Secured Input". o Added Registration Template sections for defined registries. o Added Registry Contents sections to populate registry values. o Changed name of the JSON Web Signature and Encryption "typ" Values registry to be the JSON Web Signature and Encryption Type Values registry, since it is used for more than just values of the "typ" parameter. o Moved registries JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters and JSON Web Signature and Encryption Type Values to the JWS specification. o Numerous editorial improvements. -02 o Clarified that it is an error when a "kid" value is included and no matching key is found. o Removed assumption that "kid" (key ID) can only refer to an asymmetric key. o Clarified that JWSs with duplicate Header Parameter Names MUST be rejected. o Clarified the relationship between "typ" header parameter values and MIME types. o Registered application/jws MIME type and "JWS" typ header parameter value. o Simplified JWK terminology to get replace the "JWK Key Object" and "JWK Container Object" terms with simply "JSON Web Key (JWK)" and "JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set)" and to eliminate potential confusion between single keys and sets of keys. As part of this change, the Header Parameter Name for a public key value was changed from "jpk" (JSON Public Key) to "jwk" (JSON Web Key). Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 50] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 o Added suggestion on defining additional header parameters such as "x5t#S256" in the future for certificate thumbprints using hash algorithms other than SHA-1. o Specify RFC 2818 server identity validation, rather than RFC 6125 (paralleling the same decision in the OAuth specs). o Generalized language to refer to Message Authentication Codes (MACs) rather than Hash-based Message Authentication Codes (HMACs) unless in a context specific to HMAC algorithms. o Reformatted to give each header parameter its own section heading. -01 o Moved definition of Plaintext JWSs (using "alg":"none") here from the JWT specification since this functionality is likely to be useful in more contexts that just for JWTs. o Added "jpk" and "x5c" header parameters for including JWK public keys and X.509 certificate chains directly in the header. o Clarified that this specification is defining the JWS Compact Serialization. Referenced the new JWS-JS spec, which defines the JWS JSON Serialization. o Added text "New header parameters should be introduced sparingly since an implementation that does not understand a parameter MUST reject the JWS". o Clarified that the order of the creation and validation steps is not significant in cases where there are no dependencies between the inputs and outputs of the steps. o Changed "no canonicalization is performed" to "no canonicalization need be performed". o Corrected the Magic Signatures reference. o Made other editorial improvements suggested by JOSE working group participants. -00 o Created the initial IETF draft based upon draft-jones-json-web-signature-04 with no normative changes. Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 51] Internet-Draft JSON Web Signature (JWS) September 2013 o Changed terminology to no longer call both digital signatures and HMACs "signatures". Authors' Addresses Michael B. Jones Microsoft Email: mbj@microsoft.com URI: http://self-issued.info/ John Bradley Ping Identity Email: ve7jtb@ve7jtb.com Nat Sakimura Nomura Research Institute Email: n-sakimura@nri.co.jp Jones, et al. Expires March 19, 2014 [Page 52]