Network T. Pauly Internet-Draft Apple Inc. Intended status: Standards Track P. Wouters Expires: August 31, 2018 Red Hat February 27, 2018 Split DNS Configuration for IKEv2 draft-ietf-ipsecme-split-dns-07 Abstract This document defines two Configuration Payload Attribute Types for the IKEv2 protocol that add support for private DNS domains. These domains are intended to be resolved using DNS servers reachable through an IPsec connection, while leaving all other DNS resolution unchanged. This approach of resolving a subset of domains using non- public DNS servers is referred to as "Split DNS". Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on August 31, 2018. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of Pauly & Wouters Expires August 31, 2018 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Split DNS Configuration for IKEv2 February 2018 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Protocol Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3.1. Configuration Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2. Configuration Reply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.3. Mapping DNS Servers to Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.4. Example Exchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.4.1. Simple Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.4.2. Requesting Domains and DNSSEC trust anchors . . . . . 6 4. Payload Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.1. INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN Configuration Attribute Type Request and Reply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.2. INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA Configuration Attribute . . . . . . . 7 5. Split DNS Usage Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1. Introduction Split DNS is a common configuration for secure tunnels, such as Virtual Private Networks in which host machines private to an organization can only be resolved using internal DNS resolvers [RFC2775]. In such configurations, it is often desirable to only resolve hosts within a set of private domains using the tunnel, while letting resolutions for public hosts be handled by a device's default DNS configuration. The Internet Key Exchange protocol version 2 [RFC7296] negotiates configuration parameters using Configuration Payload Attribute Types. This document defines two Configuration Payload Attribute Types that add support for trusted Split DNS domains. The INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attribute type is used to convey one or more DNS domains that SHOULD be resolved only using the provided DNS nameserver IP addresses, causing these requests to use the IPsec connection. Pauly & Wouters Expires August 31, 2018 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Split DNS Configuration for IKEv2 February 2018 The INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA attribute type is used to convey DNSSEC trust anchors for those domains. When only a subset of traffic is routed into a private network using an IPsec SA, these Configuration Payload options can be used to define which private domains are intended to be resolved through the IPsec connection without affecting the client's global DNS resolution. For the purposes of this document, DNS resolution servers accessible through an IPsec connection will be referred to as "internal DNS servers", and other DNS servers will be referred to as "external DNS servers". A client using these configuration payloads will be able to request and receive Split DNS configurations using the INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN and INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA configuration attributes. The client device can use the internal DNS server(s) for any DNS queries within the assigned domains. DNS queries for other domains SHOULD be sent to the regular external DNS server. 1.1. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all captials, as shown here. 2. Background Split DNS is a common configuration for enterprise VPN deployments, in which only one or a few private DNS domains are accessible and resolvable via an IPsec based VPN connection. Other tunnel-establishment protocols already support the assignment of Split DNS domains. For example, there are proprietary extensions to IKEv1 that allow a server to assign Split DNS domains to a client. However, the IKEv2 standard does not include a method to configure this option. This document defines a standard way to negotiate this option for IKEv2. 3. Protocol Exchange In order to negotiate which domains are considered internal to an IKEv2 tunnel, initiators indicate support for Split DNS in their CFG_REQUEST payloads, and responders assign internal domains (and DNSSEC trust anchors) in their CFG_REPLY payloads. When Split DNS Pauly & Wouters Expires August 31, 2018 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Split DNS Configuration for IKEv2 February 2018 has been negotiated, the existing DNS server configuration attributes will be interpreted as internal DNS servers that can resolve hostnames within the internal domains. 3.1. Configuration Request To indicate support for Split DNS, an initiator includes one more INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attributes as defined in Section 4 as part of the CFG_REQUEST payload. If an INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attribute is included in the CFG_REQUEST, the initiator SHOULD also include one or more INTERNAL_IP4_DNS and INTERNAL_IP6_DNS attributes in the CFG_REQUEST. The INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attribute sent by the initiator is usually empty but MAY contain a suggested domain name. The absence of INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attributes in the CFG_REQUEST payload indicates that the initiator does not support or is unwilling to accept Split DNS configuration. To indicate support for DNSSEC, an initiator includes one or more INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA attributes as defined in Section 4 as part of the CFG_REQUEST payload. If an INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA attribute is included in the CFG_REQUEST, the initiator SHOULD also include one or more INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attributes in the CFG_REQUEST. If the initiator includes an INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA attribute, but does not inclue an INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attribute, the responder MAY still respond with both INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA and INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attributes. An initiator MAY convey its current DNSSEC trust anchors for the domain specified in the INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attribute. If it does not wish to convey this information, it MUST use a length of 0. The absence of INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA attributes in the CFG_REQUEST payload indicates that the initiator does not support or is unwilling to accept DNSSEC trust anchor configuration. 3.2. Configuration Reply Responders MAY send one or more INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attributes in their CFG_REPLY payload. If an INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attribute is included in the CFG_REPLY, the responder MUST also include one or both of the INTERNAL_IP4_DNS and INTERNAL_IP6_DNS attributes in the CFG_REPLY. These DNS server configurations are necessary to define which servers can receive queries for hostnames in internal domains. If the CFG_REQUEST included an INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attribute, but the CFG_REPLY does not include an INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attribute, the initiator SHOULD behave as if Split DNS configurations are not supported by the server. Pauly & Wouters Expires August 31, 2018 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Split DNS Configuration for IKEv2 February 2018 Each INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN represents a domain that the DNS servers address listed in INTERNAL_IP4_DNS and INTERNAL_IP6_DNS can resolve. If the CFG_REQUEST included INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attributes with non- zero lengths, the content MAY be ignored or be interpreted as a suggestion by the responder. For each DNS domain specified in an INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attribute, one or more INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA attributes MAY be included by the responder. This attribute lists the corresponding internal DNSSEC trust anchor in the DNS presentation format of a DS record as specified in [RFC4034]. The INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA attribute MUST immediately follow the INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attribute that it applies to. 3.3. Mapping DNS Servers to Domains All DNS servers provided in the CFG_REPLY MUST support resolving hostnames within all INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN domains. In other words, the INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attributes in a CFG_REPLY payload form a single list of Split DNS domains that applies to the entire list of INTERNAL_IP4_DNS and INTERNAL_IP6_DNS attributes. 3.4. Example Exchanges 3.4.1. Simple Case In this example exchange, the initiator requests INTERNAL_IP4_DNS and INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attributes in the CFG_REQUEST, but does not specify any value for either. This indicates that it supports Split DNS, but has no preference for which DNS requests will be routed through the tunnel. The responder replies with two DNS server addresses, and two internal domains, "example.com" and "city.other.com". Any subsequent DNS queries from the initiator for domains such as "www.example.com" SHOULD use 198.51.100.2 or 198.51.100.4 to resolve. Pauly & Wouters Expires August 31, 2018 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Split DNS Configuration for IKEv2 February 2018 CP(CFG_REQUEST) = INTERNAL_IP4_ADDRESS() INTERNAL_IP4_DNS() INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN() CP(CFG_REPLY) = INTERNAL_IP4_ADDRESS(198.51.100.234) INTERNAL_IP4_DNS(198.51.100.2) INTERNAL_IP4_DNS(198.51.100.4) INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN(example.com) INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN(city.other.com) 3.4.2. Requesting Domains and DNSSEC trust anchors In this example exchange, the initiator requests INTERNAL_IP4_DNS, INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN and INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA attributes in the CFG_REQUEST. Any subsequent DNS queries from the initiator for domains such as "www.example.com" or "city.other.com" would be DNSSEC validated using the DNSSEC trust anchor received in the CFG_REPLY. In this example, the initiator has no existing DNSSEC trust anchors would the requested domain. the "example.com" dommain has DNSSEC trust anchors that are returned, while the "other.com" domain has no DNSSEC trust anchors. CP(CFG_REQUEST) = INTERNAL_IP4_ADDRESS() INTERNAL_IP4_DNS() INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN() INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA() CP(CFG_REPLY) = INTERNAL_IP4_ADDRESS(198.51.100.234) INTERNAL_IP4_DNS(198.51.100.2) INTERNAL_IP4_DNS(198.51.100.4) INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN(example.com) INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA(43547,8,1,B6225AB2CC613E0DCA7962BDC2342EA4...) INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA(31406,8,2,F78CF3344F72137235098ECBBD08947C...) INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN(city.other.com) 4. Payload Formats All multi-octet fields representing integers are laid out in big endian order (also known as "most significant byte first", or "network byte order"). Pauly & Wouters Expires August 31, 2018 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Split DNS Configuration for IKEv2 February 2018 4.1. INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN Configuration Attribute Type Request and Reply 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+ |R| Attribute Type | Length | +-+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+ | | ~ Domain Name in DNS presentation format ~ | | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ o Reserved (1 bit) - Defined in IKEv2 RFC [RFC7296]. o Attribute Type (15 bits) set to value 25 for INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN. o Length (2 octets) - Length of domain name. o Domain Name (0 or more octets) - A Fully Qualified Domain Name used for Split DNS rules, such as "example.com", in DNS presentation format and optionally using IDNA [RFC5890] for Internationalized Domain Names. Implementors need to be careful that this value is not null-terminated. 4.2. INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA Configuration Attribute An INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA Configuration Attribute can either be empty, or it can contain one Trust Anchor by containing a non-zero Length with a DNSKEY Key Tag, DNSKEY Algorithm, Digest Type and Digest Data fields. Pauly & Wouters Expires August 31, 2018 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Split DNS Configuration for IKEv2 February 2018 An empty INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA CFG attribute: 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+ |R| Attribute Type | Length (set to 0) | +-+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+ A non-empty INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA CFG attribute: 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+ |R| Attribute Type | Length | +-+-----------------------------+---------------+---------------+ | DNSKEY Key Tag | DNSKEY Alg | Digest Type | +-------------------------------+---------------+---------------+ | | ~ Digest Data ~ | | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ o Reserved (1 bit) - Defined in IKEv2 RFC [RFC7296]. o Attribute Type (15 bits) set to value 26 for INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA. o Length (0 or 2 octets) - Length of DNSSEC Trust Anchor data (4 octets plus the length of the Digest Data). o DNSKEY Key Tag value (0 or 2 octets) - Delegation Signer (DS) Key Tag as specified in [RFC4034] Section 5.1. o DNSKEY Algorithm (0 or 1 octet) - DNSKEY algorithm value from the IANA DNS Security Algorithm Numbers Registry. o Digest Type (0 or 1 octet) - DS algorithm value from the IANA Delegation Signer (DS) Resource Record (RR) Type Digest Algorithms Registry. o Digest Data (0 or more octets) - The DNSKEY digest as specified in [RFC4034] Section 5.1 in presentation format. 5. Split DNS Usage Guidelines If a CFG_REPLY payload contains no INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attributes, the client MAY use the provided INTERNAL_IP4_DNS or INTERNAL_IP6_DNS servers as the default DNS server(s) for all queries. Pauly & Wouters Expires August 31, 2018 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Split DNS Configuration for IKEv2 February 2018 If a client is configured by local policy to only accept a limited number of INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN values, the client MUST ignore any other INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN values. For each INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN entry in a CFG_REPLY payload that is not prohibited by local policy, the client MUST use the provided INTERNAL_IP4_DNS or INTERNAL_IP6_DNS DNS servers as the only resolvers for the listed domains and its sub-domains and it MUST NOT attempt to resolve the provided DNS domains using its external DNS servers. If the initiator host is configured to block DNS answers containing IP addresses from special IP address ranges such as those of [RFC1918], the initiator SHOULD allow the DNS domains listed in the INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attributes to contain those Special IP addresses. If a CFG_REPLY contains one or more INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attributes and its local policy does not forbid these values, the client MUST configure its DNS resolver to resolve those domains and all their subdomains using only the DNS resolver(s) listed in that CFG_REPLY message. If those resolvers fail, those names MUST NOT be resolved using any other DNS resolvers. Other domain names SHOULD be resolved using some other external DNS resolver(s), configured independently from IKE. Queries for these other domains MAY be sent to the internal DNS resolver(s) listed in that CFG_REPLY message, but have no guarantee of being answered. For example, if the INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attribute specifies "example.com", then "example.com", "www.example.com" and "mail.eng.example.com" MUST be resolved using the internal DNS resolver(s), but "anotherexample.com" and "ample.com" SHOULD NOT be resolved using the internal resolver and SHOULD use the system's external DNS resolver(s). When an IKE SA is terminated, the DNS forwarding MUST be unconfigured. This includes deleting the DNS forwarding rules; flushing all cached data for DNS domains provided by the INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attribute, including negative cache entries; removing any obtained DNSSEC trust anchors from the list of trust anchors; and clearing the outstanding DNS request queue. INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN and INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA attributes SHOULD only be used on split tunnel configurations where only a subset of traffic is routed into a private remote network using the IPsec connection. If all traffic is routed over the IPsec connection, the existing global INTERNAL_IP4_DNS and INTERNAL_IP6_DNS can be used without creating specific DNS exemptions. Pauly & Wouters Expires August 31, 2018 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Split DNS Configuration for IKEv2 February 2018 6. Security Considerations The use of Split DNS configurations assigned by an IKEv2 responder is predicated on the trust established during IKE SA authentication. However, if IKEv2 is being negotiated with an anonymous or unknown endpoint (such as for Opportunistic Security [RFC7435]), the initiator MUST ignore Split DNS configurations assigned by the responder. If a host connected to an authenticated IKE peer is connecting to another IKE peer that attempts to claim the same domain via the INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attribute, the IKE connection SHOULD only process the DNS information if the two connections are part of the same logical entity. Otherwise, the client SHOULD refuse the DNS information and potentially warn the end-user. INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA payloads MUST immediately follow an INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN payload. As the INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA format itself does not contain the domain name, it relies on the preceding INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN to provide the domain for which it specifies the trust anchor. If the initiator is using DNSSEC validation for a domain in its public DNS view, and it requests and receives an INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN attribute without an INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA, it will need to reconfigure its DNS resolver to allow for an insecure delegation. It SHOULD NOT accept insecure delegations for domains that are DNSSEC signed in the public DNS view, for which it has not explicitely requested such deletation by specifying the domain specifically using a INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN(domain) request. Deployments that configure INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN domains should pay close attention to their use of indirect reference RRtypes such as CNAME, DNAME, MX or SRV records so that resolving works as intended when all, some, or none of the IPsec connections are established. The content of INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN and INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA may be passed to another (DNS) program for processing. As with any network input, the content SHOULD be considered untrusted and handled accordingly. 7. IANA Considerations This document defines two new IKEv2 Configuration Payload Attribute Types, which are allocated from the "IKEv2 Configuration Payload Attribute Types" namespace. Pauly & Wouters Expires August 31, 2018 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Split DNS Configuration for IKEv2 February 2018 Multi- Value Attribute Type Valued Length Reference ------ ------------------- ------ ---------- --------------- 25 INTERNAL_DNS_DOMAIN YES 0 or more [this document] 26 INTERNAL_DNSSEC_TA YES 0 or more [this document] Figure 1 8. References 8.1. Normative References [RFC1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, B., Karrenberg, D., de Groot, G., and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets", BCP 5, RFC 1918, DOI 10.17487/RFC1918, February 1996, . [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC4034] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S. Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions", RFC 4034, DOI 10.17487/RFC4034, March 2005, . [RFC5890] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework", RFC 5890, DOI 10.17487/RFC5890, August 2010, . [RFC7296] Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., Eronen, P., and T. Kivinen, "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2)", STD 79, RFC 7296, DOI 10.17487/RFC7296, October 2014, . [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, . 8.2. Informative References [RFC2775] Carpenter, B., "Internet Transparency", RFC 2775, DOI 10.17487/RFC2775, February 2000, . Pauly & Wouters Expires August 31, 2018 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Split DNS Configuration for IKEv2 February 2018 [RFC7435] Dukhovni, V., "Opportunistic Security: Some Protection Most of the Time", RFC 7435, DOI 10.17487/RFC7435, December 2014, . Authors' Addresses Tommy Pauly Apple Inc. One Apple Park Way Cupertino, California 95014 US Email: tpauly@apple.com Paul Wouters Red Hat Email: pwouters@redhat.com Pauly & Wouters Expires August 31, 2018 [Page 12]