dnsop P. Wouters Internet-Draft Red Hat Intended status: Standards Track November 17, 2015 Expires: May 20, 2016 Chain Query requests in DNS draft-ietf-dnsop-edns-chain-query-05 Abstract This document defines an EDNS0 extension that can be used by a security-aware validating Resolver configured to use a Forwarder to send a single query, requesting a complete validation path along with the regular query answer. The reduction in queries lowers the latency and reduces the need to send multiple queries at once. This extension mandates the use of source IP verified transport such as TCP or UDP with EDNS-COOKIE so it cannot be abused in amplification attacks. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on May 20, 2016. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must Wouters Expires May 20, 2016 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Chain Query requests in DNS November 2015 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1. Requirements Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4. Option Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. Protocol Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.1. Discovery of Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.2. Generate a Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5.3. Send the Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5.4. Generate a Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. Protocol Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6.1. DNSSEC Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6.2. NS record Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6.3. TCP Session Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6.4. Negative Trust Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6.5. Non-Clean Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6.6. Anycast Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7. Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8.1. Amplification Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 9. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 9.1. Simple Query for example.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 9.2. Out-of-path Query for example.com . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 9.3. Non-existent data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 10.1. EDNS0 option code for CHAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 11. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 12. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1. Introduction Traditionally, a DNS client operates in stub-mode. For each DNS question the DNS client needs to resolve, it sends a single query to an upstream Recursive Resolver to obtain a single DNS answer. When DNSSEC [RFC4033] is deployed on such DNS clients, validation requires that the client obtains all the intermediate information from the DNS root down to the queried-for hostname so it can perform DNSSEC validation on the complete chain of trust. Currently, applications send out many UDP requests concurrently. This requires more resources on the DNS client with respect to state Wouters Expires May 20, 2016 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Chain Query requests in DNS November 2015 (cpu, memory, battery) and bandwidth. There is also no guarantee that the initial set of UDP questions will result in all the records required for DNSSEC validation. More round trips could be required depending on the resulting DNS answers. This especially affects high-latency links. This document specifies an EDNS0 extension that allows a validating Resolver running as a Forwarder to open a TCP connection to another Resolver and request a DNS chain answer using one DNS query/answer pair. This reduces the number of round trips to two. If combined with long lived TCP or [TCP-KEEPALIVE] there is only one round trip. While the upstream Resolver still needs to perform all the individual queries required for the complete answer, it usually has a much bigger cache and does not experience significant slowdown from last- mile latency. This EDNS0 extension allows the Forwarder to indicate which part of the DNS hierarchy it already contains in its cache. This reduces the amount of data required to be transferred and reduces the work the upstream Recursive Resolver has to perform. This EDNS0 extension is only intended to be sent by Forwarders to Recursive Resolvers. It can (and should) be ignored by Authoritative Servers. 1.1. Requirements Notation The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 2. Terminology The DNS terminology used in this document is that of [DNS-TERMINOLOGY]. Additionally, the following terms are used: Recursive Resolver: A nameserver that is responsible for resolving domain names for clients by following the domain's delegation chain, starting at the root. Recursive Resolvers frequently use caches to be able to respond to client queries quickly. Described in [RFC1035] chapter 7. Validating Resolver: A recursive nameserver that also performs DNSSEC [RFC4033] validation. Also known as "security-aware resolver". 3. Overview Wouters Expires May 20, 2016 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Chain Query requests in DNS November 2015 When DNSSEC is deployed on a host, it can no longer delegate all DNS work to the upstream Recursive Resolver. Obtaining just the DNS answer itself is not enough to validate that answer using DNSSEC. For DNSSEC validation, the DNS client requires a locally running validating Resolver so it can confirm DNSSEC validation of all intermediary DNS answers. It can configure itself as a Forwarder if it obtains the IP addresses of one or more Recursive Resolvers that are available, or as a stand-alone Recursive Resolver if no functional Recursive Resolvers were obtained. Generating the required queries for validation adds a significant delay in answering the DNS question of the locally running application. The application must wait while the Resolver validates all intermediate answers. Each round-trip adds to the total time waiting on DNS resolution with validation to complete. This makes DNSSEC resolving impractical for devices on networks with a high latency. This document defines the CHAIN option that allows the Resolver to request all intermediate DNS data it requires to resolve and validate a particular DNS answer in a single round-trip. The Resolver could be part of the application or a Recursive Resolver running on the host. Servers answering with CHAIN data should ensure that the transport is TCP or source IP address verified UDP. See Section 8. This avoids abuse in DNS amplification attacks. Applications that support CHAIN internally can perform validation without requiring the host the run a Recursive Resolver. This is particularly useful for virtual servers in a cloud or container based deployment where it is undesirable to run a Recursive Resolver per virtual machine. The format of this option is described in Section 4. As described in Section 5.4, a Recursive Resolver could use this EDNS0 option to include additional data required by the Resolver in the Authority Section of the DNS answer packet when using a source IP verified transport. The Answer Section remains unchanged from a traditional DNS answer and contains the answer and related DNSSEC entries. An empty CHAIN EDNS0 option MAY be sent over any transport as a discovery method. A DNS server receiving such an empty CHAIN option SHOULD add an empty CHAIN option in its answer to indicate that it supports CHAIN for source IP address verified transports. The mechanisms provided by CHAIN raise various security related concerns, related to the additional work, bandwidth, amplification Wouters Expires May 20, 2016 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Chain Query requests in DNS November 2015 attacks as well as privacy issues with the cache. These concerns are described in Section 8. 4. Option Format This draft uses an EDNS0 [RFC6891] option to include client IP information in DNS messages. The option is structured as follows: 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+ ! OPTION-CODE ! OPTION-LENGTH ! +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+ ~ Closest Trust Point (FQDN) ~ +---------------------------------------------------------------+ o OPTION-CODE, 2 octets, for CHAIN is 13. o OPTION-LENGTH, 2 octets, contains the length of the payload (everything after Option-length) in octets. o Closest Trust Point, a variable length Fully Qualified Domain Name ("FQDN") in DNS wire format of the requested start point of the chain. This entry is the 'lowest' known entry in the DNS chain known by the recursive server seeking a CHAIN answer for which it has a validated DS and DNSKEY record. The end point of the chain is obtained from the DNS Query Section itself. No DNS name compression is allowed for this value. 5. Protocol Description 5.1. Discovery of Support A Forwarder may include a zero-length CHAIN option in a regular query over any transport to discover the DNS server capability for CHAIN. Recursive Resolvers that support and are willing to accept CHAIN queries over source IP verified transport respond to a zero-length CHAIN received by including a zero-length CHAIN option in the answer. If not already using a source IP verified transport, the Forwarder MAY then switch to a source IP verified transport and start sending queries with the CHAIN option to request a CHAIN response from the Recursive Resolver. Examples of source IP verification are the 3-way TCP handshake and UDP with [EDNS-COOKIE]. Wouters Expires May 20, 2016 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Chain Query requests in DNS November 2015 5.2. Generate a Query In this option value, the Forwarder sets the Closest Trust Point in the chain - furthest from the root - that it already has a DNSSEC validated (secure or not) answer for in its cache. The upstream Recursive Resolver does not need to include any part of the chain from the root down to this option's FQDN. A complete example is described in Section 9.1. The CHAIN option should generally be sent by system Forwarders and Resolvers within an application that also perform DNSSEC validation. 5.3. Send the Option When CHAIN is available, the downstream Recursive Resolver can adjust its query strategy based on the desired queries and its cache contents. A Forwarder can request the CHAIN option with every outgoing DNS query. However, it is RECOMMENDED that Forwarders remember which upstream Recursive Resolvers did not return the option (and additional data) with their response. The Forwarder SHOULD fallback to regular DNS for subsequent queries to those Recursive Resolvers. It MAY switch to another Recursive Resolver that does support the CHAIN option or try again later to see if the server has become less loaded and is now willing to answer with Query Chains. 5.4. Generate a Response When a query containing a non-zero CHAIN option is received from a Forwarder, the upstream Recursive Resolver supporting CHAIN MAY respond by confirming that it is returning a CHAIN. To do so, it MUST set the CHAIN option to the lowest Trust Point sent as part of the chain, with its corresponding OPTION-LENGTH. It extends the Authority Section in the DNS answer packet with the DNS RRsets required for validating the answer. The DNS RRsets added start with the first chain element below the received Closest Trust Point up to and including the NS and DS RRsets that represent the zone cut (authoritative servers) of the QNAME. The added RRsets MAY be added in matching hierarchical order but a DNS client MUST NOT depend on the order of the added RRsets for validation. The actual DNS answer to the question in the Query Section is placed in the DNS Answer Section identical to the traditional DNS answer. All required DNSSEC related records must be added to their appropriate sections. This includes records required for proof of non-existence of regular and/ or wildcard records, such as NSEC or NSEC3 records. Wouters Expires May 20, 2016 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Chain Query requests in DNS November 2015 Recursive Resolvers that have not implemented or enabled support for the CHAIN option, or are otherwise unwilling to perform the additional work for a Chain Query due to work load, may safely ignore the option in the incoming queries. Such a server MUST NOT include an CHAIN option when sending DNS answer replies back, thus indicating it is not able or willing to support Chain Queries at this time. Requests with wrongly formatted options (i.e. bogus FQDN) MUST be rejected and a FORMERR response must be returned to the sender, as described by [RFC6891]. Requests resulting in chains that the receiving resolver is unwilling to serve can be rejected by answering the query as a regular DNS reply but with an empty CHAIN payload. Replying with an empty CHAIN can be used for chains that would be too big or chains that would reveal too much information considered private. At any time, a Recursive Resolver that has determined that it is running low on resources can refuse CHAIN queries by replying with a regular DNS reply with an empty CHAIN payload. If a CHAIN answer would be bigger than the Recursive Resolver is willing to serve, it SHOULD send a partial chain starting with the data closest to the top of the chain. The client MAY re-send the query with an updated Closest Trust Point until it has received the full chain. The CHAIN response will contain the lowest Closest Trust Point that was included in the CHAIN answer. If the DNS request results in an CNAME or DNAME for the Answer Section, the Recursive Resolver MUST return these records in the Answer Section similar to regular DNS processing. The CNAME or DNAME target MAY be placed in the Additional Section only if all supporting records for DNSSEC validation of the CNAME or DNAME target are also added to the Authority Section. The response from a Recursive Resolver to a Resolver MUST NOT contain the CHAIN option if none was present in the Resolver's original request. A DNS query that contains the CHAIN option MUST also have the DNSSEC OK ("OK") bit set. If this bit is not set, or if the Checking Disabled ("CD") bit is set, the CHAIN option received MUST be ignored. 6. Protocol Considerations 6.1. DNSSEC Considerations Wouters Expires May 20, 2016 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Chain Query requests in DNS November 2015 The presence or absence of an OPT resource record containing an CHAIN option in a DNS query does not change the usage of those resource records and mechanisms used to provide data origin authentication and data integrity to the DNS, as described in [RFC4033], [RFC4034] and [RFC4035]. 6.2. NS record Considerations CHAIN responses SHOULD include the NS RRset from the zone itself including the RRSIG records required for validation. It MUST NOT include the NS RRset from parent zone, as this RRset is not signed. If the size of the answer is an important factor, the NS RRset MAY be omited. When a DNSSEC chain is supplied via CHAIN, the Forwarder is no longer required to use the NS RRset, as it can construct the validation path via the DNSKEY and DS RRsets without using the NS RRset. However, the Forwarder might be forced to switch from Forwarder mode to Recursive Resolver mode due to a network topology change. In Recursive Resolver mode, the NS RRsets are needed to find and query Authoritative Servers directly. It is RECOMMENDED that the DNS Forwarder populate its cache with this information to avoid requiring future queries to obtain any missing NS records. Therefore, CHAIN responses MUST include the NS RRset from the child zone, including the RRSIG records required for validation. 6.3. TCP Session Management It is RECOMMENDED that TCP sessions not immediately be closed after the DNS answer to the first query is received. It is recommended to use [TCP-KEEPALIVE]. Both DNS clients and servers are subject to resource constraints which will limit the extent to which Chain Queries can be executed. Effective limits for the number of active sessions that can be maintained on individual clients and servers should be established, either as configuration options or by interrogation of process limits imposed by the operating system. In the event that there is greater demand for Chain Queries than can be accommodated, DNS servers may stop advertising the CHAIN option in successive DNS messages. This allows, for example, clients with other candidate servers to query to establish new sessions with different servers in expectation that those servers might still allow Chain Queries. 6.4. Negative Trust Anchors Wouters Expires May 20, 2016 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Chain Query requests in DNS November 2015 If a CHAIN answer would intersect with a Negative Trust Anchor [RFC7646], a partian CHAIN up to the node above the Negative Trust Anchor should be returned. 6.5. Non-Clean Paths Many paths between DNS clients and Recursive Resolvers suffer from poor hygiene, limiting the free flow of DNS messages that include particular EDNS0 options, or messages that exceed a particular size. A fallback strategy similar to that described in [RFC6891] section 6.2.2 SHOULD be employed to avoid persistent interference due to non- clean paths. 6.6. Anycast Considerations Recursive Resolvers of various types are commonly deployed using anycast [RFC4786]. Successive DNS transactions between a client and server using UDP transport may involve responses generated by different anycast nodes, and the use of anycast in the implementation of a DNS server is effectively undetectable by the client. The CHAIN option SHOULD NOT be included in responses using UDP transport from servers provisioned using anycast unless all anycast server nodes are capable of processing the CHAIN option. Changes in network topology between clients and anycast servers may cause disruption to TCP sessions making use of CHAIN more often than with TCP sessions that omit it, since the TCP sessions are expected to be longer-lived. Anycast servers MAY make use of TCP multipath [RFC6824] to anchor the server side of the TCP connection to an unambiguously-unicast address in order to avoid disruption due to topology changes. 7. Implementation Status This section records the status of known implementations of the protocol defined by this specification at the time of posting of this Internet-Draft, and is based on a proposal described in [RFC6982]. The description of implementations in this section is intended to assist the IETF in its decision processes in progressing drafts to RFCs. Please note that the listing of any individual implementation here does not imply endorsement by the IETF. Furthermore, no effort has been spent to verify the information presented here that was supplied by IETF contributors. This is not intended as, and must not be construed to be, a catalog of available implementations or their features. Readers are advised to note that other implementations may exist. Wouters Expires May 20, 2016 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Chain Query requests in DNS November 2015 According to [RFC6982], "this will allow reviewers and working groups to assign due consideration to documents that have the benefit of running code, which may serve as evidence of valuable experimentation and feedback that have made the implemented protocols more mature. It is up to the individual working groups to use this information as they see fit". [While there is some interest, no work has started yet] 8. Security Considerations 8.1. Amplification Attacks Chain Queries can potentially send very large DNS answers. Attackers could abuse this using spoofed source IP addresses to inflict large Distributed Denial of Service attacks using query-chains as an amplification vector in their attack. While TCP is not vulnerable for this type of abuse, the UDP protocol is vulnerable to this. A Recursive Resolver MUST NOT return CHAIN answers to clients over UDP without source IP address verification. An example of UDP based source IP address verification is [EDNS-COOKIE]. A Recursive Resolver refusing a CHAIN option MUST respond with a zero-length CHAIN option to indicate support for CHAIN queries when a proper transport is used. It MUST NOT send an RCODE of REFUSED. 9. Examples 9.1. Simple Query for example.com o A web browser on a client machine asks the Forwarder running on localhost to resolve the A record of "www.example.com." by sending a regular DNS UDP query on port 53 to 127.0.0.1. o The Resolver on the client machine checks its cache, and notices it already has a DNSSEC validated entry of "com." in its cache. This includes the DNSKEY RRset with its RRSIG records. In other words, according to its cache, ".com" is DNSSEC validated as "secure" and can be used to continue a DNSSEC validated chain. o The Resolver on the client opens a TCP connection to its upstream Recursive Resolver on port 53. It adds the CHAIN option as follows: * Option-code, set to 13 * Option-length, set to 0x00 0x04 Wouters Expires May 20, 2016 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Chain Query requests in DNS November 2015 * Closest Trust Point set to "com." o The upstream Recursive Resolver receives a DNS query over TCP with the CHAIN Closest Trust Point set to "com.". After accepting the query it starts constructing a DNS reply packet. o The upstream Recursive Resolver performs all the regular work to ensure it has all the answers to the query for the A record of "www.example.com.". It does so without using the CHAIN option - unless it is also configured as a Forwarder. The answer to the original DNS question could be the actual A record, the DNSSEC proof of non-existence, or an insecure NXDOMAIN response. o The upstream Recursive Resolver adds the CHAIN option to the DNS response as follows: * Option-code, set to 13 * Option-length, set to 0x00 0x04 * The Closest Trust Point is set to "com.". o The upstream Recursive Resolver constructs the DNS Authority Section and fills it (in any order) with: * The DS RRset for "example.com." and its corresponding RRSIGs (made by the "com." DNSKEY(s)) * The DNSKEY RRset for "example.com." and its corresponding RRSIGs (made by the "example.com" DNSKEY(s)) * The authoritative NS RRset for "example.com." and its corresponding RRSIGs (from the child zone) If the answer does not exist, and the zone uses DNSSEC, it also adds the proof of non-existence, such as NSEC or NSEC3 records, to the Authority Section. o The upstream Recursive Resolver constructs the DNS Answer Section and fills it with: * The A record of "www.example.com." and its corresponding RRSIGs If the answer does not exist (NODATA or NXDOMAIN), the Answer Section remains empty. For the NXDOMAIN case, the RCode of the DNS answer packet is set to NXDOMAIN. Otherwise it remains NOERROR. Wouters Expires May 20, 2016 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Chain Query requests in DNS November 2015 o The upstream Recursive Resolver returns the DNS answer over the existing TCP connection. When all data is sent, it SHOULD keep the TCP connection open to allow for additional incoming DNS queries - provided it has enough resources to do so. o The Resolver on the client receives the DNS answer. It processes the Authority Section and the Answer Section and places the information in its local cache. It ensures that no data is accepted into the cache without having proper DNSSEC validation. It MAY do so by looping over the entries in the Authority and Answer Sections. When an entry is validated for its cache, it is removed from the processing list. If an entry cannot be validated it is left in the process list. When the end of the list is reached, the list is processed again until either all entries are placed in the cache, or the remaining items cannot be placed in the cache due to lack of validation. Those entries are then discarded. o If the cache contains a valid answer to the application's query, this answer is returned to the application via a regular DNS answer packet. This packet MUST NOT contain an CHAIN option. If no valid answer can be returned, normal error processing is done. For example, an NXDOMAIN or an empty Answer Section could be returned depending on the error condition. 9.2. Out-of-path Query for example.com A Recursive Resolver receives a query for the A record for example.com. It includes the CHAIN option with the following parameters: o Option-code, set to 13 o Option-length, set to 0x00 0x0D o The Closest Trust Point set to 'unrelated.ca.' As there is no chain that leads from "unrelated.ca." to "example.com", the Resolving Nameserver answers with an empty CHAIN specified using: o Option-code, set to 13 o Option-length, set to 0x00 0x00 o The Closest Trust Point is omitted (zero length) Wouters Expires May 20, 2016 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Chain Query requests in DNS November 2015 Note that the regular answer is still present just as it would be for a query that did not specify the CHAIN option. 9.3. Non-existent data A Recursive Resolver receives a query for the A record for "ipv6.toronto.redhat.ca". It includes the CHAIN option with the following parameters: o Option-code, set to 13 o Option-length, set to 0x00 0x03 o The Closest Trust Point set to 'ca.' Using regular UDP queries towards Authoritative Nameservers, it locates the NS RRset for "toronto.redhat.ca.". When querying for the A record it receives a reply with RCODE "NoError" and an empty Answer Section. The Authority Section contains NSEC3 and RRSIG records proving there is no A RRtype for the QNAME "ipv6.toronto.redhat.ca". The Recursive Resolver constructs a DNS reply with the following CHAIN option parameters: o Option-code, set to 13 o Option-length, set to 0x00 0x00 o The Closest Trust Point is ommited (zero length) The RCODE is set to "NoError". The Authority Section is filled in with: o The DS RRset for "redhat.ca." plus RRSIGs o The DNSKEY RRset for "redhat.ca." plus RRSIGs o The NS RRset for "redhat.ca." plus RRSIGs (eg ns[01].redhat.ca) o The A RRset for "ns0.redhat.ca." and "ns1.redhat.ca." plus RRSIGs o The DS RRset for "toronto.redhat.ca." plus RRSIGs o The NS RRset for "toronto.redhat.ca." plus RRSIGs (eg ns[01].toronto.redhat.ca) o The DNSKEY RRset for "toronto.redhat.ca." plus RRSIGs Wouters Expires May 20, 2016 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Chain Query requests in DNS November 2015 o The A RRset and/or AAAA RRset for "ns0.toronto.redhat.ca." and "ns1.toronto.redhat.ca." plus RRSIGs o The NSEC record for "ipv6.toronto.redhat.ca." (proves what RRTYPEs do exist, does not include A) o The NSEC record for "toronto.redhat.ca." (proves no wildcard exists) The Answer Section is empty. The RCode is set to NOERROR. 10. IANA Considerations 10.1. EDNS0 option code for CHAIN IANA has assigned option code 13 in the "DNS EDNS0 Option Codes (OPT)" registry to CHAIN. 11. Acknowledgements Andrew Sullivan pointed out that we do not need any new data formats to support DNS chains. Olafur Gudmundsson ensured the RRsets are returned in the proper Sections. Thanks to Tim Wicinski for his thorough review. 12. Normative References [DNS-TERMINOLOGY] Hoffman, P., Sullivan, A., and K. Fujiwara, "DNS Terminology", draft-ietf-dnsop-dns-terminology-05 (work in progress), September 2015. [EDNS-COOKIE] Eastlake, Donald., "Domain Name System (DNS) Cookies", draft-ietf-dnsop-cookies (work in progress), November 2015. [RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities", STD 13, RFC 1034, DOI 10.17487/RFC1034, November 1987, . [RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035, November 1987, . Wouters Expires May 20, 2016 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Chain Query requests in DNS November 2015 [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/ RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC4033] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S. Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements", RFC 4033, DOI 10.17487/RFC4033, March 2005, . [RFC4034] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S. Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions", RFC 4034, DOI 10.17487/RFC4034, March 2005, . [RFC4035] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S. Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security Extensions", RFC 4035, DOI 10.17487/RFC4035, March 2005, . [RFC4786] Abley, J. and K. Lindqvist, "Operation of Anycast Services", BCP 126, RFC 4786, DOI 10.17487/RFC4786, December 2006, . [RFC6824] Ford, A., Raiciu, C., Handley, M., and O. Bonaventure, "TCP Extensions for Multipath Operation with Multiple Addresses", RFC 6824, DOI 10.17487/RFC6824, January 2013, . [RFC6891] Damas, J., Graff, M., and P. Vixie, "Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS(0))", STD 75, RFC 6891, DOI 10.17487/ RFC6891, April 2013, . [RFC6982] Sheffer, Y. and A. Farrel, "Improving Awareness of Running Code: The Implementation Status Section", RFC 6982, DOI 10.17487/RFC6982, July 2013, . [RFC7646] Ebersman, P., Kumari, W., Griffiths, C., Livingood, J., and R. Weber, "Definition and Use of DNSSEC Negative Trust Anchors", RFC 7646, DOI 10.17487/RFC7646, September 2015, . [TCP-KEEPALIVE] Wouters, P., Abley, J., Dickinson, S., and R. Bellis, "The edns-tcp-keepalive EDNS0 Option", draft-ietf-dnsop-edns- tcp-keepalive-04 (work in progress), October 2015. Wouters Expires May 20, 2016 [Page 15] Internet-Draft Chain Query requests in DNS November 2015 Author's Address Paul Wouters Red Hat Email: pwouters@redhat.com Wouters Expires May 20, 2016 [Page 16]