Network Working Group C. Huitema Internet-Draft Microsoft Updates: 4361 (if approved) T. Mrugalski Intended status: Standards Track ISC Expires: January 1, 2016 S. Krishnan Ericsson June 30, 2015 Anonymity profile for DHCP clients draft-ietf-dhc-anonymity-profile-01.txt Abstract Some DHCP options carry unique identifiers. These identifiers can enable device tracking even if the device administrator takes care of randomizing other potential identifications like link-layer addresses or IPv6 addresses. The anonymity profile is designed for clients that wish to remain anonymous to the visited network. The profile provides guidelines on the composition of DHCP or DHCPv6 requests, designed to minimize disclosure of identifying information. This draft updates RFC4361. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on January 1, 2016. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 1] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Application domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1. MAC Address Randomization hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2. MAC Address Randomization and DHCP . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.3. Radio fingerprinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.4. Operating system fingerprinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.5. No anonymity profile identification . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.6. Using the anonymity profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.7. What about privacy for DHCP servers . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3. Anonymity profile for DHCPv4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1. Client IP address field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2. Requested IP address option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.3. Client hardware address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.4. Client Identifier Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.5. Host Name Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.6. Client FQDN Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.7. UUID/GUID-based Client Identifier Option . . . . . . . . 12 3.8. User and Vendor Class DHCP options . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4. Anonymity profile for DHCPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.1. Do not send Confirm messages, unless really sure where . 13 4.2. Client Identifier DHCPv6 Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.2.1. Anonymous Information-Request . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.3. Server Identifier Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.4. Address assignment options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.4.1. Obtain temporary addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.5. Option Request Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.5.1. Previous option values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.6. Authentication Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.7. User and Vendor Class DHCPv6 options . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.8. Client FQDN Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5. Operational Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 8. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 9. Changes from previous versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 2] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1. Introduction Reports surfaced recently of systems that would monitor the wireless connections of passengers at Canadian airports [CNBC]. We can assume that these are either fragments or trial runs of a wider system that would attempt to monitor Internet users as they roam through wireless access points and other temporary network attachments. We can also assume that privacy conscious users will attempt to evade this monitoring, for example by ensuring that low level identifiers such as link-layer addresses are "randomized," so that the devices do not broadcast a unique identifier in every location that they visit. Of course, link layer "MAC" addresses are not the only way to identify a device. As soon as it connects to a remote network, the device may use DHCP and DHCPv6 to obtain network parameters. The analysis of DHCP and DHCPv6 options shows that parameters of these protocols can reveal identifiers of the device, negating the benefits of link-layer address randomization. This is documented in detail in [I-D.ietf-dhc-dhcp-privacy] and [I-D.ietf-dhc-dhcpv6-privacy]. The natural reaction is to restrict the number and values of such parameters in order to minimize disclosure. In the absence of a common standard, different system developers are likely to implement this minimization of disclosure in different ways. Monitoring entities could then use the differences to identify the software version running on the device. The proposed anonymity profile provides a common standard that minimizes information disclosure, including the disclosure of implementation identifiers. 1.1. Requirements The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 2. Application domain Mobile nodes can be tracked using multiple identifiers, the most prominent being MAC addresses. For example, when devices use Wi-Fi connectivity, they place the MAC address in the header of all the packets that they transmit. Standard implementation of Wi-Fi use unique 48 bit MAC addresses, assigned to the devices according to procedures defined by IEEE 802. Even when the Wi-Fi packets are encrypted, the portion of the header containing the addresses will be sent in clear text. Tracking devices can "listen to the airwaves" to find out what devices are transmitting near them. Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 3] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 We can easily imagine that the MAC addresses can be correlated with other data, e.g., clear text names and cookies, to build a registry linking MAC addresses to the identity of devices' owners. Once that correlation is done, tracking the MAC address is sufficient to track individual people, even when all application data sent from the devices is encrypted. MAC addresses can also be correlated with IP addresses of devices, negating potential privacy benefits of IPv6 "privacy" addresses. Privacy advocates have some reason to be concerned. The obvious solution is to "randomize" the MAC address. Before connecting to a particular network, the device replaces the MAC address with a randomly drawn 48 bit value. MAC address randomization was successfully tried at the IETF in Honolulu in November 2014 [IETFMACRandom]. However, we have to consider the linkage between MAC addresses, DHCP identifiers and IP addresses. 2.1. MAC Address Randomization hypotheses There is not yet an established standard for randomizing MAC addresses. Various prototypes have tried different strategies, such as: Per connection: Configure a random MAC address at the time of connecting to a network, e.g. to specific Wi-Fi SSID, and keep it for the duration of the connection. Per network: Same as "per connection," but always use the same MAC address for the same network -- different of course from the addresses used in other networks. Time interval: Change the MAC address at regular time intervals. In practice, there are many reasons to keep the MAC address constant for the duration of a link-layer connection, as in the "per connection" or "per network" variants. On Wi-Fi networks, changing the MAC address requires dropping the existing Wi-Fi connection and then re-establishing it, which implies repeating the connection process and associated procedures. The IP addresses will change, which means that all required TCP connections will have to be re- established. If the network access is provided through a NAT, changing IP address also means that the NAT traversal procedures will have to be restarted. This means a lot of disruption. At the same time, an observer on the network will easily notice that a station left, another came in just after that, and that the new one appears to be communicating with pretty much the same set of IP addresses as the old one. This provides for easy correlation. Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 4] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 The anonymity profile pretty much assumes that the MAC address randomization follows the "per connection" or "per network" strategies, or a variant of the "time interval" strategy in which the interval has about the same duration as the average connection. 2.2. MAC Address Randomization and DHCP From a privacy point of view, it is clear that MAC Addresses, IP addresses and DHCP identifiers shall evolve in synchrony. For example, if the MAC address changes and the DHCP identifier stays constant, then it is really easy to correlate old and new MAC addresses, either by listening to DHCP traffic or by observing that the IP address remains constant, since it is tied to the DHCP identifier. Conversely, if the DHCP identifier changes but the MAC address remains constant, the old and new identifiers and addresses can be correlated by listening to L2 traffic. The procedures documented in the following sections construct DHCP identifiers from the current MAC address, automatically providing for this synchronization. The proposed anonymity profiles solve this synchronization issues by deriving most identifiers from the MAC address, and generally by making making sure that DHCP parameter values do not remain constant after an address change. 2.3. Radio fingerprinting MAC address randomization solves the trivial monitoring problem in which someone just uses a Wi-Fi scanner and records the MAC addresses seen on the air. DHCP anonymity solves the more elaborated scenario in which someone monitor MAC addresses and identities used in DHCP at the access point or DHCP server. But this are not the only ways to track a mobile device. Radio fingerprinting is a process that identifies a radio transmitter by the unique "fingerprint" of its signal transmission, i.e., the tiny differences caused by minute imperfections of the radio transmission hardware. This can be applied to diverse types of radios, including Wi-Fi as described for example in [WiFiRadioFingerprinting]. No amount of MAC address randomization will protect against such techniques. Protections may exist, but they are outside the scope of the present document. On the other hand, we should not renounce randomization just because radio fingerprinting exists. The radio fingerprinting techniques are harder to deploy than just recording MAC addresses with a scanner. They can only track devices for which the fingerprint are known, and Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 5] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 thus have a narrower scope of application than mass monitoring of addresses and DHCP parameters. 2.4. Operating system fingerprinting When a standard like DHCP allows for multiple options, different implementers will make different choices for the options that they support or the values they chose for the options. Conversely, monitoring the options and values present in DHCP messages reveals these differences and allows for "operating system fingerprinting," i.e., finding the type and version of software that a particular device is running. Finding these versions provides some information about the device identity, and thus goes against the goal of anonymity. The design of the anonymity profiles attempts to minimize the number of options and the choice of values, in order to reduce the possibilities of operating system fingerprinting. 2.5. No anonymity profile identification Reviewers of the anonymity profiles have sometimes suggested adding an option to explicitly identify the profiles as "using the anonymity option." One suggestion is that if the client wishes to remain anonymous, it would be good if the client told the server about that in case the server is willing to co-operate. Another possibility would be to use specific privacy-oriented construct, such as for example a new type of DUID of temporary DUID that would be changing over time. This is not workable in a large number of cases as it is possible that the network operator (or other entities that have access to the operator's network) might be actively participating in surveillance and anti-privacy, willingly or not. Declaring a preference for anonymity is a bit like walking around with a Guy Fawkes mask. When anonymity is required, it is generally not a good idea to stick out of the crowd. Simply revealing the desire for privacy, could cause the attacker to react by triggering additional surveillance or monitoring mechanisms. Therefore we feel that it is preferable to not disclose one's desire for privacy. This preference leads to some important implications. In particular, we make an effort to make the mitigation techniques difficult to distinguish from regular client behaviors, if at all possible. Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 6] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 2.6. Using the anonymity profiles There are downsides to randomizing MAC addresses and DHCP identifiers. By definition, randomization will break management procedures that rely on tracking MAC addresses. Even if this is not too much of a concern, we have to be worried about the frequency of MAC address randomization. Suppose for example that many devices would get new random MAC addresses at short intervals, maybe every few minutes. This would generate new DHCP requests in rapid succession, with a high risk of exhausting DHCPv4 address pools. Even with IPv6, there would still be a risk of increased neighbor discovery traffic, and bloating of various address tables. Implementers will have to be cautious when programming devices to use randomized MAC addresses. They will have to carefully chose the frequency with which such addresses will be renewed. This document only provides guidelines for using DHCP when clients care about privacy and servers do not object. We assume that the request for anonymity is materialized by the assignment of a randomized MAC address to the network interface. Once that decision is made, the following guidelines will avoid leakage of identity in DHCP parameters or in assigned addresses. There may be rare situations where the clients want anonymity to attackers but not to their DHCP server. These clients should still use MAC Address randomization to hide from observers, and some form of encrypted communication to the DHCP server. This scenario is not yet supported in this document. To preserve anonymity, the clients need to not use stable values for the client identifiers. This is clearly a tradeoff, because a stable client identifier guarantees that the client will receive consistent parameters over time. An example is given in [I-D.ietf-dhc-dynamic-shared-v4allocation], where the client identifier is used to guarantee that the same client will always get the same combination of IP address and port range. Static clients benefit most from stable parameters, and can often be already identified by physical connection layer parameters. These static clients will normally not use the anonymity profile. Mobile clients, in contrast, have the option of using the anonymity profile in conjunction with [I-D.ietf-dhc-dynamic-shared-v4allocation] if they are more concerned with privacy protection than with stable parameters. Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 7] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 2.7. What about privacy for DHCP servers This document only provides recommendations for DHCP clients. The main target are DHCP clients used in mobile devices. Such devices are a tempting target for various monitoring systems, and providing them with a simple anonymity solution is urgent. We can argue that some mobile devices embed DHCP servers, and that providing solutions for such devices is also quite important. Two plausible examples would be a DHCP server for a car network, or a DHCP server for a mobile hot spot. However, mobile servers get a lot of privacy protection through the use of access control and link layer encryption. Servers may disclose information to clients through DHCP, but they normally only do that to clients that have passed the link-layer access control and have been authorized to use the network services. This arguably makes solving the server problem less urgent than solving the client problem. The server part will be covered by the general mitigation work going on in DHCP working group, following the analyses presented in [I-D.ietf-dhc-dhcp-privacy] and [I-D.ietf-dhc-dhcpv6-privacy]. 3. Anonymity profile for DHCPv4 Clients using the DHCPv4 anonymity profile limit the disclosure of information by controlling the header parameters and by limiting the number and values of options. The number of options depend on the specific DHCP message: DISCOVER: The anonymized DISCOVER messages MUST contain the Message Type, Client Identifier, Host name, and Parameter Request List options. It SHOULD NOT contain any other option. REQUEST: The anonymized REQUEST messages SHOULD contain the Message Type, Client Identifier, Host name, and Parameter Request List options. If the message is in response to an OFFER, it SHOULD contain the corresponding Server Identifier option. It SHOULD NOT contain any other option. DECLINE: The anonymized DECLINE messages SHOULD contain the Message Type, Client Identifier and Server Identifier options. RELEASE: The anonymized RELEASE messages SHOULD contain the Message Type, Client Identifier and Server Identifier options. INFORM: The anonymized INFORM messages MUST contain the Message Type, Client Id, Host name, and Parameter Request List options. It SHOULD NOT contain any other option. Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 8] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 Header fields and option values SHOULD be set in accordance with the DHCP specification, but some header fields and option values SHOULD be constructed per the following guidelines. 3.1. Client IP address field Four bytes in the header of the DHCP messages carry the "Client IP address" (ciaddr) as defined in [RFC2131]. In DHCP, this field is used by the clients to indicate the address that they used previously, so that as much as possible the server can allocate them the same address. There is very little privacy implication of sending this address in the DHCP messages, except in one case, when connecting to a different network than the last network connected. If the DHCP client somehow repeated the address used in a previous network attachment, monitoring services might use the information to tie the two network locations. DHCP clients should ensure that the field is cleared when they know that the network attachment has changed, and in particular of the link layer address is reset by the device's administrator. The clients using the anonymity profile MUST NOT include in the message a Client IP Address that has been obtained with a different MAC address. 3.2. Requested IP address option The Requested IP address option (code 50) allows the client to request that a particular IP address be assigned. The option is mandatory in some protocol messages per [RFC2131], for example when a client selects to use an address offered by a server. However, this option is not mandatory in the DHCPDISCOVER message. It is simply a convenience, an attempt to regain the same IP address that was used in a previous connection. Doing so entails the risk of disclosing an IP address used by the client at a previous location, or with a different MAC Address. When using the anonymity profile, clients SHOULD NOT use the Requested IP address option in DHCPDISCOVER Messages. They MUST use the option when mandated by the DHCP protocol, for example in DHCPREQUEST Messages. 3.3. Client hardware address Sixteen bytes in the header of the DHCP messages carry the "Client hardware address" (chaddr) as defined in [RFC2131]. The presence of this address is necessary for the proper operation of the DHCP service. Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 9] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 Hardware addresses, called "link layer address" in many RFCs, can be used to uniquely identify a device, especially if they follow the IEEE 802 recommendations. These unique identifiers can be used by monitoring services to track the location of the device and its user. The only plausible defense is to somehow reset the hardware address to a random value when visiting an untrusted location, before transmitting anything at that location with the hardware address. If the hardware address is reset to a new value, or randomized, the DHCP client SHOULD use the new randomized value in the DHCP messages. 3.4. Client Identifier Option The client identifier option is defined in [RFC2132] with option code 61. It is discussed in details in [RFC4361]. The purpose of the client identifier option is to identify the client in a manner independent of the link layer address. This is particularly useful if the DHCP server is expected to assign the same address to the client after a network attachment is swapped and the link layer address changes. It is also useful when the same node issues requests through several interfaces, and expects the DHCP server to provide consistent configuration data over multiple interfaces. The considerations for hardware independence and strong client identity have an adverse effect on the privacy of mobile clients, because the hardware-independent unique identifier obviously enables very efficient tracking of the client's movements. The recommendations in [RFC4361] are very strong, stating for example that "DHCPv4 clients MUST NOT use client identifiers based solely on layer two addresses that are hard-wired to the layer two device (e.g., the Ethernet MAC address)." These strong recommendations are in fact a tradeoff between ease of management and privacy, and the tradeoff should depend on the circumstances. In contradiction to [RFC4361], When using the anonymity profile, DHCP clients MUST use client identifiers based solely on the link layer address that will be used in the underlying connection. This will ensure that the DHCP client identifier does not leak any information that is not already available to entities monitoring the network connection. It will also ensure that a strategy of randomizing the link layer address will not be nullified by DHCP options. There are usages of DHCP where the underlying connection is a point to point link, in which case there is no link layer address available to construct a non-revealing identifier. If anonymity is desired in such networks, the client SHOULD pick a random identifier that is unique to the current link, using for example a combination of a local secret and an identifier of the connection. Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 10] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 3.5. Host Name Option The Host Name option is defined in [RFC2132] with option code 12. Depending on implementations, the option value can carry either a fully qualified domain name such as "node1984.example.com," or a simple host name such as "node1984." The host name is commonly used by the DHCP server to identify the host, and also to automatically update the address of the host in local name services. Fully qualified domain names are obviously unique identifiers, but even simple host names can provide a significant amount of information on the identity of the device. They are typically chosen to be unique in the context where the device is most often used. If that context is wide enough, in a large company or in a big university, the host name will be a pretty good identifier of the device. Monitoring services could use that information in conjunction with traffic analysis and quickly derive the identity of the device's owner. When using the anonymity profile, DHCP clients SHOULD avoid sending the host name option. If they chose to send the option, DHCP clients MUST always send a non-qualified host name instead of a fully qualified domain name, and MUST obfuscate the host name value. When obfuscating the host name, DHCP clients SHOULD construct a randomized host name by computing a secure hash of a local secret and of the link layer address that will be used in the underlying connection, and then use as the name the hexadecimal representation of the first 6 bytes of the hash. This procedure ensures that the random name will not reveal the underlying link layer address. 3.6. Client FQDN Option The Client FQDN option is defined in [RFC4702] with option code 81. The option allows the DHCP clients to advertise to the DHCP server their fully qualified domain name (FQDN) such as "mobile.example.com." This would allow the DHCP server to update in the DNS the PTR record for the IP address allocated to the client. Depending on circumstances, either the DHCP client or the DHCP server could update in the DNS the A record for the FQDN of the client. Obviously, this option uniquely identifies the client, exposing it to the DHCP server or to anyone listening to DHCP traffic. In fact, if the DNS record is updated, the location of the client becomes visible to anyone with DNS lookup capabilities. When using the anonymity profile, DHCP clients SHOULD NOT include the Client FQDN option in their DHCP requests. Alternatively, they MAY Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 11] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 include a special purpose FQDN using the same hostname as in the Host Name Option, with a suffix matching the connection-specific DNS suffix being advertised by that DHCP server. Having a name in the DNS allows working with legacy systems that require one to be there, e.g., by verifying a forward and reverse lookup succeeds with the same result. 3.7. UUID/GUID-based Client Identifier Option The UUID/GUID-based Client Machine Identifier option is defined in [RFC4578], with option code 97. The option is part of a set of options for Intel Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE). The purpose of the PXE system is to perform management functions on a device before its main OS is operational. The Client Machine Identifier carries a 16-octet Globally Unique Identifier (GUID), which uniquely identifies the device. The PXE system is clearly designed for devices operating in a controlled environment, and its functions are not meant to be used by mobile nodes visiting untrusted networks. If only for privacy reasons, nodes visiting untrusted networks MUST disable the PXE functions, and MUST NOT send the corresponding options. 3.8. User and Vendor Class DHCP options Vendor identifying options are defined in [RFC2132] and [RFC3925]. When using the anonymity profile, DHCP clients SHOULD NOT use the Vendor Specific Information option (code 43), the Vendor Class Identifier Option (60), the Vendor Class option (code 124), or the Vendor Specific Information option (code 125) as these options potentially reveal identifying information. 4. Anonymity profile for DHCPv6 DHCPv6 is typically used by clients in one of two scenarios: stateful and stateless configuration. In the stateful scenario, clients use a combination of SOLICIT, REQUEST, CONFIRM, RENEW, REBIND and RELEASE messages to obtain addresses, and manage these addresses. In the stateless scenario, clients configure addresses using a combination of client managed identifiers and router-advertised prefixes, without involving the DHCPv6 services. Different ways of constructing these prefixes have different implications on privacy, which are discussed in [I-D.ietf-6man-default-iids] and [I-D.ietf-6man-ipv6-address-generation-privacy]. In the stateless scenario, clients use DHCPv6 to obtain network configuration parameters, through the INFORMATION-REQUEST message. Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 12] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 The choice between the stateful and stateless scenario depends of flag and prefix options published by the "Router Advertisement" messages of local routers, as specified in [RFC4861]. When these options enable stateless address configuration hosts using the anonymity profile SHOULD choose it over stateful address configuration, because stateless configuration requires fewer information disclosure than stateful configuration. When using the anonymity profile, DHCPv6 clients carefully select DHCPv6 options used in the various messages that they sent. The list of options that are mandatory or optional for each message is specified in [RFC3315]. Some of these options have specific implications on anonymity. The following sections provide guidance on the choice of option values when using the anonymity profile. 4.1. Do not send Confirm messages, unless really sure where The [RFC3315] requires clients to send a Confirm message when they attach to a new link to verify whether the addressing and configuration information they previously received is still valid. This requirement was relaxed in [I-D.ietf-dhc-rfc3315bis]. When these clients send Confirm messages, they include any IAs assigned to the interface that may have moved to a new link, along with the addresses associated with those IAs. By examining the addresses in the Confirm message an attacker can trivially identify the previous point(s) of attachment. Clients interested in protecting their privacy SHOULD NOT send Confirm messages and instead directly try to acquire addresses on the new link. However, not sending confirm messages can result in connectivity hiatus in some scenarios, e.g. roaming between two access points in the same wireless network. DHCPv6 clients that can verify that the previous link and the current link are part of the same network MAY send Confirm messages while still protecting their privacy. 4.2. Client Identifier DHCPv6 Option The client identifier option is defined in [RFC3315] with option code 1. The purpose of the client identifier option is to identify the client to the server. The content of the option is a DHCP User ID (DUID). One of the primary privacy concerns is that a client is disclosing a stable identifier (the DUID) that can be use for tracking and profiling. Three DUID formats are specified: Link-layer address plus time, Vendor-assigned unique ID based on Enterprise Number, Link-layer address. Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 13] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 When using the anonymity profile in conjunction with randomized MAC addresses, DHCPv6 clients MUST use the DUID format number 3, Link- layer address. The value of the Link-layer address should be that currently assigned to the interface. When using the anonymity profile without the benefit of randomized MAC addresses, clients that want to protect their privacy SHOULD generate a new randomized DUID-LLT every time they attach to a new link or detect a possible link change event. The exact details are left up to implementors, but there are several factors should be taken into consideration. The DUID type SHOULD be set to 1 (DUID- LLT). Hardware type SHOULD be set appropriately to the hardware type. Time MAY be set to current time, but this will reveal the fact that the DUID is newly generated. Implementors interested in hiding this fact MAY use a time stamp from the past. e.g. a random timestamp from the previous year could be a good value. In the most common cases the link-layer address is based on MAC. The first three octets are composed of the OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier) that is expected to have a value assigned to a real organization. See [IEEE-OUI] for currently assigned values. Using a value that is unassigned may disclose the fact that a DUID is randomized. Using a value that belongs to a third party may have legal implications. 4.2.1. Anonymous Information-Request According to [RFC3315], a DHCPv6 client typically includes its client identifier in most of the messages it sends. There is one exception, however. Client is allowed to omit its client identifier when sending Information-Request. When using stateless DHCPv6, clients wanting to protect their privacy SHOULD NOT include client identifiers in their Information-Request messages. This will prevent the server from specifying client- specific options if it is configured to do so, but the need for anonymity precludes such options anyway. 4.3. Server Identifier Option When using the anonymity profile, DHCPv6 clients SHOULD use the Server Identifier Option (code 2) as specified in [RFC3315]. Clients MUST only include server identifier values that were received with the current MAC address, because reuse of old values discloses information that can be used to identify the client. Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 14] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 4.4. Address assignment options When using the anonymity profile, DHCPv6 clients might have to use SOLICIT or REQUEST messages to obtain IPv6 addresses through the DHCP server. The clients SHOULD only use the options necessary to perform the requested DHCPv6 transactions, such as Identity Association for Non-temporary Addresses Option (code 3) or Identity Association for Temporary Addresses Option (code 4). The clients MAY use the IA Address Option (code 5) but need to balance the potential advantage of "address continuity" versus the potential risk of "previous address disclosure." A potential solution is to remove all stored addresses when a MAC address changes, and to only use the IA Address option with addresses that have been explicitly assigned through the current MAC address. The interaction between prefix delegation and anonymity require further study. For now, the simple solution is to avoid using prefix delegation when striving for anonymity. When using the anonymity profiles, clients SHOULD NOT use IA_PD, the prefix delegation form of address assignment. 4.4.1. Obtain temporary addresses [RFC3315] defines a special container (IA_TA) for requesting temporary addresses. This is a good mechanism in principle, but there are a number of issues associated with it. First, this is not widely used feature, so clients depending solely on temporary addresses may lock themselves out of service. Secondly, [RFC3315] does not specify any renewal mechanisms for temporary addresses. Therefore support for renewing temporary addresses may vary between server implementations, including not being supported at all. Finally, by requesting temporary addresses a client reveals its desire for privacy and potentially risks countermeasures as described in Section 2.5. Clients interested in their privacy SHOULD NOT use IA_TA. They should simply send an IA_NA with a randomized IAID. This, along with the mitigation technique discussed in Section 4.3, will ensure that a client will get a new address that can be renewed and can be used as long as needed. To get a new address, it can send Request message with a new randomized IAID before releasing the other one. This will cause the server to assign a new address, as it still has a valid lease for the old IAID value. Once a new address is assigned, the address obtained using the older IAID value can be released safely, using the Release message or it may simply be allowed to time out. Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 15] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 This solution may not work if the server enforces specific policies, e.g. only one address per client. If client does not succeed in receiving a second address using a new IAID, it may release the first one (using an old IAID) and then retry asking for a new address. From the Operating System perspective, addresses obtained using this technique SHOULD be treated as temporary as specified in [RFC4941]. 4.5. Option Request Option A DHCPv6 client may reveal other types of information, besides unique identifiers. There are many ways a DHCPv6 client can perform certain actions and the specifics can be used to fingerprint the client. This may not reveal the identity of a client, but may provide additional information, such as the device type, vendor type or OS type and in some cases specific version. One specific method used for fingerprinting utilizes the order in which options are included in the message. Another related technique utilizes the order in which option codes are included in an Option Request Option (ORO). The client willing to protect its privacy SHOULD randomize options order before sending any DHCPv6 message. Such a client SHOULD also randomly shuffle the option codes order in ORO. 4.5.1. Previous option values According to [RFC3315], the client that includes an Option Request Option in a Solicit or Request message MAY additionally include instances of those options that are identified in the Option Request option, with data values as hints to the server about parameter values the client would like to have returned. When using the anonymity profile, clients SHOULD NOT include such instances of options because old values might be used to identify the client. 4.6. Authentication Option The purpose of the Authentication option (code 11) is to authenticate the identity of clients and servers and the contents of DHCP messages. As such, the option can be used to identify the client, and is incompatible with the stated goal of "client anonymity." DHCPv6 clients that use the anonymity profile SHOULD NOT use the authentication option. They MAY use it if they recognize that they are operating in a trusted environment, e.g., in a work place network. Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 16] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 4.7. User and Vendor Class DHCPv6 options When using the anonymity profile, DHCPv6 clients SHOULD NOT use the User Class option (code 15) or the Vendor Class option (code 16), as these options potentially reveal identifying information. 4.8. Client FQDN Option The Client FQDN option is defined in [RFC4704] with option code 29. The option allows the DHCP clients to advertize to the DHCP their fully qualified domain name (FQDN) such as "mobile.example.com." When using the anonymity profile, DHCPv6 clients SHOULD NOT include the Client FQDN option in their DHCPv6 messages because it identifies the client. As explained in Section 3.6 they MAY use a local-only FQDN by combining a host name derived from the link layer address and a suffix advertised by the local DHCP server. 5. Operational Considerations The anonymity profile has the effect of hiding the client identity from the DHCP server. This is not always desirable. Some DHCP servers provide facilities like publishing names and addresses in the DNS, or ensuring that returning clients get reassigned the same address. Implementers should be careful to only use the anonymity profile when privacy trumps management considerations. Clients using the anonymity profile in general consume more resources. For example when they change MAC address and request for a new IP, the old one is still marked as leased by the server. 6. Security Considerations The use of the anonymity profile does not change the security considerations of the DHCPv4 or DHCPv6 protocols. 7. IANA Considerations This draft does not require any IANA action. 8. Acknowledgments The inspiration for this draft came from discussions in the Perpass mailing list. Several people provided feedback on this draft, notably Noel Anderson, Lorenzo Colitti, Stephen Farrell, Nick Grifka, Tushar Gupta, Gabriel Montenegro, Marcin Siodelski, Dave Thaler and Jun Wu. Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 17] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 9. Changes from previous versions Changes from draft-00 to draft-01: 1. In Section 2.6, added guidance when using [I-D.ietf-dhc-dynamic-shared-v4allocation]. 2. In Section 3.4, added guidance for case when no link layer address is available. 3. In Section 3.5, changed the recommended mechanism for obfuscating host names, in order to avoid reveal the underlying link layer address. 4. In Section 4.1, added an exception to the "should not send confirm" recommendation, to account for the "good" use of Confirm when roaming between access points on the same network. 10. References 10.1. Normative References [I-D.ietf-dhc-rfc3315bis] Mrugalski, T., Siodelski, M., Volz, B., Yourtchenko, A., Richardson, M., Jiang, S., and T. Lemon, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) bis", draft-ietf- dhc-rfc3315bis-00 (work in progress), March 2015. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2131] Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", RFC 2131, March 1997. [RFC2132] Alexander, S. and R. Droms, "DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions", RFC 2132, March 1997. [RFC3315] Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C., and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003. [RFC3925] Littlefield, J., "Vendor-Identifying Vendor Options for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version 4 (DHCPv4)", RFC 3925, October 2004. [RFC4361] Lemon, T. and B. Sommerfeld, "Node-specific Client Identifiers for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Version Four (DHCPv4)", RFC 4361, February 2006. Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 18] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 [RFC4702] Stapp, M., Volz, B., and Y. Rekhter, "The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Client Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) Option", RFC 4702, October 2006. [RFC4704] Volz, B., "The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) Client Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) Option", RFC 4704, October 2006. [RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman, "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861, September 2007. [RFC4941] Narten, T., Draves, R., and S. Krishnan, "Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6", RFC 4941, September 2007. 10.2. Informative References [CNBC] Weston, G., Greenwald, G., and R. Gallagher, "CBC News: CSEC used airport Wi-Fi to track Canadian travellers", Jan 2014, . [I-D.ietf-6man-default-iids] Gont, F., Cooper, A., Thaler, D., and S. LIU, "Recommendation on Stable IPv6 Interface Identifiers", draft-ietf-6man-default-iids-04 (work in progress), June 2015. [I-D.ietf-6man-ipv6-address-generation-privacy] Cooper, A., Gont, F., and D. Thaler, "Privacy Considerations for IPv6 Address Generation Mechanisms", draft-ietf-6man-ipv6-address-generation-privacy-07 (work in progress), June 2015. [I-D.ietf-dhc-dhcp-privacy] Jiang, S., Krishnan, S., and T. Mrugalski, "Privacy considerations for DHCP", draft-ietf-dhc-dhcp-privacy-00 (work in progress), February 2015. [I-D.ietf-dhc-dhcpv6-privacy] Krishnan, S., Mrugalski, T., and S. Jiang, "Privacy considerations for DHCPv6", draft-ietf-dhc- dhcpv6-privacy-00 (work in progress), February 2015. Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 19] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 [I-D.ietf-dhc-dynamic-shared-v4allocation] Cui, Y., Qiong, Q., Farrer, I., Lee, Y., Sun, Q., and M. Boucadair, "Dynamic Allocation of Shared IPv4 Addresses", draft-ietf-dhc-dynamic-shared-v4allocation-09 (work in progress), May 2015. [IEEE-OUI] IEEE, "Organizationally Unique Identifiers http://www.ieee.org/netstorage/standards/oui.txt", . [IETFMACRandom] Zuniga, JC., "MAC Privacy", November 2014, . [RFC4578] Johnston, M. and S. Venaas, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Options for the Intel Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE)", RFC 4578, November 2006. [WiFiRadioFingerprinting] Brik, V., Banerjee, S., Gruteser, M., and S. Oh, "Wireless Device Identification with Radiometric Signatures", September 2008, . Authors' Addresses Christian Huitema Microsoft Redmond, WA 98052 U.S.A. Email: huitema@microsoft.com Tomek Mrugalski Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. 950 Charter Street Redwood City, CA 94063 USA Email: tomasz.mrugalski@gmail.com Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 20] Internet-Draft DHCP Anonymity Profile June 2015 Suresh Krishnan Ericsson 8400 Decarie Blvd. Town of Mount Royal, QC Canada Phone: +1 514 345 7900 x42871 Email: suresh.krishnan@ericsson.com Huitema, et al. Expires January 1, 2016 [Page 21]