Network Address Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for DCCP
draft-ietf-behave-dccp-00.txt

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Abstract

This document defines a set of requirements for DCCP-capable NATs that would allow certain applications, such as streaming applications to operate consistently. These requirements are very similar to the TCP requirements for NATs already published by this IETF working group. Developing NATs that meet this set of requirements will greatly increase the likelihood that applications using DCCP will function properly.

Table of Contents

1.  Introduction
2.  Definitions
3.  Applicability statement
4.  DCCP Connection Initiation
5.  NAT Session Refresh
6.  Application Level Gateways
7.  Other Requirements Applicable to DCCP
8.  Requirements specific to DCCP
9.  DCCP without NAT support
10.  Security Considerations
11.  IANA Considerations
12.  Acknowledgments
13.  References
    13.1.  Normative References
    13.2.  Informative References

1.  Introduction

For historical reasons, NAT devices are not typically capable of handling datagrams and flows for applications using the Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)[RFC4340] (Kohler, E., Handley, M., and S. Floyd, “Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP),” March 2006.).

This draft discusses the technical issues involved, and proposes a set of requirements for NAT devices to handle DCCP in a way that enables communications when either or both of the DCCP endpoints are located behind one or more NAT devices. All definitions and requirements in [RFC4787] (Audet, F. and C. Jennings, “Network Address Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP,” January 2007.) are inherited here. The requirements are otherwise designed similarly to those in [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑tcp] (Guha, S., “NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP,” April 2007.), from which this memo borrows its structure and much of its content.

Note however that, if both endpoints are hindered by NAT devices, the normal model of asymmetric connection model of DCCP will not work. A simultaneous open must be performed, as in [I‑D.ietf‑dccp‑simul‑open] (Fairhurst, G. and G. Renker, “DCCP Simultaneous-Open Technique to Facilitate NAT/Middlebox Traversal,” February 2008.). Also, a separate unspecified mechanism may be needed, such as UNSAF protocols, if an endpoint needs to learn its own external NAT mappings.

2.  Definitions

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119] (Bradner, S., “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels,” March 1997.).

This documentation uses the term "DCCP connection" to refer to invidual DCCP flows, as uniquely identified by the the 4-tuple (source and destination IP addresses and DCCP ports) at a given time.

This document uses the term "NAT mapping" to refer to state at the NAT necessary for network address and port translation of DCCP connections. This document also uses the terms "endpoint independent mapping", "address dependent mapping", "address and port dependent mapping", "filtering behavior", "endpoint independent filtering", "address dependent filtering", "address and port dependent filtering", "port assignment", "port overloading", "hairpinning", and "external source IP address and port" as defined in [RFC4787] (Audet, F. and C. Jennings, “Network Address Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP,” January 2007.).

3.  Applicability statement

This document applies to NAT devices that want to handle DCCP datagrams. It is not the intent of this document to deprecate the overwhelming majority of deployed NAT devices. These NATs are simply not expected to handle DCCP, so this memo is not applicable to them.

Expected NAT behaviors applicable to DCCP connections are very similar to those applicable to TCP connections (with the exception or REQ-6 below). The following requirements are discussed and justified extensively in [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑tcp] (Guha, S., “NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP,” April 2007.). These justifications are not reproduced here for the sake of brevity.

In addition to the usual changes to the IP header (in particular the IP addresses), NAT devices need to mangle:

• the DCCP source port, for outgoing packets, depending on the NAT mapping
• the DCCP destination port, for incoming packets, depending on the NAT mapping
• the DCCP checksum, to compensate for IP address and port number modifications.

Because changing the the source or destination IP address of a DCCP packet will normally invalidate the DCCP checksum, it is not possible to use DCCP through a NAT without dedicated support. Some NAT devices are known to provide a "generic" transport protocol support, whereby only the IP header is mangled. That scheme is not sufficient to support DCCP in any case.

4.  DCCP Connection Initiation

4.1.  Address and Port Mapping Behavior

A NAT uses a mapping to translate packets for each DCCP connection. A mapping is dynamically allocated for connections initiated from the internal side, and potentially reused for certain subsequent connections. NAT behavior regarding when a mapping can be reused differs for different NATs as described in [RFC4787] (Audet, F. and C. Jennings, “Network Address Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP,” January 2007.).

REQ-1: A NAT MUST have an "Endpoint Independent Mapping" behavior for DCCP.

4.2.  Internally Initiated Connections

REQ-2: A NAT MUST support all valid sequences of DCCP packets (defined in [RFC4340] (Kohler, E., Handley, M., and S. Floyd, “Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP),” March 2006.) and its updates) for connections initiated both internally as well as externally when the connection is permitted by the NAT.

In particular, in addition to handling the DCCP 3-way handshake mode of connection initiation, A NAT MUST handle the DCCP simultaneous-open mode of connection initiation, defined in [I‑D.ietf‑dccp‑simul‑open] (Fairhurst, G. and G. Renker, “DCCP Simultaneous-Open Technique to Facilitate NAT/Middlebox Traversal,” February 2008.). That mode updates DCCP by adding a new packet type, DCCP-Listen. The  DCCP-Listen packet communicates the information necessary to uniquely identify a DCCP session. NATs may utilise the connection information (address, port, Service Code) to establish local forwarding state.

4.3.  Externally Initiated Connections

REQ-3: If application transparency is most important, it is RECOMMENDED that a NAT have an "Endpoint independent filtering" behavior for DCCP. If a more stringent filtering behavior is most important, it is RECOMMENDED that a NAT have an "Address dependent filtering" behavior.

• The filtering behavior MAY be an option configurable by the administrator of the NAT.
• The filtering behavior for TCP MAY be independent of thefiltering behavior for UDP.

REQ-4: A NAT MUST NOT respond to an unsolicited inbound DCCP-Listen packet for at least 6 seconds after the packet is received. If during this interval the NAT receives and translates an outbound DCCP-Request packet for the connection the NAT MUST silently drop the original unsolicited inbound DCCP-Listen packet. Otherwise the NAT SHOULD send an ICMP Port Unreachable error (Type 3, Code 3) for the original DCCP-Listen, unless the security policy forbids it.

5.  NAT Session Refresh

The "established connection idle-timeout" for a NAT is defined as the minimum time a DCCP connection in the established phase must remain idle before the NAT considers the associated session a candidate for removal. The "transitory connection idle-timeout" for a NAT is defined as the minimum time a DCCP connection in the CLOSEREQ or CLOSING phases must remain idle before the NAT considers the associated session a candidate for removal. DCCP connections in the TIMEWAIT state are not affected by the "transitory connection idle-timeout".

REQ-5: If a NAT cannot determine whether the endpoints of a DCCP connection are active, it MAY abandon the session if it has been idle for some time. In such cases, the value of the "established connection idle-timeout" MUST NOT be less than 2 hours 4 minutes. The value of the "transitory connection idle-timeout" MUST NOT be less than 4 minutes. The value of the NAT idle-timeouts MAY be configurable.

NAT behavior for handling DCCP-Reset packets, or connections in TIMEWAIT state is left unspecified.

6.  Application Level Gateways

Contrary to TCP, DCCP is a loss-tolerant protocol. Therefore, modifying the payload of DCCP packets presents a significant additionnal challenge in maintaining sane DCCP sequence numbers, if the size of the payload were altered. Moreover, DCCP provides natural packet boundaries, whereby TCP provides a byte stream. As such, changing the size of a DCCP packet may cause additional problems at the application layer. Finally, there are no known DCCP-capable Application Level Gateways (ALGs) at the time of writing this document.

REQ-6: If a NAT includes ALGs, it MUST NOT affect DCCP.

NOTE: This is not consistent with REQ-6 of [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑tcp] (Guha, S., “NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP,” April 2007.).

7.  Other Requirements Applicable to DCCP

A list of general and UDP specific NAT behavioral requirements are described in [RFC4787] (Audet, F. and C. Jennings, “Network Address Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP,” January 2007.). A list of ICMP specific NAT behavioral requirements are described in [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑nat‑icmp] (Srisuresh, P., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and S. Guha, “NAT Behavioral Requirements for ICMP protocol,” February 2008.). The requirements listed below reiterate the requirements from these two documents that directly affect DCCP. The following requirements do not relax anyrequirements in [RFC4787] (Audet, F. and C. Jennings, “Network Address Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP,” January 2007.) or [I‑D.ietf‑behave‑nat‑icmp] (Srisuresh, P., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and S. Guha, “NAT Behavioral Requirements for ICMP protocol,” February 2008.).

7.1.  Port Assignment

REQ-7: A NAT MUST NOT have a "Port assignment" behavior of "Port overloading" for DCCP.

7.2.  Hairpinning Behavior

REQ-8: A NAT MUST support "Hairpinning" for DCCP. Futhermore, A NAT's Hairpinning behavior MUST be of type "External source IP address and port".

7.3.  ICMP Responses to DCCP Packets

REQ-9: If a NAT translates DCCP, it SHOULD translate ICMP Destination Unreachable (Type 3) messages.

REQ-10: Receipt of any sort of ICMP message MUST NOT terminate the NAT mapping or DCCP connection for which the ICMP was generated.

8.  Requirements specific to DCCP

8.1.  Partial checksum coverage

DCCP supports partial checksum coverage. A NAT will usually need to perform incremental changes to the packet checksum field, as for other IETF-defined protocols. However, if it needs to recalulate a correct checksum value, as described in section 9.2 of [RFC4340] (Kohler, E., Handley, M., and S. Floyd, “Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP),” March 2006.).

REQ-11: If a NAT translates a DCCP packet with a valid DCCP checksum, it MUST ensure that the DCCP checksum is translated such that it is valid after the translation.

REQ-12: A NAT MUST NOT modify the value of the DCCP Checksum Coverage.

The Checksum Coverage field in the DCCP header determines the parts of the packet that are covered by the Checksum field. This always includes the DCCP header and options, but some or all of the application data may be excluded as determined on a packet-by-packet basis by the application. Changing the Checksum Coverage in the network violates the integrity assumptions at the receiver and may result in unpredictable or incorrect application behaviour.

8.2.  Services codes

DCCP specifies a Service Code as a 4-byte value (32 bits) that describes the application-level service to which a client application wishes to connect [RFC4340] (Kohler, E., Handley, M., and S. Floyd, “Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP),” March 2006.).

REQ-13: If a NAT translates a DCCP packet, it MUST NOT modify its DCCP service code value.

Further guidance on the use of Service Codes by middleboxes, including NATs, can be found in [I‑D.ietf‑dccp‑serv‑codes] (Fairhurst, G., “The DCCP Service Code,” April 2008.).

9.  DCCP without NAT support

If the NAT device cannot be updated to support DCCP, DCCP datagram can be encapsulated within an UDP transport header. Indeed, most NAT devices are already capable of handling UDP. This is however beyond the scope of this document.

10.  Security Considerations

TBD.

11.  IANA Considerations

This document raises no IANA considerations.

12.  Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Gorry Fairhurst for his comments and help on this document.

This memo borrows heavily from draft-ietf-behave-tcp-07, by S. Guha (editor), K. Biswas, B. Ford, S. Sivakumar and P. Srisuresh.

13.  References

13.1. Normative References

13.2. Informative References

Author's Address

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