Network Working Group W. Mills Internet-Draft Yahoo! Inc. Intended status: Standards Track M. Kucherawy Expires: May 17, 2014 Facebook, Inc. November 13, 2013 The Require-Recipient-Valid-Since Header Field and SMTP Service Extension draft-ietf-appsawg-rrvs-header-field-03 Abstract This document defines an extension for the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol called RRVS, and a header field called Require-Recipient- Valid-Since, to provide a method for senders to indicate to receivers the time when the sender last confirmed the ownership of the target mailbox. This can be used to detect changes of mailbox ownership, and thus prevent mail from being delivered to the wrong party. The intended use of these facilities is on automatically generated messages that might contain sensitive information, though it may also be useful in other applications. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on May 17, 2014. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents Mills & Kucherawy Expires May 17, 2014 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Require-Recipient-Valid-Since November 2013 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3.1. The 'RRVS' SMTP Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2. The 'Require-Recipient-Valid-Since' Header Field . . . . . 4 4. Handling By Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4.1. SMTP Extension Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4.1.1. Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4.2. Header Field Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5. Role Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6. Method Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. Use with Mailing Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9. Continuous Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 10. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 10.1. SMTP Extension Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 10.2. Header Field Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 11.1. Abuse Countermeasures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 11.2. Risks with Use of Header Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11.3. Suggested Use Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 12. Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 12.1. Probing Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 12.2. Envelope Recipients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13.1. SMTP Extension Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13.2. Header Field Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13.3. Enhanced Status Code Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 14. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 14.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 14.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Appendix A. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Mills & Kucherawy Expires May 17, 2014 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Require-Recipient-Valid-Since November 2013 1. Introduction Email addresses sometimes get reassigned to a different person. For example, employment changes at a company can cause an address used for an ex-employee to be assigned to a new employee, or a mail service provider (MSP) might expire an account and then let someone else register for the local-part that was previously used. Those who sent mail to the previous owner of an address might not know that it has been reassigned. This can lead to the sending of email to the correct address, but the wrong recipient. What is needed is a way to indicate an attribute of the recipient that will distinguish between the previous owner of an address and its current owner, if they are different. Further, this needs to be done in a way that respects privacy. The mechanisms specified here allow the sender of the mail to indicate how "old" the address assignment is expected to be. In effect, the sender is saying, "The person to whom I am sending to had this address assigned to as far back as this date-time." A receiving system can then compare this information against the date and time the address was assigned to its current user. If the assignment was made later than the date-time indicated in the message, there is a good chance the current user of the address is not the correct recipient. The receiving system can then choose to prevent delivery and, possibly, to notify the original sender of the problem. The primary application is automatically generated messages rather than user-authored content, though it may be useful in other contexts. 2. Definitions For a description of the email architecture, consult [EMAIL-ARCH]. The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [KEYWORDS]. 3. Description To address the problem described above, a mail sending client needs to indicate to the server to which it is connecting that there is an expectation that the destination of the message has been under continuous ownership since some date-time, presumably the most recent time the message author had confirmed its understanding of who owned that mailbox. Two mechanisms are defined here: an extension to the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol [SMTP], for use between a client and Mills & Kucherawy Expires May 17, 2014 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Require-Recipient-Valid-Since November 2013 server that both implement the extension, and a header field that can be used when passing a message to a server that appears not to implement this extension. The SMTP extenion is called "RRVS" (Require Recipient Valid Since), and adds a parameter to the SMTP "RCPT" command that indicates the most recent date and time when the message author believed the destination mailbox to be under the continuous ownership (see Section 9) of a specific party. Similarly, the Require-Recipient- Valid-Since header field includes an intended recipient coupled with a timestamp indicating the same thing. Presumably there has been some confirmation process applied to establish this ownership; however, the method of making such determinations is a local matter and outside the scope of this document. 3.1. The 'RRVS' SMTP Extension Extensions to SMTP are described in Section 2.2 of [SMTP]. The name of the extension is "RRVS", an abbreviation of "Require Recipient Valid Since". Servers implementing the SMTP extension advertise an additional EHLO keyword of "RRVS", which has no associated parameters, introduces no new SMTP verbs, and does not alter the MAIL verb. An MTA implementing RRVS can transmit or accept a new parameter to the RCPT command. The new parameter is "RRVS", which takes a value that is a timestamp expressed as a "date-time" as defiend in [DATETIME], with the added restriction that a "time-secfrac" MUST NOT be used. Accordingly, this extension increases the maximum command length for the RCPT verb by 31 characters. The meaning of this extension, when used, is described in Section 4.1. 3.2. The 'Require-Recipient-Valid-Since' Header Field The general constraints on syntax and placement of header fields in a message are defined in Internet Message Format [MAIL]. Using Augmented Backus-Naur Form [ABNF], the syntax for the field is: rrvs = "Require-Recipient-Valid-Since:" addr-spec; date-time CRLF "CFWS" is defined in Section 3.2.2, "date-time" is defined in Section 3.3, and "addr-spec" is defined in Section 3.4.1, of [MAIL]. Mills & Kucherawy Expires May 17, 2014 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Require-Recipient-Valid-Since November 2013 4. Handling By Receivers If a receiver implements the RRVS SMTP extension, then there are two possible evaluation paths: 1. The sending client implements the extension, and so there was an RRVS parameter on a RCPT TO command in the SMTP session; or 2. The sending client does not (or elected not to) implement the extension, so the RRVS parameter was not present on the RCPT TO commands in the SMTP session. 4.1. SMTP Extension Used A receiving system that implements the SMTP extension declared above and observes an RRVS parameter on a RCPT TO command checks whether the current owner of the destination mailbox has held it continuously, far enough back to inclue the given date-time, and delivers it unless that check returns in the negative. Expressed as a sequence of steps: 1. Ignore the parameter if the named mailbox is a role account as listed in Mailbox Names For Common Services, Roles And Functions [ROLES]. (See Section 5.) 2. Determine if the named address is serviced for local delivery. If so, and if that address, has not been under continuous ownership since the specified timestamp, return a 550 error to the RCPT command. (See also Section 13.3.) 3. RECOMMENDED: If any Require-Recipient-Valid-Since header fields are present and refer to the named address, remove them prior to delivery or relaying. (See Section 4.2 for discussion.) 4.1.1. Relays An MTA that does not make mailbox ownership checks, such as an MTA positioned to do SMTP ingress at an organizational boundary, SHOULD relay the RRVS extension parameter to the next MTA so that it can be processed there. An MTA could replace the envelope as a result of simple alias expansion, mapping one mailbox to several other mailboxes. In this case, each of the new SMTP recipients SHOULD NOT include RRVS RRVS parameter when relaying to the new addresses. Mills & Kucherawy Expires May 17, 2014 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Require-Recipient-Valid-Since November 2013 4.2. Header Field Used A receiving system that implements this specification, upon receiving a message bearing a Require-Recipient-Valid-Since header field when no corresponding RRVS SMTP extension was used, checks whether the destination mailbox owner has held it continuously, far enough back to include the given date-time, and delivers it unless that check returns in the negative. Expressed as a sequence of steps: 1. Extract the set of Require-Recipient-Valid-Since fields from the message for which no corresponding RRVS SMTP extension was used. 2. Discard any such fields that are syntactically invalid. 3. Discard any such fields that name a role account as listed in [ROLES] (see Section 5). 4. Discard any such fields for which the "addr-spec" portion does not match a current recipient, as listed in the RCPT TO commands in the SMTP session. 5. Discard any such fields for which the "addr-spec" portion does not refer to a mailbox handled for local delivery by this MTA. 6. For each field remaining, determine if the named address has been under continuous ownership since the corresponding timestamp. If it has not, reject the message. 7. RECOMMENDED: If local delivery is being performed, remove all instances of this field prior to delivery to a mailbox; if the message is being forwarded, remove those instances of this header field that were not discarded by steps 1-4 above. Handling proceeds normally upon completion of the above steps if rejection has not been performed. The final step is not mandatory as not all mail handling agents are capable of stripping away header fields, and there are sometimes reasons to keep the field intact such as debugging or presence of digital signatures that might be invalidated by such a change. If a message is to be rejected within the SMTP protocol itself (versus generating a rejection message separately), servers implementing this protocol SHOULD also implement the SMTP extension described in Enhanced Mail System Status Codes [ESC] and use the enhanced status codes described in Section 13.3 as appropriate. Implementation by this method is expected to be transparent to non- Mills & Kucherawy Expires May 17, 2014 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Require-Recipient-Valid-Since November 2013 participants, since they would typically ignore this header field. This header field is not normally added to a message that is addressed to multiple recipients. The intended use of this field involves an author seeking to protect transactional or otherwise sensitive data intended for a single recipient, and thus generating independent messages for each individual recipient is normal practice. Because of the nature of SMTP, a message bearing this header field for multiple addressees could result in a single delivery attempt for multiple recipients (in particular, if two of the recipients are handled by the same server), and if any one of them fails the test, the delivery fails to all of them; it then becomes necessary to generate a Delivery Status Notification [DSN] message for each of the failed recipients indicating the specific failure cause for each. 5. Role Accounts It is necessary not to interfere with delivery of messages to role mailboxes (see [ROLES]), but it could be useful to indicate to users handling those mailboxes that a change of ownership might have taken place where doing so is possible. 6. Method Conversion Use of the SMTP extension provided here is preferable over the header field method, since the additional detail about the relationship between the message author and its intended recipient is at best a property of the message transaction and not part of the message itself. The header field mechanism is defined only to enable passage of the request between and through systems that that do not implement the SMTP extension. If an SMTP server receives a message from a client and both of them use the SMTP extension described here, the server thus has "valid- since" timestamps associated with one or more of the destination mailboxes. If that server needs to relay the message on to another server (thereby becoming a client), but this new server does not advertise the SMTP extension, the client SHOULD add Require- Recipient-Valid-Since header fields matching each mailbox to which relaying is being done, and the corresponding valid-since timestamp for each. Similarly, if an SMTP server receives a message bearing one or more Require-Recipient-Valid-Since header fields for which it must now relay the message (thereby becoming a client) and the new server advertises support for the SMTP extension, the client SHOULD delete the header field(s) and instead relay this information by making use Mills & Kucherawy Expires May 17, 2014 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Require-Recipient-Valid-Since November 2013 of the SMTP extension. 7. Use with Mailing Lists Mailing list services can store the timestamp at which a subscriber was added to a mailing list. This specification can be used in conjunction with that information in order to restrict traffic to the original subscriber, rather than a different person now in possession of an address under which the original subscriber registered. Upon receiving a rejection caused by this specification, the list service can remove that address from further distribution. A mailing list service that receives a message containing this field removes it from the message prior to redistributing it, limiting exposure of information regarding the relationship between the message's author and mailing list. 8. Discussion To further obscure account details on the receiving system, the receiver SHOULD ignore the SMTP extension or the header field if the address specified has had one continuous owner since it was created, regardless of the purported confirmation date of the address. This is further discussed in Section 11. The presence of the intended address in the field content supports the case where a message bearing this header field is forwarded. The specific use case is as follows: 1. A user subscribes to a service "S" on date "D" and confirms an email address at the user's current location, "A"; 2. At some later date, the user intends to leave the current location, and thus creates a new mailbox elsewhere, at "B"; 3. The user replaces address "A" with forwarding to "B"; 4. "S" constructs a message to "A" claiming that address was valid at date "D" and sends it to "A"; 5. The receiving MTA at "A" determines that the forwarding in effect was created by the same party that owned the mailbox there, and thus concludes the continuous ownership test has been satisfied; 6. If possible, "A" removes this header field from the message, and in either case, forwards it to "B"; Mills & Kucherawy Expires May 17, 2014 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Require-Recipient-Valid-Since November 2013 7. On receipt at "B", either the header field has been removed, or the header field does not refer to a current envelope recipient, and in either case delivers the message. Some services generate messages with an RFC5322.To field that does not contain a valid address, in order to obscure the intended recipient. For this reason, the original intended recipient is included in this header field. 9. Continuous Ownership Determining continuous ownership of a mailbox is a local matter at the receiving site. In particular, the only possible answers to the continuous-ownership-since question are "yes", "no", and "unknown"; the action to be taken in the "unknown" case is a matter of local policy. For example, when control of a domain name is transferred, the new domain owner might be unable to determine whether the owner of the subject address has been under continuous ownership since the stated date if the mailbox history is not also transferred (or was not previously maintained). It will also be "unknown" if whatever database contains mailbox ownership data is temporarily unavailable at the time a message arrives for delivery. In this case, typical SMTP temporary failure handling is appropriate. 10. Examples In the following examples, "C:" indicates data sent by an SMTP client, and "S:" indicates responses by the SMTP server. Message content is CRLF terminated, though these are omitted here for ease of reading. 10.1. SMTP Extension Example C: [connection established] S: 220 server.example.com ESMTP ready C: EHLO client.example.net S: 250-server.example.com S: 250 RRVS C: MAIL FROM: S: 250 OK C: RCPT TO: RRVS=1381993177 S: 550 5.7.15 receiver@example.com is no longer valid C: QUIT Mills & Kucherawy Expires May 17, 2014 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Require-Recipient-Valid-Since November 2013 S: 221 So long! 10.2. Header Field Example C: [connection established] S: 220 server.example.com ESMTP ready C: HELO client.example.net S: 250 server.example.com C: MAIL FROM: S: 250 OK C: RCPT TO: S: 250 OK C: DATA S: 354 Ready for message content C: From: Mister Sender To: Miss Receiver Subject: Are you still there? Date: Fri, 28 Jun 2013 18:01:01 +0200 Require-Recipient-Valid-Since: receiver@example.com; Sat, 1 Jun 2013 09:23:01 -0700 Are you still there? . S: 550 5.7.15 receiver@example.com is no longer valid C: QUIT S: 221 So long! If an authentication scheme is applied to claim the added header field is valid, but the scheme fails, a receiver might reject the message with an SMTP reply such as: S: 550-5.7.7 Use of Require-Recipient-Valid-Since header S: 550 field requires a valid signature 11. Security Considerations 11.1. Abuse Countermeasures The response of a server implementing this protocol can disclose information about the age of existing email mailbox. Implementation of countermeasures against probing attacks is advised. For example, an operator could track appearance of this field with respect to a particular mailbox and observe the timestamps being submitted for testing; if it appears a variety of timestamps is being tried against a single mailbox in short order, the field could be ignored and the message silently discarded. This concern is discussed further in Section 12. Mills & Kucherawy Expires May 17, 2014 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Require-Recipient-Valid-Since November 2013 11.2. Risks with Use of Header Field MTAs might not implement the recommendation to remove the header field defined here, either out of ignorance or due to error. Since user agents often do not render all of the header fields present, the message could be forwarded to a party that would then inadvertently have the content of this header field. 11.3. Suggested Use Restrictions If the mailbox named in the field is known to have had only a single continuous owner since creation, or not to have existed at all (under any owner) prior to the date specified in the field, then the field can be silently ignored and normal message handling applied so that this information is not disclosed. Such fields are likely the product of either gross error or an attack. A message author using this specification might restrict inclusion of the header field such that it is only done for recipients known also to implement this specification, in order to reduce the possibility of revealing information about the relationship between the author and the mailbox. If ownership of an entire domain is transferred, the new owner may not know what addresses were assigned in the past by the prior owner. Hence, no address can be known not to have had a single owner, or to have existed (or not) at all. 12. Privacy Considerations 12.1. Probing Attacks As described above, use of this header field in probing attacks can disclose information about the history of the mailbox. The harm that can be done by leaking any kind of private information is difficult to predict, so it is prudent to be sensitive to this sort of disclosure, either inadvertently or in response to probing by an attacker. It bears restating, then, that implementing countermeasures to abuse of this capability needs strong consideration. That some MSPs allow for expiration of account names when they have been unused for a protracted period forces a choice between two potential types of privacy vulnerabilities, one of which presents significantly greater threats to users than the other. Automatically generated mail is often used to convey authentication credentials that can potentially provide access to extremely sensitive information. Supplying such credentials to the wrong party after a Mills & Kucherawy Expires May 17, 2014 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Require-Recipient-Valid-Since November 2013 mailbox ownership change could allow the previous owner's data to be exposed without his or her authorization or knowledge. In contrast, the information that may be exposed to a third party via the proposal in this document is limited to information about the mailbox history. Given that MSPs have chosen to allow transfers of mailbox ownership without the prior owner's involvement, the information leakage from the header field specified here creates far fewer risks than the potential for delivering mail to the wrong party. 12.2. Envelope Recipients The email To and Cc header fields are not required to be populated with addresses that match the envelope recipient set, and Cc may even be absent. However, the algorithm in Section 3 requires that this header field contain a match for an envelope recipient in order to be actionable. As such, use of this specification can reveal some or all of the original intended recipient set to any party that can see the message in transit or upon delivery. For a message destined to a single recipient, this is unlikely to be a concern, which is one of the reasons use of this specification on multi-recipient messages is discouraged. 13. IANA Considerations 13.1. SMTP Extension Registration IANA is requested to register the SMTP extension described in Section 3.1. 13.2. Header Field Registration IANA is requested to add the following entry to the Permanent Message Header Field registry, as per the procedure found in [IANA-HEADERS]: Header field name: Require-Recipient-Valid-Since Applicable protocol: mail ([MAIL]) Status: Standard Author/Change controller: IETF Specification document(s): [this document] Related information: Requesting review of any proposed changes and additions to this field is recommended. Mills & Kucherawy Expires May 17, 2014 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Require-Recipient-Valid-Since November 2013 13.3. Enhanced Status Code Registration IANA is requested to register the following in the SMTP Enhanced Status Codes registry: Code: X.7.15 Sample Text: Mailbox owner has changed Associated basic status code: 5 Description: This status code is returned when a message is received with a Require-Recipient-Valid-Since field or RRVS extension and the receiving system is able to determine that the intended recipient mailbox has not been under continuous ownership since the specified date. Reference: [this document] Submitter: M. Kucherawy Change controller: IESG > Code: X.7.16 Sample Text: Domain owner has changed Associated basic status code: 5 Description: This status code is returned when a message is received with a Require-Recipient-Valid-Since field or RRVS extension and the receiving system wishes to disclose that the owner of the domain name of the recipient has changed since the specified date. Reference: [this document] Submitter: M. Kucherawy Change controller: IESG 14. References 14.1. Normative References [ABNF] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", RFC 5234, January 2008. [DATETIME] Klyne, G. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the Internet: Timestamps", RFC 3339, July 2002. [IANA-HEADERS] Klyne, G., Nottingham, M., and J. Mogul, "Registration Procedures for Message Header Fields", BCP 90, RFC 3864, September 2004. [KEYWORDS] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Mills & Kucherawy Expires May 17, 2014 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Require-Recipient-Valid-Since November 2013 Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [MAIL] Resnick, P., "Internet Message Format", RFC 5322, October 2008. [ROLES] Crocker, D., "Mailbox Names For Common Services, Roles And Functions", RFC 2142, May 1997. [SMTP] Klensin, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", RFC 5321, October 2008. 14.2. Informative References [DSN] Moore, K. and G. Vaudreuil, "An Extensible Message Format for Delivery Status Notifications", RFC 3464, January 2003. [EMAIL-ARCH] Crocker, D., "Internet Mail Architecture", RFC 5598, July 2009. [ESC] Vaudreuil, G., "Enhanced Mail System Status Codes", RFC 3463, January 2003. Appendix A. Acknowledgments Erling Ellingsen proposed the idea. Reviews and comments were provided by Michael Adkins, Kurt Andersen, Alissa Cooper, Dave Cridland, Dave Crocker, Ned Freed, John Levine, Hector Santos, Gregg Stefancik, Ed Zayas, (others) Authors' Addresses William J. Mills Yahoo! Inc. EMail: wmills_92105@yahoo.com Murray S. Kucherawy Facebook, Inc. 1 Hacker Way Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA EMail: msk@fb.com Mills & Kucherawy Expires May 17, 2014 [Page 14]