6RENUM B. Carpenter Internet-Draft Univ. of Auckland Intended status: Informational S. Jiang Expires: June 27, 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd December 24, 2012 Problem Statement for Renumbering IPv6 Hosts with Static Addresses in Enterprise Networks draft-ietf-6renum-static-problem-03 Abstract This document analyses the problems of updating the IPv6 addresses of hosts in enterprise networks that for operational reasons require static addresses. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on June 27, 2013. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Carpenter & Jiang Expires June 27, 2013 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Renumbering Static Addresses December 2012 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1. Static Addresses Imply Static Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2. Other Hosts Need Literal Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.3. Static Server Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.4. Static Virtual Machine Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.5. Asset Management and Security Tracing . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.6. Primitive Software Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.7. Network Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.8. Access Control Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.9. Management Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3. Summary of Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7. Change log [RFC Editor: Please remove] . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Carpenter & Jiang Expires June 27, 2013 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Renumbering Static Addresses December 2012 1. Introduction A problem that is frequently mentioned in discussions of renumbering enterprise networks [RFC5887] [I-D.ietf-6renum-enterprise] [I-D.ietf-6renum-gap-analysis] is that of statically assigned addresses. The scope of the present document is to analyse the problems caused to enterprise networks during renumbering by static addresses and to identify related gaps in existing technology. Some aspects also apply to small office and home networks, but these are not the intended scope of the document. A static address can be defined as an IP address that is intended by the network manager to remain constant over a long period of time, possibly many years, regardless of system restarts or any other unpredictable events. Static addressing often implies manual address assignment, including manual preparation of configuration scripts. An implication of hosts having static addresses is that subnets must have static prefixes, which also requires analysis. In a sense, the issue of static addresses is a result of history. As discussed in Section 3.2 of [RFC6250], various properties of IP addresses that have long been assumed by programmers and operators are no longer true today, although they were true when almost all addresses were manually assigned. In some cases, the resulting operational difficulties are avoided by static addressing. Although static addressing is in general problematic for renumbering, hosts inside an enterprise may have static addresses for a number of operational reasons: o For some reason, other hosts need to be configured with a literal numeric address for the host in question, so its address must be static. o Even if a site has local DNS support and this is normally used to locate servers, some operators wish their servers to have static addresses so that issues of address lifetime and DNS TTL cannot affect connectivity. o Some approaches to virtual server farms require static addressing. o On some sites, the network operations staff require hosts to have static addresses for asset management purposes and for address- based backtracking of security incidents. o Certain software licensing mechanisms are based on IP addresses. o Network elements such as routers are usually assigned static addresses, which are also configured into network monitoring and management systems. o Access Control Lists and other security mechanisms are often configured using IP addresses. Carpenter & Jiang Expires June 27, 2013 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Renumbering Static Addresses December 2012 Static addressing is not the same thing as manual addressing. Static addresses may be configured automatically, for example by stateful DHCPv6. In that case, the database from which the static address is derived may itself have been created automatically in some fashion, or configured manually. If a host's address is configured manually by the host's administrator, it is by definition static. This document analyses these issues in more detail and presents a problem statement. Where obvious alternatives to static addresses exist, they are mentioned. 2. Analysis 2.1. Static Addresses Imply Static Prefixes Host addresses can only be static if subnet prefixes are also static. Static prefixes are such a long-established practice in enterprise networks that it is hard to discern the reason for them. Originally, before DHCP became available, there was simply no alternative. Thus it became accepted practice to assign subnet prefixes manually and build them into static router configurations. Today, the static nature of subnet prefixes has become a diagnostic tool in itself, at least in the case of IPv4 where prefixes can easily be memorised. If several users sharing a subnet prefix report problems, the fault can readily be localised. This model is being challenged for the case of unmanaged home IPv6 networks, in which it is possible to assign subnet prefixes automatically, at least in a cold start scenario [I-D.baker-homenet-prefix-assignment]. For an enterprise network, the question arises whether automatic subnet prefix assignment can be made using the "without a flag day" approach to renumbering. [RFC4192] specifies that "the new prefix is added to the network infrastructure in parallel with (and without interfering with) the old prefix." Any method for automatic prefix assignment needs to support this. 2.2. Other Hosts Need Literal Address This issue commonly arises in small networks without local DNS support, for devices such as printers that all other hosts need to reach. In this case, not only does the host in question have a static address, but that address is also configured in the other hosts. It is long established practice in small IPv4 enterprise networks that printers in particular are manually assigned a fixed address (typically an [RFC1918] address) and that users are told to manually configure printer access using that fixed address. For a Carpenter & Jiang Expires June 27, 2013 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Renumbering Static Addresses December 2012 small network the work involved in doing this is much less than the work involved in doing it "properly" by setting up DNS service, whether local or hosted by an ISP, to give the printer a name. Also, although the Service Location Protocol (SLP) [RFC2608] is widely available for tasks such as printer discovery, it is not widely used in enterprise networks. In consequence, if the printer is renumbered for any reason, the manual configuration of all users' hosts must be updated in many enterprises. In the case of IPv6, exactly the same situation would be created by numbering the printer statically under the site's Unique Local Address (ULA) prefix [RFC4193]. Although this address would not change if the site's globally routable prefix is changed, internal renumbering for any other reason would be troublesome. Additionally, the disadvantage compared to IPv4 is that an IPv6 address is harder to communicate reliably, compared to something as simple as "10.1.1.10". The process will be significantly more error-prone for IPv6. If such a host is numbered out of a globally routable prefix that is potentially subject to renumbering, then a renumbering event will require a configuration change in all hosts using the device in question, and such configuration data are by no means stored in the network layer. At least two simple alternatives exist to avoid static numbering of simple devices such as printers by giving them local names. One is the use of Multicast DNS (mDNS) [I-D.cheshire-dnsext-multicastdns] in combination with DNS Service Discovery [I-D.cheshire-dnsext-dns-sd]. The other is the Service Location Protocol [RFC2608]. Both of these solutions are widely implemented, but seemingly not widely deployed in enterprise networks. 2.3. Static Server Addresses On larger sites, it is safe to assume that servers of all kinds, including printers, are identified in user configurations and applications by DNS names. However, it is very widespread operational practice that servers have static IP addresses. If they did not, whenever an address assigned by stateless address auto- configuration [RFC4862] or DHCPv6 [RFC3315] expired, and if the address actually changed for some extraneous reason, sessions in progress might fail (depending on whether the address deprecation period was long enough). DNS aspects of renumbering are discussed in more detail in [I-D.ietf-6renum-enterprise]. Here, we note that one reason for widespread use of static server addresses is the lack of deployment Carpenter & Jiang Expires June 27, 2013 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Renumbering Static Addresses December 2012 of Secure Dynamic DNS update [RFC3007], or some other method of prompt DNS updates, in enterprise networks. A separate issue is that even with such updates in place, remote users of a server would attempt to use the wrong address until the DNS time-to-live expired, as discussed in [RFC4192]. Server addresses can be managed centrally even if they are static, by using DHCPv6 in stateful mode to ensure that the same address is always assigned to a given server. Consistency with DNS can be ensured by generating both DHCPv6 data and DNS data from a common configuration database using a suitable configuration tool. This does normally carry the implication that the database also contains the hardware (MAC) addresses of the relevant LAN interfaces on the servers, so that the correct IPv6 address can be delivered whenever a server requests an address. Not every operator wishes to maintain such a costly database, however, and some sites are therefore likely today to fall back on manual configuration of server addresses as a result. In the event of renumbering of the prefix covering such servers, the situation should be manageable if there is a common configuration database; the "without a flag day" procedure [RFC4192] could be followed. However, if there is no such database, a manual procedure would have to be adopted. 2.4. Static Virtual Machine Addresses According to [I-D.ietf-nvo3-overlay-problem-statement], the placement and live migration of virtual machines (VMs) in a physical network requires that their IP addresses are fixed and static. Otherwise, when a VM is migrated to a different physical server, its IP address would change and transport sessions in progress would be lost. In effect this is a special case of the previous one. If VMs are numbered out of a prefix that is subject to renumbering, there is a direct conflict with application session continuity, unless a procedure similar to [RFC4192] is followed. 2.5. Asset Management and Security Tracing There are some large (campus-sized) sites that not only capture the MAC addresses of servers in a configuration system, but also do so for desktop client machines with wired connections, that are then given static IP addresses. Such hosts are not normally servers, so the two preceding cases do not apply. One motivation for this approach is straightforward asset management (who has which computer, connected to which cable?). Another, more compelling, reason is security incident handling. If, as occurs with reasonable frequency Carpenter & Jiang Expires June 27, 2013 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Renumbering Static Addresses December 2012 on any large network, a particular host is found to be generating some form of unwanted traffic, it is urgent to be able to track back from its IP address to its physical location, so that an appropriate intervention can be made. A static binding between the MAC address and the IPv6 address might be preferred for this purpose. Such users will not in most circumstances be significantly inconvenienced by prefix renumbering, as long as it follows the [RFC4192] procedure. The address deprecation mechanism would allow for clean termination of current sessions, including those in which their machine was actually operating as a server, e.g., for a peer- to-peer application. The only users who would be seriously affected would be those running extremely long transport sessions that might outlive the address deprecation period. Note that such large campus sites generally allocate addresses dynamically to wireless hosts, since (in an IPv4 world) addresses are scarce and allocating static addresses to intermittent users is not acceptable. Also, a wireless user may appear on different subnets at different times, so cannot be given a single static address. These users will in most circumstances only be slightly inconvenienced, if at all, by prefix renumbering. 2.6. Primitive Software Licensing Although it has many disadvantages and cannot be recommended as a solution, software licensing based on IP addresses or prefixes is still quite widely used in various forms. It is to be expected that this practice will continue for IPv6. If so, there is no alternative to informing the licensing party of the new address(es) by whatever administrative process is required. In an RFC 4192 renumbering procedure, the licenses for the old and new addresses or prefixes would have to overlap. If acceptable to the licensing mechanism, using addresses under an enterprise's ULA prefix for software licensing would avoid this problem. 2.7. Network Elements Each interface of a router needs an IP address, and so do other network elements such as firewalls, proxies, and load balancers. Since these are critical infrastructure, they must be monitored and in some cases controlled by a network management system. A conventional approach to this is to assign the necessary IP addresses statically, and also to configure those addresses in the monitoring and management systems. It is common practice that some such addresses will have no corresponding DNS entry. If these addresses Carpenter & Jiang Expires June 27, 2013 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Renumbering Static Addresses December 2012 need to be changed, there will be considerable ramifications. A restart of the network element might be needed, interrupting all user sessions in progress. Simultaneously, the monitoring and management system configurations must be updated, and in the case of a default router, its clients must be informed. To avoid such disruption, network elements must be renumbered according to an [RFC4192] procedure, like any other host. There is a school of thought that to minimise renumbering problems for network elements and to keep the simplicity of static addressing for them, network elements should all have static ULA addresses for management and monitoring purposes, regardless of what other global addresses they may have. 2.8. Access Control Lists Access Control Lists (ACLs) and other security mechanisms are often configured using static IP addresses. This may occur in network elements or hosts. If they are not updated promptly during a renumbering event, the result may be the opening of security loopholes, or the blocking of legitimate traffic, or both. Such security loopholes may never be detected until they are successfully exploited. 2.9. Management Aspects As noted in the Introduction, static addressing and manual address configuration are not the same thing. In terms of managing a renumbering event, static addressing derived automatically from a central database, e.g. by stateful DHCPv6, is clearly better than manual configuration by an administrator. This remains true even if the database itself requires manual changes, since otherwise an administrator would have to log in to every host concerned, a time- consuming and error-prone task. In cases where static addresses cannot be avoided, they could be assigned automatically from a central database using a suitable protocol such as stateful DHCPv6. Clearly the database needs to be supported by a suitable configuration tool, to minimise manual updates and to eliminate manual configuration of individual hosts. 3. Summary of Problem Statement If subnet prefixes are statically assigned, various network elements and the network management system must be updated when they are renumbered. To avoid loss of existing user sessions, the old prefixes need to be removed only after a period of overlap. Carpenter & Jiang Expires June 27, 2013 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Renumbering Static Addresses December 2012 If a printer or similar local server is statically addressed, and has no DNS or mDNS name and no discovery protocol, renumbering will require configuration changes in all hosts using that server. Most likely, these changes will be manual; therefore this type of configuration should be avoided except for very small networks. Even if the server is under a ULA prefix, any subnet rearrangement that causes it to be renumbered will have the same effect. If a server with a DNS name is statically addressed via a common configuration database that supports both DHCPv6 and DNS, then it can be renumbered "without a flag day" by following RFC 4192. However, if there is no common configuration database, then present technology requires manual intervention. Similar considerations apply to virtual servers with static addresses. If client computers such as desktops are statically addressed via a common configuration database and stateful DHCPv6, they can also be renumbered "without a flag day." But other statically addressed clients will need manual intervention, so DHCPv6 should be used if possible. If address-based software licensing is unavoidable, requiring static addresses, and ULAs cannot be used for this case, an administrative procedure during renumbering seems unavoidable. If network elements have static addresses, the network management system and affected client hosts must be informed when they are renumbered. Even if a network element is under a ULA prefix, any subnet rearrangement that causes it to be renumbered will have the same effect. ACLs configured with static addresses must be updated during renumbering. It appears that the majority of the above problems can be largely mitigated if the following measures are taken: 1. The site uses a general configuration management database and an associated tool that manage all prefixes, DHCPv6, DNS, router and security configuration in a consistent and integrated way. Even if static addresses are used, they are always configured with this tool, and never manually. Specification of such a tool is out of scope for the present document. 2. All printers and other local servers are always accessed via a DNS or mDNS name, or via a discovery protocol. User computers are configured only with names for such servers and never with their addresses. Carpenter & Jiang Expires June 27, 2013 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Renumbering Static Addresses December 2012 3. Internal traffic uses a ULA prefix, such that disturbance to such traffic is avoided if the externally used prefix changes. 4. If prefix renumbering is required, the RFC 4192 procedure is followed. Remaining open questions are: 1. Is minor residual loss of extremely long-living transport sessions during renumbering operationally acceptable? 2. Can automatic network element renumbering can be performed without interrupting any user sessions? 3. Do any software licensing systems require manual intervention? 4. Security Considerations This document defines no protocol, so does not introduce any new security exposures. However, security configurations such as ACLs are affected by the renumbering of static addresses. 5. IANA Considerations This document requests no action by IANA. 6. Acknowledgements Valuable comments and contributions were made by Ran Atkinson, Ralph Droms, Adrian Farrel, Wes George, Brian Haberman, Bing Liu, Pete Resnick, and other participants in the 6renum WG. This document was produced using the xml2rfc tool [RFC2629]. 7. Change log [RFC Editor: Please remove] draft-ietf-6renum-static-problem-03: IETF LC and IESG comments, 2012- 12-24. draft-ietf-6renum-static-problem-02: WGLC comments, clarified discussion of SLP and mDNS, expanded discussion of configuration tool, 2012-09-30. draft-ietf-6renum-static-problem-01: WG comments, 2012-08-31. draft-ietf-6renum-static-problem-00: adopted by WG and as milestone, 2012-07-30. Carpenter & Jiang Expires June 27, 2013 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Renumbering Static Addresses December 2012 draft-carpenter-6renum-static-problem-02: more feedback from WG, 2012-02-28. draft-carpenter-6renum-static-problem-01: feedback from WG, new text on software licensing, 2011-12-06. draft-carpenter-6renum-static-problem-00: original version, 2011-10-18. 8. Informative References [I-D.baker-homenet-prefix-assignment] Baker, F. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Assignment in Small Networks", draft-baker-homenet-prefix-assignment-01 (work in progress), March 2012. [I-D.cheshire-dnsext-dns-sd] Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "DNS-Based Service Discovery", draft-cheshire-dnsext-dns-sd-11 (work in progress), December 2011. [I-D.cheshire-dnsext-multicastdns] Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS", draft-cheshire-dnsext-multicastdns-15 (work in progress), December 2011. [I-D.ietf-6renum-enterprise] Jiang, S., Liu, B., and B. Carpenter, "IPv6 Enterprise Network Renumbering Scenarios, Considerations and Methods", draft-ietf-6renum-enterprise-05 (work in progress), December 2012. [I-D.ietf-6renum-gap-analysis] Liu, B., Jiang, S., Carpenter, B., Venaas, S., and W. George, "IPv6 Site Renumbering Gap Analysis", draft-ietf-6renum-gap-analysis-05 (work in progress), December 2012. [I-D.ietf-nvo3-overlay-problem-statement] Narten, T., Gray, E., Dutt, D., Fang, L., Kreeger, L., Napierala, M., and M. Sridharan, "Problem Statement: Overlays for Network Virtualization", draft-ietf-nvo3-overlay-problem-statement-01 (work in progress), October 2012. [RFC1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets", Carpenter & Jiang Expires June 27, 2013 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Renumbering Static Addresses December 2012 BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996. [RFC2608] Guttman, E., Perkins, C., Veizades, J., and M. Day, "Service Location Protocol, Version 2", RFC 2608, June 1999. [RFC2629] Rose, M., "Writing I-Ds and RFCs using XML", RFC 2629, June 1999. [RFC3007] Wellington, B., "Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic Update", RFC 3007, November 2000. [RFC3315] Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C., and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003. [RFC4192] Baker, F., Lear, E., and R. Droms, "Procedures for Renumbering an IPv6 Network without a Flag Day", RFC 4192, September 2005. [RFC4193] Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses", RFC 4193, October 2005. [RFC4862] Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862, September 2007. [RFC5887] Carpenter, B., Atkinson, R., and H. Flinck, "Renumbering Still Needs Work", RFC 5887, May 2010. [RFC6250] Thaler, D., "Evolution of the IP Model", RFC 6250, May 2011. Authors' Addresses Brian Carpenter Department of Computer Science University of Auckland PB 92019 Auckland, 1142 New Zealand Email: brian.e.carpenter@gmail.com Carpenter & Jiang Expires June 27, 2013 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Renumbering Static Addresses December 2012 Sheng Jiang Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd Q14, Huawei Campus No.156 Beiqing Road Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100095 P.R. China Email: jiangsheng@huawei.com Carpenter & Jiang Expires June 27, 2013 [Page 13]