PCE Working Group D. Dhody Internet-Draft U. Palle Intended status: Standards Track Huawei Technologies Expires: September 6, 2015 R. Singh Juniper Networks March 5, 2015 PCEP Extensions for MPLS-TE LSP Automatic Bandwidth Adjustment with stateful PCE draft-dhody-pce-stateful-pce-auto-bandwidth-04 Abstract The Path Computation Element Communication Protocol (PCEP) provides mechanisms for Path Computation Elements (PCEs) to perform path computations in response to Path Computation Clients (PCCs) requests. The stateful PCE extensions provide stateful control of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Traffic Engineering Label Switched Paths (TE LSP) via PCEP, for a model where the PCC delegates control over one or more locally configured LSPs to the PCE. This document describes the automatic bandwidth adjustment of such LSPs under the Active Stateful PCE model. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on September 6, 2015. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. Dhody, et al. Expires September 6, 2015 [Page 1] Internet-Draft AUTO-BW March 2015 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. Architectural Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4.1. Auto-Bandwidth Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4.2. Deploying Auto-Bandwidth Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5. Extensions to the PCEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.1. AUTO-BANDWIDTH-ATTRIBUTE TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.2. BANDWIDTH Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.3. The PCRpt Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.4. The PCInitiate Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7. Manageability Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7.1. Control of Function and Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7.2. Information and Data Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7.3. Liveness Detection and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7.4. Verify Correct Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7.5. Requirements On Other Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7.6. Impact On Network Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8.1. PCEP TLV Type Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8.2. AUTO-BANDWIDTH-ATTRIBUTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8.3. BANDWIDTH Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Appendix A. Contributor Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1. Introduction [RFC5440] describes the Path Computation Element Protocol (PCEP) as the communication between a Path Computation Client (PCC) and a Path Control Element (PCE), or between PCE and PCE, enabling computation Dhody, et al. Expires September 6, 2015 [Page 2] Internet-Draft AUTO-BW March 2015 of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) for Traffic Engineering Label Switched Path (TE LSP). [I-D.ietf-pce-stateful-pce] specifies extensions to PCEP to enable stateful control of MPLS TE LSPs. In this document focus is on Active Stateful PCE where LSPs are configured on the PCC and control over them is delegated to the PCE. Over time, based on the varying traffic pattern, an LSP established with certain bandwidth may require to adjust the reserved bandwidth over time automatically. Ingress Label Switch Router (LSR) samples the traffic rate at each sample-interval (BwSample) to determine the traffic information as Maximum Average Bandwidth (MaxAvgBw). Further adjustment to the reserved bandwidth should be made at every adjustment-interval automatically. Enabling Auto-Bandwidth on a LSP results in the LSP automatically adjusting its bandwidth based on the actual traffic flowing through the LSP. A LSP can therefore be setup with some arbitrary (or zero) bandwidth value such that the LSP automatically monitors the traffic flow and adjusts its bandwidth every adjustment-interval period. The bandwidth adjustment uses the make-before-break signaling method so that there is no interruption to traffic flow. This is described in detail in Section 4.1. [I-D.ietf-pce-stateful-pce-app] describes the usecase for auto-bandwidth adjustment for passive and active stateful PCE. There are two approaches to automatic bandwidth adjustments in case of active stateful PCE - o PCE to decide adjusted bandwidth: * Active stateful PCE can use other information such as historical trending data, application-specific information about expected demands and central policy information along with realtime actual flow volumes to make smarter bandwidth adjustment to delegated LSPs. Since LSP has delegated control to the PCE, it is inherently suited that it should be stateful PCE that decides the bandwidth adjustments. But this requires PCC to report the realtime bandwidth usage as well as the configuration knobs etc. o PCC to decide adjusted bandwidth: * This approach would be similar to passive stateful PCE model, where the headend (PCC) monitor and calculate the new adjusted bandwidth and request the computed adjusted bandwidth to be updated. The passive stateful PCE would use path request/reply Dhody, et al. Expires September 6, 2015 [Page 3] Internet-Draft AUTO-BW March 2015 mechanism where as in active stateful PCE report/update mechanism is used to adjust the bandwidth. This approach only require PCC to report the calculated bandwidth to be adjusted. But this approach does not utilize the optimization advantages offered by the active stateful PCE. This document defines extensions needed to support Auto-Bandwidth feature along with mechanism to provide traffic information of the LSPs in a stateful PCE model using PCEP. This document does not exclude use of any other mechanism employed by stateful PCE to learn real time traffic information etc. But at the same time, using the same protocol (PCEP in this case) for updating and reporting the LSP parameters as well as to support automatic bandwidth adjustment is operationally beneficial. 1.1. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 2. Terminology The following terminology is used in this document. Active Stateful PCE: PCE that uses tunnel state information learned from PCCs to optimize path computations. Additionally, it actively updates tunnel parameters in those PCCs that delegated control over their tunnels to the PCE. Delegation: :An operation to grant a PCE temporary rights to modify a subset of tunnel parameters on one or more PCC's tunnels. Tunnels are delegated from a PCC to a PCE. PCC: Path Computation Client: any client application requesting a path computation to be performed by a Path Computation Element. PCE: Path Computation Element. An entity (component, application, or network node) that is capable of computing a network path or route based on a network graph and applying computational constraints. TE LSP: Traffic Engineering Label Switched Path. Note the additional terms defined in Section 4.1. Dhody, et al. Expires September 6, 2015 [Page 4] Internet-Draft AUTO-BW March 2015 3. Motivation An active stateful PCE can update the bandwidth for a delegated LSP via mechanisms described in [I-D.ietf-pce-stateful-pce]. Note that further extension are needed because of following reasons: 1. To identify the LSPs that would like to use this feature. Not all LSPs in some deployments would like their bandwidth to be dependent on the live traffic but be constant as set by the operator. Incase of PCC initiated LSP, they would be configured at PCC and PCEP should support a mechanism to identify the LSP with auto bandwidth feature enabled at the PCE. Where as for PCE initiated LSP, PCEP should support mechanims to request PCC to provide live traffic information. 2. Further for LSP with auto bandwidth feature enabled, operator should be able to specify the knobs to control this feature like the bandwidth-range etc and PCEP should support their encoding. 3. PCC would need to report the live traffic information using the same protocol (PCEP in this case) making the network operations easier. Extensions as specified in this document is one of the way for PCE to learn this information. But at the same time a stateful PCE MAY choose to learn this information from other means like management, performance tools. 4. Architectural Overview 4.1. Auto-Bandwidth Overview Auto-Bandwidth feature allows an LSP to automatically and dynamically adjust its reserved bandwidth over time, i.e. without network operator intervention. The bandwidth adjustment uses the make- before-break adaptive signaling method so that there is no interruption to traffic flow. The new bandwidth reservation is determined by sampling the actual traffic flowing through the LSP. If the traffic flowing through the LSP is lower than the configured or current bandwidth of the LSP, the extra bandwidth is being reserved needlessly and being wasted. Conversely, if the actual traffic flowing through the LSP is higher than the configured or current bandwidth of the LSP, it can potentially cause congestion or packet loss. With Auto-Bandwidth feature, the LSP bandwidth can be set to some arbitrary value (even zero) during initial setup time, and it will be periodically adjusted over time based on the actual bandwidth requirement. Dhody, et al. Expires September 6, 2015 [Page 5] Internet-Draft AUTO-BW March 2015 Note the following terms: Maximum Average Bandwidth (MaxAvgBw): The maximum average bandwidth is the unit to measure the current traffic demand between a time interval. This is the maximum value of the averaged traffic pattern in a particular time interval. Sample-Interval: The time interval in which the traffic rate is collected as a sample. Adjustment-Interval: The time interval in which the bandwidth adjustment should be made based on the MaxAvgBw. Minimum Bandwidth: The minimum bandwidth that should be reserved for the LSP. Maximum Bandwidth: The maximum bandwidth that can be reserved for the LSP. Report-Threshold: This value indicates when the current live traffic bandwidth sample (BwSample) must be reported to stateful PCE via PCRpt message. Only if the percentage difference between the current BwSample and the last BwSample is greater than or equal to the threshold percentage the LSP bandwidth is reported to PCE. Adjust-Threshold: This value indicates when the bandwidth must be adjusted. Only if the percentage difference between the current MaxAvgBw and the current bandwidth allocation is greater than or equal to the threshold percentage the LSP bandwidth is adjusted to the current bandwidth demand. 4.2. Deploying Auto-Bandwidth Feature The traffic rate is repeatedly sampled at each sample-interval (which can be configured by the user and the default value as 5 minutes). The sampled traffic rates are accumulated over the adjustment- interval period (which can be configured by the user and the default value as 24 hours). The ingress LSR reports the live traffic information to the stateful PCE via the PCRpt message, to avoid multiple reports, the Report- Threshold percentage is used. Only if the percentage difference between the current BwSample and the last BwSample is greater than or equal to the threshold percentage the LSP bandwidth is reported to PCE. Stateful PCE will adjust the bandwidth of the LSP to the highest sampled traffic rate amongst the set of samples taken over the Dhody, et al. Expires September 6, 2015 [Page 6] Internet-Draft AUTO-BW March 2015 adjustment-interval. Note that the highest sampled traffic rate could be higher or lower than the current LSP bandwidth. Only if the current MaxAvgBw and the current bandwidth allocation is greater than or equal to the Adjust-Threshold percentage the LSP bandwidth is adjusted to the current bandwidth demand. Also to avoid multiple LSP re-signaling, sometimes operator set up longer adjustment intervals. However long adjustment-interval can also result in an undesirable effect of masking sudden changes in traffic patterns. To avoid this, the stateful PCE MAY pre-maturely expire the adjustment-interval to accommodate sudden bursts in traffic. 5. Extensions to the PCEP 5.1. AUTO-BANDWIDTH-ATTRIBUTE TLV The AUTO-BANDWIDTH-ATTRIBUTE TLV can be included as an optional TLV in the LSP object as described in [I-D.ietf-pce-stateful-pce]. Whenever the LSP with Auto-Bandwidth feature enabled is delegated, AUTO-BANDWIDTH-ATTRIBUTE TLV is carried in PCRpt message. The TLV provides PCE with the 'local configurable knobs' of this feature. In case of PCE Initiated LSP ([I-D.ietf-pce-pce-initiated-lsp]) with this feature enabled, this TLV is included in LSP object with PCInitiate message. The format of the AUTO-BANDWIDTH-ATTRIBUTE TLV is shown in the following figure: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type=[TBD] | Length=16 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Sample Int | Adj Int | Rpt Threshold | Adj Threshold | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Minimum Bandwidth | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Maximum Bandwidth | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Reserved | Flags |L| +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ AUTO-BANDWIDTH-ATTRIBUTE TLV format The type of the TLV is [TBD] and it has a fixed length of 16 octets. Dhody, et al. Expires September 6, 2015 [Page 7] Internet-Draft AUTO-BW March 2015 The value contains the following fields: Sample Int (8 bits): The Sample-Interval, time interval in which the traffic rate is collected at the PCC. Adj Int (8 bits): The Adjustment-Interval, time interval in which the bandwidth adjustment should be made. Rpt Threshold (8 bits): The Report-Threshold value is encoded in percentage. Only if the percentage difference between the between the current BwSample and the last BwSample is greater than or equal to the threshold percentage the real time bandwidth sample is reported to PCE. Adj Threshold (8 bits): The Adjust-Threshold value is encoded in percentage. Only if the percentage difference between the current MaxAvgBw and the current bandwidth allocation is greater than or equal to the threshold percentage the LSP bandwidth is adjusted to the current bandwidth demand. Minimum Bandwidth (32 bits): The minimum bandwidth allowed is encoded in IEEE floating point format (see [IEEE.754.1985]), expressed in bytes per second. Refer to Section 3.1.2 of [RFC3471] for a table of commonly used values. Maximum Bandwidth (32 bits): The maximum bandwidth allowed is encoded in IEEE floating point format (see [IEEE.754.1985]), expressed in bytes per second. Refer to Section 3.1.2 of [RFC3471] for a table of commonly used values. Flags (16 bits): One flag is currently defined: * L (Live-Traffic - 1 bit): If set, PCC SHOULD report the live traffic information flowing on the LSP as per the Report- Threshold set. Otherwise PCC only reports the calculated bandwidth to be adjusted to the PCE. Unassigned flags MUST be set to zero on transmission and MUST be ignored on receipt. Reserved (16 bits): This field MUST be set to zero on transmission and MUST be ignored on receipt. If the above parameters are not specified by the user, based on the local policy at Ingress (PCC) the default value can be encoded. Dhody, et al. Expires September 6, 2015 [Page 8] Internet-Draft AUTO-BW March 2015 If no default value is specified at Ingress, value 'zero' can be encoded for the particular field. The stateful PCE can then apply its own default value based on the local policy. 5.2. BANDWIDTH Object As per [RFC5440], the BANDWIDTH object is defined with two Object- Type values: o Requested Bandwidth: BANDWIDTH Object-Type is 1. o Re-optimization Bandwidth: Bandwidth of an existing TE LSP for which a reoptimization is requested. BANDWIDTH Object-Type is 2. The new BANDWIDTH object type 3 [TBD] is used to specify the BwSample determined from the existing TE LSP Traffic flow at every sample- interval when L bit is set in AUTO-BANDWIDTH-ATTRIBUTE TLV. The Report-Threshold percentage is used to determine if there is a need to report the current BwSample. If Live-Traffic (L-Bit) is not set, PCC only reports the calculated bandwidth to be adjusted (MaxAvgBw) to the PCE. This is done via the existing 'Requested Bandwidth with BANDWIDTH Object-Type as 1'. 5.3. The PCRpt Message When the delegated LSP is enabled with the Auto-Bandwidth adjustment feature with Live-Traffic (L-Bit) set, PCC SHOULD include the BANDWIDTH object of type 3 [TBD] in the PCRpt message. The definition of the PCRpt message (see [I-D.ietf-pce-stateful-pce]) is unchanged. When LSP is delegated to a PCE for the very first time, BANDWIDTH object of type 1 is used to specify the requested bandwidth in the PCRpt message. To report the live traffic flow information (as the BwSample) the BANDWIDTH object of type 3 [TBD] is encoded in further PCRpt message. If Live-Traffic (L-Bit) is not set, PCC SHOULD include the BANDWIDTH object of type 1 to specify the he calculated bandwidth to be adjusted to the PCE. 5.4. The PCInitiate Message For PCE Initiated LSP ([I-D.ietf-pce-pce-initiated-lsp]) with Auto- Bandwidth feature enabled, AUTO-BANDWIDTH-ATTRIBUTE TLV is included in LSP object with the PCInitiate message. The rest of the processing remains unchanged. Dhody, et al. Expires September 6, 2015 [Page 9] Internet-Draft AUTO-BW March 2015 6. Security Considerations This document defines a new BANDWIDTH type and AUTO-BANDWIDTH- ATTRIBUTE TLV which does not add any new security concerns beyond those discussed in [RFC5440] and [I-D.ietf-pce-stateful-pce] in itself. Some deployments may find the live traffic bandwidth information as extra sensitive and thus should employ suitable PCEP security mechanisms like TCP-AO or [I-D.ietf-pce-pceps]. 7. Manageability Considerations 7.1. Control of Function and Policy The Auto-Bandwidth feature MUST BE controlled per tunnel at Ingress (PCC), the values for parameters like sample-interval, adjustment- interval, minimum-bandwidth, maximum-bandwidth, report-threshold, adjust-threshold, Live-Traffic (L-Bit) SHOULD BE configurable by an operator. 7.2. Information and Data Models [RFC7420] describes the PCEP MIB, there are no new MIB Objects for this document. 7.3. Liveness Detection and Monitoring Mechanisms defined in this document do not imply any new liveness detection and monitoring requirements in addition to those already listed in [RFC5440]. 7.4. Verify Correct Operations Mechanisms defined in this document do not imply any new operation verification requirements in addition to those already listed in [RFC5440]. 7.5. Requirements On Other Protocols Mechanisms defined in this document do not imply any new requirements on other protocols. 7.6. Impact On Network Operations Mechanisms defined in this document do not have any impact on network operations in addition to those already listed in [RFC5440]. Dhody, et al. Expires September 6, 2015 [Page 10] Internet-Draft AUTO-BW March 2015 8. IANA Considerations 8.1. PCEP TLV Type Indicators This document defines the following new PCEP TLVs; IANA is requested to make the following allocations from this registry. Value Meaning Reference TBD AUTO-BANDWIDTH-ATTRIBUTE [This I.D.] 8.2. AUTO-BANDWIDTH-ATTRIBUTE This document requests that a registry is created to manage the Flags field in the AUTO-BANDWIDTH-ATTRIBUTE TLV in the LSP object. New values are to be assigned by Standards Action [RFC5226]. Each bit should be tracked with the following qualities: o Bit number (counting from bit 0 as the most significant bit) o Capability description o Defining RFC The following values are defined in this document: Bit Description Reference 31 Live-Traffic (L-Bit) [This I.D.] 8.3. BANDWIDTH Object This document defines new object type for the BANDWIDTH object; IANA is requested to make the following allocations from this registry. Object-Class Value Name Reference 5 BANDWIDTH [This I.D.] Object-Type 3: MaxAvgBw determined from the existing TE LSP Traffic flow. 9. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Venugopal Reddy, Reeja Paul, Sandeep Boina and Avantika for their useful comments and suggestions. Dhody, et al. Expires September 6, 2015 [Page 11] Internet-Draft AUTO-BW March 2015 10. References 10.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC5440] Vasseur, JP. and JL. Le Roux, "Path Computation Element (PCE) Communication Protocol (PCEP)", RFC 5440, March 2009. [I-D.ietf-pce-stateful-pce] Crabbe, E., Minei, I., Medved, J., and R. Varga, "PCEP Extensions for Stateful PCE", draft-ietf-pce-stateful- pce-10 (work in progress), October 2014. [I-D.ietf-pce-pce-initiated-lsp] Crabbe, E., Minei, I., Sivabalan, S., and R. Varga, "PCEP Extensions for PCE-initiated LSP Setup in a Stateful PCE Model", draft-ietf-pce-pce-initiated-lsp-02 (work in progress), October 2014. 10.2. Informative References [RFC3471] Berger, L., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Functional Description", RFC 3471, January 2003. [RFC5226] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226, May 2008. [RFC7420] Koushik, A., Stephan, E., Zhao, Q., King, D., and J. Hardwick, "Path Computation Element Communication Protocol (PCEP) Management Information Base (MIB) Module", RFC 7420, December 2014. [I-D.ietf-pce-stateful-pce-app] Zhang, X. and I. Minei, "Applicability of a Stateful Path Computation Element (PCE)", draft-ietf-pce-stateful-pce- app-03 (work in progress), October 2014. [I-D.ietf-pce-pceps] Lopez, D., Dios, O., Wu, W., and D. Dhody, "Secure Transport for PCEP", draft-ietf-pce-pceps-03 (work in progress), March 2015. Dhody, et al. Expires September 6, 2015 [Page 12] Internet-Draft AUTO-BW March 2015 [IEEE.754.1985] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic", IEEE Standard 754, August 1985. Dhody, et al. Expires September 6, 2015 [Page 13] Internet-Draft AUTO-BW March 2015 Appendix A. Contributor Addresses He Zekun Tencent Holdings Ltd, Shenzhen P.R.China Email: kinghe@tencent.com Xian Zhang Huawei Technologies Research Area F3-1B, Huawei Industrial Base, Shenzhen, 518129, China Phone: +86-755-28972645 Email: zhang.xian@huawei.com Young Lee Huawei Technologies 1700 Alma Drive, Suite 100 Plano, TX 75075 US Phone: +1 972 509 5599 x2240 Fax: +1 469 229 5397 EMail: leeyoung@huawei.com Authors' Addresses Dhruv Dhody Huawei Technologies Divyashree Techno Park, Whitefield Bangalore, Karnataka 560037 India EMail: dhruv.ietf@gmail.com Udayasree Palle Huawei Technologies Divyashree Techno Park, Whitefield Bangalore, Karnataka 560037 India EMail: udayasree.palle@huawei.com Dhody, et al. Expires September 6, 2015 [Page 14] Internet-Draft AUTO-BW March 2015 Ravi Singh Juniper Networks 1194 N. Mathilda Ave. Sunnyvale, CA 94089 USA EMail: ravis@juniper.net Dhody, et al. Expires September 6, 2015 [Page 15]