NEMO R. Baldessari Internet-Draft NEC Europe Intended status: Informational A. Festag Expires: August 27, 2007 NEC Germany M. Lenardi Hitachi Europe February 23, 2007 C2C-C Consortium Requirements for Usage of NEMO in VANETs draft-baldessari-c2ccc-nemo-req-00 Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on August 27, 2007. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007). Abstract Vehicular ad hoc Networks (VANETs), self-organized networks based on short-range wireless technologies, aim at improving road safety and providing comfort and entertainment applications. The Car2Car Communication Consortium is defining a European standard for inter- vehicle communication that adopts VANETs principles. This document Baldessari, et al. Expires August 27, 2007 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Requirements for NEMO in VANETs February 2007 describes the scope, use cases and requirements for a solution based on Network Mobility (NEMO) in VANETs as identified by the Consortium. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Overview of the Car-to-Car Communication Architecture . . . . 5 3.1. Current System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2. Current Protocol Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.3. Interaction with IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4. Scope of NEMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5. Example Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.1. Notification Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.2. Peer-to-peer Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.3. Upload and Download Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6.1. V2V and V2I Communication Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.2. Same Identifiers for V2V and V2I . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.3. Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.4. Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 9. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 18 Baldessari, et al. Expires August 27, 2007 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Requirements for NEMO in VANETs February 2007 1. Introduction In Vehicular ad hoc Networks (VANETs), cars are equipped with short- range wireless communication devices that operate at frequencies dedicated to safety and non-safety vehicular applications. When entering the proximity of each other, vehicles form a self-organized network by means of a specialized routing protocol that allows for packet exchange through broadcast and unicast communications. Further, fixed communication devices are installed along roadsides and can either distribute local warnings or offer connectivity with a network infrastructure. Due to its safety-oriented nature and extremely dynamic operational environment, this type of communication has lead research to consider specialized protocols and algorithms, especially concerning information dissemination, geographic distribution of packets and privacy/security issues. The Car2Car Communication Consortium is an industry consortium of car manufacturers and electronics suppliers that focuses on the definition of an European standard for vehicular communication protocols. The Consortium gathers results from research projects and aims at harmonizing their efforts. The first technical document [8], to be released in the following months, gives an overview of the system and protocol architecture, as well as of the applications on which the Consortium has agreed so far. In essence, this document defines a C2C-C protocol stack that offers specialized functionalities and interfaces to (primarily) safety-oriented applications and relies as a communication technology on a modified version of [9]. This protocol stack is placed beside a traditional TCP/IP stack, exclusively based on IPv6, which is used mainly for non-safety applications or potentially by any application that is not subject to strict delivery requirements, including Internet-based applications. The interaction between these stacks is currently discussed and briefly overviewed in this document. As vehicles connecting to the Internet via dedicated access points (also termed Road Side Units, see Section 2 for terminology) change their attachment point while driving, the Consortium considers IP Mobility support as enhancing the system with session continuity and global reachability. When considering that passenger devices can be plugged into car communication equipment, therefore turning a vehicle into an entire moving network, Network Mobility (NEMO) principles have clear benefits in the discussed scenario (i.e. passenger devices shielded from mobility, centralized mobility management). In VANETs, wireless multi-hop routing and forwarding are used to extend the coverage area of attachment points, allowing vehicles that are not in the proximity of a Road Side Unit to exchange packets with the infrastructure. Furthermore, as the coverage of such access Baldessari, et al. Expires August 27, 2007 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Requirements for NEMO in VANETs February 2007 points is expected to be (at least short/mid term) very limited compared with road extension, direct vehicle-to-vehicle packet routing for both kinds of application (safety and non-safety) is essential. These peculiar vehicular use cases require the integration of NEMO Basic Support [1] with ad hoc routing in the first case, an extension of NEMO to allow isolated vehicles to communicate directly in the latter. Other specific use cases are also described in this document. This document intends to provide the IETF NEMO work group with an overview of the C2C-C Consortium protocol architecture, selected use cases and related requirements for the deployment of a vehicular- specific solution based on Network Mobility principles. The document is organized as follows: Section 2 defines terminology. Section 3 describes the C2C-C Consortium goals and technical approach. Section 4 describes the intended scope of NEMO in vehicular applications according to the C2C-C Consortium. Section 5 explains a set of selected use cases. Finally Section 6 lists functional requirements. 2. Terminology The following terms used in this document are defined in the Mobile IPv6 protocol specification [2]: Home Agent (HA) Home Address (HoA) The following terms used in this document are defined in the Mobile Network terminology document [6]: Network Mobility (NEMO) Mobile Network Mobile Router (MR) Mobile Network Prefix (MNP) Mobile Network Node (MNN) The following new terms are used in this document: o On Board Unit (OBU): a device installed in vehicles, implementing the communication protocols and algorithm and equipped with at least 1) a short-range wireless network interface operating at Baldessari, et al. Expires August 27, 2007 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Requirements for NEMO in VANETs February 2007 dedicated frequencies and 2) a wireless or wired network interface where Application Units (AU) can be attached to. With respect to the NEMO terminology, the OBU is the physical machine acting as MR. o Application Unit (AU): a portable or built-in device connected temporarily or permanently to the vehicle OBU. It is assumed that AUs support a standard TCP/IPv6 protocol stack, optionally enhanced with IP Mobility support. With respect to the NEMO terminology, an AU is a generic MNN. o Road Side Unit (RSU): a device installed along roadsides implementing the same communication protocols and algorithms as an OBU. RSUs can either be isolated or connected to a network infrastructure. In the latter case, RSUs are attachment points either acting themselves as IPv6 access routers or as network bridges directly connected to an access router. o In-vehicle network: the wireless or wired network placed in a vehicle and composed by (potentially) several AUs and one OBU. o Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communication Mode: a generic communication mode in which data packets are exchanged between two vehicles, either directly or by means of multi-hop routing, without involving any node in the infrastructure. o Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communication Mode: a generic communication mode in which data packets sent or received by a vehicle traverse a network infrastructure. o Vehicle-to-Infrastructure-to-Vehicle (V2I2V) Communication Mode: a generic communication mode in which data packets are exchanged between two vehicles, by means of multi-hop routing involving a RSU not connected to a network infrastructure. 3. Overview of the Car-to-Car Communication Architecture The Car2Car Communication Consortium [7] is a non-profit organization initiated by European vehicle manufacturers that is open for suppliers, research organizations and other partners. The Car2Car Communication Consortium is dedicated to the objective of further increasing road traffic safety and efficiency by means of inter- vehicle communications. The goals of the Car2Car Communication Consortium [8] are: Baldessari, et al. Expires August 27, 2007 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Requirements for NEMO in VANETs February 2007 o Create and establish an open European industry standard for inter- vehicle communication systems based on wireless LAN components and guarantee European-wide inter-vehicle operability. o Enable the development of active safety applications by specifying, prototyping and demonstrating the Car2Car Communication system. o Promote the allocation of a royalty free European wide exclusive frequency band for Car2Car applications. o Push the harmonization of Car2Car Communication standards worldwide. o Develop realistic deployment strategies and business models to speed up the market penetration. 3.1. Current System Architecture The draft reference architecture of the C2C communication system is shown in Figure 1. Baldessari, et al. Expires August 27, 2007 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Requirements for NEMO in VANETs February 2007 | Internet | | | +---+-----------------+-+ | | Access +--+-+ +--+-+ Access Router | AR | | AR | Router +--+-+ +--+-+ | | --+---+--- --+---+-- | | Road Side +--+--+ +--+--+ Public Unit | RSU | | PHS | Hot Spot +---+-+ +---+-+ | | /\ /\ \_ \_ \_ \_ \ \ Mandatory \/ Mod IEEE 802.11p | __ \/ Optional IEEE Interface +---+--+ \__ \/ | 802.11a/b/g | OBU1 | | | Interface +--+---+ +-+-----+---+ Vehicle1 | | OBU2 | On-Board -+---+-+- +--+--------+ Unit | | | Vehicle2 Application +--+-+ +-+--+ --+--+-- Units | AU | | AU | | +----+ +----+ +-+--+ | AU | +----+ Figure 1: C2C-CC Reference Architecture Vehicles are equipped with networks logically composed of an OBU and potentially multiple AUs. An AU is typically a dedicated device that executes a single or a set of applications and utilizes the OBU communication capabilities. An AU can be an integrated part of a vehicle and be permanently connected to an OBU. It can also be a portable device such as laptop, PDA or game pad that can dynamically attach to (and detach from) an OBU. AU and OBU are usually connected with wired connection, but the connection can also be wireless, such as Bluetooth. The distinction between AU and OBU is logical, they can also reside in a single physical unit. Vehicles' OBUs and stationary units along the road, termed road-side Baldessari, et al. Expires August 27, 2007 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Requirements for NEMO in VANETs February 2007 units (RSUs), form an ad hoc network. An OBU is at least equipped with a (short range) wireless communication device based on draft standard IEEE 802.11p [9] (adapted to European conditions and with specific C2C-C extensions) primarily dedicated for road safety, and potentially with other optional communication devices. OBUs directly communicate if wireless connectivity exist among them. In case of no direct connectivity, multi-hop communication is used, where data is forwarded from one OBU to another, until it reaches its destination. For example in Figure 1, RSU and OBU1 have direct connectivity, whereas OBU2 is out of RSU radio coverage but can communicate with it through multi-hop routing. The primary role of an RSU is improvement of road safety. RSUs have two possible configuration modes: as isolated nodes, they execute applications and/or extend the coverage of the ad hoc network implementing routing functionalities. As attachment point connected to an infrastructure network, RSUs distribute information originated in the infrastructure and offer connectivity to the vehicles. As result, for example, the latter configuration allows AUs registered with an OBU to communicate with any host located in the Internet, when at least one RSU connected to a network infrastructure is available. An OBU may also be equipped with alternative wireless technologies for both, safety and non-safety. For example, an OBU may also communicate with Internet nodes or servers via public WLAN hot spots (PHS) operated individually or by wireless Internet service providers. While RSUs for Internet access are typically set up with a controlled process by a C2C-C key stake holder, such as road administrators or other public authorities, public hot spots are usually set up in a less controlled environment. These two types of infrastructure access, RSU and PHS, also correspond to different applications types. Other communication technology, such as wide coverage/cellular networks (e.g. UMTS, GPRS) may also be optionally installed in OBUs, but their usage is currently considered out of scope of the C2C-CC Consortium. The C2C-CC commonly refers to two main communication modes: o in Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) mode, data packets are exchanged directly between OBUs, either via multi-hop or not, without involving any RSU; o in Vehicle-to-Infrastructure mode (V2I), an OBU exchanges data packets through a RSU with an arbitrary node connected to the infrastructure (potentially another vehicle not attached to the same RSU). Baldessari, et al. Expires August 27, 2007 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Requirements for NEMO in VANETs February 2007 3.2. Current Protocol Architecture The protocol stack currently considered by C2C-CC for OBUs is depicted in Figure 2. +--------------------+------------------+ | | | | C2C-CC | IP-based | | Applications | Applications | | | | +--------------------+------------------+ | | TCP/UDP/... | | C2C-CC Transport +------------------+ | | | +--------------------+-----+ IPv6 | | | | | C2C-CC Network | | | | | +--------------------+-----+------------+ | Modified | Standard WLAN | | IEEE 802.11p | IEEE 802.11a/b/g | +--------------------+------------------+ Figure 2: OBU Protocol Stack Protocol blocks are explained in the following list: o Modified IEEE 802.11p: this block represents MAC and PHY layers of a wireless technology based upon current draft standard IEEE 802.11p [9] but modified for usage in Europe. In Europe, allocation of dedicated frequencies around 5.9 GHz for safety and non-safety applications is in progress. Expected communication range in line of sight is around 500m. This network interface is mandatory. o IEEE 802.11a/b/g: this block represents MAC and PHY layers provided by one ore more IEEE 802.11a/b/g network interfaces. This network interface is optional but C2C-C Consortium encourages its installation. o C2C-CC Network: this block represents the network layer protocol currently defined by C2C-CC. The protocol provides secure ad hoc routing and forwarding, as well as addressing, error handling, packet sequencing, congestion control and efficient information dissemination. The specification of this protocol is currently under discussion. Only the C2C-CC Network protocol can access the Modified IEEE 802.11p network interface. The C2C-CC Network protocol can also access the IEEE 802.11a/b/g interface. The Baldessari, et al. Expires August 27, 2007 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Requirements for NEMO in VANETs February 2007 C2C-CC Network protocol offers an interface to the IPv6 protocol. This interface allows IPv6 headers and payload to be encapsulated into C2C-CC Network datagrams and sent over the Modified IEEE 802.11p or IEEE 802.11a/b/g network interface. The specification of this interface is currently under discussion. A primary goal of the C2C-CC Network layer is to provide geographic routing and addressing functionalities for cooperative safety applications. Through the mentioned interface to the IPv6 protocol, these functionalities are also available for IP-based applications. o C2C-CC Transport: this block represents the transport layer protocol currently defined by C2C-CC. This protocol provides a selected set of traditional transport layer functionalities (e.g. application data multiplexing/demultiplexing, connection establishment, reliability etc.). The specification of this protocol is currently under discussion. o C2C-CC Applications: this block represents the application layer protocol currently defined by C2C-CC and concerns Active Safety and Traffic Efficiency Applications. 3.3. Interaction with IPv6 As described in Section 3.2, the C2C-CC includes IPv6 as mandatory part of its specified protocol architecture. Currently, three methods are discussed for transmission of IPv6 headers and their payload: o On the Modified IEEE 802.11p interface via the C2C-CC Network layer: in this method, IPv6 headers are encapsulated into C2C-CC Network headers and sent using dedicated frequencies for inter- vehicle communications. As the C2C-CC Network layer transparently provides ad hoc routing, from the IPv6 layer perspective other nodes (OBUs and RSU) are attached to the same link. With respect to a currently adopted terminology, introduced in [10], the C2C-C Consortium approach for usage of NEMO on the Modified IEEE 802.11p is fully MANET-Centric, in the sense that the protocol layer below IPv6 provides routing and forwarding in the ad hoc network, with the result that the ad hoc nature of VANETs is hidden from upper layers. A comparison of approaches for VANETs can be found in [11]. The deployability of this method strongly depends on the future availability of dedicated frequencies for non-safety purposes in inter-vehicle communications. If frequencies for this purpose will not be allocated, only the left part of the protocol stack of Figure 2 can access the Modified IEEE 802.11p interface. o On the IEEE 802.11a/b/g interface via the C2C-CC Network layer: in this method, IPv6 headers are encapsulated into C2C-CC Network Baldessari, et al. Expires August 27, 2007 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Requirements for NEMO in VANETs February 2007 headers and sent using license-free ISM frequency bands (wireless LAN). Except the network interface, this method is equivalent to the previous one. o On the IEEE 802.11a/b/g interface directly: in this method, IPv6 headers are sent directly to the wireless LAN interface as specified by [5]. The following informational list briefly summarizes currently discussed design concepts: o vehicles use only IPv6 addresses with as host part an EUI-64 identifier derived from the MAC address. Privacy issues described in [4] are strongly alleviated through the use of temporary, changing MAC addresses, which are assigned in a set to every vehicle (as part of their assigned "pseudonyms"); o when a RSU connected to a network infrastructure is available, an OBU configures a globally routable Care-of Address using stateless address configuration; o when infrastructure access is not available, OBUs use addresses with as prefix part a predefined IPv6 prefix reserved for C2C-C communications (TBD); o RSU can either act as IPv6 Access Routers or as network bridges connected to external IPv6 Access Routers. Different Access Routers are responsible for announcing different network prefixes with global validity. As a consequence, when roaming between different Access Routers, vehicles experience layer 3 handovers. In all the methods for use of IPv6 in C2C-C systems as described above, the IPv6 layer is meant to be enhanced with Mobility Support. As a vehicle includes a set of attached devices (AUs), Network Mobility seems the most appropriate solution, allowing for a centralized management of mobility to be executed in OBUs. 4. Scope of NEMO In VANETs based on IEEE 802.11 family, a limited amount of bandwidth is shared among a potentially high number of vehicles. Additionally applications for safety purposes have strict requirements in terms of delay, information dissemination and aggregation and secure ad hoc routing. This conflicting conditions have led research activities to consider different approaches compared with traditional, packet- centric network engineering. In particular, only through a more information-centric approach it seems possible to achieve Baldessari, et al. Expires August 27, 2007 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Requirements for NEMO in VANETs February 2007 functionalities like geographic distribution, information dissemination according to relevance, information aggregation using cross-layer analysis, plausibility checks at different protocol layers. Taking these aspects into consideration, the C2C-C Consortium is defining a protocol stack mainly dedicated for vehicular safety communications. Applications that are not subject to these particular requirements must use the right part of the protocol stack of Figure 2. This implies that the usage of NEMO in vehicular communications does not target safety-of-life applications but rather less restrictive, non-safety applications. Another important aspect for deployability is related to costs. A primary goal of the C2C-C Consortium is to achieve a spread diffusion in terms of vehicles equipped with communication devices and protocols. This implies that vehicles of different brands and classes should be equipped by default with a basic communication system, whereas differentiation of products can be achieved by offering additional services. NEMO, like any other solution based on IP Mobility support, relies on a service provider that guarantees global reachability at the Home Network Prefix by maintaining an Home Agent. As it does not seem realistic that every car owner will also subscribe for such a service, a set of limited applications based on IPv6 should be available even without Mobility Support. Therefore, NEMO modularity and interoperability with non-NEMO equipped vehicles has to be guaranteed. 5. Example Use Cases In this section, the main use cases are listed that have been identified by the C2C-CC for usage of NEMO in inter-vehicle communications: notification services, peer-to-peer applications and upload/download services. 5.1. Notification Services A generic notification service delivers information to subscribers by means of the Internet. After subscribing the service with a provider, a user is notified when updates are available. Example services are weather, traffic or news reports, as well as commercial and technical information from the car producer or other companies. As the network address of a vehicle changes while the vehicle moves among different points of attachment, each application should register the new address in order to receive information at the correct location. Service providers need to update continuously the Baldessari, et al. Expires August 27, 2007 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Requirements for NEMO in VANETs February 2007 subscription data and are able to track the users. Adopting global reachability at a reasonably constant identifier (e.g. Mobile Network Prefix), efficiency and location privacy improve considerably. 5.2. Peer-to-peer Applications A generic peer-to-peer application exchanges data directly between vehicles, without contacting any application server. Data traffic goes through a network infrastructure (V2I) or directly between cars when the infrastructure is not available (V2V). Example applications are vehicle-to-vehicle instant messaging (chat) and off-line messaging (peer-to-peer email), vehicle-to-vehicle voice over IP and file exchange. In this set of use cases, the same applications should be able to run in V2V and V2I mode. As applications should not be aware of routing nor addressing issues, they should use the same identifier for sessions and users (e.g. cars/drivers/passengers) independently of the communications mode. Possible approaches are either to adopt resolution mechanisms or actually maintain the same network identifier in both V2V and V2I modes. This could be achieved for example generalizing the concept of Mobile Network Prefix (MNP) and allowing a Mobile Router (OBU) to use it for V2V communications in absence of attachment points. By means of enforcing limited lifetime for IPv6 prefixes and due to the isolation of VANET clusters from the infrastructure (in V2V), this use of MNP should not introduce routing inconsistencies. 5.3. Upload and Download Services A generic upload/download service via the Internet consists in simple file exchange procedures with servers located in the Internet. As in vehicular scenarios the connectivity to the infrastructure is highly intermittent, network address' changes cause applications to re-establish sessions in order to resume the exchange, which implies considerable overhead. Session re-establishment can be avoided adopting NEMO. 6. Requirements The C2C-C Consortium has identified the following requirements for a NEMO solution for vehicular communications, with respect to the referred use cases. Baldessari, et al. Expires August 27, 2007 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Requirements for NEMO in VANETs February 2007 6.1. V2V and V2I Communication Modes A vehicle equipped only with a Modified IEEE 802.11p interface can use V2V and V2I communication modes for IP-based applications running in an OBU or in attached AUs. In other words, an OBU and the AUs attached to it are able to exchange IP packets with a node in the Internet (when a RSU connected to a network infrastructure is available), indirectly via a not connected RSU, or directly with other OBUs and AUs, even if a RSU is not available. 6.2. Same Identifiers for V2V and V2I Vehicles and in-vehicle networks attached to are reachable at identifiers (e.g. Mobile Network Prefix) that do not change frequently and can be used both when the infrastructure is available (V2I, e.g. through an Home Agent) and to communicate directly when infrastructure is not available (V2V). 6.3. Security As data security is mandatory for safety applications targeted by the C2C-C Consortium and implemented in the left part of the protocol stack depicted in Figure 2, any IP-based application must not introduce new security leaks for the C2C-CC applications or render their security measures ineffective. Further details can not be provided at this point of time because solutions for security in the C2C-CC protocol stack are still under discussion. As informational references, see [13], [14] and [15]. 6.4. Privacy Privacy of drivers and passengers is mandatory for safety applications targeted by the C2C-C Consortium. Mechanisms to implement privacy in the left part of the protocol stack depicted in Figure 2 are currently discussed (e.g. "revocable pseudonimity", where pre-assigned, quasi-random and changing pseudonyms are used as layer 2 and 2.5 identifiers). Therefore any IP-based application must not allow for linking changed pseudonyms by sending constant identifiers as clear text. In particular, encryption of Home Address and Mobile Network Prefix in NEMO signaling should be mandatory in VANETs and not optional as described in [3]. Furthermore, direct V2V communication mode without the infrastructure using a constant MNP might introduce the possibility to track vehicles. Further details can not be provided at this point of time because solutions for privacy in the C2C-CC protocol stack are still under discussion. As informational reference, see [12]. Baldessari, et al. Expires August 27, 2007 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Requirements for NEMO in VANETs February 2007 7. IANA Considerations This document does not require any IANA action. 8. Security Considerations This document defines requirements and therefore does not create any security threat. However, it mentions security and privacy issues in VANETs as currently discussed in the C2C-C Consortium. 9. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the members of the work groups PHY/ MAC/NET and APP of the C2C-C Consortium and in particular Andras Kovacs, Bernd Bochow and Matthias Roeckl for supporting and commenting this document. 10. References 10.1. Normative References [1] Devarapalli, V., Wakikawa, R., Petrescu, A., and P. Thubert, "Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support Protocol", RFC 3963, January 2005. [2] Johnson, D., Perkins, C., and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support in IPv6", RFC 3775, June 2004. [3] Arkko, J., Devarapalli, V., and F. Dupont, "Using IPsec to Protect Mobile IPv6 Signaling Between Mobile Nodes and Home Agents", RFC 3776, June 2004. [4] Narten, T. and R. Draves, "Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6", RFC 3041, January 2001. [5] Crawford, M., "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Ethernet Networks", RFC 2464, December 1998. [6] Ernst, T. and H. Lach, "Network Mobility Support Terminology", draft-ietf-nemo-terminology-06 (work in progress), November 2006. Baldessari, et al. Expires August 27, 2007 [Page 15] Internet-Draft Requirements for NEMO in VANETs February 2007 10.2. Informative References [7] "Car2Car Communication Consortium Official Website", http://www.car-2-car.org/ . [8] "Car2Car Communication Consortium Handbook", work in progress, February 2007. [9] "Draft Amendment to Standard for Information Technology . Telecommunications and information exchange between systems . Local and Metropolitan networks . specific requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications: Amendment 3: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE)", IEEE P802.11p/D1.0, February 2006. [10] McCarthy, B., Edwards, C., Dunmore, M., and R. Aguiar, "The Integration of Ad-hoc (MANET) and Mobile Networking (NEMO): Principles to Support Rescue Team Communication", Proc. of International Conference on Mobile Computing and Ubiquitous Networking (ICMU 2006), October 2006. [11] Baldessari, R., Festag, A., and J. Abeille, "NEMO meets VANET: A Deployability Analysis of Network Mobility in Vehicular Communication", Under submission, February 2007. [12] Fonseca, E., Festag, A., Baldessari, R., and R. Aguiar, "Support of Anonymity in VANETs - Putting Pseudonymity into Practice", To appear in Proc.of IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference (WCNC2007), March 2007. [13] Raya, M. and J. Hubaux, "The Security of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks", Proc.of Workshop on Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN2005), November 2005. [14] Aijaz, A., Bochow, B., Doetzer, F., Festag, A., Gerlach, M., Leinmueller, T., and R. Kroh, "Attacks on Inter Vehicle Communication Systems - an Analysis", Proc.of International Workshop on Intelligent Transportation (WIT2006), March 2006. [15] Fonseca, E. and A. Festag, "A Survey of Existing Approaches for Secure Ad Hoc Routing and Their Applicability to VANETS", NEC Technical Report NLE-PR-2006-19, March 2006. Baldessari, et al. Expires August 27, 2007 [Page 16] Internet-Draft Requirements for NEMO in VANETs February 2007 Authors' Addresses Roberto Baldessari NEC Europe Network Laboratories Kurfuersten-anlage 36 Heidelberg 69115 Germany Phone: +49 6221 4342167 Email: roberto.baldessari@netlab.nec.de Andreas Festag NEC Deutschland GmbH Kurfuersten-anlage 36 Heidelberg 69115 Germany Phone: +49 6221 4342147 Email: andreas.festag@netlab.nec.de Massimiliano Lenardi Hitachi Europe SAS Sophia Antipolis Laboratory Immeuble Le Theleme 1503 Route des Dolines Valbonne F-06560 France Phone: +33 489 874168 Email: massimiliano.lenardi@hitachi-eu.com Baldessari, et al. Expires August 27, 2007 [Page 17] Internet-Draft Requirements for NEMO in VANETs February 2007 Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. 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