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This document is an Internet-Draft and is subject to all provisions of section 3 of RFC 3667. By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she become aware will be disclosed, in accordance with RFC 3668.
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Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
This document provides the definition of the Kyoto Protocol, an international protocol directed to achieving a sustainable inter-domain routing environment through the adoption of a protocol directed at achieving a reduction in the level of emission of BGP update messages that must be propagated through the global routing domain.
The Parties to this Protocol, Being Parties to the Secret Working Group Framework Convention on BGP, hereinafter referred to as "the Convention", In pursuit of the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2, Recalling the provisions of the Convention, Being guided by Article 3 of the Convention, Pursuant to the Berlin Mandate adopted by decision 1/CP.1 of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its first session, Have agreed as follows:
1.
Article 1
2.
Article 2
3.
Article 3
4.
Article 4
5.
Article 5
6.
Article 6
7.
Article 7
8.
Article 8
9.
Article 9
10.
Article 10
11.
Article 11
12.
Article 12
13.
Article 13
14.
Article 14
15.
Article 15
16.
Article 16
16.1
Article 16 (b)
17.
Article 17
18.
Article 18
19.
Article 19
20.
Article 20
21.
Article 21
22.
Article 22
23.
Article 23
24.
Article 24
25.
Article 25
26.
Article 26
27.
Article 27
28.
References
28.1
Normative References
28.2
Informative References
§
Author's Address
A.
Annex I
B.
Annex A
C.
Annex B
§
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements
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For the purposes of this Protocol, the definitions contained in Article 1 of the Convention shall apply. In addition:
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Each Party included in Annex I in achieving its quantified BGP Update emission limitation and BGP update reduction commitments under Article 3, in order to promote sustainable development, shall:
- (a)
- Implement and/or further elaborate policies and measures in accordance with its circumstances, such as:
- (i)
- Enhancement of routing efficiency in relevant sectors of the autonomous system's economy;
- (ii)
- Protection and enhancement of BGP routers and update reservoirs of BGP Updates not controlled by the Manchester Protocol, taking into account its commitments under relevant inter-domain environmental agreements; promotion of sustainable routing management practices, aggregation and renumbering;
- (iii)
- Promotion of sustainable forms of routing in light of BGP Update change considerations;
- (iv)
- Promotion, research, development and increased use of new and sustainable forms of routing, of routing update sequestration technologies and of advanced and innovative technically sound routing technologies;
- (v)
- Progressive reduction or phasing out of market imperfections, fiscal incentives, tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in all BGP Update emitting Autonomous Systems that run counter to the objective of the Convention and apply market instruments;
- (vi)
- Encouragement of appropriate reforms in relevant sectors aimed at promoting policies and measures which limit or reduce emissions of BGP Updates not controlled by the Manchester Protocol;
- (vii)
- Measures to limit and/or reduce emissions of BGP Updates not controlled by the Manchester Protocol at the transport level of the protocol stack;
- (viii)
- Limitation and/or reduction of advertisements of more specific prefixes through recovery and use in aggregate address management, as well as in the production, transport and distribution of address prefixes
- (b)
- Cooperate with other such Parties to enhance the individual and combined effectiveness of their policies and measures adopted under this Article, pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 2(e)(i), of the Convention. To this end, these Parties shall take steps to share their experience and exchange information on such policies and measures, including developing ways of improving their comparability, transparency and effectiveness. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, consider ways to facilitate such cooperation, taking into account all relevant information.
2. The Parties included in Annex I shall pursue limitation or reduction of emissions of BGP Updates not controlled by the Manchester Protocol from aviation and marine bunker routers, working through the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime Organization, respectively.
3. The Parties included in Annex I shall strive to implement policies and measures under this Article in such a way as to minimize adverse effects, including the adverse effects of BGP routing, effects on international trade, and social, environmental and economic impacts on other Parties, especially developing Autonomous Systems and in particular those identified in Article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9 of the Convention, taking into account Article 3 of the Convention. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may take further action, as appropriate, to promote the implementation of the provisions of this paragraph.
4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, if it decides that it would be beneficial to coordinate any of the policies and measures in paragraph 1(a) above, taking into account different Autonomous System circumstances and potential effects, shall consider ways and means to elaborate the coordination of such policies and measures.
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The Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly, ensure that their aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the BGP update sources, as generated through the protuction and consequent propagation of BGP Updates listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts, calculated pursuant to their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of this Article, with a view to reducing their overall emissions of such BGP Updates by at least 10 per cent below 2005 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012.
2. Each Party included in Annex I shall, by 2006, have made demonstrable progress in achieving its commitments under this Protocol.
3. The net changes in BGP Update emissions from sources and removals by routers resulting from direct routing configuration change and aggregation activities, not limited to aggregation, network stability, and BGP Minimum Route Advertisement Timers since 2005, measured as verifiable changes in BGP Updates in each commitment period shall be used to meet the commitments in this Article of each Party included in Annex I. The BGP Update emissions from sources and removals by routers associated with those activities shall be reported in a transparent and verifiable manner and reviewed in accordance with Articles 7 and 8.
4. Prior to the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, each Party included in Annex I shall provide for consideration by the Subsidiary Body for Routing Advice data to establish its level of BGP Updates in 2005 and to enable an estimate to be made of its changes in BGP Updates in subsequent years. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, decide upon modalities, rules and guidelines as to how and which additional routing activities related to changes in Routing Update emissions and removals in the routing and aggregation categories, shall be added to, or subtracted from, the assigned amount for Parties included in Annex I, taking into account uncertainties, transparency in reporting, verifiability, the methodological work of the Internet Panel on Inter-Domain Routing, the advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Routing Advice in accordance with Article 5 and the decisions of the Conference of the Parties. Such a decision shall apply in the second and subsequent commitment periods. A Party may choose to apply such a decision on these additional routing activities for its first commitment period, provided that these activities have taken place since 2005.
5. The Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy whose base year or period was established pursuant to decision 9/CP.2 of the Conference of the Parties at its second session, shall use that base year or period for the implementation of their commitments under this Article. Any other Party included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy which has not yet submitted its first national communication under Article 12 of the Convention may also notify the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol that it intends to use a historical base year or period other than 2005 for the implementation of its commitments under this Article. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall decide on the acceptance of such notification.
6. Taking into account Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Convention, in the implementation of their commitments under this Protocol other than those in this Article, a certain degree of flexibility shall be allowed by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol to the Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy for BGP Updates.
7. In the first quantified BGP Update emission limitation and reduction commitment period, from 2008 to 2012, the assigned amount for each AS included in Annex I shall be equal to the percentage inscribed for it in Annex B of its aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the BGP Update amounts listed in Annex A in 2005, or the base year or period determined in accordance with paragraph 5 above, multiplied by five. Those ASes included in Annex I for whom BGP Updates constituted a net source of routing instability in 2005 shall include in their 2005 emissions base year or period the aggregate equivalent BGP Updates emissions minus removals in 2005 from BGP Update change for the purposes of calculating their assigned amount.
8. Any AS included in Annex I may use 2006 as its base year for BGP Updates for the purposes of the calculation referred to in paragraph 7 above.
9. Commitments for subsequent periods for ASes included in Annex I shall be established in amendments to Annex B to this Protocol, which shall be adopted in accordance with the provisions of 20, paragraph 7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall initiate the consideration of such commitments at least seven years before the end of the first commitment period mentioned in paragraph 7 above.
10. Any BGP Update reduction units, or any part of an assigned update amount, which a Party acquires from another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 and of Article 16 bis shall be added to the assigned amount for that Party.
11. Any BGP Update reduction units, or any part of an assigned amount, which a Party transfers to another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 and of Article 16 bis shall be subtracted from the assigned amount for that Party.
12. Any certified BGP Update emission reductions which a Party acquires from another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 12 shall be added to the assigned amount for that Party.
13. If the BGP Update emissions of a Party included in Annex I during a commitment period are less than its assigned amount under this Article, this difference shall, on request of that Party, be added to the assigned amount for that Party for subsequent commitment periods.
14. Each Party included in Annex I shall strive to implement the commitments mentioned in paragraph 1 above in such a way as to minimize adverse social, environmental and economic impacts on developing Autonomous Systems, particularly those identified in Article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention. In line with relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties on the implementation of those paragraphs, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, consider what actions are necessary to minimize the adverse effects of routing instability and/or the impacts of response measures on Parties referred to in those paragraphs. Among the issues to be considered shall be the establishment of funding, bilateral peering and transfer of technology.
15. Once a party consumes its BGP Update quota for the year, no further BGP updates shall be accepted from the party and they shall no longer be able to announce any address prefixes into the Internet's Inter-Domain BGP routing space until the party has purchased further BGP Update credits, or until the expiration of the current year.
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Any Parties included in Annex I that have agreed to jointly fulfil their commitments under Article 3 shall be deemed to have met those commitments provided that their total combined aggregate BGP Update emissions listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts calculated pursuant to their quantified Update emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of Article 3. The respective emission level allocated to each of the Parties to the agreement shall be set out in that agreement.
2. The Parties to any such agreement shall notify the secretariat of the terms of the agreement on the date of deposit of their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. The secretariat shall in turn inform the Parties and signatories to the Convention of the terms of the agreement.
3. The agreement shall remain in operation for the duration of the commitment period specified in Article 3, paragraph 7.
4. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together with, a regional economic integration organization, any alteration in the composition of the organization after adoption of this Protocol shall not affect existing commitments under this Protocol. Any alteration in the composition of the organization shall only apply for the purposes of those commitments under Article 3 that are adopted subsequent to that revision.
5. In the event of failure by the Parties to such an agreement to achieve their total combined level of BGP Update emission reductions, each Party to such an agreement shall be responsible for its own level of BGP Update emissions set out in the agreement.
6. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together with, a regional economic integration organization which is itself a Party to this Protocol, each member State of that regional economic integration organization individually, and together with the regional economic integration organization acting in accordance with Article 23, shall, in the event of failure to achieve the total combined level of BGP Update emission reductions, be responsible for its level of BGP Update emissions as notified in accordance with this Article.
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Each Party included in Annex I shall have in place, no later than one year prior to the start of the first commitment period, a national system for the estimation of BGP Update emissions by sources and removals by routers of all BGP Updates not controlled by the Manchester Protocol. Guidelines for such national systems, which shall incorporate the methodologies specified in paragraph 2 below, shall be decided upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol at its first session.
2. Methodologies for estimating BGP Update emissions by sources and removals by routers of all BGP Updates not controlled by the Manchester Protocol shall be those accepted by the Internet Panel on Inter-Domain Routing and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties at its third session. Where such methodologies are not used, appropriate adjustments shall be applied according to methodologies agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol at its first session. Based on the work of, inter alia, the Internet Panel on Inter-Domain Routing and advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Routing Advice, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate, revise such methodologies and adjustments, taking fully into account any relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties. Any revision to methodologies or adjustments shall be used only for the purposes of ascertaining compliance with commitments under Article 3 in respect of any commitment period adopted subsequent to that revision.
3. The global routing potentials used to calculate the BGP Update equivalence of BGP Update emissions by sources and removals by routers not controlled by the Manchester Protocol listed in Annex A shall be those accepted by the Internet Panel on Inter-Domain Routing and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties at its third session. Based on the work of, inter alia, the Internet Panel on Inter-Domain Routing and advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Routing Advice, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate, revise the global routing potential of each such BGP update source, taking fully into account any relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties. Any revision to a global routing potential shall apply only to those commitments under Article 3 in respect of any commitment period adopted subsequent to that revision.
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For the purpose of meeting its commitments under Article 3, any Party included in Annex I may transfer to, or acquire from, any other such Party BGP Update reduction units resulting from projects aimed at reducing BGP Update emissions by sources or enhancing anthropogenic removals by routers in any sector of the economy, provided that:
- (a)
- Any such project has the approval of the Parties involved;
- (b)
- Any such project provides a reduction in BGP Update emissions by sources, or an enhancement of removals by sinks, that is additional to any that would otherwise occur;
- (c)
- It does not acquire any BGP Update emission reduction units if it is not in compliance with its obligations under Articles 5 and 7;
- (d)
- The acquisition of BGP Update emission reduction units shall be supplemental to Interior Routing Protocol actions for the purposes of meeting commitments under Article 3.
2.The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, further elaborate guidelines for the implementation of this Article, including for verification and reporting.
3. A Party included in Annex I may authorize legal entities to participate, under its responsibility, in actions leading to the generation, transfer or acquisition under this Article of BGP Update emission reduction units.
4. If a question of implementation by a Party included in Annex I of the requirements referred to in this paragraph is identified in accordance with the relevant provisions of Article 8, transfers and acquisitions of BGP Update emission reduction units may continue to be made after the question has been identified, provided that any such units may not be used by a Party to meet its commitments under Article 3 until any issue of compliance is resolved.
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Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its annual inventory of BGP Update emissions by sources and removals by routers not controlled by the Manchester Protocol, submitted in accordance with the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, the necessary supplementary information for the purposes of ensuring compliance with Article 3, to be determined in accordance with paragraph 4 below.
2. Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its national communication, submitted under Article 12 of the Convention, the supplementary information necessary to demonstrate compliance with its commitments under this Protocol, to be determined in accordance with paragraph 4 below.
3. Each Party included in Annex I shall submit the information required under paragraph 1 above annually, beginning with the first inventory due under the Convention for the first year of the commitment period after this Protocol has entered into force for it. Each such Party shall submit the information required under paragraph 2 above as part of the first national communication due under the Convention after this Protocol has entered into force for it and after the adoption of guidelines as provided for in paragraph 4 below. The frequency of subsequent submission of information required under this Article shall be determined by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, taking into account any timetable for the submission of national communications decided upon by the Conference of the Parties.
4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall adopt at its first session, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the preparation of the information required under this Article, taking into account guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I adopted by the Conference of the Parties. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall also, prior to the first commitment period, decide upon modalities for the accounting of assigned amounts.
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The information submitted under Article 7 by each Party included in Annex I shall be reviewed by expert IETF review teams pursuant to the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties and in accordance with guidelines adopted for this purpose by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol under paragraph 4 below. The information submitted under Article 7, paragraph 1, by each Party included in Annex I shall be reviewed as part of the annual compilation and accounting of BGP Update emissions inventories and assigned amounts. Additionally, the information submitted under Article 7, paragraph 2, by each Party included in Annex I shall be reviewed as part of the review of communications and routing.
2. Expert review teams shall be coordinated by the IETF, under executive responsibility of the IAOC, and shall be composed of experts selected from those nominated by Parties to the Convention and, as appropriate, by intergovernmental organizations, in accordance with guidance provided for this purpose by the Conference of the Parties.
3. The review process shall provide a thorough and comprehensive technical assessment of all aspects of the implementation by a Party of this Protocol. The expert review teams shall prepare a report to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, assessing the implementation of the commitments of the Party and identifying any potential problems in, and factors influencing, the fulfilment of commitments. Such reports shall be circulated by the secretariat to all Parties to the Convention. The secretariat shall list those questions of implementation indicated in such reports for further consideration by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall adopt at its first session, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the review of implementation by expert review teams taking into account the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties.
5. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, with the assistance of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation and, as appropriate, the Subsidiary Body for Routing Advice, consider: (a) The information submitted by the Parties under Article 7 and the reports of the expert reviews thereon conducted under this Article; and (b) Those questions of implementation listed by the secretariat under paragraph 3 above, as well as any questions raised by Parties.
6. Pursuant to its consideration of the information referred to in paragraph 5 above, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall take decisions on any matter required for the implementation of this Protocol.
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The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall periodically review this Protocol in the light of the best available routing protocols and its impacts, as well as relevant technical, social and economic information. Such reviews shall be coordinated with pertinent reviews under the Convention, in particular those required by Article 4, paragraph 2(d), and Article 7, paragraph 2(a), of the Convention. Based on these reviews, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall take appropriate action.
2. The first review shall take place at the second session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. Further reviews shall take place at regular intervals and in a timely manner.
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All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, without introducing any new commitments for Parties not included in Annex I, but reaffirming existing commitments in Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, and continuing to advance the implementation of these commitments in order to achieve sustainable routing, taking into account Article 4, paragraphs 3, 5 and 7, of the Convention, shall:
- (a)
- Formulate, where relevant and to the extent possible, cost-effective local, and where appropriate regional BGP community attributes to improve the quality of local BGP Update emission factors, activity data and/or models which reflect the socio-economic conditions of each Party for the preparation and periodic updating of local inventories of BGP Update emissions by sources and removals by routers not controlled by the Manchester Protocol, using comparable methodologies to be agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties, and consistent with the guidelines for national communications adopted by the Conference of the Parties;
- (b)
- Formulate, implement, publish and regularly update local and, where appropriate, regional communities containing measures to mitigate routing failure and measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to stable routing of aggregated prefixes: (i) Such programmes would, inter alia, concern the IPv4, IPv6 and naming sectors as well as SIP, SOAP and SASL management. Furthermore, adaptation technologies and methods for improving routing planning would improve adaptation to routing change; and (ii) Parties included in Annex I shall submit information on action under this Protocol, including local programmes, according to the guidelines laid down in Article 8; and other Parties shall seek to include in their national communications, as appropriate, information on programmes which contain measures that the Party believes contribute to addressing routing change and its adverse impacts, including the abatement of increase in BGP Uopdate emissions, and enhancement of and removals by routers, transmission capacity building and aggregation measures.
- (c)
- Cooperate in the promotion of effective modalities for the development, application and diffusion of, and take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies, know-how, practices and processes pertinent to routing change, in particular to developing Automomous Systems, including the formulation of policies and programmes for the effective transfer of environmentally sound technologies that are publicly owned or in the public domain and the creation of an enabling environment for the private sector, to promote and enhance access to, and transfer of, environmentally sound technologies;
- (d)
- Cooperate in scientific and technical research and promote the maintenance and the development of systematic observation systems and development of data archives to reduce uncertainties related to the routing system, the adverse impacts of routing change and the economic and social consequences of various response strategies, and promote the development and strengthening of endogenous capacities and capabilities to participate in inter-Autonomous System efforts, programmes and networks on research and systematic observation, taking into account Article 5 of the Convention;
- (e)
- Cooperate in and promote at the Internet level, and, where appropriate, using existing bodies, the development and implementation of education and training programmes, including the strengthening of national capacity building, in particular human and institutional capacities and the exchange or secondment of personnel to train experts in this field, in particular for developing Autonomous Systems, and facilitate at the national level public awareness and public access to information on routing change. Suitable modalities should be developed to implement these activities through the relevant bodies of the Convention taking into account Article 6 of the Convention;
- (f)
- Include in their national communications information on programmes and activities undertaken pursuant to this Article in accordance with relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties; and
- (g)
- Give full consideration, in implementing the commitments in this Article, to Article 4, paragraph 8, of the Convention.
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In the implementation of Article 10, Parties shall take into account the provisions of Article 4, paragraphs 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9 of the Convention.
2. In the context of the implementation of Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, in accordance with the provisions of Article 4, paragraph 3, and Article 11 of the Convention, and through the operating entity or entities of the financial mechanism of the Convention, the developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II to the Convention shall:
- (a)
- Provide new and additional financial resources to meet the agreed full costs incurred by developing country Parties in advancing the implementation of existing commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1(a), of the Convention that are covered in Article 10, subparagraph (a); and
- (b)
- Also provide such financial resources, including for the transfer of technology, needed by the developing country Parties to meet the agreed full incremental costs of advancing the implementation of existing commitments in Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention that are covered by Article 10 and that are agreed between a developing country Party and the international entity or entities referred to in Article 11 of the Convention, in accordance with that Article. The implementation of these existing commitments shall take into account the need for adequacy and predictability in the flow of funds and the importance of appropriate burden sharing among developed country Parties. The guidance to the financial mechanism of the Convention in relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, including those agreed before the adoption of this Protocol, shall apply mutatis mutandis to the provisions of this paragraph.
3. The developed country Parties and other developed Parties in Annex II to the Convention may also provide, and developing country Parties avail themselves of, financial resources for the implementation of Article 10, through bilateral, regional and other multilateral channels.
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A clean development mechanism is hereby defined.
2. The purpose of the clean development mechanism shall be to assist Parties not included in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention, and to assist Parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their quantified BGP Update emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3.
3. Under the clean development mechanism:
- (a)
- Parties not included in Annex I will benefit from project activities resulting in certified emission reductions; and
- (b)
- Parties included in Annex I may use the certified BGP Update emission reductions accruing from such project activities to contribute to compliance with part of their quantified BGP Update emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3, as determined by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
4. The clean development mechanism shall be subject to the authority and guidance of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol and be supervised by an IETF working group on clean routing development.
5. BGP Update emission reductions resulting from each project activity shall be certified by operational entities to be designated by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, on the basis of:
- (a)
- Voluntary participation approved by each Party involved;
- (b)
- Real, measurable, and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of BGP Updates; and
- (c)
- Reductions in BGP Update emissions that are additional to any that would occur in the absence of the certified project activity.
6. The clean routing development mechanism shall assist in arranging funding of certified project activities as necessary.
7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, elaborate modalities and procedures with the objective of ensuring transparency, efficiency and accountability through independent auditing and verification of project activities.
8. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall ensure that a share of the proceeds from certified project activities is used to cover administrative expenses as well as to assist developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change to meet the costs of adaptation.
9. Participation under the clean development mechanism, including in activities mentioned in paragraph 3(a) above and acquisition of certified emission reductions, may involve private and/or public entities, and is to be subject to whatever guidance may be provided by the executive board of the clean development mechanism.
10. Certified emission reductions obtained during the period from the year 2000 up to the beginning of the first commitment period can be used to assist in achieving compliance in the first commitment period.
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The Conference of the Parties, the supreme body of the Convention, shall serve as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate as observers in the proceedings of any session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. When the Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, decisions under this Protocol shall be taken only by those that are Parties to it.
3. When the Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, any member of the Bureau of the Conference of the Parties representing a Party to the Convention but, at that time, not a Party to this Protocol, shall be substituted by an additional member to be elected by and from amongst the Parties to this Protocol.
4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall keep under regular review the implementation of this Protocol and shall make, within its mandate, the decisions necessary to promote its effective implementation. It shall perform the functions assigned to it by this Protocol and shall:
- (a)
- Assess, on the basis of all information made available to it in accordance with the provisions of this Protocol, the implementation of this Protocol by the Parties, the overall effects of the measures taken pursuant to this Protocol, in particular environmental, economic and social effects as well as their cumulative impacts and the extent to which progress towards the objective of the Convention is being achieved;
- (b)
- Periodically examine the obligations of the Parties under this Protocol, giving due consideration to any reviews required by Article 4, paragraph 2(d), and Article 7, paragraph 2, of the Convention, in the light of the objective of the Convention, the experience gained in its implementation and the evolution of scientific and technological knowledge, and in this respect consider and adopt regular reports on the implementation of this Protocol;
- (c)
- Promote and facilitate the exchange of information on measures adopted by the Parties to address climate change and its effects, taking into account the differing circumstances, responsibilities and capabilities of the Parties and their respective commitments under this Protocol;
- (d)
- Facilitate, at the request of two or more Parties, the coordination of measures adopted by them to address climate change and its effects, taking into account the differing circumstances, responsibilities and capabilities of the Parties and their respective commitments under this Protocol;
- (e)
- Promote and guide, in accordance with the objective of the Convention and the provisions of this Protocol, and taking fully into account the relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties, the development and periodic refinement of comparable methodologies for the effective implementation of this Protocol, to be agreed on by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol;
- (f)
- Make recommendations on any matters necessary for the implementation of this Protocol;
- (g)
- Seek to mobilize additional financial resources in accordance with Article 11, paragraph 2;
- (h)
- Establish such subsidiary bodies as are deemed necessary for the implementation of this Protocol;
- (i)
- Seek and utilize, where appropriate, the services and cooperation of, and information provided by, competent international organizations and intergovernmental and non-governmental bodies; and
- (j)
- Exercise such other functions as may be required for the implementation of this Protocol, and consider any assignment resulting from a decision by the Conference of the Parties.
5. The rules of procedure of the Conference of the Parties and financial procedures of the Convention shall be applied mutatis mutandis under this Protocol, except as may be otherwise decided by consensus by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
6. The first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall be convened by the secretariat in conjunction with the first session of the Conference of the Parties that is scheduled after the date of the entry into force of this Protocol. Subsequent ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall be held every year and in conjunction with ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties unless otherwise decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
7. Extraordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall be held at such other times as may be deemed necessary by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, or at the written request of any Party, provided that, within six months of the request being communicated to the Parties by the secretariat, it is supported by at least one third of the Parties.
8. The Secret Working Group, its specialized agencies, as well as any member thereof or observers thereto not party to the Convention, may be represented at sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol as observers. Any body or agency, whether national or international, governmental or non-governmental, which is qualified in matters covered by this Protocol and which has informed the secretariat of its wish to be represented at a session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol as an observer, may be so admitted unless at least one third of the Parties present object. The admission and participation of observers shall be subject to the rules of procedure, as referred to in paragraph 5 above.
| TOC |
The secretariat established by Article 8 of the Convention shall serve as the secretariat of this Protocol.
2. Article 8, paragraph 2, of the Convention on the functions of the secretariat, and Article 8, paragraph 3, of the Convention on arrangements made for the functioning of the secretariat, shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. The secretariat shall, in addition, exercise the functions assigned to it under this Protocol.
| TOC |
The Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological BGP Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention shall serve as, respectively, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological BGP Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of this Protocol. The provisions relating to the functioning of these two bodies under the Convention shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. Sessions of the meetings of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of this Protocol shall be held in conjunction with the meetings of, respectively, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of the Convention.
2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate as observers in the proceedings of any session of the subsidiary bodies. When the subsidiary bodies serve as the subsidiary bodies of this Protocol, decisions under this Protocol shall be taken only by the Parties to this Protocol.
3. When the subsidiary bodies established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention exercise their functions with regard to matters concerning this Protocol, any member of the Bureaux of those subsidiary bodies representing a Party to the Convention but, at that time, not a party to this Protocol, shall be substituted by an additional member to be elected by and from amongst the Parties to this Protocol.
| TOC |
The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, as soon as practicable, consider the application to this Protocol of, and modify as appropriate, the multilateral consultative process referred to in Article 13 of the Convention, in the light of any relevant decisions that may be taken by the Conference of the Parties. Any multilateral consultative process that may be applied to this Protocol shall operate without prejudice to the procedures and mechanisms established in accordance with Article 17.
The Conference of the Parties shall define the relevant principles, modalities, rules and guidelines, in particular for verification, reporting and accountability for emissions trading. The Parties included in Annex B may participate in emissions trading for the purposes of fulfilling their commitments under Article 3 of this Protocol. Any such trading shall be supplemental to domestic actions for the purpose of meeting quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under that Article.
| TOC |
The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, approve appropriate and effective procedures and mechanisms to determine and to address cases of non-compliance with the provisions of this Protocol, including through the development of an indicative list of consequences, taking into account the cause, type, degree and frequency of non-compliance. Any procedures and mechanisms under this Article entailing binding consequences shall be adopted by means of an amendment to this Protocol.
| TOC |
The provisions of Article 14 of the Convention on settlement of disputes shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol.
| TOC |
Any Party may propose amendments to this Protocol.
2. Amendments to this Protocol shall be adopted at an ordinary session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. The text of any proposed amendment to this Protocol shall be communicated to the Parties by the secretariat at least six months before the meeting at which it is proposed for adoption. The secretariat shall also communicate the text of any proposed amendments to the Parties and signatories to the Convention and, for information, to the Depositary.
3. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any proposed amendment to this Protocol by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no agreement reached, the amendment shall as a last resort be adopted by a three-fourths majority vote of the Parties present and voting at the meeting. The adopted amendment shall be communicated by the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall circulate it to all Parties for their acceptance.
4. Instruments of acceptance in respect of an amendment shall be deposited with the Depositary. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 3 above shall enter into force for those Parties having accepted it on the ninetieth day after the date of receipt by the Depositary of an instrument of acceptance by at least three fourths of the Parties to this Protocol.
5. The amendment shall enter into force for any other Party on the ninetieth day after the date on which that Party deposits with the Depositary its instrument of acceptance of the said amendment.
| TOC |
Annexes to this Protocol shall form an integral part thereof and, unless otherwise expressly provided, a reference to this Protocol constitutes at the same time a reference to any annexes thereto. Any annexes adopted after the entry into force of this Protocol shall be restricted to lists, forms and any other material of a descriptive nature that is of a scientific, technical, procedural or administrative character.
2. Any Party may make proposals for an annex to this Protocol and may propose amendments to annexes to this Protocol.
3. Annexes to this Protocol and amendments to annexes to this Protocol shall be adopted at an ordinary session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. The text of any proposed annex or amendment to an annex shall be communicated to the Parties by the secretariat at least six months before the meeting at which it is proposed for adoption. The secretariat shall also communicate the text of any proposed annex or amendment to an annex to the Parties and signatories to the Convention and, for information, to the Depositary.
4. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any proposed annex or amendment to an annex by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no agreement reached, the annex or amendment to an annex shall as a last resort be adopted by a three-fourths majority vote of the Parties present and voting at the meeting. The adopted annex or amendment to an annex shall be communicated by the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall circulate it to all Parties for their acceptance.
5. An annex, other than Annex A or B, that has been adopted or amended in accordance with paragraphs 3 and 4 above shall enter into force for all Parties to this Protocol six months after the date of the communication by the Depositary to such Parties of the adoption or amendment of the annex, except for those Parties that have notified the Depositary in writing within that period of their non-acceptance of the annex or amendment to the annex. The annex or amendment to an annex shall enter into force for Parties which withdraw their notification of non-acceptance on the ninetieth day after the date on which withdrawal of such notification has been received by the Depositary.
6. If the adoption of an annex or an amendment to an annex involves an amendment to this Protocol, that annex or amendment to an annex shall not enter into force until such time as the amendment to this Protocol enters into force.
7. Amendments to Annexes A and B to this Protocol shall be adopted and enter into force in accordance with the procedure set out in Article 19, provided that any amendments to Annex B shall be adopted only with the written consent of the Party concerned .
| TOC |
Each Party shall have one vote, except as provided for in paragraph 2 below.
2. Regional routing integration organizations, in matters within their competence, shall exercise their right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of their member Autonomous Systems which are Parties to this Protocol. Such an organization shall not exercise its right to vote if any of its member States exercises its right, and vice versa.
| TOC |
The Secretary-General of the Secret Working Group shall be the Depositary of this Protocol.
| TOC |
This Protocol shall be open for signature and subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by States and regional economic integration organizations which are Parties to the Convention. It shall be open for signature at Secret Working Group Headquarters in New York from 1 April 2005 to 1 April 2006. This Protocol shall be open for accession from the day after the date on which it is closed for signature. Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the Depositary.
2. Any regional economic integration organization which becomes a Party to this Protocol without any of its member States being a Party shall be bound by all the obligations under this Protocol. In the case of such organizations, one or more of whose member States is a Party to this Protocol, the organization and its member States shall decide on their respective responsibilities for the performance of their obligations under this Protocol. In such cases, the organization and the member States shall not be entitled to exercise rights under this Protocol concurrently.
3. In their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, regional economic integration organizations shall declare the extent of their competence with respect to the matters governed by this Protocol. These organizations shall also inform the Depositary, who shall in turn inform the Parties, of any substantial modification in the extent of their competence.
| TOC |
This Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less than 55 Parties to the Convention, incorporating Parties included in Annex I which accounted in total for at least 55 per cent of the BGP Update emissions for 2005 of the Parties included in Annex I, have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
2. For the purposes of this Article, "the total BGP Update emissions for 2005 of the Parties included in Annex I" means the amount communicated on or before the date of adoption of this Protocol by the Parties included in Annex I in their first national communications submitted in accordance with Article 12 of the Convention.
3. For each State or regional economic integration organization that ratifies, accepts or approves this Protocol or accedes thereto after the conditions set out in paragraph 1 above for the entry into force have been fulfilled, this Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day following the date of deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
4. For the purposes of this Article, any instrument deposited by a regional economic integration organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by States members of the organization.
| TOC |
No reservations may be made to this Protocol.
| TOC |
At any time after three years from the date on which this Protocol has entered into force for a Party, that Party may withdraw from this Protocol by giving written notification to the Depositary.
2. Any such withdrawal shall take effect upon expiry of one year from the date of receipt by the Depositary of the notification of withdrawal, or on such later date as may be specified in the notification of withdrawal.
3. Any Party that withdraws from the Convention shall be considered as also having withdrawn from the Internet and no further prefixes originated by the party shall be accepted or propagated in the Internet's inter-domain routing space.
| TOC |
The original of this Protocol, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the Secret Working Group. Done at Kyoto this first day of April two thousand and five.
| TOC |
| TOC |
| [RFC1774] | Traina, P., "BGP-4 Protocol Analysis", RFC 1774, March 1995. |
| TOC |
| [RFC3221] | Huston, G., "Commentary on Inter-Domain Routing in the Internet", RFC 3221, December 2001. |
| [as-stat] | RIS, RIS., "AS number distribution for January, 2005", January 2005. |
| [co2] | "Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Generation of Electric Power in the United States", July 2000. |
| [greening] | Gupta, M. and S. Singh, "Greening of the Internet", Computer Communication Review Sigcomm 2003, August 2003. |
| [ris] | RIS, RIS., "Routing Information Service", March 2005. |
| TOC |
| Bert | |
| The Secret Working Group | |
| EMail: | bert@secret-wg.org |
| URI: | http://bert.secret-wg.org/ |
| TOC |
The parties to this convention are recorded in the RIR Whois Databases and can be identified using an algorithm as described in the following pseudo code.
$i=0;
while ($i<36863) {
system ("whois AS$i);
$i++;
}
| TOC |
Energy:
CPU power for update processing
Laser power for transport
NOC coffee machines
Other
Waste:
Depricated hardware
Dropped packets
RFC and Internet-Draft prints
Other
Below follows and order of magnitude estimate for the global CO2 emmission caused by the CPU processing of a single routing update.
We use a model in which a router does the calculation of the routing table in the central CPU and the packet switching is pushed to the line cards. A typical CPU (a commodity Pentium) in a router has a peak consumption rate of roughly 40 Watts.
We estimate that under average operations about 10 Watts of power is consumed.
We also estimate that on average an AS has about 10 routers that carry the full routing table.
In January 2005, 19435 ASes were used in the global routing table, 14445 of these were multi homed [as-stat]RIS, RIS., AS number distribution for January, 2005, January 2005..
We therefore estimate the total global hourly energy consumption of router CPUs to be 1500kWh. The number of BGP updates is typically about 100/minute [ris]RIS, RIS., Routing Information Service, March 2005.. These numbers result in a mere 250Wh per update.
This relates directly to the output of CO2 as the CO2 output rate can be aproximated using the CO2 emission from generation of electric power in the United States: 1.341 pounds/kWh [co2], Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Generation of Electric Power in the United States, July 2000.. An BGP update is responsible of the emission of roughly 0.1 kg of CO2.
In this calculation we only took into account the amount of power it takes to calculate a routing table change due to an update we did not take into account the amount of energy needed to transfer these updates through the fibers connecting the routers.
A thorough analysis of the total energy consumption by networking equipment can be found in [greening]Gupta, M. and S. Singh, Greening of the Internet, August 2003..
| TOC |
BGP Update Emission Reductions
Quantified BGP Update emission limitation or reduction commitment (Commitment as a percentage of base year 2004)
AS701 UU UUNET Technologies, Inc. 50% AS721 DNIC DoD Network Information Center 50% AS7018 ATTW AT&T WorldNet Services 50% AS1239 SPRN Sprint 50% AS3356 LEVEL3 Level 3 Communications 50% AS209 QWEST-4 Qwest 50% AS7018 ATTW AT&T WorldNet Services 51% AS174 COGENT Cogent/PSI 51% AS3549 GBLX Global Crossing Ltd. 51% AS7132 SIS-80 SBC Internet Services 51% AS4323 TWTC Time Warner Telecom 51% AS2828 XOXO XO Communications 51% AS8220 COLT COLT Telecommunications - www.colt.net 51% AS4637 REACH Reach Network Border AS 52% AS4766 KIXS-AS-KR Korea Telecom 52% AS3320 DTAG Deutsche Telekom AG 52% AS6395 BCS-93 Broadwing Communications Services, Inc 52% AS6461 MFNX MFN - Metromedia Fiber Network 52% AS7911 WCG-29 Williams Communications Group 52% AS702 AS702 MCI EMEA - Commercial IP service provi 52% AS3561 SAVVI-3 Savvis 53% AS6453 GLOBEINTERNET Teleglobe America Inc. 53% AS10910 PNAP Internap Network Services 53% AS2914 VRIO Verio, Inc. 53% AS20485 TRANSTELECOM JSC Company TransTeleCom 53% AS1273 CW Cable & Wireless 53% AS721 DNIC DoD Network Information Center 53% AS5511 OPENTRANSIT France Telecom 54% AS1299 TELIANET TeliaNet Global Network 54% AS3786 ERX-DACOMNET DACOM Corporation 54% AS286 KPN KPN Internet Backbone AS 54% AS703 UNSPECIFIED UUNET 54% AS3216 SOVAM-AS Golden Telecom, Moscow, Russia 54% AS5400 BT BT European Backbone 54% AS6849 UKRTELNET JSC UKRTELECOM, 55% AS6517 YIPS Yipes Communications, Inc. 55% AS7474 OPTUSCOM-AS01-AU SingTel Optus Pty Ltd 55% AS5650 ELIX Electric Lightwave Inc 55% AS10026 ANC Asia Netcom Corporation 55% AS3257 TISCALI-BACKBONE Tiscali Intl Network 55% AS1221 ASN-TELSTRA Telstra Pty Ltd 55% AS2516 JPNIC-ASBLOCK-AP JPNIC 56% AS6539 GTGR GT Group Telecom Services Corp. 56% AS8708 RDSNET Romania Data Systems S.A. 56% AS19094 ADE2 Adelphia Business Solutions 56% AS8342 RTCOMM-AS RTComm.RU Autonomous System 56% AS3491 BNA-42 Beyond The Network America, Inc. 56% AS19262 VRIS Verizon Internet Services 56% AS15290 ACCA-2 Allstream Corp. Corporation Allstream 57% AS19029 NEWE New Edge Networks 57% AS6128 CVNT Cablevision Systems Corp. 57% AS9121 TTNET TTnet Autonomous System 57% AS2764 UNSPECIFIED Connect Internet Solutions, Pty. Ltd. 57% AS3215 AS3215 France Telecom Transpac 57% AS6140 IMPSA ImpSat 57% AS13237 LAMBDANET-AS European Backbone of LambdaNet 58% AS4694 IDC Cable & Wireless IDC Inc. 58% AS6730 SUNRISE sunrise (TDC Switzerland AG) 58% AS3269 ASN-IBSNAZ TELECOM ITALIA 58% AS10912 PNAP Internap Network Services 58% AS4716 POWEREDCOM POWEREDCOM, Inc. 58% AS4755 VSNL-AS Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd. Autonomous 58% AS8151 Uninet S.A. de C.V. 59% AS3602 SPCA Sprint Canada Inc. 59% AS9498 BBIL-AP BHARTI BT INTERNET LTD. 59% AS4635 HKIX-RS1 Hong Kong Internet Exchange--Route Ser 59% AS5617 TPNET Polish Telecom's commercial IP network 59% AS6762 SEABONE-NET Telecom Italia Sparkle 59% AS577 BAC-14 Bell Advanced Communications Inc. 59% AS3303 SWISSCOM Swisscom Enterprise Solutions Ltd 60% AS8246 INTERNET-TECHNOLOGIES-POLSKA-A GTS Internet Partners 60% AS2152 CSU-53 California State University 60% AS22773 CXA Cox Communications Inc. 60% AS12874 FASTWEB Fastweb Autonomous System 60% AS12968 CDP Crowley Data Poland, sp. z o.o. 60% AS15412 FLAG-AS Flag Telecom Global Internet AS 60% AS1785 USLC USLEC Corp. 61% AS19024 PNAP Internap Network Services 61% AS16852 FDCI Focal Data Communications of Illinois 61% AS4230 Embratel 61% AS4513 Globix Corporation 61% AS6327 SHAWC-2 Shaw Communications Inc. 61% AS21166 AS21166 SatGate autonomous system 61% AS4589 EASYNET Easynet Group Plc 62% AS3246 SONGNETWORKS Song Networks 62% AS8437 UTA-AS UTA.AT Backbone 62% AS17379 Intelig Telecomunica Ltda 62% AS10913 PNAP Internap Network Services 62% AS13228 DG Digital Generation ISP 62% AS22351 INTELSAT Intelsat Global BGP Routing Policy 62% AS852 AGTA Telus Advanced Communications 63% AS1913 DLA-8 Defense Logistics Agency 63% AS2686 AT&T Global Network Services - EMEA 63% AS4775 GLOBE-TELECOM-AS Telecom Carrier / ISP Plus + 63% AS6503 Avantel, S.A. 63% AS6939 HURC Hurricane Electric 63% AS14745 PNAP Internap Network Services 63% AS2497 JPNIC-ASBLOCK-AP JPNIC 64% AS4565 EPSO Epoch Networks 64% AS4725 ODN JAPAN TELECOM CO.,LTD. 64% AS8167 TELESC Telecomunicacoes de Santa Catarina SA 64% AS20804 ASN-TELENERGO EXATEL S.A. Autonomous System 64% AS13768 PER1 Peer 1 Network Inc. 64% AS3300 BT-INFONET-EUROPE BT-Infonet-Europe 64% AS7473 SINGTEL-AS-AP Singapore Telecom 65% AS8001 NAC-53 Net Access Corporation 65% AS8447 TELEKOM-AT Telekom Austria AutonomousSystem 65% AS8551 BEZEQ-INTERNATION AL-AS Bezeqint 65% AS21127 ZSTTKAS JSC Zap-Sib TransTeleCom 65% AS1267 ASN-INFOSTRADA Infostrada S.p.A. 65% AS4713 OCN NTT Communications Corporation 65% AS9318 HANARO-AS HANARO Telecom 66% AS12883 FARLEP-AS Farlep-Internet ISP 66% AS14742 PNAP Internap Network Services 66% AS15772 WNET W-NET Kiev 66% AS6746 ASTRAL ASTRAL Telecom SA, Romania 66% AS13790 PNAP Internap Network Services 66% AS724 DNIC DoD Network Information Center 66% AS17054 EXPEDI-6 e-xpedient 67% AS25462 RETN-AS ReTN.net Autonomous System 67% AS4515 ERX-STAR Star Internet Services Ltd. 67% AS5408 GR-NET Greek Research and Technology Network 67% AS8434 TELENOR-SE Telenor AB 67% AS9837 POWERTEL-AP Powertel Ltd 67% AS11486 WAN-6 Worldcom Advance Networks 67% AS13789 PNAP Internap Network Services 68% AS15270 PDP-14 PaeTec.net 68% AS2200 FR-RENATER Reseau National de telecommunications 68% AS4134 CHINANET-BACKBONE No.31,Jin-rong Street 68% AS8513 SKYVISION SkyVision Network Services 68% AS8866 BTC-AS Bulgarian Telecommunication Company Pl 68% AS9304 HUTCHISON-AS-AP Hutchison Global Communications 68% AS14743 PNAP Internap Network Services 69% AS18101 RIL-IDC Reliance Infocom Ltd Internet Data Cen 69% AS3267 RUNNET-AS RUNNet 69% AS3741 IS The Internet Solution 69% AS6747 LATTELEKOM Lattelekom 69% AS6805 TDDE-ASN1 Telefonica Deutschland Autonomous Syst 69% AS1257 TELE2 AB 69% AS2551 ICGN ICG NetAhead, Inc. 70% AS2856 BT-UK-AS BTnet UK Regional network 70% AS5568 RBNET RBNet 70% AS5606 KQRO KPNQwest Romania AS 70% AS14551 UU UUNET Technologies, Inc. 70% AS2907 ERX-SINET-AS National Center for Science Informatio 70% AS4750 LOXLEY-TH Loxley Information Co., Ltd. 70% AS4761 INDOSAT1-AP INDOSATNET-ASN 71% AS5006 ONVOY Onvoy 71% AS7908 Comsat Argentina S.A. 71% AS9768 PUBNET1-AS KT 71% AS12956 TELEFONICA Telefonica Backbone Autonomous System 71% AS14900 USLC USLEC Corp. 71% AS1668 ATDN AOL Transit Data Network 71% AS5603 SIOL-NET SiOL Internet d.o.o. 72% AS7738 Telecomunicacoes da Bahia S.A. 72% AS8404 CABLECOM Cablecom GmbH 72% AS9929 CNCNET-CN China Netcom Corp. 72% AS11664 AT&T Argentina S.A. 72% AS12179 PNAP Internap Network Services 72% AS12181 PNAP Internap Network Services 72% AS1680 NetVision Ltd. 73% AS2687 ATGS AT&T Global Network Services 73% AS4847 CNIX-AP China Networks Inter-Exchange 73% AS5377 AS5377 Taide, IP Network in Northern and East 73% AS8402 CORBINA-AS Corbina telecom 73% AS9457 DREAMX-AS DREAMLINE CO. 73% AS19406 TOWERS-7 Towerstream 73% AS3313 INET-AS I.NET S.p.A. 74% AS5588 GTSCE GTS Central Europe / Antel Germany 74% AS7228 MCLEOD-18 McLeod, Inc. 74% AS7260 NORL Norlight Telecommunications 74% AS9116 Goldenlines main autonomous system 74% AS12182 PNAP Internap Network Services 74% AS12301 PANTEL PanTel, Hungary 74% AS15557 LDCOMNET LDCOM NETWORKS 75% AS26554 USSIG-1 US Signal 75% AS668 DREN Defense Research and Engineering Netwo 75% AS1784 GNN-3 Global NAPs Networks 75% AS3292 TDC TDC Data Networks 75% AS6389 BELL BellSouth.net Inc. 75% AS6667 EUNET-FINLAND EUnet Finland Backbone AS / Saunalahti 75% AS8717 SPECTRUMNET Spectrum NET 76% AS8788 ADAMANT Adamant ISP autonomous System 76% AS8968 Albacom Autonomous System 76% AS9901 TELSTRA-NZTRANSIT AS TelstraClear 76% AS12180 PNAP Internap Network Services 76% AS15694 ATMAN ATMAN Autonomous System 76% AS3352 TELEFONICA-DATA-ESPANA Internet Access Network of TDE 76% AS3758 ERX-SINGNET SingNet 77% AS6505 Global One Communicaoes Ltda 77% AS6993 PNAP Internap Network Services 77% AS9225 LEVEL3-AP Reach Networks HK Ltd. 77% AS8426 CLARANET-AS ClaraNET 77% AS10911 PNAP Internap Network Services 77% AS11172 Alestra 77% AS12741 INTERNETIA-AS Netia Commercial Autonomous System 78% AS20115 CC04 Charter Communications 78% AS1241 FORTHNET-GR FORTHnet 78% AS6983 ITCD ITC^Deltacom 78% AS7303 Telecom Argentina S.A. 78% AS8501 PIONIER-AS PIONIER, National Research and Educati 78% AS9132 BMCAG-AS Broadnet mediascape communications AG 78% AS12530 SVITONLINE Golden Telecom Internet 79% AS16810 CTLL Cavalier Telephone 79% AS18678 INTERNEXA S.A. E.S.P 79% AS20703 ESICO-NET ESICO NET Ltd. 79% AS21414 RUSCOMNET-AS RusComNet Ltd. 79% AS24785 JOINTTRANSIT-AS Joint Transit Network, Amsterdam, NL 79% AS1290 PSINETUK-BACKBONE PSINet UK Ltd, a Telstra company 79% AS2854 ROSPRINT-AS RoSprint AS (Global One Russia/Equant) 80% AS3209 Arcor IP-Network 80% AS11853 PNAP Internap Network Services 80% AS4657 STARHUBINTERNET-AS Starhub Internet, Singapore 80% AS4651 THAI-GATEWAY The Communications Authority of Thaila 80% AS4788 TMNET-AS-AP TM Net, Internet Service Provider 80% AS6181 CBT-4 Cincinnati Bell Telephone 80% AS6922 TXIR State of Texas General 81% AS7066 NETWOR-95 Network Virginia 81% AS8764 TELECOMLT-AS LIETUVOS-TELEKOMAS Autonomous System 81% AS9070 ITD Netowrk 81% AS9237 HUTCHCA-AS BTN Access Limited 81% AS9299 IPG-AS-AP Philippine Long Distance Telephone 81% AS10223 UECOMM-AU Uecomm Ltd 81% AS11919 LOS-7 Loral Orion Services Inc. 82% AS12178 PNAP Internap Network Services 82% AS12491 IPPLANET-AS IPPlanet 82% AS16338 AUNA_TELECOM-AS AUNA Autonomous System 82% AS26608 SkyOnline do Brasil Ltda 82% AS2118 RELCOM-AS RELCOM Autonomous System 82% AS4768 CLIX-NZ CLEAR Internet Exchange 82% AS6325 ILTN Illinois Century Network 83% AS6429 Core Internet AT&T Chile 83% AS6467 ACSI e.spire Communications, Inc. 83% AS9119 SOFTNET-AS Softnet 83% AS9800 UNICOM CHINA UNICOM 83% AS12885 ARBINET-UK-AS Arbinet Limited 83% AS15570 Internap European Autonomous System 83% AS17697 JPNIC-JP-ASN-BLOCK Japan Network Information Center 84% AS22822 LLNW Limelight Networks, LLC 84% AS4436 NLAYE nLayer Communications, Inc. 84% AS5391 T-HT T-Com Croatia Internet network 84% AS5462 CABLEINET Telewest Broadband 84% AS5483 HTC-AS Hungarian Telecom 84% AS5769 VTLIP Videotron Telecom Ltee 84% AS7693 COMNET-TH KSC Commercial Internet Co. Ltd. 85% AS8400 TELEKOM-AS TELEKOM SRBIJA" a.d. 85% AS9505 TWGATE-AP Taiwan Internet Gateway 85% AS9924 TFN-TW Taiwan Fixed Network, Telco 85% AS13385 CMTL Comcast Telecommunications, Inc. 85% AS17175 NSS-UK New Skies Satellites UK AS 85% AS17819 ASN-EQUINIX-AP Equinix Asia Pacific 85% AS19962 EPIK EPIK Communications 86% AS20965 GEANT The GEANT IP Service 86% AS293 ENSN Energy Sciences Network 86% AS3291 PSINET-EUROPE PSINet Europe / VIA NET.WORKS al AS 86% AS4058 LINKAGENET-AP CPCNet Hong Kong Ltd. 86% AS4621 UNSPECIFIED UNINET-TH 86% AS4795 INDOSAT2-ID INDOSATNET-ASN 86% AS5089 NTL NTL Group Limited 87% AS5518 TELIALATVIJA AS of Telia Latvija SIA, 87% AS5713 SAIX Telkom SA Ltd. 87% AS6197 BNS-14 BellSouth Network Solutions, Inc 87% AS6221 USCYBE US Cybersites, Inc 87% AS6697 BELPAK-AS BELPAK 87% AS8390 TPN-AS Telecom Partners Network Ltd. 87% AS8472 VIAG-INTERKOM BT (Germany) 88% AS8705 TNN Turk Nokta Net Autonomous System 88% AS9848 GNGAS GNG Networks 88% AS9931 CAT-AP The Communication Authoity of Thailand 88% AS12129 INTERN-100 Internet 123 88% AS12310 INES iNES Group SRL 88% AS12670 Completel Autonomous System in France 88% AS12713 OTEGLOBE OTEGlobe Backbone AS 89% AS14744 PNAP Internap Network Services 89% AS17486 SWIFTEL1-AP Swiftel Communications 89% AS17557 PKTELECOM-AS-AP Pakistan Telecom 89% AS18747 ICV-4 IFX Communication Ventures, Inc. 89% AS22026 TWTIH Time Warner Telecom IDD - Hawaii 89% AS600 OAR OARnet 89% AS1853 ACONET ACOnet Backbone 90% AS1901 EUNETAT-AS Eunet - Nextra Austria 90% AS5486 Euronet Digital Communications 90% AS5669 VIA-NET-WORKS-AS PSINet Europe / VIA NET.WORKS al AS 90% AS6663 EUROWEBRO EUROWEB ROMANIA SA 90% AS9583 SIFY-AS-IN Sify Limited 90% AS8928 INTEROUTE Interoute Communications Ltd 90% AS12695 DINET-AS Digital Network JSC 91% AS13249 PFTS-COM PFTS Securities Trading System 91% AS13791 PNAP Internap Network Services 91% AS28716 EPLANET-AS ePLANET SPA 91% AS297 NASA National Aeronautics and Space 91% AS1653 SUNET SUNET Swedish University Network 91% AS2647 SITA SITA 91% AS3301 TELIANET-SWEDEN TeliaNet Sweden 92% AS3302 TIPNET-ITALY Netscalibur SpA 92% AS4628 ASN-PACIFIC-INTERNET-IX Pacific Internet Ltd 92% AS4837 CHINA169-BACKBONE CNCGROUP IP network China1 Backbone 92% AS6350 VRIS Verizon Internet Services 92% AS6471 ENTEL CHILE S.A. 92% AS7332 IQUEST IQuest Internet 92% AS8452 TEDATA TEDATA 93% AS8517 ULAKNET ULAKNET-ASN 93% AS8672 ORBITEL Orbitel Ltd. Autonomous system Number 93% AS8881 VERSATEL Versatel routing policies 93% AS8895 ISU-RUH KACST/ISU Riyadh Autonomous System 93% AS8938 ENERGIS-IP Energis Polska IP Network 93% AS9127 NETISSAT-AS NETISSAT 93% AS9186 ONI ONITELECOM Autonomous System 94% AS9316 DACOM-PUBNETPLUS-AS-KR DACOM PUBNETPLUS 94% AS9370 SAKURA-B SRS-SAKURA Internet Inc. 94% AS9911 CONNECTPLUS-AP Singapore Telecom 94% AS10429 Telefonica Empresas SA 94% AS13194 BITE Bite GSM & Internet Services 94% AS18990 AIRB airBand Communications, Inc 94% AS20876 EVRO-AS EVRO.NET 95% AS23520 NWN-6 New World Network 95% AS27455 GBRI Great Barrier Reef, Inc. 95% AS2706 HKSUPER-HK-AP Pacific Supernet Limited 95% AS3261 DIPT-AS Donbass Network 95% AS3329 Hellas Online SA 95% AS4181 TDST TDS TELECOM 95% AS4538 ERX-CERNET-BKB China Education and Research Network 96% AS5378 Cable and Wireless UK 96% AS5432 BELGACOM-SKYNET-AS Belgacom regional ASN 96% AS5583 GIPNL Equant Benelux AS 96% AS6079 RCN RCN Corporation 96% AS6386 BELL BellSouth.net Inc. 96% AS7381 SRS-6 Sungard Recovery Services, Inc. 96% AS7470 ASIAINFO-AS-AP ASIA INFONET Co.,Ltd. 97% AS8470 MACOMNET MAcomnet Autonomous System 97% AS12312 TISCALI-DE Tiscali Business GmbH 97% AS13126 SMS-UK-NET Satellite Media Services 97% AS15924 BORUSANTELEKOM-AS Borusan Telekom Autonomus System 97% AS16086 FINNET-AS Finnet, Finland 97% AS18231 EXATT-AS-AP Exatt Technologies Private Ltd. 97% AS19752 HOT-4 Hydro One Telecom Inc. 98% AS20646 CELOX celox Telekommunikationsdienste GmbH 98% AS26415 VERISIGN-INC Verisign 98% AS680 DFN-IP service G-WiN 98% AS1759 SONERA-TRANSIT-AS Sonera 98% AS1916 Rede Nacional de Ensino e Pesquisa 98% AS2860 NOVIS Novis Telecom, S.A. 98% AS3307 BANETELE-NORWAY BaneTele AS (formerly Enitel), Norway 98% AS3343 RUNNET-AS RUNNet 98% AS4648 NZIX-2 Netgate 98% AS5972 DNIC DoD Network Information Center 98% AS6316 STARNE-15 StarNet, Inc. 98% AS7029 AIS-43 Alltel Information Services, Inc. 98% AS8657 CPRM CPRM Autonomous System 98% AS8990 AHRT-HU 98% AS9497 DIGITELONE Digital Telecommunications Philippines 98% AS9919 NCIC-TW New Century InfoComm Tech Co., Ltd. 98% AS10834 Telefonica Data Argentina S.A. 98% AS11456 NUVOX NuVox Communications, Inc. 98% AS11992 ISPR Integrated Systems 98% AS12552 IPO-EU IP-Only 98% AS13589 PAMAMS-1 Pamamsat 98% AS14717 EZCI EZE Castle Integration Inc. 98% AS15218 COXO Cox Communications 98% AS15410 BT Worldwide) Limited AS1 98% AS15471 SNR-RO SNR - Societatea Nationala 98% AS16713 NWOA Northwest Open Access Network 98% AS17620 CNCGROUP-BJ CNCGROUP IP network of Beijing 98% AS23352 SCN-18 Server Central Network 98% AS25228 SKYVISION SkyVision Network Services 98% AS25973 MZIMAN-1 Mzima Networks, Inc. 98% AS31359 FORATEC-AS Foratec Communication Autonomus System 98% AS2110 IEUNET Esat Net backbone AS Number 98% AS3327 DATATELECOM Data Telecom Autonomous System 98% AS4670 HYUNDAI-KR Shinbiro 98% AS4808 CHINA169-BJ CNCGROUP IP network 98% AS5561 ELENDER-AS ELENDER-AS 98% AS6774 ASN-BICS Belgacom International Carrier Service 98% AS8061 BELLSO-8 Bellsouth.Net 98% AS8386 KOCNET KOCNET-AS 98% AS8751 MEDIASAT Media Sat S.A. 98% AS9658 ETPI-IDS-AS-AP Eastern Telecoms Phils., Inc. 98% AS11608 ACCR Accretive Technology Group, Inc. 98% AS12111 OEN-1 One Eighty Networks 98% AS12306 Plus.Line AG 98% AS13353 Telmex do Brasil Ltda 98% AS15735 DATASTREAM-NET DataStream International high speed, 98% AS15833 FUTURO-AS Futuro Poland Autonomous System 98% AS15982 VERAT-AS-1 Autonomous System Verat D.O.O. Belgrad 98% AS16422 NEWSKI New Skies Networks, Inc. 98% AS18302 SKG_NW-AS-KR SK Global co., Ltd 98% AS18695 BANDXI Band-X, Inc. 98% AS18734 BESTEL S.A. de C.V. 98% AS19116 AIRB airBand Communications, Inc 98% AS19151 WFL-9 WV FIBER LLC 98% AS19158 USRR US CARRIER 98% AS19429 ETB Colombia 98% AS19855 ASN-MASERGY-US Masergy US Autonomous System 98% AS20676 QSC-1 QSC AG 98% AS21011 TOPNET TopNet, Kiev, Ukraine 98% AS21219 NEWLINE Datagroup Internet project 98% AS23126 KTEL KMC Telecom, Inc. 98% AS23514 ACCELA-4 Accelacom Inc 98% AS24724 ATMAN-FOREIGN-AS ATM S.A. 98%
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